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Dobson NL, Levitt DE, Luk HY, Vellers HL. Adverse Skeletal Muscle Adaptations in Individuals Born Preterm-A Comprehensive Review. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:4551-4564. [PMID: 38785544 PMCID: PMC11120075 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46050276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Infants born preterm face an increased risk of deleterious effects on lung and brain health that can significantly alter long-term function and quality of life and even lead to death. Moreover, preterm birth is also associated with a heightened risk of diabetes and obesity later in life, leading to an increased risk of all-cause mortality in young adults born prematurely. While these preterm-birth-related conditions have been well characterized, less is known about the long-term effects of preterm birth on skeletal muscle health and, specifically, an individual's skeletal muscle hypertrophic potential later in life. In this review, we discuss how a confluence of potentially interrelated and self-perpetuating elements associated with preterm birth might converge on anabolic and catabolic pathways to ultimately blunt skeletal muscle hypertrophy, identifying critical areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danielle E. Levitt
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Hui Ying Luk
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Heather L. Vellers
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
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Robertson CM, Pullinger SA, Robinson WR, Smith ME, Burniston JG, Edwards BJ. Circadian variation in muscle force output in males using isokinetic, isometric dynamometry: can we observe this in multi-joint movements using the muscleLab force-velocity encoder and are they similar in peak and magnitude? Chronobiol Int 2024; 41:709-724. [PMID: 38722075 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2024.2348011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
We have investigated the magnitude of circadian variation in Isokinetic and Isometric strength of the knee extensors and flexors, as well as back squat and bench press performance using the MuscleLab force velocity transducer. Ten resistance-trained males (mean±SD: age 21.5 ± 1.1 years; body mass 78.3 ± 5.2 kg; height 1.71 ± 0.07 m) underwent a) three to four familiarization sessions on each dynamometer and b) four sessions at different times of day (03:00, 09:00, 15:00 and 21:00 h). Each session was administered in a counterbalanced order and included a period when Perceived onset of mood states (POMS), then rectal and muscle temperature (Trec, Tm) was measured at rest, after which a 5-min standardized 150 W warm-up was performed on a cycle ergometer. Once completed, Isokinetic (60 and 240°·s-1 for extension and flexion) and Isometric dynamometry with peak torque (PT), time-to-peak-torque (tPT) and peak force (PF) and % activation was measured. Lastly, Trec and Tm were measured before the bench press (at 30, 50 and 70 kg) and back squat (at 40, 60 and 80 kg) exercises. A linear encoder was attached to an Olympic bar used for the exercises and average force (AF), peak velocity (PV) and time-to-peak-velocity (tPV) were measured (MuscleLab software; MuscleLab Technology, Langesund, Norway) during the concentric phase of the movements. Five-min recovery was allowed between each set with three repetitions being completed. General linear models with repeated measures and cosinor analysis were used to analyse the data. Values for Trec and Tm at rest were higher in the evening compared to morning values (Acrophase Φ: 16:35 and 17:03 h, Amplitude A: 0.30 and 0.23°C, Mesor M: 36.64 and 37.43°C, p < 0.05). Vigor, happy and fatigue mood states responses showed Φ 16:11 and 16:03 h and 02:05 h respectively. Circadian rhythms were apparent for all variables irrespective of equipment used where AF, PF and PT values peaked between 16:18 and 18:34 h; PV, tPV and tPT peaked between 05:54 and 08:03 h (p < 0.05). In summary, circadian rhythms in force output (force, torque, power, and velocity) were shown for isokinetic, isometric dynamometers and complex multi-joint movements (using a linear encoder); where tPV and tPT occur in the morning compared to the evening. Circadian rhythms in strength can be detected using a portable, low-cost instrument that shows similar cosinor characteristics as established dynamometers. Hence, muscle-strength can be measured in a manner that is more directly transferable to the world of athletic and sports performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin M Robertson
- Sport, School of Health, Social Work and Sport, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Samuel A Pullinger
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
- Sport Science Department, Inspire Institute of Sport, Bellary, India
| | - William R Robinson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matt E Smith
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jatin G Burniston
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ben J Edwards
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Pradhan S, Parganiha A, Agashe CD, Pati AK. Circadian rhythm in sportspersons and athletic performance: A mini review. Chronobiol Int 2024; 41:137-181. [PMID: 38247325 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2024.2305663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms in the physiological and behavioral processes of humans play a crucial role in the quality of living and also in the magnitude of success and failure in various endeavors including competitive sports. The rhythmic activities of the body and performance in sportspersons do have a massive impact on their every cutthroat competition. It is essential to schedule sports activities and training of players according to their circadian typology and time of peak performance for improved performance and achievement. In this review, the focus is on circadian rhythms and diurnal variations in peak athletic performance in sportspersons. Accuracy and temporal variability in peak performance in an individual could be attributed to various factors, namely chronotype, time of the day, body temperature, jetlag, hormones, and prior light exposure. Circadian rhythm of mood, alertness, T-core, and ultimately athletic performance is not only affected by sleep but also by circadian variations in hormones, such as cortisol, testosterone, and melatonin. There are, however, a few reports that are not consistent with the conclusions drawn in this review. Nevertheless, circadian rhythm and performance among sportspersons and athletes are important areas of research. This review might be useful to the managers and policymakers associated with competitive sports and athletic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sraddha Pradhan
- School of Studies in Life Science, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, India
| | - Arti Parganiha
- School of Studies in Life Science, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, India
- Center for Translational Chronobiology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, India
| | - C D Agashe
- School of Studies in Physical Education, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, India
| | - Atanu Kumar Pati
- School of Studies in Life Science, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, India
- Center for Translational Chronobiology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, India
- School of Comparative Indic Studies and Tribal Sciences, Kalinga Institute of Social Sciences - Deemed to be a University, Bhubaneswar, India
- Odisha State Higher Education Council, Government of Odisha, Bhubaneswar, India
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Nobari H, Azarian S, Saedmocheshi S, Valdés-Badilla P, García Calvo T. Narrative review: The role of circadian rhythm on sports performance, hormonal regulation, immune system function, and injury prevention in athletes. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19636. [PMID: 37809566 PMCID: PMC10558889 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study was a narrative review of the importance of circadian rhythm (CR), describes the underlying mechanisms of CR in sports performance, emphasizes the reciprocal link between CR, endocrine homeostasis and sex differences, and the unique role of the circadian clock in immune system function and coordination. Method As a narrative review study, a comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (core collection) databases using the keywords "circadian rhythm", "sports performance", "hormonal regulation", "immune system", and "injury prevention". Inclusion criteria were studies published in English and peer-reviewed journals until July 2023. Studies that examined the role of CR in sports performance, hormonal status, immune system function, and injury prevention in athletes were selected for review. Results CR is followed by almost all physiological and biochemical activities in the human body. In humans, the superchiasmatic nucleus controls many daily biorhythms under solar time, including the sleep-wake cycle. A body of literature indicates that the peak performance of essential indicators of sports performance is primarily in the afternoon hours, and the evening of actions occurs roughly at the peak of core body temperature. Recent studies have demonstrated that the time of day that exercise is performed affects the achievement of good physical performance. This review also shows various biomarkers of cellular damage in weariness and the underlying mechanisms of diurnal fluctuations. According to the clock, CR can be synchronized with photonic and non-photonic stimuli (i.e., temperature, physical activity, and food intake), and feeding patterns and diet changes can affect CR and redox markers. It also emphasizes the reciprocal links between CR and endocrine homeostasis, the specific role of the circadian clock in coordinating immune system function, and the relationship between circadian clocks and sex differences. Conclusion The interaction between insufficient sleep and time of day on performance has been established in this study because it is crucial to balance training, recovery, and sleep duration to attain optimal sports performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Nobari
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, 56199-11367, Iran
| | - Somayeh Azarian
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, 56199-11367, Iran
| | - Saber Saedmocheshi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, 66177-15175, Iran
| | - Pablo Valdés-Badilla
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Faculty of Education Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, 3530000, Chile
- Sports Coach Career, School of Education, Universidad Viña del Mar, Viña del Mar, 2520000, Chile
| | - Tomás García Calvo
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain
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Park JS, Murlasits Z, Kim S. The Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Variation of Oxidative Stress, hs-CRP and Cortisol Induced by Sleep Deficiency. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11081201. [PMID: 37108035 PMCID: PMC10138165 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11081201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of sleep deficiency (SD) on oxidative stress, hs-CRP and cortisol levels and to examine the effects of different intensities of aerobic exercise on these parameters under SD conditions. Thirty-two healthy male university students participated in the study and underwent both normal sleep (NS, 8 h of sleep per night for 3 consecutive days) and SD (4 h of sleep per night for 3 consecutive days). After the SD period, the participants performed treatment for 30 min according to their assigned group [sleep supplement after SD (SSD), low-intensity aerobic exercise after SD (LES), moderate-intensity aerobic exercise after SD (MES), high-intensity aerobic exercise after SD (HES)]. Sleep-related factors were measured at NS and SD, while oxidative stress, hs-CRP and cortisol levels were measured at NS, SD and immediately after treatment by group (AT). The results showed that actual total sleep time (ATST) was significantly reduced during SD compared to NS (p < 0.001), while the visual analogue scale (VAS) and Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) were significantly increased during SD compared to NS (p < 0.001). The difference in reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs) and cortisol levels showed a significant interaction effect (p < 0.01, p < 0.001, respectively), with LES showing a decrease in d-ROMs and cortisol levels compared to SD (p < 0.05). Similarly, SSD showed a decrease in cortisol levels compared to SD (p < 0.05), while HES led to a significant increase in d-ROMs and cortisol levels compared to SD (p < 0.05). Biological antioxidant potential (BAP) and hs-CRP did not show any significant effect (p > 0.05). These results suggest that LES is the most effective exercise intensity for mitigating the negative effects of SD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Suk Park
- School of Global Sport Studies, Korea University, Sejong-si 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Zsolt Murlasits
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Sangho Kim
- School of Global Sport Studies, Korea University, Sejong-si 30019, Republic of Korea
