1
|
Kumar Nelson V, Jha NK, Nuli MV, Gupta S, Kanna S, Gahtani RM, Hani U, Singh AK, Abomughaid MM, Abomughayedh AM, Almutary AG, Iqbal D, Al Othaim A, Begum SS, Ahmad F, Mishra PC, Jha SK, Ojha S. Unveiling the impact of aging on BBB and Alzheimer's disease: Factors and therapeutic implications. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 98:102224. [PMID: 38346505 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a highly prevalent neurodegenerative condition that has devastating effects on individuals, often resulting in dementia. AD is primarily defined by the presence of extracellular plaques containing insoluble β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) composed of hyperphosphorylated tau protein (P-tau). In addition, individuals afflicted by these age-related illnesses experience a diminished state of health, which places significant financial strain on their loved ones. Several risk factors play a significant role in the development of AD. These factors include genetics, diet, smoking, certain diseases (such as cerebrovascular diseases, obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia), age, and alcohol consumption. Age-related factors are key contributors to the development of vascular-based neurodegenerative diseases such as AD. In general, the process of aging can lead to changes in the immune system's responses and can also initiate inflammation in the brain. The chronic inflammation and the inflammatory mediators found in the brain play a crucial role in the dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Furthermore, maintaining BBB integrity is of utmost importance in preventing a wide range of neurological disorders. Therefore, in this review, we discussed the role of age and its related factors in the breakdown of the blood-brain barrier and the development of AD. We also discussed the importance of different compounds, such as those with anti-aging properties, and other compounds that can help maintain the integrity of the blood-brain barrier in the prevention of AD. This review builds a strong correlation between age-related factors, degradation of the BBB, and its impact on AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Kumar Nelson
- Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Anantapur, India.
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Centre for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Centre of Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India; School of Bioengineering & Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India; Department of Biotechnology Engineering and Food Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India.
| | - Mohana Vamsi Nuli
- Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Anantapur, India
| | - Saurabh Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sandeep Kanna
- Department of pharmaceutics, Chalapathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chalapathi Nagar, Guntur 522034, India
| | - Reem M Gahtani
- Departement of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Umme Hani
- Department of pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arun Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology BHU, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mosleh Mohammad Abomughaid
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali M Abomughayedh
- Pharmacy Department, Aseer Central Hospital, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmajeed G Almutary
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 59911, United Arab Emirates
| | - Danish Iqbal
- Department of Health Information Management, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Buraydah Private Colleges, Buraydah 51418, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayoub Al Othaim
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia.
| | - S Sabarunisha Begum
- Department of Biotechnology, P.S.R. Engineering College, Sivakasi 626140, India
| | - Fuzail Ahmad
- Respiratory Care Department, College of Applied Sciences, Almaarefa University, Diriya, Riyadh, 13713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Prabhu Chandra Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar Jha
- Department of Zoology, Kalindi College, University of Delhi, 110008, India.
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen X, Wu F, Chen C, Ren Q, Zhang A. Ginkgo Biloba Extract Can Antagonize Subchronic Arsenite Exposure-Induced Hepatocyte Senescence by Inhibiting Oxidative Damage and Inflammation in Rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023:10.1007/s12011-023-04021-3. [PMID: 38110608 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-04021-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that long-term arsenic exposure can induce liver injury. Our previous studies have demonstrated that liver injury occurs in arsenic-poisoning patients and arsenic-exposed rats. However, therapeutic targets are still unclear, and there is a lack of effective drugs. This study aimed to investigate the effects of sodium arsenite (arsenite) exposure on hepatocyte senescence and the intervention effect of ginkgo biloba extract in rats. In this study, 24 male Sprague-Dawley rats (weighing 180-200 g) were randomized into three groups. The control group received a normal diet, and the arsenic-exposed group was given 10 mg/L arsenite for 3 months by free drinking along with a normal diet. The ginkgo biloba extract treatment group was consecutively administered EGb761 (10 mg/kg, by gavage) for 1 month following 2 months of arsenite exposure. Our results showed that exposure to 10 mg/L arsenite induced narrowing of the hepatic sinus space, enlargement of hepatocytes, and increased multinucleated hepatocytes and inflammatory cell infiltration in rat liver tissue compared with the normal control group. Moreover, 10 mg/L arsenite also caused abnormal expression of inflammation-related indices (IL1-β, IL-6, TNF-α), oxidative damage-related indices (SOD, MDA, GPx), and senescence-related proteins (p16, p-p53, E2F1). EGb761 could effectively reduce the pathological damage of liver tissue and antagonize the abnormal expression of liver tissue inflammation and oxidative damage-related indices as well as cellular senescence-related proteins caused by arsenite exposure. Notably, EGb761 reduced the accumulation of arsenic in rat liver tissues. These results suggested that EGb761 could effectively alleviate subchronic arsenic exposure-induced senescence of hepatocytes, which may be achieved partially through inhibiting inflammation and oxidative damage in rats. This study may provide a new therapeutic target for arsenic-induced liver injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Fan Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Qian Ren
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Aihua Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
La Russa D, Barberio L, Marrone A, Perri A, Pellegrino D. Caloric Restriction Mitigates Kidney Fibrosis in an Aged and Obese Rat Model. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1778. [PMID: 37760081 PMCID: PMC10525959 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12091778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Caloric restriction is an effective intervention to protract healthspan and lifespan in several animal models from yeast to primates, including humans. Caloric restriction has been found to induce cardiometabolic adaptations associated with improved health and to delay the onset and progression of kidney disease in different species, particularly in rodent models. In both aging and obesity, fibrosis is a hallmark of kidney disease, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition is a key process that leads to fibrosis and renal dysfunction during aging. In this study, we used an aged and obese rat model to evaluate the effect of long-term (6 months) caloric restriction (-40%) on renal damage both from a structural and functional point of view. Renal interstitial fibrosis was analyzed by histological techniques, whereas effects on mesenchymal (N-cadherin, Vimentin, Desmin and α-SMA), antioxidant (SOD1, SOD2, Catalase and GSTP1) inflammatory (YM1 and iNOS) markers and apoptotic/cell cycle (BAX, BCL2, pJNK, Caspase 3 and p27) pathways were investigated using Western blot analysis. Our results clearly showed that caloric restriction promotes cell cycle division and reduces apoptotic injury and fibrosis phenotype through inflammation attenuation and leukocyte infiltration. In conclusion, we highlight the beneficial effects of caloric restriction to preserve elderly kidney function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele La Russa
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (L.B.); (A.M.); (D.P.)
- LARSO (Analysis and Research on Oxidative Stress Laboratory), University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Laura Barberio
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (L.B.); (A.M.); (D.P.)
- LARSO (Analysis and Research on Oxidative Stress Laboratory), University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Alessandro Marrone
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (L.B.); (A.M.); (D.P.)
| | - Anna Perri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Daniela Pellegrino
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (L.B.); (A.M.); (D.P.)
- LARSO (Analysis and Research on Oxidative Stress Laboratory), University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Detcheverry F, Senthil S, Narayanan S, Badhwar A. Changes in levels of the antioxidant glutathione in brain and blood across the age span of healthy adults: A systematic review. Neuroimage Clin 2023; 40:103503. [PMID: 37742519 PMCID: PMC10520675 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Aging is characterized by a gradual decline of the body's biological functions, which can lead to increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Antioxidants neutralize ROS and maintain balance between oxidation and reduction. If ROS production exceeds the ability of antioxidant systems to neutralize, a damaging state of oxidative stress (OS) may exist. The reduced form of glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant antioxidant, and decline of GSH is considered a marker of OS. Our review summarizes the literature on GSH variations with age in healthy adults in brain (in vivo, ex vivo) and blood (plasma, serum), and reliability of in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) measurement of GSH. A systematic PubMed search identified 35 studies. All in vivo MRS studies (N = 13) reported good to excellent reproducibility of GSH measures. In brain, 3 out of 4 MRS studies reported decreased GSH with age, measured in precuneus, cingulate, and occipital regions, while 1 study reported increased GSH with age in frontal and sensorimotor regions. In post-mortem brain, out of 3 studies, 2 reported decreased GSH with age in hippocampal and frontal regions, while 1 study reported increased GSH with age in a frontal region. Oxidized glutathione disulfide (GSSG) was reported to be increased in caudate with age in 1 study, suggesting OS. Although findings in the brain lacked a clear consensus, the majority of studies suggested a decline of GSH with age. The low number of studies (particularly ex vivo) and potential regional differences may have contributed to variability in the findings in brain. In blood, in contrast, GSH levels predominately were reported to decrease with advancing age (except in the oldest-old, who may represent a select group of particularly successful agers), while GSSG findings lacked consensus. The larger number of studies assessing age-specific GSH level changes in blood (N = 16) allowed for more robust consensus across studies than in brain. Overall, the literature suggests that aging is associated with increased OS in brain and body, but the timing and regional distribution of changes in the brain require further study. The contribution of brain OS to brain aging, and the effect of interventions to raise brain GSH levels on decline of brain function, remain understudied. Given that reliable tools to measure brain GSH exist, we hope this paper will serve as a catalyst to stimulate more work in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flavie Detcheverry
- Multiomics Investigation of Neurodegenerative Diseases (MIND) lab, Montreal, QC, Canada; Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Institut de Génie Biomédical, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sneha Senthil
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sridar Narayanan
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - AmanPreet Badhwar
