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Mohammadian K, Fakhar F, Keramat S, Stanek A. The Role of Antioxidants in the Treatment of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:797. [PMID: 39061866 PMCID: PMC11273623 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13070797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a global public health problem that causes liver-related morbidity and mortality. It is also an independent risk factor for non-communicable diseases. In 2020, a proposal was made to refer to it as "metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD)", with concise diagnostic criteria. Given its widespread occurrence, its treatment is crucial. Increased levels of oxidative stress cause this disease. This review aims to evaluate various studies on antioxidant therapies for patients with MAFLD. A comprehensive search for relevant research was conducted on the PubMed, SCOPUS, and ScienceDirect databases, resulting in the identification of 87 studies that met the inclusion criteria. In total, 31.1% of human studies used natural antioxidants, 53.3% used synthetic antioxidants, and 15.5% used both natural and synthetic antioxidants. In human-based studies, natural antioxidants showed 100% efficacy in the treatment of MAFLD, while synthetic antioxidants showed effective results in only 91% of the investigations. In animal-based research, natural antioxidants were fully effective in the treatment of MAFLD, while synthetic antioxidants demonstrated effectiveness in only 87.8% of the evaluations. In conclusion, antioxidants in their natural form are more helpful for patients with MAFLD, and preserving the correct balance of pro-oxidants and antioxidants is a useful way to monitor antioxidant treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiana Mohammadian
- Division of Hematology and Blood Banking, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348, Iran; (K.M.); (F.F.)
| | - Fatemeh Fakhar
- Division of Hematology and Blood Banking, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348, Iran; (K.M.); (F.F.)
| | - Shayan Keramat
- VAS-European Independent Foundation in Angiology/Vascular Medicine, Via GB Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy;
- Support Association of Patients of Buerger’s Disease, Buerger’s Disease NGO, Mashhad 9183785195, Iran
| | - Agata Stanek
- VAS-European Independent Foundation in Angiology/Vascular Medicine, Via GB Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy;
- Department and Clinic of Internal Medicine, Angiology, and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 41-902 Bytom, Poland
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Videla LA, Valenzuela R, Zúñiga-Hernández J, Del Campo A. Relevant Aspects of Combined Protocols for Prevention of N(M)AFLD and Other Non-Communicable Diseases. Mol Nutr Food Res 2024; 68:e2400062. [PMID: 38506156 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202400062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is a global health issue characterized by the excessive fat accumulation, leading to an increased risk of chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), including metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), which can progress from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Currently, there are no approved pharmacological protocols for prevention/treatment of MAFLD, and due the complexity lying beneath these mechanisms, monotherapies are unlikely to be efficacious. This review article analyzes the possibility that NCDs can be prevented or attenuated by the combination of bioactive substances, as they could promote higher response rates, maximum reaction results, additive or synergistic effects due to compounds having similar or different mechanisms of action and/or refraining possible side effects, related to the use of lower doses and exposures times than monotherapies. Accordingly, prevention of mouse MAFLD is observed with the combination of the omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid with the antioxidant hydroxytyrosol, whereas attenuation of mild cognitive impairment is attained by folic acid plus cobalamin in elderly patients. The existence of several drawbacks underlying published monotherapies or combined trials, opens space for adequate and stricter experimental and clinical tryouts to achieve meaningful outcomes with human applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Videla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, 8380453, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, 8380453, Chile
| | - Jessica Zúñiga-Hernández
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Talca, Talca, 3465548, Chile
| | - Andrea Del Campo
- Cellular Physiology and Bioenergetic Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, 7820436, Chile