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Naylor AS, Edwards BJ, Robertson CM. Effects of treatment dosage of whole-body cryotherapy upon post-match recovery of endocrine and biochemical markers in elite rugby league players: An experimental study. Health Sci Rep 2023; 6:e1227. [PMID: 37091363 PMCID: PMC10114078 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims The use of whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) for athletic recovery is becoming increasingly popular despite the lack of evidence supporting the dosage parameters in its implementation. The aim of the current study was to investigate the dose-response effects of WBC following match-play in elite rugby league players. Methods We observed endocrine (salivary cortisol and testosterone) and biochemical (creatine kinase) responses following three separate post-match recovery periods in elite rugby league players. Comparisons were made between a single exposure (3 min at -120°C to --135°C) of WBC to two consecutive exposures (2 × 3 min), to a control (no exposure) during the recovery trials. Recovery characteristics were measured 36 h prematch, immediately postmatch, and 60 h postmatch. Results Cortisol concentrations remained unchanged in its pattern of response during the postmatch recovery periods across all WBC doses. Testosterone concentrations increased significantly (p < 0.0005) at 60 h, in the WBC2 trial. The Testosterone:Cortisol ratio increased significantly (p < 0.0005) at 60 h in the WBC2 trial, while during the WBC0 trial it did not recover to baseline levels. No significant effect on creatine kinase concentration was observed, although a statistical trend was shown in WBC2 for improved reduction of this marker at 60 h. Conclusions These findings suggest that two, consecutive exposures to WBC immediately following fatiguing rugby league competition appear to stimulate an increase to the anabolic endocrine profile of participants by 60 h post-match, and may reduce the CK concentration. Coaches and athletes should consider the treatment dosage of WBC when used to optimize the desired response following a high-stress environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam S. Naylor
- Sports Injuries Research GroupEdge Hill UniversityOrmskirkUK
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Robles-González L, Ramírez Maldonado M, Alcalá-Escamilla JC, Jurado-Fasoli L, Miras-Moreno S, Soriano MA, García-Ramos A, Ruiz JR, Amaro-Gahete FJ. Caffeine ingestion attenuates diurnal variation of lower-body ballistic performance in resistance-trained women. Eur J Sport Sci 2023; 23:381-392. [PMID: 35109780 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2038274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTThe present study investigates the effect of an acute intake of caffeine on the diurnal variation of neuromuscular performance in resistance-trained women. A total of 15 resistance-trained women participated in the current triple-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover experimental study. We assessed neuromuscular performance (i.e. ballistic (countermovement jump [CMJ] height and bench press throw [BPT] peak velocity), maximal strength (squat and bench press [BP] one-repetition maximum [1RM]), and strength-endurance [average velocity of the set during squat and number of repetitions-to-failure in BP]) four times at within 7 days. The participants ingested an acute dose of caffeine (3 mg/kg) or a placebo at 9-11 am and/or 17-19 pm. CMJ height (P = .016) and BP peak velocity (P = .012) were higher in the afternoon than in the morning. Compared to placebo, caffeine intake increased CMJ height by 3.1% in the morning and 1.6% in the afternoon (P = .035), but it had no effect on BPT peak velocity (P = .381). Maximal strength and strength-endurance performances were not affected by the time-of-day or caffeine intake (all P > .3). No significant interaction (time-of-day x substance) was observed in any of the above-mentioned outcomes (all P > .1). In conclusion, an acute dose of caffeine in the morning was effective to restore CMJ performance to levels found in the afternoon, while this effect was not observed neither in BPTpeak velocity nor in lower- and upper-body maximal strength and strength-endurance performance. Moreover, lower- and upper-body ballistic performance were greater in the afternoon than in the morning in resistance-trained women, while the acute intake of caffeine was only effective to increase CMJ height.HighlightsBallistic performance is probably higher in the afternoon than in the morning in resistance-trained women.An acute intake of caffeine is effective to increase countermovement jump performance.The ingestion of an acute dose of caffeine in the morning restored countermovement jump performance to levels found in the afternoon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Robles-González
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity" Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Mauricio Ramírez Maldonado
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity" Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Alcalá-Escamilla
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity" Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Lucas Jurado-Fasoli
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity" Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Sergio Miras-Moreno
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Marcos A Soriano
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo José Cela University, Madrid, Spain.,Strength Training & Neuromuscular, Performance Research Group, Camilo José Cela University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Jonatan R Ruiz
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity" Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco J Amaro-Gahete
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity" Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Grzędzicka J, Dąbrowska I, Malin K, Witkowska-Piłaszewicz O. Exercise-related changes in the anabolic index (testosterone to cortisol ratio) and serum amyloid A concentration in endurance and racehorses at different fitness levels. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1148990. [PMID: 37138908 PMCID: PMC10150884 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1148990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased training loads in both human and equine athletes are generally implemented to improve their physical performance. These loads are tolerated only within appropriate training periodization with regard to recovery time. Otherwise, training overload causes failure in the systemic adaptation, which at first leads to overreaching, and progressively to overtraining syndrome (OTS). Exercise endocrinology, and anabolic/catabolic balance as an indicator of athlete performance status and OTS has continued to attract attention. In human medicine, changes in testosterone and cortisol levels, as well as the testosterone to cortisol ratio (T/C; anabolic index), are suggested to be sensitive stress markers. However, there is a lack of research investigating these parameters for use in equine sports medicine. The aim of the study was to investigate the differences in testosterone, cortisol, and T/C in response to a single training session in two types of equine sports: endurance and race, together with serum amyloid A (SAA), the main acute phase response indicator of physical effort, and the overall health status in horses. Two groups of horses were enrolled in the study: endurance (n = 12) and racehorses (n = 32) of different fitness level. Blood samples were obtained before and after the exercise. On average, T increased 2.5 times after the race training in experienced racehorses and dropped in endurance horses regardless the fitness level (p < 0.05). In endurance horses, a decrease in T/C occurred after training in inexperienced horses (p < 0.05). In racehorses, a T/C decrease occurred in the inexperienced group (p < 0.05) and an increase in the experienced (p < 0.01). In conclusion, T/C ratio was found to be a potentially reliable indicator of fitness status especially in racing horses. These findings provide insight into the physiological response of the horses to different types of exercise and the potential use of hormone levels as markers of performance and adaptation.
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Maheshwari D, Singla D, Malhotra D, Zutshi K. Circadian chronotypes and their effect on athletic performance: a systematic review. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-022-00929-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Costa Y, Domingos-Gomes J, Lautenbach F, Hayes L, Nakamura F, Lima J, Castellano L, Batista G. Salivary hormone concentrations and technical-tactical performance indicators in beach volleyball: Preliminary evidence. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:830185. [PMID: 35966110 PMCID: PMC9366881 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.830185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate (i) differences in salivary testosterone and cortisol concentrations before, during, and after simulated beach volleyball match, depending on match outcome (winning vs. losing); (ii) the relationship between technical-tactical performance indicators in beach volleyball and salivary hormonal concentrations (i.e., testosterone, cortisol). We hypothesized (i) salivary testosterone concentrations would be greater in winners and salivary cortisol would be lower; (ii) testosterone would associate with positive technical-tactical performance and cortisol would associate with negative technical-tactical performance. Sixteen athletes participated in the study and were grouped according to the result of a simulated game (winners: n = 8; losers: n = 8). Salivary hormone concentration of testosterone and cortisol were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (pre-match, post first set, and post-match), and the coefficient of performance and efficiency were used as technical-tactical performance indicators. Regarding testosterone, there was a large effect size for match outcome after the first set (i.e., Winner vs. Losers) and a moderate effect size for the time in winners (pre-match vs. post-match). Regarding cortisol, there was a moderate effect size of time in losers only (pre-match vs. post-match). Moreover, cortisol pre-match was negatively correlated with the offensive performance (attack performance coefficient: r = −0.541; p = 0.030; attack efficiency: r = −0.568; p = 0.022). In conclusion, the effect of match outcome on testosterone and cortisol levels was moderate in winners and losers, respectively. Moreover, resting cortisol concentration appears to be related to a diminished attack technical-tactical performance. However, larger confirmatory studies are required to confirm these data to corroborate winning increases testosterone levels and/or reduces cortisol in a sporting setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yago Costa
- Department Physical Education, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Yago Costa
| | - Jarbas Domingos-Gomes
- Department Physical Education, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
- Jarbas Domingos-Gomes
| | - Franziska Lautenbach
- Department of Sport Psychology, Institute of Sport Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lawrence Hayes
- Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom
| | - Fabio Nakamura
- Department Physical Education, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Jefferson Lima
- Technical School of Health, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Lúcio Castellano
- Technical School of Health, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Gilmário Batista
- Department Physical Education, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
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Zurek G, Danek N, Żurek A, Nowak-Kornicka J, Żelaźniewicz A, Orzechowski S, Stefaniak T, Nawrat M, Kowal M. Effects of Dominance and Sprint Interval Exercise on Testosterone and Cortisol Levels in Strength-, Endurance-, and Non-Training Men. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11070961. [PMID: 36101342 PMCID: PMC9312330 DOI: 10.3390/biology11070961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the response of testosterone and cortisol to sprint interval exercises (SIEs) and to determine the role of dominance. The experiment was conducted in a group of 96 men, divided into endurance-training, strength-training, and non-training groups. Participants performed SIEs consisting of 5 × 10-s all-out bouts with a 50-s active recovery. Using the passive drool method, testosterone and cortisol concentrations were measured in saliva samples at rest at 10 min pre and 12 min post exercise. Participants’ heart rate (HR) was measured during the whole exercise. Dominance was assessed by the participants before the study; the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was measured immediately after each bout. The study showed that those who trained in endurance and strength sports had significantly lower mean HRs after five acute 10-s interval bouts than those in the non-training group (p = 0.006 and p = 0.041, respectively). Dominance has an inverse relation to changes in HR; however, it has no relation to hormone response. No significant differences were observed in testosterone and cortisol changes in the endurance-training, strength-training, and non-training groups after SIE (p > 0.05), which may indicate that the exercise volume was too low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Zurek
- Department of Biostructure, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Natalia Danek
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Alina Żurek
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, 50-529 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.Ż.); (S.O.); (M.N.); (M.K.)
| | - Judyta Nowak-Kornicka
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, 50-137 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.N.-K.); (A.Ż.)
| | - Agnieszka Żelaźniewicz
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, 50-137 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.N.-K.); (A.Ż.)
| | - Sylwester Orzechowski
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, 50-529 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.Ż.); (S.O.); (M.N.); (M.K.)
| | - Tadeusz Stefaniak
- Department of Sport Didactics, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Nawrat
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, 50-529 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.Ż.); (S.O.); (M.N.); (M.K.)
| | - Marta Kowal
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, 50-529 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.Ż.); (S.O.); (M.N.); (M.K.)