- Multiomics Investigation of Neurodegenerative Diseases (MIND) lab, Montreal, QC, Canada; Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Institut de Génie Biomédical, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Montreal, QC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Akanchise T, Angelova A. Ginkgo Biloba and Long COVID: In Vivo and In Vitro Models for the Evaluation of Nanotherapeutic Efficacy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051562. [PMID: 37242804 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus infections are neuroinvasive and can provoke injury to the central nervous system (CNS) and long-term illness consequences. They may be associated with inflammatory processes due to cellular oxidative stress and an imbalanced antioxidant system. The ability of phytochemicals with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, such as Ginkgo biloba, to alleviate neurological complications and brain tissue damage has attracted strong ongoing interest in the neurotherapeutic management of long COVID. Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (EGb) contains several bioactive ingredients, e.g., bilobalide, quercetin, ginkgolides A-C, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, and luteolin. They have various pharmacological and medicinal effects, including memory and cognitive improvement. Ginkgo biloba, through its anti-apoptotic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, impacts cognitive function and other illness conditions like those in long COVID. While preclinical research on the antioxidant therapies for neuroprotection has shown promising results, clinical translation remains slow due to several challenges (e.g., low drug bioavailability, limited half-life, instability, restricted delivery to target tissues, and poor antioxidant capacity). This review emphasizes the advantages of nanotherapies using nanoparticle drug delivery approaches to overcome these challenges. Various experimental techniques shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying the oxidative stress response in the nervous system and help comprehend the pathophysiology of the neurological sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection. To develop novel therapeutic agents and drug delivery systems, several methods for mimicking oxidative stress conditions have been used (e.g., lipid peroxidation products, mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibitors, and models of ischemic brain damage). We hypothesize the beneficial effects of EGb in the neurotherapeutic management of long-term COVID-19 symptoms, evaluated using either in vitro cellular or in vivo animal models of oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thelma Akanchise
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Angelina Angelova
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sarkar P, Kumar A, Behera PS, Thirumurugan K. Phytotherapeutic targeting of the mitochondria in neurodegenerative disorders. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2023; 136:415-455. [PMID: 37437986 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2023.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by degeneration or cellular atrophy within specific structures of the brain. Neurons are the major target of neurodegeneration. Neurons utilize 75-80% of the energy produced in the brain. This energy is either formed by utilizing the glucose provided by the cerebrovascular blood flow or by the in-house energy producers, mitochondria. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been associated with neurodegenerative diseases. But recently it has been noticed that neurodegenerative diseases are often associated with cerebrovascular diseases. Cerebral blood flow requires vasodilation which to an extent regulated by mitochondria. We hypothesize that when mitochondrial functioning is disrupted, it is not able to supply energy to the neurons. This disruption also affects cerebral blood flow, further reducing the possibilities of energy supply. Loss of sufficient energy leads to neuronal dysfunction, atrophy, and degeneration. In this chapter, we will discuss the metabolic modifications of mitochondria in aging-related neurological disorders and the potential of phytocompounds targeting them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Sarkar
- Structural Biology Lab, Pearl Research Park, School of Bio Sciences & Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Structural Biology Lab, Pearl Research Park, School of Bio Sciences & Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Partha Sarathi Behera
- Structural Biology Lab, Pearl Research Park, School of Bio Sciences & Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kavitha Thirumurugan
- Structural Biology Lab, Pearl Research Park, School of Bio Sciences & Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang Z, Efferth T, Hua X, Zhang XA. Medicinal plants and their secondary metabolites in alleviating knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 105:154347. [PMID: 35914361 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the increasing ages of the general population, the incidence of knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is also rising, and KOA has become a major health problem worldwide. Recently, medicinal plants and their secondary metabolites have gained interest due to their activity in treating KOA. In this paper, a comprehensive systematic review of the literature was performed concerning the effects of medicinal plant extracts and natural compounds against KOA in recent years. The related molecular pathways of natural compounds against KOA were summarized, and the possible crosstalk among components in chondrocytes was discussed to propose possible solutions for the current situation of treating KOA. PURPOSE This review focused on the molecular mechanisms by which medicinal plants and their secondary metabolites act against KOA. METHODS Literature searches were performed in the PUBMED, Embase, Science Direct, and Web of Science databases for a 10-year period from 2011 to 2022 with the search terms "medicinal plants," "bioactive compounds," "natural products," "phytochemical," "knee osteoarthritis," "knee joint osteoarthritis," "knee osteoarthritis," "osteoarthritis of the knee," and "osteoarthritis of knee joint." RESULTS According to the results, substantial plant extracts and secondary metabolites show a positive effect in fighting KOA. Plant extracts and their secondary metabolites can affect the diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of KOA. Natural products inhibit the expression of MMP1, MMP3, MMP19, syndecan IV, ADAMTS-4, ADAMTS-5, iNOS, COX-2, collagenases, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α in vitro and in vivo and . Cytokines also upregulate the expression of collagen II and aggrecan. The main signaling pathways affected by the extracts and isolated compounds include AMPK, SIRT, NLRP3, MAPKs, PI3K/AKT, mTOR, NF-κB, WNT/β-catenin, JAK/STAT3, and NRF2, as well as the cell death modes apoptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis. CONCLUSION The role of secondary metabolites in different signaling pathways supplies a better understanding of their potential to develop further curative options for KOA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Wang
- School of Kinesiology, Shenyang Sport University, No. 36 Jinqiansong East Road, Shenyang, China
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Xin Hua
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, No. 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.
| | - Xin-An Zhang
- School of Kinesiology, Shenyang Sport University, No. 36 Jinqiansong East Road, Shenyang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ginkgo biloba: A Treasure of Functional Phytochemicals with Multimedicinal Applications. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:8288818. [PMID: 35265150 PMCID: PMC8901348 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8288818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba is an ancient plant species that is thought to provide a variety of health benefits to living organisms and contains plenty of bioactive components, making it a chemically diversified plant. G. biloba has been shown to have a variety of medicinal and pharmacological properties, including anticancer, antidementia, antidiabetic, antiobesity, antilipidemic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antilipid peroxidation, antiplatelet, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antidepressant, antiaging, immunomodulatory, antihypertensive, and neuroprotective effects and is frequently used to treat neurological, cardiovascular, and respiratory diseases, such as tardive dyskinesia. Therefore, this review described the therapeutic applications of G. biloba. In addition to describing the therapeutic potential, this review also evaluates the chemical constituents, toxicity, adverse effect, synergistic effect, and the clinical studies of this plant which have been utilized for therapeutic benefits but have demonstrated other consequences. The capacity of G. biloba components to act as free radical scavengers is critical, and combining its extract with other plant extracts has been shown to synergistically boost antioxidant properties. G. biloba used long-term or at high doses that resulted in some adverse effects. Severe drug interactions have also been reported in both animals and humans when combined with other medications. The available data established from both preclinical and clinical studies confirm the potential of G. biloba plant extract in various diseases. Besides, the safety and efficacy of G. biloba continue to require verification through additional experimentation to guide medicinal use.
Collapse
|
9
|
Barbalho SM, Direito R, Laurindo LF, Marton LT, Guiguer EL, Goulart RDA, Tofano RJ, Carvalho ACA, Flato UAP, Capelluppi Tofano VA, Detregiachi CRP, Bueno PCS, Girio RSJ, Araújo AC. Ginkgo biloba in the Aging Process: A Narrative Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11030525. [PMID: 35326176 PMCID: PMC8944638 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11030525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular disease (CVD), hypertension, insulin resistance, cancer, and other degenerative processes commonly appear with aging. Ginkgo biloba (GB) is associated with several health benefits, including memory and cognitive improvement, in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and cancer. Its antiapoptotic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory actions have effects on cognition and other conditions associated with aging-related processes, such as insulin resistance, hypertension, and cardiovascular conditions. The aim of this study was to perform a narrative review of the effects of GB in some age-related conditions, such as neurodegenerative diseases, CVD, and cancer. PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase databases were searched, and the PRISMA guidelines were applied. Fourteen clinical trials were selected; the studies showed that GB can improve memory, cognition, memory scores, psychopathology, and the quality of life of patients. Moreover, it can improve cerebral blood flow supply, executive function, attention/concentration, non-verbal memory, and mood, and decrease stress, fasting serum glucose, glycated hemoglobin, insulin levels, body mass index, waist circumference, biomarkers of oxidative stress, the stability and progression of atherosclerotic plaques, and inflammation. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that the use of GB can provide benefits in the prevention and treatment of aging-related conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Maria Barbalho
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil; (E.L.G.); (R.d.A.G.); (R.J.T.); (A.C.A.C.); (U.A.P.F.); (C.R.P.D.); (P.C.S.B.); (A.C.A.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil; (L.F.L.); (L.T.M.); (V.A.C.T.)
- School of Food and Technology of Marilia (FATEC), Avenida Castro Alves, Marília 17500-000, SP, Brazil
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +55-14-99655-3190
| | - Rosa Direito
- Laboratory of Systems Integration Pharmacology, Clinical & Regulatory Science, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Lucas Fornari Laurindo
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil; (L.F.L.); (L.T.M.); (V.A.C.T.)
| | - Ledyane Taynara Marton
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil; (L.F.L.); (L.T.M.); (V.A.C.T.)
| | - Elen Landgraf Guiguer
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil; (E.L.G.); (R.d.A.G.); (R.J.T.); (A.C.A.C.); (U.A.P.F.); (C.R.P.D.); (P.C.S.B.); (A.C.A.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil; (L.F.L.); (L.T.M.); (V.A.C.T.)