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Hao L, Chen CY, Nie YH, Kaliannan K, Kang JX. Differential Interventional Effects of Omega-6 and Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on High Fat Diet-Induced Obesity and Hepatic Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17261. [PMID: 38139090 PMCID: PMC10743920 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Current Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend replacing saturated fat (SFA) intake with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and monosaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) but do not specify the type of PUFAs, which consist of two functionally distinct classes: omega-6 (n-6) and omega-3 (n-3) PUFAs. Given that modern Western diets are already rich in n-6 PUFAs and the risk of chronic disease remains high today, we hypothesized that increased intake of n-3 PUFAs, rather than n-6 PUFAs, would be a beneficial intervention against obesity and related liver diseases caused by high-fat diets. To test this hypothesis, we fed C57BL/6J mice with a high-fat diet (HF) for 10 weeks to induce obesity, then divided the obese mice into three groups and continued feeding for another 10 weeks with one of the following three diets: HF, HF+n-6 (substituted half of SFA with n-6 PUFAs), and HF+n-3 (substituted half of SFA with n-3 PUFAs), followed by assessment of body weight, fat mass, insulin sensitivity, hepatic pathology, and lipogenesis. Interestingly, we found that the HF+n-6 group, like the HF group, had a continuous increase in body weight and fat mass, while the HF+n-3 group had a significant decrease in body weight and fat mass, although all groups had the same calorie intake. Accordingly, insulin resistance and fatty liver pathology (steatosis and fat levels) were evident in the HF+n-6 and HF groups but barely seen in the HF+n-3 group. Furthermore, the expression of lipogenesis-related genes in the liver was upregulated in the HF+n-6 group but downregulated in the HF+n-3 group. Our findings demonstrate that n-6 PUFAs and n-3 PUFAs have differential effects on obesity and fatty liver disease and highlight the importance of increasing n-3 PUFAs and reducing n-6 PUFAs (balancing the n-6/n-3 ratio) in clinical interventions and dietary guidelines for the management of obesity and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Hao
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology (LLMT), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA; (L.H.); (C.-Y.C.)
- Department of Nursing and Allied Health Professions, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA 15705, USA
| | - Chih-Yu Chen
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology (LLMT), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA; (L.H.); (C.-Y.C.)
- Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Yong-Hui Nie
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology (LLMT), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA; (L.H.); (C.-Y.C.)
| | - Kanakaraju Kaliannan
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology (LLMT), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA; (L.H.); (C.-Y.C.)
| | - Jing X. Kang
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology (LLMT), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA; (L.H.); (C.-Y.C.)
- Omega-3 and Global Health Institute, Boston, MA 02129, USA
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Das A, Tang YLM, Althumiri NA, Garcia-Larsen V, Schattenberg JM, Alqahtani SA. Fatty acid composition but not quantity is an important indicator of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review. Eur J Clin Nutr 2023; 77:1113-1129. [PMID: 37661229 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-023-01335-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is still paucity on the effects of dietary and supplemental fatty acid on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The aim of this review is to systematically review and summarise the effect of fatty acids intake on liver-related outcomes in adult patients with NAFLD. METHODS The review was conducted using Cochrane CENTRAL Library, Scopus, Embase, MEDLINE, PubMed, and Web of Science. A total of 2786 records were identified, and of these, 36 studies (31 were randomised control trials (RCTs), and 5 were case-control studies) were included. Quality assessment was conducted using the Revised Cochrane Risk of Bias tool and Joanna Briggs Institute checklists. RESULTS Of 36 articles, 79% of RCTs and 66% of case-control studies had a low risk of bias. Potential heterogeneity has been observed in assessment of liver-related outcomes. According to the RCTs, there was moderate evidence (3/6 studies) that a diet characterised by a high MUFA, PUFA and low SFA showed reduced liver fat and stiffness. The using of culinary fats that are high in MUFA (4/6 studies) reduces liver steatosis. n-3 PUFA supplementation in combination with a hypocaloric or heart healthy diet with a low SFA improved liver enzyme level (5/14 studies) and steatosis score (3/14 studies). CONCLUSIONS Effects on NAFLD parameters, including liver fat content (assessed via magnetic resonance imaging/spectroscopy), stiffness and steatosis score (assessed by ultrasonography), were primarily related to fatty acid composition independent of energy intake. Further investigation is needed to determine the mechanism of specific fatty acid on the accumulation of liver fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Das
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Yu Lung Malcolm Tang
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Vanessa Garcia-Larsen
- Program in Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jörn M Schattenberg
- Metabolic Liver Research Program, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Centre, Mainz, Germany