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12
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Chen PW, Hsu CC, Lai LF, Chi CP, Yu SH. Effects of Hypoxia-Hyperoxia Preconditioning on Indicators of Muscle Damage After Acute Resistance Exercise in Male Athletes. Front Physiol 2022; 13:824210. [PMID: 35514339 PMCID: PMC9062696 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.824210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of acute repeated hypoxia–hyperoxia preconditioning on resistance exercise (RE)-induced muscle damage in male athletes. Methods Eleven young male athletes participated in this randomized double-blind counter-balanced crossover study, and were divided into Normoxia (N) and Hypoxia–Hyperoxia (HH) trials. Subjects of the respective trials were supplied with normoxic (FiO2 = 0.21), or alternating hypoxic/hyperoxic air (FiO2 = 0.10/0.99, 5 min each) for 60 min. Thirty minutes after preconditioning, subjects performed acute bouts of RE consisting of bench press, deadlift, and squats. Each exercise included 6 sets of 10 repetitions at 75% one-repetition maximum (1RM) with 2 min rest between sets. After a 2-week washout period, subjects changed trials and completed the same study procedure after the alternate preconditioning. Muscle soreness, maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), and circulating biochemical markers were tested before preconditioning (baseline) and during recovery at 0, 24, and 48 h after exercise. Results Acute RE significantly increased levels of muscle soreness, creatine kinase (CK) and myoglobin (Mb), and decreased levels of peak knee extension torque in the N trial. Muscle soreness, CK, and Mb levels of the HH trial were significantly lower than that of the N trial after exercise. Interestingly, interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels of the HH trial increased significantly 0 h after exercise compared to baseline and were significantly higher than that of the N trial 0 and 24 h after exercise. However, no significant differences of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), cortisol, testosterone, peak torque, and average power levels were found between N and HH trials during recovery. Conclusion Our data suggest that pre-exercise treatment of alternating hypoxic/hyperoxic air could attenuate muscle damage and pain after acute RE, but has no effect on muscle strength recovery in young male athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Wen Chen
- Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chieh Hsu
- Department of Aquatic Sports, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Fan Lai
- Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Pu Chi
- Center for General Education, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Hsien Yu
- Department of Leisure Industry and Health Promotion, National Ilan University, Yilan City, Taiwan
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13
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Muscella A, My G, Okba S, Zangla D, Bianco A, Marsigliante S. Effects of training on plasmatic cortisol and testosterone in football female referees. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15291. [PMID: 35510312 PMCID: PMC9069163 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
There is very little about the impact that sports training has on female football referees. Therefore, we determined the effects of a 40-week physical preparation, including a full football season, on plasma testosterone and cortisol concentrations and physical performance in female football referees. Plasma cortisol and testosterone concentrations were assayed together with fitness tests at the beginning of the training period (T0, in September), after 8 weeks from T0 (T1), at the mid of the season (T2, 24 weeks after T0), and at the end of the season (T3, in June, 40 weeks after T0). Plasma cortisol increased during the first period and up to T2 (from 15.4 ± 4.7 to 28.5 ± 3.9 µg/dl; p < 0.001), and then decreased at the end of the season (T3: 16.0 ± 2.4 µg/dl). Plasma testosterone concentration in T0 was 14.2±0.37 µg/dl and increased in T1 (57.1 ± 3.7 µg/dl) and T2 (47 ± 3.7 µg/dl) and then decreased in T3 (33.5 ± 2.8 µg/dl). Resting testosterone levels in women were very low (14,2 ± 0.37 µg/dl) (Figure 3c). Testosterone increased in T1 (57.1 ± 3.7 µg/dl) and T2 (47 ± 3.7 µg/dl) whilst, at the end of the season, its concentration decreased (33.5 ± 2.8 µg/dl) (Figure 3c). Significant improvements were observed in all physical performances during the observed period (ANOVA, p < 0.05). Finally, testosterone and cortisol concentrations significantly (p < 0.0001 for both) correlated with maximal oxygen consumption. In T1, testosterone concentration was also significantly correlated with running speed test (p < 0.001). In conclusion, training induces endocrine changes in order to maintain body homeostasis in women referees. It is important that coaches and sports scientists regularly observe changes in endocrine function induced by training and matches in female referees, because they can help maximize referees' performance and limit cases of overtraining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Muscella
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technologies (Di.S.Te.B.A.)University of SalentoLecceItaly
| | - Giulia My
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technologies (Di.S.Te.B.A.)University of SalentoLecceItaly
| | - Selmi Okba
- Higher Institute of Sports and Physical Education of KefUniversity of JendoubaJendoubaTunisia
| | - Daniele Zangla
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research UnitDepartment of Psychology, Educational Science and Human MovementUniversity of PalermoPalermoItaly
| | - Antonino Bianco
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research UnitDepartment of Psychology, Educational Science and Human MovementUniversity of PalermoPalermoItaly
| | - Santo Marsigliante
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technologies (Di.S.Te.B.A.)University of SalentoLecceItaly
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14
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Maturity-Associated Variations in Resistance Exercise-Induced Hormonal Responses in Young Male Athletes. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2022; 34:28-35. [PMID: 34517342 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2020-0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine differences in resistance exercise-induced hormonal responses among young athletes according to their maturity levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 12 collegiate and 32 junior high school male athletes were enrolled. The junior high school participants were divided into pre-peak height velocity (PHV) and post-PHV groups, according to their PHV ages. The salivary testosterone, cortisol, and human growth hormone levels were analyzed before (pre), immediately after (post), and at 15 minutes after performing body weight resistance exercise. RESULTS The testosterone levels were higher in the collegiate than in the junior high school group (P < .01) and increased after 15 minutes of exercise (P < .01). A significant decrease in the cortisol levels postexercise in the junior high school groups (P < .01) and an increase in the human growth hormone levels at 15 minutes after exercise in the post-PHV group were observed (P < .01). In the collegiate and post-PHV groups, the testosterone-to-cortisol ratio increased post and at 15 minutes after exercise (P < .01). The testosterone-to-cortisol ratio values were higher in the collegiate than in the post-PHV (at preexercise and at 15 min after [P < .01]) and pre-PHV groups (at all times [P < .01]). CONCLUSION Exercise-induced acute hormonal responses to resistance exercise may depend on individuals' maturity levels, even in those having the same age.
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15
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A prospective evaluation of strength and endurance of ankle dorsiflexors-plantar flexors after conservative management of lateral malleolar fractures. Turk J Phys Med Rehabil 2021; 67:300-307. [PMID: 34870116 PMCID: PMC8606997 DOI: 10.5606/tftrd.2021.5427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives
This study aims to evaluate patients with conservatively treated stable lateral malleolar fractures with isokinetic tests.
Patients and methods
Between January 2016 and November 2017, a total of 24 patients (12 males, 12 females; mean age 40.8±15.0 years; range, 18 to 68 years) with an isolated stable lateral malleolar fracture treated conservatively with the circular cast were included in this prospective study. Calf circumferences, ankle range of motion (ROM), pain levels, and functional outcomes were recorded. The muscle strengths and endurance of the injured side were compared with the non-injured side. All patients were evaluated by isokinetic test after removal of the cast, and three and six months after the rehabilitation period.
Results
The ROM was found to be lower after removal of the plaster cast, compared to the contralateral ankle. During cast removal, we also found that both dorsiflexor and plantar flexor muscle strength decreased by 25.6% and 44.7%, respectively, and decreased to 10.3% and 3.6% at three months post-rehabilitation. At the end of six months, no statistically significant difference was found between the two sides. In the dorsiflexion-plantar flexion endurance values, 37.8% and 54.1% deficit were detected before the rehabilitation protocol, respectively (p<0.05). At three months, these values decreased to 6.1% and 13.6%, respectively and the endurances of the injured sides surpassed the non-injured sides (p<0.05) at six months.
Conclusion
Conservative management of stable isolated lateral malleolar fractures with circular cast causes atrophy and decreases strength-endurance of the calf muscles due to immobilization. These changes are expected to diminish over time and functional outcomes are excellent with a good rehabilitation program.