- School of Food and Technology of Marilia (FATEC), Avenida Castro Alves, Marília 17500-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo de Alvares Goulart
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil; (E.L.G.); (R.d.A.G.); (R.J.T.); (A.C.A.C.); (U.A.P.F.); (C.R.P.D.); (P.C.S.B.); (A.C.A.)
| | - Ricardo José Tofano
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil; (E.L.G.); (R.d.A.G.); (R.J.T.); (A.C.A.C.); (U.A.P.F.); (C.R.P.D.); (P.C.S.B.); (A.C.A.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil; (L.F.L.); (L.T.M.); (V.A.C.T.)
| | - Antonely C. A. Carvalho
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil; (E.L.G.); (R.d.A.G.); (R.J.T.); (A.C.A.C.); (U.A.P.F.); (C.R.P.D.); (P.C.S.B.); (A.C.A.)
| | - Uri Adrian Prync Flato
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil; (E.L.G.); (R.d.A.G.); (R.J.T.); (A.C.A.C.); (U.A.P.F.); (C.R.P.D.); (P.C.S.B.); (A.C.A.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil; (L.F.L.); (L.T.M.); (V.A.C.T.)
| | - Viviane Alessandra Capelluppi Tofano
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil; (L.F.L.); (L.T.M.); (V.A.C.T.)
| | - Cláudia Rucco Penteado Detregiachi
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil; (E.L.G.); (R.d.A.G.); (R.J.T.); (A.C.A.C.); (U.A.P.F.); (C.R.P.D.); (P.C.S.B.); (A.C.A.)
| | - Patrícia C. Santos Bueno
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil; (E.L.G.); (R.d.A.G.); (R.J.T.); (A.C.A.C.); (U.A.P.F.); (C.R.P.D.); (P.C.S.B.); (A.C.A.)
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho 1001, Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil;
| | - Raul S. J. Girio
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho 1001, Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil;
| | - Adriano Cressoni Araújo
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil; (E.L.G.); (R.d.A.G.); (R.J.T.); (A.C.A.C.); (U.A.P.F.); (C.R.P.D.); (P.C.S.B.); (A.C.A.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil; (L.F.L.); (L.T.M.); (V.A.C.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhao J, Li K, Wang Y, Li D, Wang Q, Xie S, Wang J, Zuo Z. Enhanced anti-amnestic effect of donepezil by Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) via further improvement in pro-cholinergic and antioxidative activities. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 269:113711. [PMID: 33352242 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE EGb 761 is a standardized dry extract of Ginkgo biloba L. leaves traditionally used by Eastern Asia and has been associated with beneficial effects on neurodegeneration disorders, including Alzheimer's disease. AIM OF THE STUDY Since beneficial interactions between EGb 761 and donepezil have been observed in previous clinical studies, the current study was proposed aiming to further explore related mechanisms from both pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics aspects. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pharmacodynamic interactions were studied in scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment rats received two-weeks treatment of vehicle, EGb 761 and/or donepezil by the Morris water maze test and ex vivo evaluation of biomarkers of cholinergic transmission and oxidative stress in rat brain. In the meantime, pharmacokinetic profiles of donepezil and bilobalide were obtained and compared among all treatment groups. In addition, impact of the bioavailable EGb 761 components on donepezil brain penetration was evaluated with the hCMEC/D3 cell monolayer model. RESULTS Scopolamine-induced rats with co-treatment of EGb 761 and donepezil had significantly improved cognitive function in the Morris water maze test with increased brain levels of superoxide dismutase and decreased brain levels of acetylcholinesterase and malondialdehyde than that with treatment of only EGb 761 or donepezil. Despite such beneficial pharmacodynamics outcomes, the two-week co-treatment of EGb 761 and donepezil did not alter the plasma pharmacokinetics and brain uptake of donepezil or bilobalide, which was further verified in the hCMEC/D3 monolayer model. CONCLUSION Co-administration of EGb 761 and donepezil exerted better anti-amnestic effect via further enhanced pro-cholinergic and antioxidative effects of EGb 761 or donepezil in scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment rat without alteration in their systemic/brain exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
| | - Kun Li
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yingying Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
| | - Qianwen Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
| | - Shengsheng Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianxin Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China; Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhong Zuo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China; Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kaliszewska A, Allison J, Martini M, Arias N. Improving Age-Related Cognitive Decline through Dietary Interventions Targeting Mitochondrial Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073574. [PMID: 33808221 PMCID: PMC8036520 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is inevitable and it is one of the major contributors to cognitive decline. However, the mechanisms underlying age-related cognitive decline are still the object of extensive research. At the biological level, it is unknown how the aging brain is subjected to progressive oxidative stress and neuroinflammation which determine, among others, mitochondrial dysfunction. The link between mitochondrial dysfunction and cognitive impairment is becoming ever more clear by the presence of significant neurological disturbances in human mitochondrial diseases. Possibly, the most important lifestyle factor determining mitochondrial functioning is nutrition. Therefore, with the present work, we review the latest findings disclosing a link between nutrition, mitochondrial functioning and cognition, and pave new ways to counteract cognitive decline in late adulthood through diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Kaliszewska
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK; (A.K.); (J.A.)
| | - Joseph Allison
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK; (A.K.); (J.A.)
| | - Matteo Martini
- Department of Psychology, University of East London, London E154LZ, UK;
| | - Natalia Arias
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK; (A.K.); (J.A.)
- Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), 33005 Oviedo, Spain
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wu T, Chen L, Zhou L, Xu J, Guo K. Platelets transport β-amyloid from the peripheral blood into the brain by destroying the blood-brain barrier to accelerate the process of Alzheimer's disease in mouse models. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:7644-7659. [PMID: 33668038 PMCID: PMC7993748 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular aggregation of the β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide into toxic multimers in the brain is a prominent event occurring in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and a large amount of Aβ in the blood is derived from platelets. Thus, we speculated that platelets may play an important role in the process of AD. We first investigated the changes in platelet Aβ secretion with age. Then, we injected platelets from aged amyloid precursor protein APP/PS1 mice into young C57 mice and assessed their memory capacity along with their brain and peripheral blood Aβ expression levels. The Aβ content in mouse platelets increased with age. Exogenously aged APP/PS1 platelets changed the permeability of the blood-brain barrier in vitro, accelerating Aβ deposition in the brain and increasing the Aβ content in peripheral blood, leading to learning and memory deficits in the recipient mice. Subsequently, aspirin was administered to mice as an inhibitor of platelet activation, which effectively alleviated these toxic processes. Finally, we chose an in vitro blood-brain barrier model to explore the possible cytotoxicity of these platelets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Lizhi Chen
- Department of Science and Education, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Lingqi Zhou
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Kaihua Guo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Soheili M, Karimian M, Hamidi G, Salami M. Alzheimer's disease treatment: The share of herbal medicines. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021; 24:123-135. [PMID: 33953850 PMCID: PMC8061323 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2020.50536.11512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
One of the most frequent forms of dementia in neurological disorders is Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is a chronic neurodegenerative disease characterized by impaired learning and memory. Pathological symptoms as extracellular amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and intracellular accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles occur in AD. Due to the aging of the population and increased prevalence of AD, discovery of new therapeutic agents with the highest effectiveness and fewer side effect seems to be necessary. Numerous synthetic medicines such as tacrine, donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine, memantine, glutathione, ascorbic acid, ubiquinone, ibuprofen, and ladostigil are routinely used for reduction of the symptoms and prevention of disease progression. Nowadays, herbal medicines have attracted popular attention for numerous beneficial effects with little side effects. Lavandula angustifolia, Ginkgo biloba, Melissa officinalis, Crocus sativus, Ginseng, Salvia miltiorrhiza, and Magnolia officinalis have been widely used for relief of symptoms of some neurological disorders. This paper reviews the therapeutic effects of phytomedicines with prominent effects against various factors implicated in the emergence and progression of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Soheili
- Physiology Research Center, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Karimian
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Gholamali Hamidi
- Physiology Research Center, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Salami
- Physiology Research Center, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Phu HT, Thuan DTB, Nguyen THD, Posadino AM, Eid AH, Pintus G. Herbal Medicine for Slowing Aging and Aging-associated Conditions: Efficacy, Mechanisms and Safety. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2020; 18:369-393. [PMID: 31418664 DOI: 10.2174/1570161117666190715121939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aging and aging-associated diseases are issues with unsatisfactory answers in the medical field. Aging causes important physical changes which, even in the absence of the usual risk factors, render the cardiovascular system prone to some diseases. Although aging cannot be prevented, slowing down the rate of aging is entirely possible to achieve. In some traditional medicine, medicinal herbs such as Ginseng, Radix Astragali, Ganoderma lucidum, Ginkgo biloba, and Gynostemma pentaphyllum are recognized by the "nourishing of life" and their role as anti-aging phytotherapeutics is increasingly gaining attention. By mainly employing PubMed here we identify and critically analysed 30 years of published studies focusing on the above herbs' active components against aging and aging-associated conditions. Although many plant-based compounds appear to exert an anti-aging effect, the most effective resulted in being flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, and polysaccharides, which include astragaloside, ginkgolide, ginsenoside, and gypenoside specifically covered in this review. Their effects as antiaging factors, improvers of cognitive impairments, and reducers of cardiovascular risks are described, as well as the molecular mechanisms underlying the above-mentioned effects along with their potential safety. Telomere and telomerase, PPAR-α, GLUTs, FOXO1, caspase-3, bcl-2, along with SIRT1/AMPK, PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, and insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 pathways appear to be their preferential targets. Moreover, their ability to work as antioxidants and to improve the resistance to DNA damage is also discussed. Although our literature review indicates that these traditional herbal medicines are safe, tolerable, and free of toxic effects, additional well-designed, large-scale randomized control trials need to be performed to evaluate short- and long-term effects and efficacy of these medicinal herbs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hoa T Phu
- Department of Biochemistry, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Duong T B Thuan
- Department of Biochemistry, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Thi H D Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Anna M Posadino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Gianfranco Pintus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Effect of High-Oleic Peanut Intake on Aging and Its Hippocampal Markers in Senescence-Accelerated Mice (SAMP8). Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113461. [PMID: 33187266 PMCID: PMC7697529 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In many previous studies, the preventive effects of peanut against aging and cognitive impairment have often been unclear, so to clarify the effects we first investigated effective markers for evaluating its effects in the hippocampus of senescence-accelerated mouse prone/8 (SAMP8) mice, mainly using proteomics. The effects of dietary high-oleic peanuts on the hair appearance of SAMP8, the expression of effective markers in the hippocampus, and the TBARS and amino acid contents of the hippocampus were examined. Hippocampus solute carrier family 1 (glial high-affinity glutamate transporter), calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II, and sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter, which all are considered to be closely related to glutamic acid concentration were decreased by feeding of the samples, and the GABA/glutamic acid ratio in the hippocampus was increased by feeding with the samples. The formation of glial fibrillary acidic protein and synapsin-2, which showed higher levels in the SAMP8 than in SAMR1, and the protein expression of tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein and dihydropteridine reductase, which are considered to be related to the formation of adrenergic neuron transmitters, were reduced by the feeding of peanuts and their germ-rich fraction. Ferulic acid, as an ester and minor component in peanuts, could be partly connected to the effect of peanuts. These results indicate that high-oleic peanuts and their germ-rich fraction can protect against aging and cognitive impairment by regulating protein expression, which could be measured by the proteomics of the above hippocampus proteins of SAMP8 and the hippocampal GABA/glutamic acid ratio.