| | - Saleh A Alqahtani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Liver Transplantation Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Reddy A, Gatta PD, Mason S, Nicoll AJ, Ryan M, Itsiopoulos C, Abbott G, Johnson NA, Sood S, Roberts SK, George ES, Tierney AC. Adherence to a Mediterranean diet may improve serum adiponectin in adults with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: The MEDINA randomized controlled trial. Nutr Res 2023; 119:98-108. [PMID: 37801761 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2023.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects approximately 30% of adults worldwide, with chronic low-grade inflammation being a key pathophysiological feature of progression. The Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) is recognized for improving metabolic and hepatic outcomes in people with diabetes and NAFLD, in part, via anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of an ad libitum MedDiet versus low-fat diet (LFD) on inflammatory markers in adults with NAFLD. It was hypothesized that the MedDiet, and its individual components, would improve inflammation. This multicenter, randomized controlled trial, randomized participants to a MedDiet or LFD intervention for 12 weeks. Primary outcomes included change from baseline to 12 weeks for serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, adiponectin, leptin, and resistin. Forty-two participants (60% female; age 52.3 ± 12.6 years; body mass index, 32.2 ± 6.2 kg/m²) were randomized to the MedDiet (n = 19) or low-fat diet (n = 23). At 12 weeks, the LFD showed a greater decrease in leptin compared with the MedDiet (-1.20 ± 3.9 ng/mL vs 0.64 ± 3.5 ng/mL, P = .010). Adiponectin significantly improved within the MedDiet (13.7 ± 9.2 µg/mL to 17.0 ± 12.5 µg/mL, P = .016), but not within the LFD group. No statistically significant changes were observed for other inflammatory markers following the MedDiet or LFD. Adherence to the MedDiet significantly improved in both study arms, although greater improvements were seen in the MedDiet group. Adiponectin significantly improved following a Mediterranean diet intervention, in the absence of weight loss. The low-fat diet did not elicit improvements in inflammatory markers. High-quality clinical trials appropriately powered to inflammatory markers are required in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjana Reddy
- School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Australia; Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul Della Gatta
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Shaun Mason
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Amanda J Nicoll
- Department of Gastroenterology, Eastern Health, Box Hill, Australia
| | - Marno Ryan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Catherine Itsiopoulos
- School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Australia; School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gavin Abbott
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nathan A Johnson
- The Boden Collaboration for Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise and Eating Disorders, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Siddharth Sood
- Department of Gastroenterology, Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Stuart K Roberts
- Department of Gastroenterology, Alfred Health, Prahran, Australia; Central Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Elena S George
- School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Australia; Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
| | - Audrey C Tierney
- School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Australia; School of Allied Health, Health Implementation Science and Technology Research Cluster, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Ireland
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Kosmalski M, Frankowski R, Deska K, Różycka-Kosmalska M, Pietras T. Exploring the Impact of Nutrition on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Management: Unveiling the Roles of Various Foods, Food Components, and Compounds. Nutrients 2023; 15:2838. [PMID: 37447164 DOI: 10.3390/nu15132838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a need to introduce standardized treatment options for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) due to its global prevalence and the complications of this disease. Many studies have revealed that food-derived substances may be beneficial in dealing with this disease. Therefore, this review aims to evaluate the recently published studies on the food-derived treatment options for NAFLD. A comprehensive search of the PubMed database using keywords such as "NAFLD", "nutrition", "food", "derived", "therapy", and "guidelines" yielded 219 relevant papers for our analysis, published from 2004 to 2023. The results show the significant benefits of food-derived treatment in NAFLD therapy, including improvements in liver histology, hepatic fat amounts, anthropometric measures, lipid profile, and other metabolic measures. The availability of the substances discussed makes them a significant adjuvant in the treatment of this disease. The usefulness of Viusid as additional therapy to diet and physical activity should be emphasized due to improvements in liver histology; however, many other substances lead to a decrease in liver fat amounts including, e.g., berberine or omega-3 fatty acids. In addition, the synbiotic Protexin seems to be useful in terms of NAFLD treatment, especially because it is effective in both obese and lean subjects. Based on the latest research results, we suggest revising the therapeutic recommendations for patients suffering from NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Kosmalski
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-153 Lodz, Poland
| | - Rafał Frankowski
- Students' Research Club, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-153 Lodz, Poland
| | - Kacper Deska
- Students' Research Club, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-153 Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Tadeusz Pietras