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16
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Bouchaala F, Laatar R, Lahiani M, Vuillerme N, Zouabi A, Borji R, Rebai H, Sahli S. Time-of-day effects on the postural control and symptoms in women with rheumatoid arthritis. Chronobiol Int 2021; 38:1290-1298. [PMID: 34016004 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2021.1927069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to assess time-of-day effects on postural balance and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. A total of 15 American College of Rheumatology functional class I and II RA patients and 15 healthy controls aged between 45 and 55 (mean age: 50 ± 3) years of age voluntarily participated. We conducted a case-control, repeated-measures in design study. Postural balance, axillary temperature, pain intensity, fatigue, and sleepiness were measured during five test sessions at 06:00, 10:00, 14:00, 18:00, and 22:00 h. Participants were randomized to the order of test sessions, and each session was separated by >36 hours to minimize/eliminate learning effects. Center of pressure area (CoParea) (p < .001), pain (p < .01), and sleepiness (p < .05) values were significantly higher at 06:00 and 22:00 h compared to 10:00, 14:00, and 18:00 h in the RA group. Fatigue significantly increased (p < .05) at 22:00 h in comparison to 10:00, 14:00, and 18:00 h in the RA group. Axillary temperature was significantly (p < .001) lower at 06:00 and at 22:00 h compared to 10:00, 14:00, and 18:00 h in the RA group. In the control group, there were no significant time-of-day difference in fatigue, but axillary temperature was significantly lower (p < .01) at 06:00 h compared to 10:00 h, 14:00, 18:00, and 22:00 h, sleepiness values were significantly higher (p < .05) at 06:00 and 22:00 h compared to 10:00, 14:00, and 18:00 h, and revealed CoParea values were significantly (p < .05) higher at 06:00 h compared to 14:00 h. Finally, in the RA group, significant correlations were found between values of CoParea and pain (r = 0.47; p < .001), sleepiness (r = 0.39; p < .01), fatigue (r = -0.46; p < .001), and also axillary temperature (r = -0.35; p < .001). Multiple linear regression analysis further indicated that in the RA group, time-of-day variation in postural balance was predicted collectively by that in pain and fatigue (30.7%) (R2 = 0.307; F = 11.53; p < .001). Our results first suggest that time-of-day significantly affects postural balance, axillary temperature, pain intensity, fatigue, and sleepiness in RA patients and second that the temporal variation observed in pain, fatigue, and somnolence are concomitant with that observed in postural balance.Abbreviations: RA: Rheumatoid arthritis; H&O questionnaire: Horne and Ostberg questionnaire; PSQI: Pittsburgh sleep quality index; HAQ: Health assessment questionnaire; SF-36: the short form-36; WOMAC: Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index; CoP: The Center of foot Pressure; CoParea: The Center of foot Pressure area; VAS: The Visual Analogue Scale; KSS: Karolinska Sleepiness Scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Bouchaala
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motricité, Sport Et Santé, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Rabeb Laatar
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motricité, Sport Et Santé, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mariam Lahiani
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motricité, Sport Et Santé, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Nicolas Vuillerme
- University of Grenoble Alpes, AGEIS, Grenoble, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Amira Zouabi
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motricité, Sport Et Santé, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Rihab Borji
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motricité, Sport Et Santé, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Haithem Rebai
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motricité, Sport Et Santé, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Sonia Sahli
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motricité, Sport Et Santé, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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17
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Alexander SE, Abbott G, Aisbett B, Wadley GD, Hnatiuk JA, Lamon S. Total testosterone is not associated with lean mass or handgrip strength in pre-menopausal females. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10226. [PMID: 33986323 PMCID: PMC8119405 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89232-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between endogenous testosterone concentrations and lean mass and handgrip strength in healthy, pre-menopausal females. Testosterone has been positively associated with lean mass and strength in young and older males. Whether this relationship exists in pre-menopausal females is unknown. Secondary data from the 2013-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used to test this relationship. Females were aged 18-40 (n = 716, age 30 ± 6 years, mean ± SD) and pre-menopausal. Multivariate linear regression models were used to examine associations between total testosterone, lean mass index (LMI) and handgrip strength. Mean ± SD testosterone concentration was 1.0 ± 0.6 nmol L-1 and mean free androgen index (FAI) was 0.02 ± 0.02. In pre-menopausal females, testosterone was not associated with LMI (β = 0.05; 95%CI - 0.04, 0.15; p = 0.237) or handgrip strength (β = 0.01; 95%CI - 0.11, 0.12; p = 0.926) in a statistically significant manner. Conversely, FAI was associated with LMI (β = - 0.03; 95%CI - 0.05, - 0.02; p = 0.000) in a quadratic manner, meaning LMI increases with increasing FAI levels. Handgrip strength was not associated with FAI (β = 0.06; 95%CI - 0.02, 0.15; p = 0.137). These findings indicate that FAI, but not total testosterone, is associated with LMI in pre-menopausal females. Neither FAI nor total testosterone are associated with handgrip strength in pre-menopausal females when testosterone concentrations are not altered pharmacologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Alexander
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Gavin Abbott
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Brad Aisbett
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Glenn D Wadley
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Jill A Hnatiuk
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Séverine Lamon
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.
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18
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Gentil P, de Lira CAB, Coswig V, Barroso WKS, Vitorino PVDO, Ramirez-Campillo R, Martins W, Souza D. Practical Recommendations Relevant to the Use of Resistance Training for COVID-19 Survivors. Front Physiol 2021; 12:637590. [PMID: 33746777 PMCID: PMC7966515 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.637590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has emerged at the end of 2019 and caused a global pandemic. The disease predominantly affects the respiratory system; however, there is evidence that it is a multisystem disease that also impacts the cardiovascular system. Although the long-term consequences of COVID-19 are not well-known, evidence from similar diseases alerts for the possibility of long-term impaired physical function and reduced quality of life, especially in those requiring critical care. Therefore, rehabilitation strategies are needed to improve outcomes in COVID-19 survivors. Among the possible strategies, resistance training (RT) might be particularly interesting, since it has been shown to increase functional capacity both in acute and chronic respiratory conditions and in cardiac patients. The present article aims to propose evidence-based and practical suggestions for RT prescription for people who have been diagnosed with COVID-19 with a special focus on immune, respiratory, and cardiovascular systems. Based on the current literature, we present RT as a possible safe and feasible activity that can be time-efficient and easy to be implemented in different settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Gentil
- College of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.,Hypertension League, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | - Victor Coswig
- College of Physical Education, Federal University of Pará, Castanhal, Brazil
| | | | - Priscila Valverde de Oliveira Vitorino
- Hypertension League, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.,Social Sciences and Health School, Pontifical Catholic University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Laboratory of Human Performance, Quality of Life and Wellness Research Group, Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile.,Centro de Investigación en Fisiología del Ejercicio, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Wagner Martins
- Physiotherapy College, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Daniel Souza
- College of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
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19
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Pivovarniček P, Kondrátová D, Jančoková Ľ, Malý T, Hank M, Hrásky P, Malá L, Zahálka F. Effect of diurnal aerobic intervention on indicators of body composition of young women. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2019.1586101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavol Pivovarniček
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Arts, Matej Bel University, Banská Bystrica, Slovak Republic
| | - Dominika Kondrátová
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Arts, Matej Bel University, Banská Bystrica, Slovak Republic
| | - Ľudmila Jančoková
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Arts, Matej Bel University, Banská Bystrica, Slovak Republic
| | - Tomáš Malý
- Human Movement Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mikuláš Hank
- Human Movement Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Hrásky
- Human Movement Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Malá
- Human Movement Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - František Zahálka
- Human Movement Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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20
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Schwanbeck SR, Cornish SM, Barss T, Chilibeck PD. Effects of Training With Free Weights Versus Machines on Muscle Mass, Strength, Free Testosterone, and Free Cortisol Levels. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:1851-1859. [PMID: 32358310 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Schwanbeck, SR, Cornish, SM, Barss, T, and Chilibeck, PD. Effects of training with free weights versus machines on muscle mass, strength, free testosterone, and free cortisol levels. J Strength Cond Res 34(7): 1851-1859, 2020-Free weights offer a more unstable training environment, which enhances muscle recruitment, whereas some machines have the advantage of using a "cam" pulley system that better matches strength curves. We compared the effect of training with free weights vs. machines on muscle mass, strength, free testosterone, and free cortisol concentrations. Forty-six subjects (26 women; 22 ± 3 years) were randomized to train using free weights or machines for 8 weeks (with each muscle group trained 2-3/weeks, 3-4 sets of 4-10 repetitions). Muscle thickness and strength were measured at 0 and 8 weeks. Salivary hormone concentrations were assessed before and at the end of workouts at the beginning, midway (4 weeks), and end (8 weeks) of the training intervention. Biceps and quadriceps muscle thickness increased (p < 0.01) with no difference between groups. There was a group × time interaction for machine bench press strength (p = 0.05) with the machine group increasing more than the free-weight group (13.9 vs. 8.6%). Free-weight bench press and squat, and Smith machine squat strength increased in both groups (11-19%; p < 0.01) with no difference between groups. Men in the free-weight group had a greater increase in free testosterone from before to after acute training sessions than men in the machine group and all women (p < 0.01); however, there was no differences between groups in free cortisol response to acute resistance exercise. Training sessions with free weights induced greater increases in free testosterone in men; however, training with free weights or machines resulted in similar increases in muscle mass and strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane R Schwanbeck
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Stephen M Cornish
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Trevor Barss
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Division of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and.,Sensory Motor Adaptive Rehabilitation Technology (SMART) Network, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Philip D Chilibeck
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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21
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Sabzevari Rad R, Mahmoodzadeh Hosseini H, Shirvani H. Circadian rhythm effect on military physical fitness and field training: a narrative review. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-020-00692-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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Hodges-Simeon CR, Grail GPO, Albert G, Landry N, Ortiz TL, Carré JM, McHale TS, Arnocky SA. Testosterone, cortisol, and secretory immunoglobulin-A within a single day and across two sequential days among trans- and cis-gender men. Steroids 2020; 160:108640. [PMID: 32298661 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research on the association between testosterone (T) and immunity has produced conflicting results. OBJECTIVES We address two potential reasons for these empirical inconsistencies in the present research. First, the association between T and immunity may depend on which branch of the immune system is considered. Here, we examine secretory IgA (sIgA), a measure of mucosal immunity functionally related to respiratory infection risk. Second, the association between T and immunity may depend on a third regulatory variable. Therefore, we examine the interaction between T and cortisol (CORT) as well as their independent and combined effects on mucosal immunity. To do this, we explore intra-individual associations between sIgA, CORT, and T within a single day (i.e., morning vs. evening) and across 2 sequential mornings. We target two samples of men: (1) cisgender (i.e., born and identifying as men), and (2) transgender (i.e., born female but identifying as men) undergoing T therapy for gender realignment. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred and forty-eight adult men (transgender n = 29) provided saliva samples at three time points: (1) upon waking, (2) before sleep on the same day, and (3) upon waking the following day. Samples were assayed in duplicate for sIgA, T and CORT. RESULTS For cisgender men, sIgA, T, and CORT exhibited clear circadian rhythms and were significantly related within and between samples. For transgender men, evidence for circadian change was found for sIgA and CORT, but not T. Further, sIgA was associated with CORT, but not T. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first evidence that salivary T and sIgA concentrations are associated within a single day and across sequential days for cisgender men. Differences between cis- and transgender men suggest that this may only be true for T levels driven by endogenous production; however, future studies should employ a larger sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Graham P O Grail