Collapse
|
16
|
Effect of Ginkgo biloba Extract EGb761 on Hippocampal Neuronal Injury and Carbonyl Stress of D-Gal-Induced Aging Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:5165910. [PMID: 31871482 PMCID: PMC6907066 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5165910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Ginkgo biloba extract is widely studied for antiaging activities, but little is known about its antiaging mechanism of protein carbonylation. In order to verify carbonyl toxification (stress) hypothesis of aging, we have investigated the effects of EGb761 on hippocampal neuronal injury and carbonyl stress of aging rats. Methods Seventy-two Wister male rats were randomly assigned into six groups (n = 12), normal control (NC), model control (MC), vitamin E (VE, 60 mg/kg) group, EGb761 low doses (GBEL, 8.75 mg/kg), EGb761 moderate doses (GBEM, 17.5 mg/kg), and EGb761 high doses (GBEH, 35 mg/kg). Except the NC, the other groups were subject to subcutaneous administration of 0.5% D-gal (10 ml/kg/day) for 6 weeks to induce aging model. The study detected cognitive impairment in rats by Morris water maze test and the contents of superoxidase dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) by the related kits. The level of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) protein adducts in rat brain was detected, and the ultrastructure of hippocampus was observed. Results The EGb761 treatment groups significantly improved the spatial learning and memory of rats. Moreover, EGb761 treatment could reduce hippocampal neuronal damage based on histopathological and ultrastructural observation. Further studies have proved that these activities are remarkably related with the reducing level of MDA, protein carbonyl and lipofuscin, and 4-HNE protein expression, as well as the increasing of SOD and T-AOC content. Furthermore, EGb761 improves telomerase activity by detecting telomerase activity in the brain of aging rats. Conclusion Our data indicate that EGb761 is an effective agent against D-gal-induced hippocampal neuronal loss owing to its antioxidative as well as carbonyl stress properties. Meanwhile, the carbonylation hypothesis is confirmed that the high level of 4-HNE may cause age-related neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
|
17
|
Chen L, Xu S, Wu T, Shao Y, Luo L, Zhou L, Ou S, Tang H, Huang W, Guo K, Xu J. Studies on APP metabolism related to age-associated mitochondrial dysfunction in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:10242-10251. [PMID: 31744937 PMCID: PMC6914425 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The aging brain with mitochondrial dysfunction and a reduced adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) has been implicated in the onset and progression of β-Amyloid (Aβ)-induced neuronal toxicity in AD. To unravel the function of ATP and the underlying mechanisms on AD development, APP/PS1 double transgenic mice and wild-type (WT) C57 mice at 6 and 10 months of age were studied. We demonstrated a decreased ATP release in the hippocampus and platelet of APP/PS1 mice, comparing to C57 mice at a relatively early age. Levels of Aβ were raised in both hippocampus and platelet of APP/PS1 mice, accompanied by a decrease of α-secretase activity and an increase of β-secretase activity. Moreover, our results presented an age-dependent rise in mitochondrial vulnerability to oxidation in APP/PS1 mice. In addition, we found decreased pSer473-Akt levels, increased GSK3β activity by inhibiting phosphorylation at Ser9 in aged APP/PS1 mice and these dysfunctions probably due to down-regulation of Bcl-2 and up-regulation of cleaved caspase-3. Therefore, we demonstrate that PI3K/Akt/GSK3β signaling pathway could be involved in Aβ-associated mitochondrial dysfunction of APP/PS1 mice and APP abnormal metabolism in platelet might provide potential biomarkers for early diagnosis of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lizhi Chen
- Department of Clinical Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shicheng Xu
- Department of Ultrasound, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yijia Shao
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Luo
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingqi Zhou
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Ou
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai Tang
- Department of Anatomy, Guangdong Jiangmen Chinese Traditional Medicine College, Jiangmen, China
| | - Wenhua Huang
- Department of Clinical Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaihua Guo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
The Importance of Natural Antioxidants in the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury in Animal Models: An Overview. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:3642491. [PMID: 32676138 PMCID: PMC7336207 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3642491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) face devastating health, social, and financial consequences, as well as their families and caregivers. Reducing the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress are essential strategies for SCI treatment. Some compounds from traditional medicine could be useful to decrease ROS generated after SCI. This review is aimed at highlighting the importance of some natural compounds with antioxidant capacity used in traditional medicine to treat traumatic SCI. An electronic search of published articles describing animal models of SCI treated with natural compounds from traditional medicine was conducted using the following terms: Spinal Cord Injuries (MeSH terms) AND Models, Animal (MeSH terms) AND [Reactive Oxygen Species (MeSH terms) AND/OR Oxidative Stress (MeSH term)] AND Medicine, Traditional (MeSH terms). Articles reported from 2010 to 2018 were included. The results were further screened by title and abstract for studies performed in rats, mice, and nonhuman primates. The effects of these natural compounds are discussed, including their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic properties. Moreover, the antioxidant properties of natural compounds were emphasized since oxidative stress has a fundamental role in the generation and progression of several pathologies of the nervous system. The use of these compounds diminishes toxic effects due to their high antioxidant capacity. These compounds have been tested in animal models with promising results; however, no clinical studies have been conducted in humans. Further research of these natural compounds is crucial to a better understanding of their effects in patients with SCI.
Collapse
|
19
|
Chou MY, Chen YJ, Lin LH, Nakao Y, Lim AL, Wang MF, Yong SM. Protective Effects of Hydrolyzed Chicken Extract (Probeptigen®/Cmi-168) on Memory Retention and Brain Oxidative Stress in Senescence-Accelerated Mice. Nutrients 2019; 11:E1870. [PMID: 31408929 PMCID: PMC6722682 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The senescence-accelerated prone (SAMP8) mouse model shows age-dependent deterioration in learning and memory and increased oxidative stress in the brain. We previously showed that healthy subjects on a six-week supplementation of a chicken meat hydrolysate (ProBeptigen®/CMI-168) demonstrated enhanced and sustained cognitive performance up until two weeks after the termination of supplementation. In this study, we investigate the effect of ProBeptigen on the progression of age-related cognitive decline. Three-month old SAMP8 mice were orally administered different doses of ProBeptigen (150,300 or 600 mg/kg/day) or saline daily for 13 weeks. Following ProBeptigen supplementation, mice showed lower scores of senescence and improved learning and memory in avoidance tasks. ProBeptigen treatment also increased antioxidant enzyme activity and dopamine level while reducing protein and lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial DNA damage in the brain. Microarray analysis of hippocampus revealed several processes that may be involved in the improvement of cognitive ability by ProBeptigen, including heme binding, insulin growth factor (IGF) regulation, carboxylic metabolic process, oxidation-reduction process and endopeptidase inhibition. Genes found to be significantly altered in both ProBeptigen treated male and female mice include Mup1, Mup17, Mup21, Ahsg and Alb. Taken together, these results suggest a potential anti-aging effect of ProBeptigen in alleviating cognitive deficits and promoting the antioxidant defense system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yu Chou
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Providence University, Taichung 43301, Taiwan
- Quanzhou Preschool Education College, Quanzhou 362000, China
| | - Ying-Ju Chen
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Providence University, Taichung 43301, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Hung Lin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Providence University, Taichung 43301, Taiwan
| | - Yoshihiro Nakao
- Scientific Research and Applications, BRAND'S Suntory Asia, Singapore 048423, Singapore
| | - Ai Lin Lim
- Scientific Research and Applications, BRAND'S Suntory Asia, Singapore 048423, Singapore
| | - Ming-Fu Wang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Providence University, Taichung 43301, Taiwan.