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-153 Lodz, Poland
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Hall RL, George ES, Tierney AC, Reddy AJ. Effect of Dietary Intervention, with or without Cointerventions, on Inflammatory Markers in Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Adv Nutr 2023; 14:475-499. [PMID: 36796436 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a spectrum of disease from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, with inflammatory cytokines and adipokines identified as drivers of disease progression. Poor dietary patterns are known to promote an inflammatory milieu, although the effects of specific diets remain largely unknown. This review aimed to gather and summarize new and existing evidence on the effect of dietary intervention on inflammatory markers in patients with NAFLD. The electronic databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Cochrane were searched for clinical trials which investigated outcomes of inflammatory cytokines and adipokines. Eligible studies included adults >18 y with NAFLD, which compared a dietary intervention with an alternative diet or control (no intervention) group or were accompanied by supplementation or other lifestyle interventions. Outcomes for inflammatory markers were grouped and pooled for meta-analysis where heterogeneity was allowed. Methodological quality and risk of bias were assessed using the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Criteria. Overall, 44 studies with a total of 2579 participants were included. Meta-analyses indicated intervention with an isocaloric diet plus supplement was more effective in reducing C-reactive protein (CRP) [standard mean difference (SMD): 0.44; 95% CI: 0.20, 0.68; P = 0.0003] and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) (SMD: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.02, 1.46; P = 0.03) than an isocaloric diet alone. No significant weighting was shown between a hypocaloric diet with or without supplementation for CRP (SMD: 0.30; 95% CI: -0.84, 1.44; P = 0.60) and TNF-α (SMD: 0.01; 95% CI: -0.43, 0.45; P = 0.97). In conclusion, hypocaloric and energy-restricted diets alone or with supplementation, and isocaloric diets with supplementation were shown to be most effective in improving the inflammatory profile of patients with NAFLD. To better determine the effectiveness of dietary intervention alone on a NAFLD population, further investigations of longer durations, with larger sample sizes are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate L Hall
- School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Elena S George
- School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia; Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Audrey C Tierney
- School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia; School of Allied Health, Health Implementation Science and Technology Research Cluster, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Anjana J Reddy
- School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia; Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Australia.
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Abdallah M, Brown L, Provenza J, Tariq R, Gowda S, Singal AK. Safety and efficacy of dyslipidemia treatment in NAFLD patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ann Hepatol 2022; 27:100738. [PMID: 35781090 DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2022.100738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Practicing physicians often hesitate to use statins and/or other lipid-lowering therapies in NAFLD due to concern for hepatotoxicity. The aim of this study is to examine the safety of lipid lowering therapies in NAFLD patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data from randomized control trials (RCT) among NAFLD patients were pooled to examine the effect of lipid-lowering therapies on liver chemistry, lipid profile, and liver histology. Results are reported as the mean difference of the change (pretreatment-posttreatment) between the treatment and control group. RESULTS A total of 21 placebo-controlled RCT on 1900 patients (304 receiving statins, 520 other lipid-lowering therapies, and 61 combinations) were treated for 26 weeks [Interquartile range (IQR): 17.5-52 weeks]. Pooled data showed an improved lipid profile without any worsening of ALT, AST, total bilirubin, or alkaline phosphatase at the end of the treatment period. NAFLD activity score improved with other lipid-lowering agents but not with statins. There was no change in individual components of NAFLD activity score or fibrosis stage. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials examining statins and/or other lipid-lowering therapies in NAFLD patients showed no evidence of worsening liver chemistry. Studies with longer use of lipid-lowering therapies are suggested to examine the benefit of liver histology among patients with NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abdallah
- Department of Medicine, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, United States
| | - Landon Brown
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - John Provenza
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Raseen Tariq
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Smitha Gowda
- Department of Medicine, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, United States
| | - Ashwani K Singal
- Department of Medicine, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, United States; Division of Transplant Hepatology, Avera Transplant Institute, Sioux Falls, SD, United States.