- Department of Anthropology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Forensic Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States
| | - Graham Albert
- Department of Anthropology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Nicholas Landry
- Department of Psychology, Nipissing University, North Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Triana L Ortiz
- Department of Psychology, Nipissing University, North Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Justin M Carré
- Department of Psychology, Nipissing University, North Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Timothy S McHale
- Department of Anthropology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Anthropology and Museum Studies, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA, United States
| | - Steven A Arnocky
- Department of Psychology, Nipissing University, North Bay, Ontario, Canada
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Paludo AC, Cook CJ, Owen JA, Woodman T, Irwin J, Crewther BT. The impact of menstrual-cycle phase on basal and exercise-induced hormones, mood, anxiety and exercise performance in physically active women. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 61:461-467. [PMID: 32550714 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.10844-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The influence of menstrual cycle phase on perceptual responses and exercise performance is still unclear in the literature. Therefore, this study investigated salivary estradiol (sal-E<inf>2</inf>) and cortisol (sal-C) concentrations, mood, anxiety and exercise (aerobic, anaerobic) performance in physically-active women across two menstrual-cycle phases. METHODS Twelve women (mean age 24.9±4.3 years) were assessed in the early follicular (early-FP) and mid luteal (mid-LP) phase of their menstrual cycle. In each phase, participants were tested for both aerobic (i.e. VO<inf>2max</inf>) and anaerobic (i.e. peak power, average power and Fatigue Index) performance. Basal and exercise-induced changes in sal-E<inf>2</inf> and sal-C concentrations, self-appraised mood and anxiety were assessed. RESULTS We observed a significant increase in basal (pre-exercise) sal-E<inf>2</inf> concentration from early-FP to mid-LP (P≤0.05), coupled with a significant increase in VO<inf>2max</inf> in early-FP (39.9±7.8 mL/kg/min) versus mid-LP (36.9±7.8 mL/kg/min). Depression also decreased with aerobic exercise, but only in the early-FP. No other significant menstrual-phase differences in exercise performance, emotional state or hormonal change scores were identified. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that physically-active women may experience a natural rise in estradiol concentration, as they transition from the early-FP to mid-LP. In the present study, this was accompanied by a small reduction in VO<inf>2max</inf>. An exercise (aerobic)-related decline in depression also emerged in the early-FP. Most of the exercise performance, emotional state and hormonal measures did not exhibit any menstrual phase-related difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Paludo
- Department of Physical Education, Midwest State University of Paraná, Guarapuava, Brazil -
| | - Christian J Cook
- School of Sport Health and Exercise Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK.,School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, Australia.,Hamlyn Center for Robotic Surgery, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Julian A Owen
- School of Sport Health and Exercise Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Tim Woodman
- School of Sport Health and Exercise Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Jennifer Irwin
- School of Sport Health and Exercise Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Blair T Crewther
- Institute of Sport - National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
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Arazi H, Salek L, Nikfal E, Izadi M, Tufano JJ, Elliott BT, Brughelli M. Comparable endocrine and neuromuscular adaptations to variable vs. constant gravity-dependent resistance training among young women. J Transl Med 2020; 18:239. [PMID: 32539753 PMCID: PMC7296723 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02411-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Variable resistance has been shown to induce greater total work and muscle activation when compared to constant resistance. However, little is known regarding the effects of chronic exposure to variable resistance training in comparison with constant resistance training. The aim of the present study was therefore to examine the effects of chain-loaded variable and constant gravity-dependent resistance training on resting hormonal and neuromuscular adaptations. Methods Young women were randomly assigned to variable resistance training (VRT; n = 12; age, 23.75 ± 3.64 years; and BMI, 26.80 ± 4.21 kg m−2), constant resistance training (CRT; n = 12; age, 23.58 ± 3.84 years; BMI, 25.25 ± 3.84 kg m−2), or control (Con; n = 12; age, 23.50 ± 2.93 years; BMI, 27.12 ± 12 kg m−2) groups. CRT performed 8-week total-body free-weight training three times per week with moderate-to-high intensity (65–80% 1RM; periodized). VRT was the same as CRT but included variable resistance via chains (15% of total load). Resting serum samples were taken before and after the 8-week intervention for GH, IGF-1, cortisol, myostatin, and follistatin analyses. Results Both VRT and CRT groups displayed moderate-to-large significant increases in GH (197.1%; ES = 0.78 vs. 229.9%; ES = 1.55), IGF-1 (82.3%; ES = 1.87 vs. 66%; ES = 1.66), and follistatin (58.8%; ES = 0.80 vs. 49.15%; ES = 0.80) and decreases in cortisol (− 19.9%; ES = − 1.34 vs. − 17.1%; ES = − 1.05) and myostatin (− 26.9%; ES = − 0.78 vs. − 23.2%; ES = − 0.82). Also, VRT and CRT resulted in large significant increases in bench press (30.54%; ES = 1.45 vs. 25.08%; ES = 1.12) and squat (30.63%; ES = 1.28 vs. 24.81%; ES = 1.21) strength, with no differences between groups. Conclusions Implementing chain-loaded VRT into a periodized resistance training program can be an effective alternative to constant loading during free-weight RT among untrained young women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Arazi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, 10 th km of Tehran Road- Khalij-e-Fars Highway, Zip Code: 4199843653, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Lida Salek
- Department of Physical Education, Bandar-e-Anzali Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bandar-e-Anzali, Iran
| | - Elham Nikfal
- Department of Physical Education, Bandar-e-Anzali Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bandar-e-Anzali, Iran
| | - Mani Izadi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, 10 th km of Tehran Road- Khalij-e-Fars Highway, Zip Code: 4199843653, Rasht, Iran
| | - James J Tufano
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bradley T Elliott
- Translational Physiology Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Matt Brughelli
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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25
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Aoyama S, Shibata S. Time-of-Day-Dependent Physiological Responses to Meal and Exercise. Front Nutr 2020; 7:18. [PMID: 32181258 PMCID: PMC7059348 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian circadian clock drives the temporal coordination in cellular homeostasis and it leads the day-night fluctuation of physiological functions, such as sleep/wake cycle, hormonal secretion, and body temperature. The mammalian circadian clock system in the body is classified hierarchically into two classes, the central clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus and the peripheral clocks in peripheral tissues such as the intestine and liver, as well as other brain areas outside the SCN. The circadian rhythm of various tissue-specific functions is mainly controlled by each peripheral clock and partially by the central clock as well. The digestive, absorptive, and metabolic capacities of nutrients also show the day-night variations in several peripheral tissues such as small intestine and liver. It is therefore indicated that the bioavailability or metabolic capacity of nutrients depends on the time of day. In fact, the postprandial response of blood triacylglycerol to a specific diet and glucose tolerance exhibit clear time-of-day effects. Meal frequency and distribution within a day are highly related to metabolic functions, and optimal time-restricted feeding has the potential to prevent several metabolic dysfunctions. In this review, we summarize the time-of-day-dependent postprandial response of macronutrients to each meal and the involvement of circadian clock system in the time-of-day effect. Furthermore, the chronic beneficial and adverse effects of meal time and eating pattern on metabolism and its related diseases are discussed. Finally, we discuss the timing-dependent effects of exercise on the day-night variation of exercise performance and therapeutic potential of time-controlled-exercise for promoting general health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Aoyama
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Shibata
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
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26
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Martorelli AS, De Lima FD, Vieira A, Tufano JJ, Ernesto C, Boullosa D, Bottaro M. The interplay between internal and external load parameters during different strength training sessions in resistance-trained men. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:16-25. [PMID: 32008472 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1725646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
External load influences internal load in resistance training (RT). The purpose of the present study was to compare the total volume-load, perceptual and stress responses during three different RT protocols. Twelve resistance-trained men completed three different RT protocols with the back squat and bench press exercises: (1) power (POW) (5 sets of 6 repetitions at 50%1RM, 2-min of rest), (2) hypertrophy (HYP) (5 sets-to-failure at 75%1RM, 2-min of rest), and (3) strength (STR) (5 sets-to-failure at 90%1RM, 3-min of rest). Volume-load (kg × reps.), session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE), training impulse (TRIMP; reps. × sRPE), cortisol, immunoglobulin A (IgA), lactate, and creatine kinase (CK) were assessed before and/or after the sessions. HYP was the most demanding session in terms of volume-load (p < 0.001), TRIMP (p < 0.001), cortisol (p = 0.001), lactate (p < 0.001), and CK (p = 0.001). Despite POW exhibited a greater volume-load than STR (p = 0.016), the latter exhibiting a greater sRPE (p < 0.001), and a greater post-session CK (p = 0.05). However, the TRIMP of STR and POW were not statistically different (152 vs. 260 AU; p = 0.089). These specific responses could be meditated by the presence of muscular failure. When pooling all the sessions, significant correlations were revealed among external and internal stress markers (r = 0.35-0.80; p ≤ 0.05). The use of TRIMP could be recommended as a simple and valid monitoring tool which integrates into a single parameter the internal and the external loads of RT sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Filipe D De Lima
- College of Health Sciences, University of Brasília - UnB, Brasília, Brazil.,College of Education and Health Sciences, University Center of Brasília - UniCEUB, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Amilton Vieira
- College of Physical Education, University of Brasília - UnB, Brasília, Brazil
| | - James J Tufano
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Carlos Ernesto
- Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Daniel Boullosa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, INISA, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Martim Bottaro
- College of Physical Education, University of Brasília - UnB, Brasília, Brazil
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27
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Testosterone and Cortisol Responses to HIIT and Continuous Aerobic Exercise in Active Young Men. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11216069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that physical exercise modifies plasma levels of testosterone and cortisol. However, the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the plasma hormone levels is controversial. The aim of the study was to compare the effects of HIIT exercise or submaximal continuous aerobic exercise on circulating testosterone and cortisol levels in active male collegiate students. Methods: Thirteen moderately-active young adult males (20.2 (SD 2.1) years old) completed a HIIT (20 min of 15 s intervals of running at 110% of maximum oxygen consumption interspersed with 15 s of active rest at 40% of maximum oxygen consumption) and a continuous aerobic exercise (AEE) 20 min at 70–75% of maximum oxygen consumption. The mean total workload of both protocols was the same for each exercise session. Blood samples were collected pre-session (rest), immediately after the session (0 h), and 12 h post-session (12 h). Results: Both exercise protocols, similarly increased plasma levels of free testosterone immediately post-exertion (p < 0.05 AEE and p < 0.01 HIIT). No differences were observed between the conditions in the concentration of testosterone at 12 h. Cortisol level and Testosterone/Cortisol (T/C) ratio remained constant for all measurements, regardless of the type of exercise performed. Conclusion: The testosterone concentrations rose significantly post intervention in both HIIT and AEE condition, but 12 h post intervention there was no difference between conditions, decreasing to baseline (pre-intervention). The T/C ratio decreased significantly (below baseline) only in the HIIT condition 12 h post intervention.