| | - Shan May Yong
- Scientific Research and Applications, BRAND'S Suntory Asia, Singapore 048423, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wang H, Wu X, Lezmi S, Li Q, Helferich WG, Xu Y, Chen H. Extract of Ginkgo biloba exacerbates liver metastasis in a mouse colon cancer Xenograft model. Altern Ther Health Med 2017; 17:516. [PMID: 29197355 PMCID: PMC5712166 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-2014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Metastasis refers to the spread of a primary tumor cell from the primary site to other locations in the body and it is generally associated with the severity of a tumor. Extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb) contains various bioactive compounds and it exerts beneficial effects including improvements in brain function and reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases. On the other hand, increased risk of thyroid and liver cancers by EGb have been reported in animals. Methods A colon cancer metastasis model was established using intrasplenic injection of a human colon cancer cell line, SW620-luc in athymic mice to investigate the potential impact of EGb on colon cancer progression. After tumor establishment, EGb was intraperitonically injected daily for 5 wks. Results EGb significantly increased the rate of metastasis in mouse liver and decreased the number of necrotic and apoptotic cells in the metastatic liver when compared to the control. Meanwhile, EGb significantly induced proliferation of tumor cells in the metastatic liver, indicated by increased staining of Ki67 and H3S10p. mRNA expression of genes involved in cell cycle, metastasis, apoptosis, and oxidative stress were altered by EGb treatment in livers with tumors. Moreover, EGb activated the stress-responsive MAPK pathways in the liver with metastatic tumors. Conclusions EGb exacerbated liver metastasis in a mouse colon cancer metastasis model. This is potentially due to the increased tumor cell proliferation involving stimulated MAPK pathways. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12906-017-2014-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
21
|
Zuo W, Yan F, Zhang B, Li J, Mei D. Advances in the Studies of Ginkgo Biloba Leaves Extract on Aging-Related Diseases. Aging Dis 2017; 8:812-826. [PMID: 29344418 PMCID: PMC5758353 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2017.0615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of degenerative disorders in public health has promoted in-depth investigations of the underlying pathogenesis and the development of new treatment drugs. Ginkgo biloba leaves extract (EGb) is obtained from Ginkgo biloba leaves and has been used for thousands of years. In recent decades, both basic and clinical studies have established the effects of EGb. It is widely used in various degenerative diseases such as cerebrovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease, macroangiopathy and more. Here, we reviewed several pharmacological mechanisms of EGb, including its antioxidant properties, prevention of mitochondrial dysfunctions, and effect on apoptosis. We also described some clinical applications of EGb, such as its effect on neuro and cardiovascular protection, and anticancer properties. The above biological functions of EGb are mainly focused on aging-related disorders, but its effect on other diseases remains unclear. Thus, through this review, we aim to encourage further studies on EGb and discover more potential applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zuo
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Yan
- Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiantao Li
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Mei
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Grimm A, Eckert A. Brain aging and neurodegeneration: from a mitochondrial point of view. J Neurochem 2017; 143:418-431. [PMID: 28397282 PMCID: PMC5724505 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aging is defined as a progressive time-related accumulation of changes responsible for or at least involved in the increased susceptibility to disease and death. The brain seems to be particularly sensitive to the aging process since the appearance of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, is exponential with the increasing age. Mitochondria were placed at the center of the 'free-radical theory of aging', because these paramount organelles are not only the main producers of energy in the cells, but also to main source of reactive oxygen species. Thus, in this review, we aim to look at brain aging processes from a mitochondrial point of view by asking: (i) What happens to brain mitochondrial bioenergetics and dynamics during aging? (ii) Why is the brain so sensitive to the age-related mitochondrial impairments? (iii) Is there a sex difference in the age-induced mitochondrial dysfunction? Understanding mitochondrial physiology in the context of brain aging may help identify therapeutic targets against neurodegeneration. This article is part of a series "Beyond Amyloid".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Grimm
- University of BaselTransfaculty Research PlatformMolecular & Cognitive NeuroscienceNeurobiology Laboratory for Brain Aging and Mental HealthBaselSwitzerland
- University of BaselPsychiatric University ClinicsBaselSwitzerland
| | - Anne Eckert
- University of BaselTransfaculty Research PlatformMolecular & Cognitive NeuroscienceNeurobiology Laboratory for Brain Aging and Mental HealthBaselSwitzerland
- University of BaselPsychiatric University ClinicsBaselSwitzerland
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Corrêa RCG, Peralta RM, Haminiuk CWI, Maciel GM, Bracht A, Ferreira ICFR. New phytochemicals as potential human anti-aging compounds: Reality, promise, and challenges. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:942-957. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1233860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rúbia C. G. Corrêa
- Graduate Program in Food Science, State University of Maringá (UEM), Paraná, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Food Technology, Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Campus Campo Mourão, Paraná, Brazil
- Academic Department of Chemistry and Biology, Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Rosane M. Peralta
- Graduate Program in Food Science, State University of Maringá (UEM), Paraná, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá (UEM), Paraná, Brazil
- Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), ESA, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança (IPB), Campus de Santa Apolónia, Bragança, Portugal
- Academic Department of Chemistry and Biology, Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Charles W. I. Haminiuk
- Graduate Program in Food Technology, Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Campus Campo Mourão, Paraná, Brazil
- Academic Department of Chemistry and Biology, Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Giselle Maria Maciel
- Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), ESA, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança (IPB), Campus de Santa Apolónia, Bragança, Portugal
- Academic Department of Chemistry and Biology, Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Adelar Bracht
- Graduate Program in Food Science, State University of Maringá (UEM), Paraná, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá (UEM), Paraná, Brazil
- Academic Department of Chemistry and Biology, Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Isabel C. F. R. Ferreira
- Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), ESA, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança (IPB), Campus de Santa Apolónia, Bragança, Portugal
- Academic Department of Chemistry and Biology, Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Xu P, Xu SP, Wang KZ, Lu C, Zhang HX, Pan RL, Qi C, Yang YY, Li YH, Liu XM. Cognitive-enhancing effects of hydrolysate of polygalasaponin in SAMP8 mice. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2017; 17:503-14. [PMID: 27381727 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1500321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study is to evaluate the cognitive-enhancing effects of hydrolysate of polygalasaponin (HPS) on senescence accelerate mouse P8 (SAMP8) mice, an effective Alzheimer's disease (AD) model, and to research the relevant mechanisms. METHODS The cognitive-enhancing effects of HPS on SAMP8 mice were assessed using Morris water maze (MWM) and step-through passive avoidance tests. Then N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunit expression for both the cortex and hippocampus of mice was observed using Western blotting. RESULTS HPS (25 and 50 mg/kg) improved the escape rate and decreased the escape latency and time spent in the target quadrant for the SAMP8 mice in the MWM after oral administration of HPS for 10 d. Moreover, it decreased error times in the passive avoidance tests. Western blotting showed that HPS was able to reverse the levels of NMDAR1 and NMDAR2B expression in the cortex or hippocampus of model mice. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggested that HPS can improve cognitive deficits in SAMP8 mice, and this mechanism might be associated with NMDA receptor (NMDAR)-related pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Xu
- Research Center of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shu-Ping Xu
- Research Center of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ke-Zhu Wang
- Research Center of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Cong Lu
- Research Center of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hong-Xia Zhang
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation and Application, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Rui-le Pan
- Research Center of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chang Qi
- Research Center of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yan-Yan Yang
- Science and Technology on Human Factors Engineering Laboratory, Astronaut Centre of China, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ying-Hui Li
- Science and Technology on Human Factors Engineering Laboratory, Astronaut Centre of China, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xin-Min Liu
- Research Center of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.,Division of Stem Cell Regulation and Application, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Mohamed NES, Abd El-Moneim AE. Ginkgo biloba extract alleviates oxidative stress and some neurotransmitters changes induced by aluminum chloride in rats. Nutrition 2017; 35:93-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
26
|
CEDIKOVA M, PITULE P, KRIPNEROVA M, MARKOVA M, KUNCOVA J. Multiple Roles of Mitochondria in Aging Processes. Physiol Res 2016; 65:S519-S531. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a multifactorial process influenced by genetic factors, nutrition, and lifestyle. According to mitochondrial theory of aging, mitochondrial dysfunction is widely considered a major contributor to age-related processes. Mitochondria are both the main source and targets of detrimental reactions initiated in association with age-dependent deterioration of the cellular functions. Reactions leading to increased reactive oxygen species generation, mtDNA mutations, and oxidation of mitochondrial proteins result in subsequent induction of apoptotic events, impaired oxidative phosphorylation capacity, mitochondrial dynamics, biogenesis and autophagy. This review summarizes the major changes of mitochondria related to aging, with emphasis on mitochondrial DNA mutations, the role of the reactive oxygen species, and structural and functional changes of mitochondria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - J. KUNCOVA