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9
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Tan LJ, Shin S. Effects of oily fish and its fatty acid intake on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease development among South Korean adults. Front Nutr 2022; 9:876909. [PMID: 35938102 PMCID: PMC9353947 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.876909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The benefits of fish fatty acid intake for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are rarely reported, although a previous study assessed the relationship between oily fish consumption and the prevalence of NAFLD. Aims We investigated whether oily fish and fish-based monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and omega-3 fatty acids affect the development of NAFLD in South Korean adults. Methods In this large-scale cohort study, 44,139 participants of the Health Examinees study were selected for analysis after 5 years of follow-up. NAFLD is diagnosed with a non-invasive index, the fatty liver index. Using multivariable Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for age, body mass index, total energy intake, education, physical activity, smoking status, and drinking (alcohol) status, we calculated the hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Results For men, NAFLD had no statistically significant associations with quartiles of total oily fish or its fatty acid intake. However, among women, an inverse association was observed (all p for trend <0.05). Regarding the standard deviation (SD) increment of total oily fish or its fatty acid intake by one, all fatty acids from oily fish showed inverse associations for NAFLD in both men and women. After stratified analyses, we found that drinking status and menopause status were independent risk factors for NAFLD. Oily fish or its fatty acid intake has the same benefit pattern on metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease as NAFLD. Conclusion Oily fish and its fatty acid intake showed a preventative benefit for NAFLD and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease, especially in South Korean women.
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10
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Herrera Vielma F, Valenzuela R, Videla LA, Zúñiga-Hernández J. N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Their Lipid Mediators as A Potential Immune-Nutritional Intervention: A Molecular and Clinical View in Hepatic Disease and Other Non-Communicable Illnesses. Nutrients 2021; 13:3384. [PMID: 34684386 PMCID: PMC8539469 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the beneficial effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) intake on human health has been widely accepted in the field of immunonutrition. Today, we find a diversity of supplements based on n-3 PUFAs and/or minerals, vitamins and other substances. The main objective of this review is to discuss the importance of n-3 PUFAs and their derivatives on immunity and inflammatory status related to liver disease and other non-communicable illnesses. Based on the burden of liver diseases in 2019, more than two million people die from liver pathologies per year worldwide, because it is the organ most exposed to agents such as viruses, toxins and medications. Consequently, research conducted on n-3 PUFAs for liver disease has been gaining prominence with encouraging results, given that these fatty acids have anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects. In addition, it has been described that n-3 PUFAs are converted into a novel species of lipid intermediaries, specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs). At specific levels, SPMs improve the termination of inflammation as well as the repairing and regeneration of tissues, but they are deregulated in liver disease. Since evidence is still insufficient to carry out pharmacological trials to benefit the resolution of acute inflammation in non-communicable diseases, there remains a call for continuing preclinical and clinical research to better understand SPM actions and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Herrera Vielma
- Department of Biomedical Basic Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile;
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile;
| | - Luis A. Videla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile;
| | - Jessica Zúñiga-Hernández
- Department of Biomedical Basic Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile;
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11
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Beyond the Paradigm of Weight Loss in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: From Pathophysiology to Novel Dietary Approaches. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13061977. [PMID: 34201382 PMCID: PMC8226973 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Current treatment recommendations for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) rely heavily on lifestyle interventions. The Mediterranean diet and physical activity, aiming at weight loss, have shown good results in achieving an improvement of this liver disease. However, concerns related to compliance and food accessibility limit the feasibility of this approach, and data on the long-term effects on liver-related outcomes are lacking. Insulin resistance is a central aspect in the pathophysiology of NAFLD; therefore, interventions aiming at the improvement of insulin sensitivity may be preferable. In this literature review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the available evidence on nutritional approaches in the management of NAFLD, involving low-calorie diets, isocaloric diets, and the novel schemes of intermittent fasting. In addition, we explore the harmful role of single nutrients on liver-specific key metabolic pathways, the role of gene susceptibility and microbiota, and behavioral aspects that may impact liver disease and are often underreported in clinical setting. At present, the high variability in terms of study populations and liver-specific outcomes within nutritional studies limits the generalizability of the results and highlights the urgent need of a tailored and standardized approach, as seen in regulatory trials in Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH).
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Di Ciaula A, Passarella S, Shanmugam H, Noviello M, Bonfrate L, Wang DQH, Portincasa P. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). Mitochondria as Players and Targets of Therapies? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105375. [PMID: 34065331 PMCID: PMC8160908 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease and represents the hepatic expression of several metabolic abnormalities of high epidemiologic relevance. Fat accumulation in the hepatocytes results in cellular fragility and risk of progression toward necroinflammation, i.e., nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, cirrhosis, and eventually hepatocellular carcinoma. Several pathways contribute to fat accumulation and damage in the liver and can also involve the mitochondria, whose functional integrity is essential to maintain liver bioenergetics. In NAFLD/NASH, both structural and functional mitochondrial abnormalities occur and can involve mitochondrial electron transport chain, decreased mitochondrial β-oxidation of free fatty acids, excessive generation of reactive oxygen species, and lipid peroxidation. NASH is a major target of therapy, but there is no established single or combined treatment so far. Notably, translational and clinical studies point to mitochondria as future therapeutic targets in NAFLD since the prevention of mitochondrial damage could improve liver bioenergetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostino Di Ciaula
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.C.); (H.S.); (M.N.); (L.B.)