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29
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Kiely J, Pickering C, Halperin I. Comment on "Biological Background of Block Periodized Endurance Training: A Review". Sports Med 2019; 49:1475-1477. [PMID: 31054093 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01114-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Kiely
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK.
| | - Craig Pickering
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK.,Exercise and Nutritional Genomics Research Centre, DNAFit Ltd, London, UK
| | - Israel Halperin
- School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sylvan Adams Sports Institute, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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30
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Rym B, Hamdi C, Haithem R, Sonia S. Diurnal variations of postural stability and attentional capacities in 5–6-year-old tennis players. Chronobiol Int 2019; 36:517-529. [DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2018.1564321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Baccouch Rym
- Research Unit: Education, Motricity, Sports and Health, (EM2S, UR15JS01), High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Sfax, Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia
- Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - Chtourou Hamdi
- Institut Supérieur du Sport et de l’éducation physique de Sfax, Sfax, Université de Sfax, Tunisie
- Activité Physique: Sport et Santé, Observatoire National du Sport, Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Rebai Haithem
- Research Unit: Education, Motricity, Sports and Health, (EM2S, UR15JS01), High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Sfax, Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Sahli Sonia
- Research Unit: Education, Motricity, Sports and Health, (EM2S, UR15JS01), High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Sfax, Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia
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31
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Di Blasio A, Tranquilli A, Di Santo S, Marchetti G, Bergamin M, Bullo V, Cugusi L, Tavoletta S, Gallazzi A, Bucci I, Napolitano G. Does the cool-down content affect cortisol and testosterone production after a whole-body workout? A pilot study. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-018-0465-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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32
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Facer-Childs ER, Boiling S, Balanos GM. The effects of time of day and chronotype on cognitive and physical performance in healthy volunteers. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2018; 4:47. [PMID: 30357501 PMCID: PMC6200828 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-018-0162-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Whether you are a morning lark or a night owl has proven to be a key contributor in the timing of peak athletic performance. Recent evidence suggests that accounting for these differences, known as one’s chronotype, results in significantly different diurnal performance profiles. However, there is limited research investigating multiple measures of performance simultaneously over the course of a socially constrained day. Objectives This study aimed to investigate the impact of chronotype on indices of cognitive and physical performance at different times of day in healthy volunteers. Methods We recruited 56 healthy individuals categorised as early (ECT, n = 25) or late (LCT, n = 31) chronotypes using the Munich ChronoType Questionnaire, circadian phase markers and objective actigraphy. Measures of cognitive and physical performance, along with self-reported daytime sleepiness, were taken at multiple times of day (14:00 h, 20:00 h and 08:00 h the following morning). Results Here, we find significantly different diurnal variation profiles between ECTs and LCTs, for daytime sleepiness, psychomotor vigilance, executive function and isometric grip strength. LCTs were significantly impaired in all measures in the morning compared to ECTs. Conclusion Our results provide evidence to support the notion that ‘night owls’ are compromised earlier in the day. We offer new insight into how differences in habitual sleep patterns and circadian rhythms impact cognitive and physical measures of performance. These findings may have implications for the sports world, e.g. athletes, coaches and teams, who are constantly looking for ways to minimise performance deficits and maximise performance gains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise R Facer-Childs
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. .,School of Psychology, Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Sophie Boiling
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - George M Balanos
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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33
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Minuzzi LG, Rama L, Chupel MU, Rosado F, Kuga GK, Gaspar RC, Muñoz VR, Pauli JR, Paiva A, Teixeira AM. Immune-endocrine responses and physical performance of master athletes during the sports season. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:5551-5557. [PMID: 30320909 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of a training season (approximately 7 months) on physiological and salivary immune-endocrine markers in master athletes. Nine male master athletes were evaluated at the beginning of the season (M1) and a week after the main official competition at the end of the sports season (M2). The controlled variables included Maximal oxygen consumption, anthropometric, physiological, and salivary immune-endocrine markers. Master athletes presented a reduced percentage of fat mass and increased lean body mass at the end of the season. VO2max values were similar at M1 and M2, while the maximal heart rate and lactate were lower at M2. No differences were observed in Immunoglobulin A and cortisol levels between moments, whereas testosterone levels and the testosterone/cortisol ratio were significantly lower at the end of the season. The results suggest that maintaining regular training throughout life has positive effects on body composition and improves physiological fitness. However, care should be taken to avoid fatigue as indicated by lower testosterone levels at the end of the season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciele Guerra Minuzzi
- Research Center for Sport and Physical Activity (UID/DTP/04213/2016), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis Rama
- Research Center for Sport and Physical Activity (UID/DTP/04213/2016), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Matheus Uba Chupel
- Research Center for Sport and Physical Activity (UID/DTP/04213/2016), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Fátima Rosado
- Research Center for Sport and Physical Activity (UID/DTP/04213/2016), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gabriel Keine Kuga
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Calais Gaspar
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vitor Rosetto Muñoz
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Rodrigo Pauli
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Artur Paiva
- Flow Cytometry Unit-Clinical Pathology Service, University Hospital Centre of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Maria Teixeira
- Research Center for Sport and Physical Activity (UID/DTP/04213/2016), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Lindsay A, Costello JT. Realising the Potential of Urine and Saliva as Diagnostic Tools in Sport and Exercise Medicine. Sports Med 2018; 47:11-31. [PMID: 27294353 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0558-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Accurate monitoring of homeostatic perturbations following various psychophysiological stressors is essential in sports and exercise medicine. Various biomarkers are routinely used as monitoring tools in both clinical and elite sport settings. Blood collection and muscle biopsies, both invasive in nature, are considered the gold standard for the analysis of these biomarkers in exercise science. Exploring non-invasive methods of collecting and analysing biomarkers that are capable of providing accurate information regarding exercise-induced physiological and psychological stress is of obvious practical importance. This review describes the potential benefits, and the limitations, of using saliva and urine to ascertain biomarkers capable of identifying important stressors that are routinely encountered before, during, or after intense or unaccustomed exercise, competition, over-training, and inappropriate recovery. In particular, we focus on urinary and saliva biomarkers that have previously been used to monitor muscle damage, inflammation, cardiovascular stress, oxidative stress, hydration status, and brain distress. Evidence is provided from a range of empirical studies suggesting that urine and saliva are both capable of identifying various stressors. Although additional research regarding the efficacy of using urine and/or saliva to indicate the severity of exercise-induced psychophysiological stress is required, it is likely that these non-invasive biomarkers will represent "the future" in sports and exercise medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus Lindsay
- Program in Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Joseph T Costello
- Extreme Environments Laboratory, Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Spinnaker Building, Cambridge Road, Portsmouth, PO1 2ER, UK
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35
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Sheikholeslami-Vatani D, Ahmadi S, Chehri B, Tadibi V. The effect of changes in concentric-eccentric contraction time ratio on hormonal response to resistance exercise in trained men. Sci Sports 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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36
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Luccia TPDBD, Natali JES, Moreira A, Chaui-Berlinck JG, Bicudo JEPW. Bouts of exercise elicit discordant testosterone: cortisol ratios in runners and non-runners. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2018; 62:325-331. [PMID: 29791649 PMCID: PMC10118779 DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The testosterone:cortisol ratio (T:C) is suggested to be used in order to examine whether physical exercise generates either a "catabolic environment" or an "anabolic environment". The present study aims to evaluate the acute time-course profile of cortisol and testosterone due to an episode of physical exercise. A biphasic profile in the T:C ratio response was hypothesized. MATERIALS AND METHODS Morning sessions of treadmill running at two different intensities (Heart Rate at 65% and 80% of the maximum cardiac reserve) were performed by 6 male non-runners (NR) and 12 trained male runners (subdivided into trained runners T1 and T2). Cortisol and testosterone were measured in saliva. NR and T1 ran for 30 minutes at both intensities, and T2 ran for 46 minutes (± 4.1) at 65% and 42 minutes (± 3.5) at 80%. RESULTS In the 80% heart rate target, both groups of runners showed the biphasic time-profile, while the non-runners group did not. However, at the 65% level, none of the groups presented the hypothesized biphasic response. CONCLUSIONS A biphasic time-profile in the testosterone:cortisol ratio can be seen in short-bout, high intensity exercise (treadmill running) during the morning in men trained for this specific physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Eduardo Soubhia Natali
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Alexandre Moreira
- Departamento de Esporte, Escola de Educação Física e Esporte, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | | | - José Eduardo Pereira Wilken Bicudo
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brasil.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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Camera DM. Anabolic Heterogeneity Following Resistance Training: A Role for Circadian Rhythm? Front Physiol 2018; 9:569. [PMID: 29875682 PMCID: PMC5974096 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now well established that resistance exercise stimulates muscle protein synthesis and promotes gains in muscle mass and strength. However, considerable variability exists following standardized resistance training programs in the magnitude of muscle cross-sectional area and strength responses from one individual to another. Several studies have recently posited that alterations in satellite cell population, myogenic gene expression and microRNAs may contribute to individual variability in anabolic adaptation. One emerging factor that may also explain the variability in responses to resistance exercise is circadian rhythms and underlying molecular clock signals. The molecular clock is found in most cells within the body, including skeletal muscle, and principally functions to optimize the timing of specific cellular events around a 24 h cycle. Accumulating evidence investigating the skeletal muscle molecular clock indicates that exercise-induced contraction and its timing may regulate gene expression and protein synthesis responses which, over time, can influence and modulate key physiological responses such as muscle hypertrophy and increased strength. Therefore, the circadian clock may play a key role in the heterogeneous anabolic responses with resistance exercise. The central aim of this Hypothesis and Theory is to discuss and propose the potential interplay between the circadian molecular clock and established molecular mechanisms mediating muscle anabolic responses with resistance training. This article begins with a current review of the mechanisms associated with the heterogeneity in muscle anabolism with resistance training before introducing the molecular pathways regulating circadian function in skeletal muscle. Recent work showing members of the core molecular clock system can regulate myogenic and translational signaling pathways is also discussed, forming the basis for a possible role of the circadian clock in the variable anabolic responses with resistance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donny M Camera
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Integrated Framework of Load Monitoring by a Combination of Smartphone Applications, Wearables and Point-of-Care Testing Provides Feedback that Allows Individual Responsive Adjustments to Activities of Daily Living. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18051632. [PMID: 29783763 PMCID: PMC5981295 DOI: 10.3390/s18051632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Athletes schedule their training and recovery in periods, often utilizing a pre-defined strategy. To avoid underperformance and/or compromised health, the external load during training should take into account the individual's physiological and perceptual responses. No single variable provides an adequate basis for planning, but continuous monitoring of a combination of several indicators of internal and external load during training, recovery and off-training as well may allow individual responsive adjustments of a training program in an effective manner. From a practical perspective, including that of coaches, monitoring of potential changes in health and performance should ideally be valid, reliable and sensitive, as well as time-efficient, easily applicable, non-fatiguing and as non-invasive as possible. Accordingly, smartphone applications, wearable sensors and point-of-care testing appear to offer a suitable monitoring framework allowing responsive adjustments to exercise prescription. Here, we outline 24-h monitoring of selected parameters by these technologies that (i) allows responsive adjustments of exercise programs, (ii) enhances performance and/or (iii) reduces the risk for overuse, injury and/or illness.