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Yanai S, Toyohara J, Ishiwata K, Ito H, Endo S. Long-term cilostazol administration ameliorates memory decline in senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) through a dual effect on cAMP and blood-brain barrier. Neuropharmacology 2016; 116:247-259. [PMID: 27979612 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterases (PDEs), which hydrolyze and inactivate 3', 5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and 3', 5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), play an important role in synaptic plasticity that underlies memory. Recently, several PDE inhibitors were assessed for their possible therapeutic efficacy in treating cognitive disorders. Here, we examined how cilostazol, a selective PDE3 inhibitor, affects brain functions in senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8), an animal model of age-related cognitive impairment. Long-term administration of cilostazol restored the impaired context-dependent conditioned fear memory of SAMP8 to match that in normal aging control substrain SAMR1. Cilostazol also increased the number of cells containing phosphorylated cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB), a downstream component of the cAMP pathway. Finally, cilostazol improves blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity, demonstrated by reduced extravasation of 2-deoxy-2-18F-fluoro-d-glucose and Evans Blue dye in the brains of SAMP8. This improvement in BBB integrity was associated with an increased amount of zona occludens protein 1 (ZO-1) and occludin proteins, components of tight junctions integral to the BBB. The results suggest that long-term administration of cilostazol exerts its beneficial effects on age-related cognitive impairment through a dual mechanism: by enhancing the cAMP system in the brain and by maintaining or improving BBB integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Yanai
- Aging Neuroscience Research Team, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Jun Toyohara
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Kiichi Ishiwata
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan; Institute of Cyclotron and Drug Discovery Research, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-8052, Japan; Department of Biofunctional Imaging, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Hideki Ito
- Department of CNS Research, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima 771-0192, Japan
| | - Shogo Endo
- Aging Neuroscience Research Team, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zhang R, Zhou H, Jiang L, Mao Y, Cui X, Xie B, Cui D, Wang H, Zhang Q, Xu S. MiR-195 dependent roles of mitofusin2 in the mitochondrial dysfunction of hippocampal neurons in SAMP8 mice. Brain Res 2016; 1652:135-143. [PMID: 27693395 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal gene expression, including mRNAs, and microRNAs (miRNA), have been identified in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although mitofusin2 (mfn2) has been found to be down-regulated in the neurons from hippocampus and cortex in AD patients, little is known about its roles and the regulatory mechanisms in the pathogenesis of AD. This study was performed to investigate the roles of mfn2 protein and its upstream regulatory mechanism in the progression of AD using a senescence accelerated mouse prone-8 (SAMP8) model. The results of quantitative real-time PCR and western blot revealed that mfn2 expression displayed a consistent decrease with aging in the hippocampus of SAMP8 than did age-matched SAMR1 mice. The luciferase activity assay combined with mutational analysis confirmed the binding site of miR-195 to the 3' -untranslated region (3'-UTR) of mfn2 mRNA. Furthermore, miR-195 inhibitor or antigomir induced the higher level expression of mfn2 protein in vitro and in vivo. In addition, exogenous expression of miR-195 decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) of the HT-22 cells by targeting mfn2. In conclusion, these results indicated that deregulation of mfn2 might be involved in mitochondrial dysfunction during the progression of AD, and its decreased expression was regulated at least in part by miR-195 in AD mice. The abnormal expression of miR-195 played a potential role in mitochondrial disorder by targeting mfn2 in hippocampus of SAMP8 mice. Therefore, upregulation of mfn2 protein by inhibiting miR-195 might be a potential new therapeutic strategy for treatment of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Central Laboratory, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050031, PR China; Burn Engineering Center of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050031, PR China
| | - Huimin Zhou
- Burn Engineering Center of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050031, PR China; Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050031, PR China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Central Laboratory, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050031, PR China
| | - Yueran Mao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050031, PR China
| | - Ximing Cui
- Central Laboratory, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050031, PR China
| | - Bing Xie
- Central Laboratory, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050031, PR China; Burn Engineering Center of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050031, PR China
| | - Dongsheng Cui
- Central Laboratory, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050031, PR China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050031, PR China
| | - Qingfu Zhang
- Burn Engineering Center of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050031, PR China
| | - Shunjiang Xu
- Central Laboratory, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050031, PR China; Burn Engineering Center of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050031, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Early onset of behavioral alterations in senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8). Behav Brain Res 2016; 308:187-95. [PMID: 27093926 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Senescence-accelerated mouse (SAM) is inbred lines of mice originally developed from AKR/J mice. Among the six SAM prone (SAMP) substrains, 8- to 12-month-old SAMP8 have long been used as a model of age-related cognitive impairments. However, little is still known for younger SAMP8 mice. Here, we examined the phenotypical characteristics of 4-month-old SAMP8 using a battery of behavioral tests. Four-month-old SAMP8 mice failed to recognize spatially displaced object in an object recognition task and performed poorly in the probe test of the Morris water maze task compared to SAMR1, suggesting that SAMP8 have impaired spatial memory. In addition, young SAMP8 exhibited enhanced anxiety-like behavior in an open field test and showed depression-like behavior in the forced-swim test. Their circadian rhythm was also disrupted. These abnormal behaviors of young SAMP8 are similar to behavioral alterations also observed in aged mice. In summary, age-related behavioral alterations occur in SAMP8 as young as 4 months old.
Collapse
|
30
|
EGb761 improves histological and functional recovery in rats with acute spinal cord contusion injury. Spinal Cord 2015; 54:259-65. [PMID: 26481704 DOI: 10.1038/sc.2015.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN This is an experimental study. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of Ginkgo biloba extract 761 (EGb761) on histological features of injured sites and on functional performance of rats subjected to standardized spinal cord injury (SCI). SETTING This study was conducted in Xian, Shaanxi, China. METHODS Thirty female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: sham-operated, saline-treated control and EGb761-treated. The Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan Locomotor Rating Score (BBB score) was calculated and footprint analysis was performed to evaluate the functional performance of the rats in each group. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and caspase-3 staining were performed to evaluate the necrosis area and apoptotic cells at the injured site in each group. RESULTS At 14, but not 1, 3 and 7, days post injury (DPI), rats in the EGb761-treated group exhibited significantly better BBB scores compared with the saline-treated control group (P<0.05). The EGb761-treated group also showed increased stride length, decreased stride width and reduced toe dragging at 14 DPI (P<0.05). Analysis of HE staining revealed that the EGb761-treated group had reduced necrosis at the injury site compared with the saline-treated control group (P<0.05). Analysis of TUNEL and caspase-3 staining demonstrated that cell apoptosis was increased at 1-14 DPI, peaking at 24-h post injury in the gray matter, and 7 DPI in the white matter. At 7 DPI, the quantity of apoptotic cells was significantly decreased in the EGb761-treated group. CONCLUSION EGb761 administration during the acute phase after SCI significantly reduced secondary injury-induced tissue necrosis and cell apoptosis and improved functional performance in rats.
Collapse
|
31
|
Grimm A, Friedland K, Eckert A. Mitochondrial dysfunction: the missing link between aging and sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Biogerontology 2015; 17:281-96. [PMID: 26468143 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-015-9618-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that represents the most common form of dementia among the elderly. Despite the fact that AD was studied for decades, the underlying mechanisms that trigger this neuropathology remain unresolved. Since the onset of cognitive deficits occurs generally within the 6th decade of life, except in rare familial case, advancing age is the greatest known risk factor for AD. To unravel the pathogenesis of the disease, numerous studies use cellular and animal models based on genetic mutations found in rare early onset familial AD (FAD) cases that represent less than 1 % of AD patients. However, the underlying process that leads to FAD appears to be distinct from that which results in late-onset AD. As a genetic disorder, FAD clearly is a consequence of malfunctioning/mutated genes, while late-onset AD is more likely due to a gradual accumulation of age-related malfunction. Normal aging and AD are both marked by defects in brain metabolism and increased oxidative stress, albeit to varying degrees. Mitochondria are involved in these two phenomena by controlling cellular bioenergetics and redox homeostasis. In the present review, we compare the common features observed in both brain aging and AD, placing mitochondrial in the center of pathological events that separate normal and pathological aging. We emphasize a bioenergetic model for AD including the inverse Warburg hypothesis which postulates that AD is a consequence of mitochondrial deregulation leading to metabolic reprogramming as an initial attempt to maintain neuronal integrity. After the failure of this compensatory mechanism, bioenergetic deficits may lead to neuronal death and dementia. Thus, mitochondrial dysfunction may represent the missing link between aging and sporadic AD, and represent attractive targets against neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Grimm
- Neurobiology Laboratory for Brain Aging and Mental Health, Transfaculty Research Platform, Molecular & Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Str. 27, 4012, Basel, Switzerland
- Psychiatric University Clinics, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Str. 27, 4012, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kristina Friedland
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Erlangen, Cauerstraße 4, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anne Eckert
- Neurobiology Laboratory for Brain Aging and Mental Health, Transfaculty Research Platform, Molecular & Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Str. 27, 4012, Basel, Switzerland.
- Psychiatric University Clinics, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Str. 27, 4012, Basel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Tocotrienol Rich Fraction Reverses Age-Related Deficits in Spatial Learning and Memory in Aged Rats. Lipids 2014; 49:855-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-014-3919-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
33
|
Comparison of Two Old Phytochemicals versus Two Newly Researched Plant-Derived Compounds: Potential for Brain and Other Relevant Ailments. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:682717. [PMID: 24949079 PMCID: PMC4034649 DOI: 10.1155/2014/682717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Among hundreds of formulae of Chinese herbal prescriptions and recently extracted active components from the herbs, some of which had demonstrated their functions on nervous system. For the last decade or more, Gingko biloba and Polygala tenuifolia were widely studied for their beneficial effects against damage to the brain. Two compounds extracted from Apium graveolens and Rhizoma coptidis, butylphthalide and berberine, respectively, received much attention recently as potential neuroprotective agents. In this review, the two traditionally used herbs and the two relatively new compounds will be discussed with regard to their potential advantages in alleviating brain and other relevant ailments.
