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Joseph J, Premeaux TA, Pinto DO, Rao A, Guha S, Panfil AR, Carey AJ, Ndhlovu LC, Bergmann‐Leitner ES, Jain P. Retroviral b-Zip protein (HBZ) contributes to the release of soluble and exosomal immune checkpoint molecules in the context of neuroinflammation. JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 2:e102. [PMID: 37547182 PMCID: PMC10399615 DOI: 10.1002/jex2.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is a chronic, progressive, neuroinflammatory demyelinating condition of the spinal cord. We have previously shown that aberrant expression and activity of immune checkpoint (ICP) molecules such as PD-1 and PD-L1/PD-L2, negatively associates with the cytolytic potential of T cells in individuals with HAM/TSP. Interestingly, ICPs can exist in a soluble cell-free form and can be carried on extracellular vesicles (EVs) and exosomes (small EVs, <300nm) while maintaining their immunomodulatory activity. Therefore, we investigated the role of soluble and exosomal ICPs in HTLV-1 associated neuroinflammation. For the very first time, we demonstrate a unique elevated presence of several stimulatory (CD27, CD28, 4-1BB) and inhibitory (BTLA, CTLA-4, LAG-3, PD-1, PD-L2) ICP receptors in HAM/TSP sera, and in purified exosomes from a HAM/TSP-derived HTLV-1-producing (OSP2) cells. These ICPs were found to be co-localized with the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) pathway proteins and exhibited functional binding with their respective ligands. Viral proteins and cytokines (primarily IFNγ) were found to be present in purified exosomes. IFNγ exposure enhanced the release of ICP molecules while antiretroviral drugs (Azidothymidine and Lopinavir) significantly inhibited this process. HTLV-1 b-Zip protein (HBZ) has been linked to factors that enhance EV release and concurrent knockdown here led to the reduced expression of ESCRT associated genes (eg. Hrs, Vsp4, Alix, Tsg101) as well as abrogated the release of ICP molecules, suggesting HBZ involvement in this process. Moreso, exosomes from OSP2 cells adversely affected CD8 T-cell functions by dimishing levels of cytokines and cytotoxic factors. Collectively, these findings highlight exosome-mediated immunmodulation of T-cell functions with HBZ and ESCRT pathways as an underlying mechanism in the context of HTLV-1-induced neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Joseph
- Department of Microbiology & ImmunologyDrexel University College of MedicinePhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Thomas A. Premeaux
- Weill Cornel Medicine Department of MedicineDivision of Infectious DiseasesNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Daniel O. Pinto
- Immunology Core, Biologics Research and DevelopmentWalter Reed Army Institute of ResearchSilver SpringsMDUSA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and EducationOak RidgeTNUSA
| | - Abhishek Rao
- Department of Microbiology & ImmunologyDrexel University College of MedicinePhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Shrobona Guha
- Department of Neurobiology and AnatomyDrexel University College of MedicinePhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Amanda R. Panfil
- The Ohio State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Retrovirus ResearchColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Alison J. Carey
- Department of Microbiology & ImmunologyDrexel University College of MedicinePhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Department of PediatricsDrexel University College of MedicinePhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Lishomwa C. Ndhlovu
- Weill Cornel Medicine Department of MedicineDivision of Infectious DiseasesNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Elke S. Bergmann‐Leitner
- Immunology Core, Biologics Research and DevelopmentWalter Reed Army Institute of ResearchSilver SpringsMDUSA
| | - Pooja Jain
- Department of Microbiology & ImmunologyDrexel University College of MedicinePhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Department of Neurobiology and AnatomyDrexel University College of MedicinePhiladelphiaPAUSA
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SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and Its Receptor Binding Domain Promote a Proinflammatory Activation Profile on Human Dendritic Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123279. [PMID: 34943787 PMCID: PMC8699033 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells, and their function is essential to configure adaptative immunity and avoid excessive inflammation. DCs are predicted to play a crucial role in the clinical evolution of the infection by the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (CoV)-2. DCs interaction with the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein, which mediates cell receptor binding and subsequent fusion of the viral particle with host cell, is a key step to induce effective immunity against this virus and in the S protein-based vaccination protocols. Here we evaluated human DCs in response to SARS-CoV-2 S protein, or to a fragment encompassing the receptor binding domain (RBD) challenge. Both proteins increased the expression of maturation markers, including MHC molecules and costimulatory receptors. DCs interaction with the SARS-CoV-2 S protein promotes activation of key signaling molecules involved in inflammation, including MAPK, AKT, STAT1, and NFκB, which correlates with the expression and secretion of distinctive proinflammatory cytokines. Differences in the expression of ACE2 along the differentiation of human monocytes to mature DCs and inter-donor were found. Our results show that SARS-CoV-2 S protein promotes inflammatory response and provides molecular links between individual variations and the degree of response against this virus.