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Exercise intensity and its impact on relationships between salivary immunoglobulin A, saliva flow rate and plasma cortisol concentration. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:1179-1187. [PMID: 29627864 PMCID: PMC5966505 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3847-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), saliva flow rate and plasma cortisol concentrations have been shown to be influenced by exercise, particularly the intensity exercise is performed at, and circadian variation. The autonomic nervous system partly regulates salivary secretion, but it is not yet known whether cortisol also explains some variation in salivary parameters. Methods Twelve moderately trained male individuals (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot {V}{{\text{O}}_2}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak legs: 46.2 ± 6.8 mL·kg−1·min−1) performed three 45-min constant load exercise trials in the morning: arm cranking exercise at 60%\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot {V}{{\text{O}}_2}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak arms; moderate cycling at 60%\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot {V}{{\text{O}}_2}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak legs; and easy cycling at 60%\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot {V}{{\text{O}}_2}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak arms. Timed saliva samples and blood samples for plasma cortisol concentration determination were obtained before, post, 2 h post, and 4 h post-exercise. Saliva was collected in an additional resting trial at the same time points. Results At each time point for each exercise trial, negative correlations between cortisol and saliva flow rate (explaining 25 ± 17% of the variance, R2 = 0.002–0.46) and positive correlations between cortisol and sIgA concentration (explaining 8 ± 8% of the variance R2 = 0.002–0.24) were found. Saliva flow rate increased over time, whereas sIgA concentration and cortisol decreased over time for all trials (P < 0.05), there was no effect of time for sIgA secretion rate (P = 0.16). Conclusion These results show a relationship between cortisol and saliva flow rate, which directly impacts on the concentration of salivary analytes. This study further confirms circadian variations in salivary parameters which must be acknowledged when standardising salivary data collection.
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Roli L, De Vincentis S, Rocchi MBL, Trenti T, De Santis MC, Savino G. Testosterone, cortisol, hGH, and IGF-1 levels in an Italian female elite volleyball team. Health Sci Rep 2018; 1:e32. [PMID: 30623067 PMCID: PMC6266423 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the transferability of the reference intervals (RI) of testosterone (T), cortisol (C), human growth hormone (hGH), and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, calculated on a normal healthy population, to a population of female elite volleyball players. Secondary aim of this study is the evaluation of the T/C ratio as predictive tool of overtraining during the annual regular season. METHODS A retrospective, longitudinal, observational study was performed, enrolling 58 professional female volleyball players periodically evaluated during the regular sportive season, which lasts from September to May. RESULTS Statistically significant differences between the volleyball players and reference populations for T (P = .010), C (P < .001), and IGF-1 (P < .001) were found. Three different statistical approaches to calculate the RI in the athlete group showed a high degree of concordance and pointed out a shift upwards of both lower and upper reference limits. The T/C ratio significantly changed among visits (P = .009). In particular, an overall decrease of about 30% was observed for this ratio during the season, suggesting a state of overtraining. CONCLUSION T, C, hGH, and IGF-1 reference values calculated on elite volleyball female players are higher than those of the reference population used in normal clinical practice, suggesting that the health status of highly trained subjects needs the definition of tailored RI for these variables. Moreover, the utility of T/C ratio in the evaluation of overtraining is confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Roli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyAzienda USL of ModenaItaly
| | - Sara De Vincentis
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaItaly
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, Metabolism and GeriatricsAzienda Ospedaliero‐Universitaria of ModenaItaly
| | | | - Tommaso Trenti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyAzienda USL of ModenaItaly
| | | | - Gustavo Savino
- Department of Public Healthcare, Sport Medicine ServiceAzienda USL of ModenaItaly
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de Souza JFT, Dáttilo M, de Mello MT, Tufik S, Antunes HKM. High-Intensity Interval Training Attenuates Insulin Resistance Induced by Sleep Deprivation in Healthy Males. Front Physiol 2017; 8:992. [PMID: 29270126 PMCID: PMC5725446 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Sleep deprivation can impair several physiological systems and recently, new evidence has pointed to the relationship between a lack of sleep and carbohydrate metabolism, consequently resulting in insulin resistance. To minimize this effect, High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) is emerging as a potential strategy. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of HIIT on insulin resistance induced by sleep deprivation. Method: Eleven healthy male volunteers were recruited, aged 18–35 years, who declared taking 7–8 h sleep per night. All volunteers were submitted to four different conditions: a single night of regular sleep (RS condition), 24 h of total sleep deprivation (SD condition), HIIT training followed by regular sleep (HIIT+RS condition), and HIIT training followed by 24 h of total sleep deprivation (HIIT+SD condition). They performed six training sessions over 2 weeks and each session consisted of 8–12 × 60 s intervals at 100% of peak power output. In each experimental condition, tests for glucose, insulin, cortisol, free fatty acids, and insulin sensitivity, measured by oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), were performed. Results: Sleep deprivation increased glycaemia and insulin levels, as well as the area under the curve. Furthermore, an increase in free fatty acids concentrations and basal metabolism was observed. There were no differences in the concentrations of cortisol. However, HIIT before 24 h of sleep deprivation attenuated the increase of glucose, insulin, and free fatty acids. Conclusion: Twenty-four hours of sleep deprivation resulted in acute insulin resistance. However, HIIT is an effective strategy to minimize the deleterious effects promoted by this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge F T de Souza
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Centro de Estudos em Psicobiologia e Exercício, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Murilo Dáttilo
- Centro de Estudos em Psicobiologia e Exercício, São Paulo, Brazil.,Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marco T de Mello
- Departamento de Esportes, Faculdade de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Sergio Tufik
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hanna K M Antunes
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Centro de Estudos em Psicobiologia e Exercício, São Paulo, Brazil
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Stanojević A, Marković VM, Maćešić S, Kolar-Anić L, Vukojević V. Kinetic modelling of testosterone-related differences in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis response to stress. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-017-1315-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Leicht CA, Paulson TAW, Goosey-Tolfrey VL, Bishop NC. Arm and Intensity-Matched Leg Exercise Induce Similar Inflammatory Responses. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 48:1161-8. [PMID: 26765632 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The amount of active muscle mass can influence the acute inflammatory response to exercise, associated with reduced risk for chronic disease. This may affect those restricted to upper body exercise, for example, due to injury or disability. The purpose of this study was to compare the inflammatory responses for arm exercise and intensity-matched leg exercise. METHODS Twelve male individuals performed three 45-min constant load exercise trials after determination of peak oxygen uptake for arm exercise (V˙O2peak A) and cycling (V˙O2peak C): 1) arm cranking exercise at 60% V˙O2peak A, 2) moderate cycling at 60% V˙O2peak C, and 3) easy cycling at 60% V˙O2peak A. Cytokine, adrenaline, and flow cytometric analysis of monocyte subsets were performed before and up to 4 h postexercise. RESULTS Plasma IL-6 increased from resting concentrations in all trials; however, postexercise concentrations were higher for arm exercise (1.73 ± 1.04 pg·mL) and moderate cycling (1.73 ± 0.95 pg·mL) compared with easy cycling (0.87 ± 0.41 pg·mL; P < 0.04). Similarly, the plasma IL-1ra concentration in the recovery period was higher for arm exercise (325 ± 139 pg·mL) and moderate cycling (316 ± 128 pg·mL) when compared with easy cycling (245 ± 77 pg·mL, P < 0.04). Arm exercise and moderate cycling induced larger increases in monocyte numbers and larger increases of the classical monocyte subset in the recovery period than easy cycling (P < 0.05). The postexercise adrenaline concentration was lowest for easy cycling (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Arm exercise and cycling at the same relative exercise intensity induces a comparable acute inflammatory response; however, cycling at the same absolute oxygen uptake as arm exercise results in a blunted cytokine, monocyte, and adrenaline response. Relative exercise intensity appears to be more important to the acute inflammatory response than modality, which is of major relevance for populations restricted to upper body exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof A Leicht
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
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Djaoui L, Haddad M, Chamari K, Dellal A. Monitoring training load and fatigue in soccer players with physiological markers. Physiol Behav 2017; 181:86-94. [PMID: 28886966 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The quantification and monitoring of training load (TL) has been the topic of many scientific works in the last fifteen years. TL monitoring helps coaches to individually prescribe, follow-up, analyse, adjust and programme training sessions. In particular, the aim of the present review was to provide a critical literature report regarding different physiological markers of TL monitoring, particularly in soccer, as the load is specific to individual sports. Therefore, the interests and limitations of heart rate (HR), HR variability (HRV) and biochemical variables (blood, urinary and hormonal variations) were analysed, with a special focus on daily measures (before, during and after training) and monitoring throughout a whole season. It appears that the most relevant markers were the resting HR before training, HR reserve during training, HRV during rest days, blood lactate, and blood and salivary immunological status in follow-ups throughout the season. Urinary markers indicative of the players' hydration status also deserve attention. However, these objective markers should be considered with a subjective marker of TL such as the rating of perceived exertion to give a more precise quantification of TL and its perception. Future research could be directed towards urinary marker analysis and the analysis of specific markers of TL, which could be related to injury occurrence and to performance during competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léo Djaoui
- Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement and Biology (LIBM), University Claude Bernard Lyon1, University of Lyon, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Monoem Haddad
- Sport Science Program, College of Arts & Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Karim Chamari
- Athletic Health and Performance Research Centre, Aspetar, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Alexandre Dellal
- Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement and Biology (LIBM), University Claude Bernard Lyon1, University of Lyon, Villeurbanne, France; FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Centre Orthopédique Santy, Sport Science and Research Department, Lyon, France
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Abstract
Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Background Spinal manipulation (SM) can trigger a cascade of responses involving multiple systems, including the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system, specifically, the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. However, no manual therapy study has investigated the neuroendocrine response to SM (ie, sympathetic nervous system-hypothalamic-pituitary axis) in the same trial. Objective To determine short-term changes in sympathetic nervous system activity, heart rate variability, and endocrine activity (cortisol, testosterone, and testosterone-cortisol [T/C] ratio) following a thoracic SM. Methods Twenty-four healthy men aged between 18 and 45 years were randomized into 2 groups: thoracic SM (n = 12) and sham (n = 12). Outcome measures were salivary cortisol (micrograms per deciliter), salivary testosterone (picograms per milliliter), T/C ratio, heart rate variability, and changes in oxyhemoglobin concentration of the right calf muscle (micromoles per liter). Measurements were done before and at 5 minutes, 30 minutes, and approximately 6 hours after intervention. Results A statistically significant group-by-time interaction was noted for T/C ratio (P<.05) and salivary cortisol (P<.01) concentrations. Significant between-group differences were noted for salivary cortisol concentration at 5 minutes (mean difference, 0.35; 95% confidence interval: 0.12, 0.6; interaction: P<.01) and for T/C ratio at 6 hours postintervention (mean difference, -0.09; 95% confidence interval: -0.16, -0.04; P = .02). However, SM did not differentially alter oxyhemoglobin, testosterone, or heart rate variability relative to responses in the sham group. Conclusion Thoracic SM resulted in an immediate decrease in salivary cortisol concentration and reduced T/C ratio 6 hours after intervention. A pattern of immediate sympathetic excitation was also observed in the SM group. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2017;47(9):617-627. Epub 13 Jul 2017. doi:10.2519/jospt.2017.7348.