Collapse
|
34
|
Nam SM, Choi JH, Yoo DY, Kim W, Jung HY, Kim JW, Yoo M, Lee S, Kim CJ, Yoon YS, Hwang IK. Effects of curcumin (Curcuma longa) on learning and spatial memory as well as cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in adult and aged mice by upregulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor and CREB signaling. J Med Food 2014; 17:641-9. [PMID: 24712702 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2013.2965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a progressive process, and it may lead to the initiation of neurological diseases. In this study, we investigated the effects of wild Indian Curcuma longa using a Morris water maze paradigm on learning and spatial memory in adult and D-galactose-induced aged mice. In addition, the effects on cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation were assessed by immunohistochemistry for Ki67 and doublecortin (DCX) respectively. The aging model in mice was induced through the subcutaneous administration of D-galactose (100 mg/kg) for 10 weeks. C. longa (300 mg/kg) or its vehicle (physiological saline) was administered orally to adult and D-galactose-treated mice for the last three weeks before sacrifice. The administration of C. longa significantly shortened the escape latency in both adult and D-galactose-induced aged mice and significantly ameliorated D-galactose-induced reduction of cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in the subgranular zone of hippocampal dentate gyrus. In addition, the administration of C. longa significantly increased the levels of phosphorylated CREB and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the subgranular zone of dentate gyrus. These results indicate that C. longa mitigates D-galactose-induced cognitive impairment, associated with decreased cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation, by activating CREB signaling in the hippocampal dentate gyrus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Min Nam
- 1 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University , Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Liu YL, Zhou Y, Sun L, Wen JT, Teng SJ, Yang L, Du DS. Protective effects of Gingko biloba extract 761 on myocardial infarction via improving the viability of implanted mesenchymal stem cells in the rat heart. Mol Med Rep 2014; 9:1112-20. [PMID: 24549494 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.1959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
When introduced into the infarcted heart, bone marrow‑derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) prevent the heart from deleterious remodeling and improve its recovery. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb) 761 on the infarcted myocardium microenvironment following MSC transplantation. The established rat myocardial infarction (MI) model, with implanted PKH‑26 marked MSCs (1x105 cells), were randomly divided into two groups: The control group (injected with normal saline) and the EGb 761 treatment group (injected with 100 mg/kg/day EGb 761). The following indices for cardiac function, including the extent of inflammation, oxidative stress, MSC apoptosis and MSC differentiation were measured 1, 2 and 7 days after treatment. The anti‑inflammatory effect of EGb 761 was observed by histological examination. Compared with the respective control group, the malondialdehyde content significantly decreased and the superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activity significantly increased in the EGb761‑treated groups. In addition, the apoptotic index gradually decreased (P<0.05) with the extension of MI time in the EGb761-treated groups compared to the respective control groups, suggesting that EGb761 exhbits anti-oxidative effects. In addition, the level of the Fas protein was positively correlated with the implanted MSC apoptotic ratio. Following 7 days of MSC transplantation with EGb 761 treatment, the expression of cTnI in PKH26‑labeled MSCs was observed in the transplanted myocardium. Cardiac function, including the ejection fraction, left ventricular end‑systolic pressure and dp/dtmax significantly increased, and the left ventricular end diastolic diameters, left ventricular end‑diastolic volumes and left ventricular end‑diastolic pressure significantly decreased (P<0.05, vs. the control group). The results demonstrated that EGb 761 is important in improving cardiac function and the infarcted myocardium microenvironment. The present study indicated that the protective effects of EGb 761 on the infarcted myocardium may be mediated by improving the viability and the differentiation of the implanted MSCs into cardiomyocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Li Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lianyungang Hospital Affiliated Bengbu Medical College, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222006, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lianyungang Hospital Affiliated Bengbu Medical College, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222006, P.R. China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lianyungang Women and Children's Health Care Hospital, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, P.R. China
| | - Jiang-Tao Wen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lianyungang Hospital Affiliated Bengbu Medical College, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222006, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Jie Teng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lianyungang Hospital Affiliated Bengbu Medical College, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222006, P.R. China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lianyungang Hospital Affiliated Bengbu Medical College, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222006, P.R. China
| | - Dong-Shu Du
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Neurotoxicology, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Cheng XR, Zhou WX, Zhang YX. The behavioral, pathological and therapeutic features of the senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 strain as an Alzheimer's disease animal model. Ageing Res Rev 2014; 13:13-37. [PMID: 24269312 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a widespread and devastating progressive neurodegenerative disease. Disease-modifying treatments remain beyond reach, and the etiology of the disease is uncertain. Animal model are essential for identifying disease mechanisms and developing effective therapeutic strategies. Research on AD is currently being carried out in rodent models. The most common transgenic mouse model mimics familial AD, which accounts for a small percentage of cases. The senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) strain is a spontaneous animal model of accelerated aging. Many studies indicate that SAMP8 mice harbor the behavioral and histopathological signatures of AD, namely AD-like cognitive and behavioral alterations, neuropathological phenotypes (neuron and dendrite spine loss, spongiosis, gliosis and cholinergic deficits in the forebrain), β-amyloid deposits resembling senile plaques, and aberrant hyperphosphorylation of Tau-like neurofibrillary tangles. SAMP8 mice are useful in the development of novel therapies, and many pharmacological agents and approaches are effective in SAMP8 mice. SAMP8 mice are considered a robust model for exploring the etiopathogenesis of sporadic AD and a plausible experimental model for developing preventative and therapeutic treatments for late-onset/age-related AD, which accounts for the vast majority of cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-rui Cheng
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Wen-xia Zhou
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Yong-xiang Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Li S, Wu C, Chen J, Lu P, Chen C, Fu M, Fang J, Gao J, Zhu L, Liang R, Shen X, Yang H. An effective solution to discover synergistic drugs for anti-cerebral ischemia from traditional Chinese medicinal formulae. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78902. [PMID: 24236065 PMCID: PMC3827340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the pharmaceutical industry has shifted to pursuing combination therapies that comprise more than one active ingredient. Interestingly, combination therapies have been used for more than 2500 years in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Understanding optimal proportions and synergistic mechanisms of multi-component drugs are critical for developing novel strategies to combat complex diseases. A new multi-objective optimization algorithm based on least angle regression-partial least squares was proposed to construct the predictive model to evaluate the synergistic effect of the three components of a novel combination drug Yi-qi-jie-du formula (YJ), which came from clinical TCM prescription for the treatment of encephalopathy. Optimal proportion of the three components, ginsenosides (G), berberine (B) and jasminoidin (J) was determined via particle swarm optimum. Furthermore, the combination mechanisms were interpreted using PLS VIP and principal components analysis. The results showed that YJ had optimal proportion 3(G): 2(B): 0.5(J), and it yielded synergy in the treatment of rats impaired by middle cerebral artery occlusion induced focal cerebral ischemia. YJ with optimal proportion had good pharmacological effects on acute ischemic stroke. The mechanisms study demonstrated that the combination of G, B and J could exhibit the strongest synergistic effect. J might play an indispensable role in the formula, especially when combined with B for the acute stage of stroke. All these data in this study suggested that in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke, besides restoring blood supply and protecting easily damaged cells in the area of the ischemic penumbra as early as possible, we should pay more attention to the removal of the toxic metabolites at the same time. Mathematical system modeling may be an essential tool for the analysis of the complex pharmacological effects of multi-component drug. The powerful mathematical analysis method could greatly improve the efficiency in finding new combination drug from TCM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaojing Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanhong Wu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxin Chen
- Information Center, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Lu
- Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chang Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meihong Fu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Fang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Gao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine of pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, NanChang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Rixin Liang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Shen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjun Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Cheng XR, Cui XL, Zheng Y, Zhang GR, Li P, Huang H, Zhao YY, Bo XC, Wang SQ, Zhou WX, Zhang YX. Nodes and biological processes identified on the basis of network analysis in the brain of the senescence accelerated mice as an Alzheimer's disease animal model. Front Aging Neurosci 2013; 5:65. [PMID: 24194717 PMCID: PMC3810591 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2013.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Harboring the behavioral and histopathological signatures of Alzheimer's disease (AD), senescence accelerated mouse-prone 8 (SAMP8) mice are currently considered a robust model for studying AD. However, the underlying mechanisms, prioritized pathways and genes in SAMP8 mice linked to AD remain unclear. In this study, we provide a biological interpretation of the molecular underpinnings of SAMP8 mice. Our results were derived from differentially expressed genes in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of SAMP8 mice compared to age-matched SAMR1 mice at 2, 6, and 12 months of age using cDNA microarray analysis. On the basis of PPI, MetaCore and the co-expression network, we constructed a distinct genetic sub-network in the brains of SAMP8 mice. Next, we determined that the regulation of synaptic transmission and apoptosis were disrupted in the brains of SAMP8 mice. We found abnormal gene expression of RAF1, MAPT, PTGS2, CDKN2A, CAMK2A, NTRK2, AGER, ADRBK1, MCM3AP, and STUB1, which may have initiated the dysfunction of biological processes in the brains of SAMP8 mice. Specifically, we found microRNAs, including miR-20a, miR-17, miR-34a, miR-155, miR-18a, miR-22, miR-26a, miR-101, miR-106b, and miR-125b, that might regulate the expression of nodes in the sub-network. Taken together, these results provide new insights into the biological and genetic mechanisms of SAMP8 mice and add an important dimension to our understanding of the neuro-pathogenesis in SAMP8 mice from a systems perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Rui Cheng
- Department of Neuroimmunopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Eckert A, Nisbet R, Grimm A, Götz J. March separate, strike together--role of phosphorylated TAU in mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1842:1258-66. [PMID: 24051203 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The energy demand and calcium buffering requirements of the brain are met by the high number of mitochondria in neurons and in these, especially at the synapses. Mitochondria are the major producer of reactive oxygen species (ROS); at the same time, they are damaged by ROS that are induced by abnormal protein aggregates that characterize human neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Because synaptic mitochondria are long-lived, any damage exerted by these aggregates impacts severely on neuronal function. Here we review how increased TAU, a defining feature of AD and related tauopathies, impairs mitochondrial function by following the principle: 'March separate, strike together!' In the presence of amyloid-β, TAU's toxicity is augmented suggesting synergistic pathomechanisms. In order to restore mitochondrial functions in neurodegeneration as a means of therapeutic intervention it will be important to integrate the various aspects of dysfunction and get a handle on targeting distinct cell types and subcellular compartments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Eckert
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Psychiatric University Clinics Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rebecca Nisbet
- Centre for Ageing Dementia Research (CADR), Queensland Brain Institute (QBI), The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Amandine Grimm
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Psychiatric University Clinics Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Götz
- Centre for Ageing Dementia Research (CADR), Queensland Brain Institute (QBI), The University of Queensland, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Anti‐amnestic properties of Ginkgo biloba extract on impaired memory function induced by aluminum in rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 2013; 31:598-607. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
|
41
|
Antiapoptotic Effects of EGb 761. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:495703. [PMID: 23983787 PMCID: PMC3745884 DOI: 10.1155/2013/495703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba extracts have long been used in Chinese traditional medicine for hundreds of years. The most significant extract obtained from Ginkgo biloba leaves has been EGb 761, a widely used phytopharmaceutical product in Europe. EGb 761 is a well-defined mixture of active compounds, which contains two main active substances: flavonoid glycosides (24-26%) and terpene lactones (6-8%). These compounds have shown antiapoptotic effects through the protection of mitochondrial membrane integrity, inhibition of mitochondrial cytochrome c release, enhancement of antiapoptotic protein transcription, and reduction of caspase transcription and DNA fragmentation. Other effects include the reduction of oxidative stress (which has been related to the occurrence of vascular, degenerative, and proliferative diseases), coupled to strong induction of phase II-detoxifying and cellular defense enzymes by Nrf2/ARE activation, in addition to the modulation of transcription factors, such as CREB, HIF-1 α , NF- κ B, AP-1, and p53, involved in the apoptosis process. This work reviews experimental results about the antiapoptotic effects induced by the standardized extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves (EGb 761).