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Keyhanian K, Umeton RP, Mohit B, Davoudi V, Hajighasemi F, Ghasemi M. SARS-CoV-2 and nervous system: From pathogenesis to clinical manifestation. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 350:577436. [PMID: 33212316 PMCID: PMC7647896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Since the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a growing body of evidence indicates that besides common COVID-19 symptoms, patients may develop various neurological manifestations affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems as well as skeletal muscles. These manifestations can occur prior, during and even after the onset of COVID-19 general symptoms. In this Review, we discuss the possible neuroimmunological mechanisms underlying the nervous system and skeletal muscle involvement, and viral triggered neuroimmunological conditions associated with SARS-CoV-2, as well as therapeutic approaches that have been considered for these specific complications worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiandokht Keyhanian
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Raffaella Pizzolato Umeton
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Babak Mohit
- Sleep Disorders Center, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Vahid Davoudi
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Fatemeh Hajighasemi
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mehdi Ghasemi
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
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Interferon regulatory factor 3 plays a role in macrophage responses to interferon-γ. Immunobiology 2019; 224:565-574. [PMID: 31072630 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
IFN-γ produced during viral infections activates the IFN-γ receptor (IFNGR) complex for STAT1 transcriptional activity leading to expression of Interferon Regulatory Factors (IRF). Simultaneous activation of TBK/IKKε via TLR3 during viral infections activates the transcription factor IRF3. Together these transcription factors contributes to expression of intracellular proteins (e.g. ISG49, ISG54) and secreted proteins (e.g. IFN-β, IP-10, IL-15) that are essential to innate antiviral immunity. Here we examined the role of IRF3 in expression of innate anti-viral proteins produced in response to IFN-γ plus TLR3 agonist. Wild-type (WT) and IRF3KO RAW264.7 cells, each with ISG54-promoter-luciferase reporter vectors, were stimulated with IFN-γ, poly I:C, or both together. ISG54 promoter activity was significantly reduced in IRF3KO RAW264.7 cells responding to IFN-γ, poly I:C, or IFN-γ plus poly I:C, compared with WT RAW264.7 cells. These data were confirmed with western blot and qRT-PCR. Primary macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) from IRF3KO mice also showed decreased ISG54 in response to IFN-γ, poly I:C, or IFN-γ plus poly I:C compared with those from WT mice. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of TBK/IKKε significantly reduced ISG54 promoter activity in response to IFN-γ, poly I:C, or IFN-γ plus poly I:C. Similarly, expression of ISG49 and IL-15, but not IP-10, was impaired in IRF3KO RAW264.7 cells responding to IFN-γ or poly I:C, which also had impaired STAT1 phosphorylation and IRF1 expression. These data show that IRF3 contributes to IFN-γ/IFNGR signaling for expression of innate anti-viral proteins in macrophages.
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Wen AM, Le N, Zhou X, Steinmetz NF, Popkin DL. Tropism of CPMV to Professional Antigen Presenting Cells Enables a Platform to Eliminate Chronic Infections. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2015; 1:1050-1054. [PMID: 27280157 PMCID: PMC4894745 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5b00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Chronic viral infections (e.g., HIV, HBV, HCV) represent a significant source of morbidity and mortality with over 500 million people infected worldwide. Dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages are key cell types for productive viral replication and persistent systemic infection. We demonstrate that the plant virus cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) displays tropism for such antigen presenting cells in both mice and humans, thus making it an ideal candidate for targeted drug delivery toward viral infections. Furthermore, we show inhibition of a key host protein for viral infection, site-1 protease (S1P), using the small molecule PF-429242 in the model pathogen arenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) limits viral growth. By packaging PF-429242 in CPMV, we are able to control drug release and efficiently deliver the drug. This sets the groundwork for utilizing the natural tropism of CPMV for a therapeutic approach that specifically targets cell types most commonly subverted by chronic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M. Wen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University Schools of Medicine and Engineering, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Nga Le
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University Hospitals, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University Hospitals, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Nicole F. Steinmetz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University Schools of Medicine and Engineering, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University Schools of Medicine and Engineering, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University Schools of Medicine and Engineering, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University Schools of Medicine and Engineering, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Daniel L. Popkin
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University Hospitals, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University Hospitals, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University Hospitals, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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Zhang Y, Bottinelli D, Lisacek F, Luban J, Strambio-De-Castillia C, Varesio E, Hopfgartner G. Optimization of human dendritic cell sample preparation for mass spectrometry-based proteomic studies. Anal Biochem 2015; 484:40-50. [PMID: 25983236 PMCID: PMC4732721 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized leukocytes that orchestrate the adaptive immune response. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomic study of these cells presents technical challenges, especially when the DCs are human in origin due to the paucity of available biological material. Here, to maximize MS coverage of the global human DC proteome, different cell disruption methods, lysis conditions, protein precipitation, and protein pellet solubilization and denaturation methods were compared. Mechanical disruption of DC cell pellets under cryogenic conditions, coupled with the use of RIPA (radioimmunoprecipitation assay) buffer, was shown to be the method of choice based on total protein extraction and on the solubilization and identification of nuclear proteins. Precipitation by acetone was found to be more efficient than that by 10% trichloroacetic acid (TCA)/acetone, allowing in excess of 28% more protein identifications. Although being an effective strategy to eliminate the detergent residue, the acetone wash step caused a loss of protein identifications. However, this potential drawback was overcome by adding 1% sodium deoxycholate into the dissolution buffer, which enhanced both solubility of the precipitated proteins and digestion efficiency. This in turn resulted in 6 to 11% more distinct peptides and 14 to 19% more total proteins identified than using 0.5M triethylammonium bicarbonate alone, with the greatest increase (34%) for hydrophobic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Dario Bottinelli
- Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Frédérique Lisacek
- Proteome Informatics Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy Luban
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | | | - Emmanuel Varesio
- Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Gérard Hopfgartner
- Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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Del Prete A, Luganini A, Scutera S, Rossi S, Anselmo A, Greco D, Landolfo S, Badolato R, Gribaudo G, Sozzani S, Musso T. Interferon-α production by plasmacytoid dendritic cells is dispensable for an effective anti-cytomegalovirus response in adaptor protein-3-deficient mice. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2014; 35:232-8. [PMID: 25333950 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2013.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptor protein-3 (AP-3) is a heterotetrameric complex, which regulates vesicular trafficking. Mutations of the β3A subunit cause the Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome type 2 (HPS-2), a rare genetic disease characterized by albinism, platelet defects, and recurrent infections. Likewise, pearl mice, which lack functional AP-3, show several HPS-2 defects. The AP-3 absence results in defective toll-like receptor trafficking and signaling in dendritic cells (DC), but its effect on the efficiency of the in vivo antiviral response is unclear. We evaluated the impact of AP-3 deficiency on the distribution of DC subsets, interferon (IFN) production, and the susceptibility to murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection. Pearl mice showed a distribution and frequency of conventional (cDC) and plasmacytoid DC (pDC) similar to that of wild-type mice both before and after MCMV infection. Moreover, pearl mice controlled MCMV infection even at high virus doses and showed a normal production of IFN-α. Since pDC, but not cDC, from pearl mice showed an impaired IFN-α and tumor necrosis factor-α production in response to prototypic DNA (MCMV and Herpes Simplex virus) or RNA (Vesicular Stomatitis virus) viruses in vitro, it is likely that MCMV infection can be controlled in vivo independently of an efficient production of IFN-α by pDC, and that the AP-3 complex has a minimal impact on protective antiviral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Del Prete
- 1 Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia , Brescia, Italy
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Mercer J, Greber UF. Virus interactions with endocytic pathways in macrophages and dendritic cells. Trends Microbiol 2013; 21:380-8. [PMID: 23830563 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) are at the front line of defence against fungi, bacteria, and viruses. Together with physical barriers, such as mucus and a range of antimicrobial compounds, they constitute a major part of the intrinsic and innate immune systems. They have elaborate features, including pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and specialized endocytic mechanisms, cytokines and chemokines, and the ability to call on reserves. As masters of manipulation and counter-attack, viruses shunt intrinsic and innate recognition, enter immune cells, and spread from these cells throughout an organism. Here, we review mechanisms by which viruses subvert endocytic and pathogen-sensing functions of macrophages and DCs, while highlighting possible strategic advantages of infecting cells normally tuned into pathogen destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Mercer
- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Institute of Biochemistry, Schafmattstr. 18, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Sehgal M, Khan ZK, Talal AH, Jain P. Dendritic Cells in HIV-1 and HCV Infection: Can They Help Win the Battle? Virology (Auckl) 2013; 4:1-25. [PMID: 25512691 PMCID: PMC4222345 DOI: 10.4137/vrt.s11046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent infections with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. As sentinels of our immune system, dendritic cells (DCs) play a central role in initiating and regulating a potent antiviral immune response. Recent advances in our understanding of the role of DCs during HIV-1 and HCV infection have provided crucial insights into the mechanisms employed by these viruses to impair DC functions in order to evade an effective immune response against them. Modulation of the immunological synapse between DC and T-cell, as well as dysregulation of the crosstalk between DCs and natural killer (NK) cells, are emerging as two crucial mechanisms. This review focuses on understanding the interaction of HIV-1 and HCV with DCs not only to understand the immunopathogenesis of chronic HIV-1 and HCV infection, but also to explore the possibilities of DC-based immunotherapeutic approaches against them. Host genetic makeup is known to play major roles in infection outcome and rate of disease progression, as well as response to anti-viral therapy in both HIV-1 and HCV-infected individuals. Therefore, we highlight the genetic variations that can potentially affect DC functions, especially in the setting of chronic viral infection. Altogether, we address if DCs’ potential as critical effectors of antiviral immune response could indeed be utilized to combat chronic infection with HIV-1 and HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Sehgal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Drexel Institute for Biotechnology and Virology Research, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zafar K Khan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Drexel Institute for Biotechnology and Virology Research, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrew H Talal
- Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Pooja Jain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Drexel Institute for Biotechnology and Virology Research, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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