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Aloui K, Abedelmalek S, Chtourou H, Wong DP, Boussetta N, Souissi N. Effects of time-of-day on oxidative stress, cardiovascular parameters, biochemical markers, and hormonal response following level-1 Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test. Physiol Int 2017; 104:77-90. [DOI: 10.1556/2060.104.2017.1.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of time-of-day on oxidative stress, cardiovascular parameters, muscle damage parameters, and hormonal responses following the level-1 Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (YYIRT). A total of 11 healthy subjects performed an intermittent test (YYIRT) at two times-of-day (i.e., 07:00 h and 17:00 h), with a recovery period of ≥36 h in-between, in a randomized order. Blood samples were taken at the rest (baseline) and immediately (post-YYIRT) after the YYIRT for measuring oxidative stress, biochemical markers, and hormonal response. Data were statistically analyzed using one-way and two-way repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni test at p < 0.05. Observed power (α = 0.05) and partial eta-squared were used. Our results showed that oxygen uptake (VO2max), maximal aerobic speed, and the total distance covered tended to be higher in the evening (17:00 h). There was also a main effect of time-of-day for cortisol and testosterone concentration, which were higher after the YYIRT in the morning (p < 0.05). The heart rate peak and the rating of perceived exertion scales were lower in the morning (p < 0.05). However, the plasma glucose (p < 0.01), malondialdehyde, creatine kinase (p < 0.01), lactate dehydrogenase (p < 0.05), high-density lipoprotein (p < 0.01), total cholesterol (p < 0.01), and triglycerides (p < 0.05) were higher after the YYIRT in the evening. Low-density lipoprotein, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and lactate levels (p > 0.05) were similar for the morning and evening test. In conclusion, our findings suggest that aerobic performance presents diurnal variation with great result observed in the evening accompanied by an improvement of hormonal, metabolic, and oxidative responses. These data may help to guide athletes and coaches and contribute to public health recommendations on exercise and muscle damage particularly in the competitive periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Aloui
- 1 Research Laboratory “Sports Performance Optimization”, National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
- 2 Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - S Abedelmalek
- 3 Department of Physiology and Functional Explorations, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - H Chtourou
- 1 Research Laboratory “Sports Performance Optimization”, National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - DP Wong
- 4 Human Performance Laboratory, Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - N Boussetta
- 1 Research Laboratory “Sports Performance Optimization”, National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - N Souissi
- 1 Research Laboratory “Sports Performance Optimization”, National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
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The Impact of Shiftwork on Skeletal Muscle Health. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9030248. [PMID: 28282858 PMCID: PMC5372911 DOI: 10.3390/nu9030248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: About one in four workers undertake shift rosters that fall outside the traditional 7 a.m.-6 p.m. scheduling. Shiftwork alters workers' exposure to natural and artificial light, sleep patterns, and feeding patterns. When compared to the rest of the working population, shiftworkers are at a greater risk of developing metabolic impairments over time. One fundamental component of metabolic health is skeletal muscle, the largest organ in the body. However, cause-and-effect relationships between shiftwork and skeletal muscle health have not been established; (2) Methods: A critical review of the literature was completed using online databases and reference lists; (3) Results: We propose a conceptual model drawing relationships between typical shiftwork consequences; altered light exposure, sleep patterns, and food and beverage consumption, and drivers of skeletal muscle health-protein intake, resistance training, and hormone release. At present, there is no study investigating the direct effect of shiftwork on skeletal muscle health. Instead, research findings showing that acute consequences of shiftwork negatively influence skeletal muscle homeostasis support the validity of our model; (4) Conclusion: Further research is required to test the potential relationships identified in our review, particularly in shiftwork populations. Part of this testing could include skeletal muscle specific interventions such as targeted protein intake and/or resistance-training.
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Johnston MJ, Cook CJ, Drake D, Costley L, Johnston JP, Kilduff LP. The Neuromuscular, Biochemical, and Endocrine Responses to a Single-Session Vs. Double-Session Training Day in Elite Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:3098-3106. [PMID: 27028155 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Johnston, MJ, Cook, CJ, Drake, D, Costley, L, Johnston, JP, and Kilduff, LP. The neuromuscular, biochemical, and endocrine responses to a single-session vs. double-session training day in elite athletes. J Strength Cond Res 30(11): 3098-3106, 2016-The aim of this study was to compare the acute neuromuscular, biochemical, and endocrine responses of a training day consisting of a speed session only with performing a speed-and-weights training session on the same day. Fifteen men who were academy-level rugby players completed 2 protocols in a randomized order. The speed-only protocol involved performing 6 maximal effort repetitions of 50-m running sprints with 5 minutes of recovery between each sprint, whereas the speed-and-weights protocol involved the same sprinting session but was followed 2 hours later by a lower-body weights session consisting of 4 sets of 5 backsquats and Romanian deadlift at 85% one repetition maximum. Testosterone, cortisol, creatine kinase, lactate, and perceived muscle soreness were determined immediately before, immediately after, 2 hours after, and 24 hours after both the protocols. Peak power, relative peak power, jump height, and average rate of force development were determined from a countermovement jump (CMJ) at the same time points. After 24-hours, muscle soreness was significantly higher after the speed-and-weights protocol compared with the speed-only protocol (effect size η = 0.253, F = 4.750, p ≤ 0.05). There was no significant difference between any of the CMJ variables at any of the posttraining time points. Likewise, creatine kinase, testosterone, and cortisol were unaffected by the addition of a weight-training session. These data indicate that the addition of a weight-training session 2 hours after a speed session, whereas increasing the perception of fatigue the next day does not result in a difference in endocrine response or in neuromuscular capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Johnston
- 1Strength and Conditioning Department, English Institute of Sport, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom; 2Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom; 3School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom; 4Strength and Conditioning Department, Ulster Rugby, Newforge Lane, Belfast, United Kingdom; 5Strength and Conditioning Department, Ulster Sports Academy, University of Ulster, Jordanstown, United Kingdom; and 6Department of Sport Science, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Jones TW, Howatson G, Russell M, French DN. Effects of strength and endurance exercise order on endocrine responses to concurrent training. Eur J Sport Sci 2016; 17:326-334. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2016.1236148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Jones TW, Howatson G, Russell M, French DN. Performance and Endocrine Responses to Differing Ratios of Concurrent Strength and Endurance Training. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:693-702. [PMID: 26907840 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined functional strength and endocrine responses to varying ratios of strength and endurance training in a concurrent training regimen. Thirty resistance trained men completed 6 weeks of 3 d·wk of (a) strength training (ST), (b) concurrent strength and endurance training ratio 3:1 (CT3), (c) concurrent strength and endurance training ratio 1:1 (CT1), or (d) no training (CON). Strength training was conducted using whole-body multijoint exercises, whereas endurance training consisted of treadmill running. Assessments of maximal strength, lower-body power, and endocrine factors were conducted pretraining and after 3 and 6 weeks. After the intervention, ST and CT3 elicited similar increases in lower-body strength; furthermore, ST resulted in greater increases than CT1 and CON (all p ≤ 0.05). All training conditions resulted in similar increases in upper-body strength after training. The ST group observed greater increases in lower-body power than all other conditions (all p ≤ 0.05). After the final training session, CT1 elicited greater increases in cortisol than ST (p = 0.008). When implemented as part of a concurrent training regimen, higher volumes of endurance training result in the inhibition of lower-body strength, whereas low volumes do not. Lower-body power was attenuated by high and low frequencies of endurance training. Higher frequencies of endurance training resulted in increased cortisol responses to training. These data suggest that if strength development is the primary focus of a training intervention, frequency of endurance training should remain low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Jones
- 1ASPIRE, Academy for Sports Excellence, Doha, Qatar;2Department of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom;3Water Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences and Development, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; and4English Institute of Sport, Sportcity, Manchester, United Kingdom
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