Collapse
|
42
|
Chen YJ, Tsai KS, Chiu CY, Yang TH, Lin TH, Fu WM, Chen CF, Yang RS, Liu SH. EGb761 inhibits inflammatory responses in human chondrocytes and shows chondroprotection in osteoarthritic rat knee. J Orthop Res 2013; 31:1032-8. [PMID: 23483610 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease involving a combination of cartilage degradation and inflammation. EGb761, a standardized extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves, holds an anti-inflammatory potency. Here, we determined whether EGb761 could inhibit lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- and IL-1β-induced inflammatory responses in human articular chondrocytes and apply the chondroprotection in OA rats. We found that LPS markedly induced the productions of PGE2 and NO and the protein expressions of COX-2 and iNOS in human chondrocytes. LPS was also seen to up-regulate the expressions of toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4), its downstream signal TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), and nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling. These LPS-induced inflammatory responses were efficaciously reversed by EGb761 and its active components quercetin and kampferol. The similar results could be observed by using IL-1β as an in vitro model to mimic an inflammatory response. In an OA rat model, PGE2 and NO levels in blood, the histological alterations, and COX-2 and nitrotyrosine expressions in cartilages were markedly increased, which were effectively reversed by EGb761. Our results suggested that EGb761 exerts the anti-inflammatory effects on human articular chondrocytes and OA rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ju Chen
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Pallàs M. Senescence-Accelerated Mice P8: A Tool to Study Brain Aging and Alzheimer's Disease in a Mouse Model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.5402/2012/917167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The causes of aging remain unknown, but they are probably intimately linked to a multifactorial process that affects cell networks to varying degrees. Although a growing number of aging and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) animal models are available, a more comprehensive and physiological mouse model is required. In this context, the senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) has a number of advantages, since its rapid physiological senescence means that it has about half the normal lifespan of a rodent. In addition, according to data gathered over the last five years, some of its behavioral traits and histopathology resemble AD human dementia. SAMP8 has remarkable pathological similarities to AD and may prove to be an excellent model for acquiring more in-depth knowledge of the age-related neurodegenerative processes behind brain senescence and AD in particular. We review these facts and particularly the data on parameters related to neurodegeneration. SAMP8 also shows signs of aging in the immune, vascular, and metabolic systems, among others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mercè Pallàs
- Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòosia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona y Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Li S, Wu C, Zhu L, Gao J, Fang J, Li D, Fu M, Liang R, Wang L, Cheng M, Yang H. By improving regional cortical blood flow, attenuating mitochondrial dysfunction and sequential apoptosis galangin acts as a potential neuroprotective agent after acute ischemic stroke. Molecules 2012; 17:13403-23. [PMID: 23143152 PMCID: PMC6268745 DOI: 10.3390/molecules171113403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a devastating disease with a complex pathophysiology. Galangin is a natural flavonoid isolated from the rhizome of Alpina officinarum Hance, which has been widely used as an antioxidant agent. However, its effects against ischemic stroke have not been reported and its related neuroprotective mechanism has not really been explored. In this study, neurological behavior, cerebral infarct volumes and the improvement of the regional cortical blood flow (rCBF) were used to evaluate the therapeutic effect of galangin in rats impaired by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)-induced focal cerebral ischemia. Furthermore, the determination of mitochondrial function and Western blot of apoptosis-related proteins were performed to interpret the neuroprotective mechanism of galangin. The results showed that galangin alleviated the neurologic impairments, reduced cerebral infarct at 24 h after MCAO and exerted a protective effect on the mitochondria with decreased production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). These effects were consistent with improvements in the membrane potential level (Dym), membrane fluidity, and degree of mitochondrial swelling in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, galangin significantly improved the reduced rCBF after MCAO. Western blot analysis revealed that galangin also inhibited apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner concomitant with the up-regulation of Bcl-2 expression, down-regulation of Bax expression and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, a reduction in cytochrome c release from the mitochondria to the cytosol, the reduced expression of activated caspase-3 and the cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). All these data in this study demonstrated that galangin might have therapeutic potential for ischemic stroke and play its protective role through the improvement in rCBF, mitochondrial protection and inhibiting caspase-dependent mitochondrial cell death pathway for the first time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaojing Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Chuanhong Wu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Jian Gao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, China
| | - Jing Fang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Defeng Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Meihong Fu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Rixin Liang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Ming Cheng
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Hongjun Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Oxidative stress and mitochondrial failure promote altered protein degradation, reduced neurotransmission, synapse loss and tau/hyperphosphorylation, which are early stages in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). A growing volume of data confirms that Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) reduces oxidative stress and improves mitochondrial respiration and thus may be useful in preventing or slowing down the progression of AD. Treatment of Caenorhabditis elegans with GBE- extract reduces oxidative stress and extends median lifespan compared with controls. Levels of reactive oxygen species, including the superoxide anion radical, were reduced in brains from GBE-treated mice compared with controls. In older mice, GBE resulted in a protective effect by increasing production of adenosine triphosphate in neurons. A respiratory experiment indicated that GBE was able to rescue Aβ-induced defects in energy metabolism, with results suggesting long-term regulatory effects on mitochondria. GBE also had a selective effect on the activities of mitochondrial enzymes that assemble the electron transport system. The flavonoids, bilobalide and some of the ginkgolides (B and J) had a high protective capacity, indicating that a combination of several compounds within standardized Gingko biloba extracts contribute disproportionately for these protective effects.
Collapse
|
46
|
Schmitt K, Grimm A, Kazmierczak A, Strosznajder JB, Götz J, Eckert A. Insights into mitochondrial dysfunction: aging, amyloid-β, and tau-A deleterious trio. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 16:1456-66. [PMID: 22117646 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related progressive neurodegenerative disorder mainly affecting elderly individuals. The pathology of AD is characterized by amyloid plaques (aggregates of amyloid-β [Aβ]) and neurofibrillary tangles (aggregates of tau), but the mechanisms underlying this dysfunction are still partially unclear. RECENT ADVANCES A growing body of evidence supports mitochondrial dysfunction as a prominent and early, chronic oxidative stress-associated event that contributes to synaptic abnormalities and, ultimately, selective neuronal degeneration in AD. CRITICAL ISSUES In this review, we discuss on the one hand whether mitochondrial decline observed in brain aging is a determinant event in the onset of AD and on the other hand the close interrelationship of this organelle with Aβ and tau in the pathogenic process underlying AD. Moreover, we summarize evidence from aging and Alzheimer models showing that the harmful trio "aging, Aβ, and tau protein" triggers mitochondrial dysfunction through a number of pathways, such as impairment of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), elevation of reactive oxygen species production, and interaction with mitochondrial proteins, contributing to the development and progression of the disease. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The aging process may weaken the mitochondrial OXPHOS system in a more general way over many years providing a basis for the specific and destructive effects of Aβ and tau. Establishing strategies involving efforts to protect cells at the mitochondrial level by stabilizing or restoring mitochondrial function and energy homeostasis appears to be challenging, but very promising route on the horizon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Schmitt
- Neurobiology Laboratory for Brain Aging and Mental Health, Psychiatric University Clinics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Little JP, Safdar A, Benton CR, Wright DC. Skeletal muscle and beyond: the role of exercise as a mediator of systemic mitochondrial biogenesis. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2011; 36:598-607. [DOI: 10.1139/h11-076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It has been known for more than 4 decades that exercise causes increases in skeletal muscle mitochondrial enzyme content and activity (i.e., mitochondrial biogenesis). Increasing evidence now suggests that exercise can induce mitochondrial biogenesis in a wide range of tissues not normally associated with the metabolic demands of exercise. Perturbations in mitochondrial content and (or) function have been linked to a wide variety of diseases, in multiple tissues, and exercise may serve as a potent approach by which to prevent and (or) treat these pathologies. In this context, the purpose of this review is to highlight the effects of exercise, and the underlying mechanisms therein, on the induction of mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, liver, brain, and kidney.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P. Little
- Department of Biology, I.K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Adeel Safdar
- Departments of Kinesiology, Pediatrics and Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Carley R. Benton
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - David C. Wright
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
The Phosphatidyl Inositol 3 Kinase-Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β Pathway Mediates Bilobalide-Induced Reduction in Amyloid β-Peptide. Neurochem Res 2011; 37:298-306. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0612-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
49
|
Ginkgo biloba extract in Alzheimer's disease: from action mechanisms to medical practice. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:107-23. [PMID: 20162004 PMCID: PMC2820992 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Revised: 12/31/2009] [Accepted: 01/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Standardized extract from the leaves of the Ginkgo biloba tree, labeled EGb761, is one of the most popular herbal supplements. Numerous preclinical studies have shown the neuroprotective effects of EGb761 and support the notion that it may be effective in the treatment and prevention of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Despite the preclinical promise, the clinical efficacy of this drug remains elusive. In this review, possible mechanisms underlying neuroprotective actions of EGb761 are described in detail, together with a brief discussion of the problem of studying this herb clinically to verify its efficacy in the treatment and prevention of AD. Moreover, various parameters e.g., the dosage and the permeability of the blood brain barrier (BBB), impacting the outcome of the clinical effectiveness of the extract are also discussed. Overall, the findings summarized in this review suggest that, a better understanding of the neuroprotective mechanisms of EGb761 may contribute to better understanding of the effectiveness and complexity of this herb and may also be helpful for design of therapeutic strategies in future clinical practice. Therefore, in future clinical studies, different factors that could interfere with the effect of EGb761 should be considered.
Collapse
|