| | - Salvatore Passarella
- School of Medicine, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (P.P.); Tel.: +39-328-468-7215 (P.P.)
| | - Harshitha Shanmugam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.C.); (H.S.); (M.N.); (L.B.)
| | - Marica Noviello
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.C.); (H.S.); (M.N.); (L.B.)
| | - Leonilde Bonfrate
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.C.); (H.S.); (M.N.); (L.B.)
| | - David Q.-H. Wang
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA;
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.C.); (H.S.); (M.N.); (L.B.)
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (P.P.); Tel.: +39-328-468-7215 (P.P.)
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Sepidarkish M, Rezamand G, Qorbani M, Heydari H, Estêvão MD, Omran D, Morvaridzadeh M, Roffey DM, Farsi F, Ebrahimi S, Shokri F, Heshmati J. Effect of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation on adipokines: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:7561-7575. [PMID: 33998914 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1915743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although a large body of literature reported the beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acids (omega-3 FAs) consumption on adipokines levels, but recent findings from clinical trials are not univocal. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the effect of omega-3 FAs supplements on adipokines. METHODS We searched Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, and Cochrane Library from inception to August 2020 without any particular language limitations. Outcomes were summarized as standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) estimated from Hedge's g and random effects modeling. RESULTS Fifty-two trials involving 4,568 participants were included. Omega-3 FAs intake was associated with a significant increase in plasma adiponectin levels (n = 43; 3,434 participants; SMD: 0.21, 95% CI: 0.04, 0.37; p = 0.01; I2= 80.14%). This meta-analysis indicates that supplementing participants with omega-3 fatty acids more than 2000 mg daily and more than 10 weeks resulted in a significant and more favorable improvement in plasma adiponectin levels. However, omega-3 FAs intake had no significant effect on leptin levels (SMD: -0.02, 95% CI: -0.20, 0.17, I2= 54.13%). CONCLUSION The evidence supports a beneficial effect of omega-3 FAs intake on serum adiponectin levels but does not appear to impact on leptin concentrations. Larger well-designed RCTs are still required to evaluate the effect of omega-3 FAs on leptin in specific diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Sepidarkish
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Rezamand
- Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Qorbani
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.,Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hafez Heydari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - M Dulce Estêvão
- Universidade do Algarve, Escola Superior de Saúde, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - Dalia Omran
- Department of Endemic Medicine and Hepatology, Thabet hospital for Endemic diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mojgan Morvaridzadeh
- Department of Nutritional Science, School of Nutritional Science and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Darren M Roffey
- Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Farnaz Farsi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Ebrahimi
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Fatemeh Shokri
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Heshmati
- Department of Nutritional Science, School of Nutritional Science and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Garcêz LS, Avelar CR, Fonseca NSS, Costa PRF, Lyra AC, Cunha CM, Jesus RP, Oliveira LPM. Effect of dietary carbohydrate and lipid modification on clinical and anthropometric parameters in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Rev 2021; 79:1321-1337. [PMID: 33515021 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is estimated to affect approximately 25% of the adult population, making it one of the most common chronic liver diseases worldwide and a major public health problem. Still, there is no consensus on the most appropriate nutritional intervention for disease treatment. OBJECTIVE To systematize and synthesize the results of randomized controlled trials that have evaluated the effect of dietary interventions with different, quantitative, macronutrient compositions on hepatic steatosis attenuation, serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lipid profile, glucose metabolism markers, and anthropometric parameters of adults and the elderly (age ≥ 60 years) with NAFLD. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE databases via PubMed, Embase, Science Direct, LILACS, Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Cochrane Library were searched. Randomized controlled trials that compared interventions as diets with values ≤ 45% or 20% of the total daily energy intake from carbohydrates or lipids, respectively, compared with dietary reference intakes, were included. DATA EXTRACTION Risk of bias was assessed through the Cochrane Collaboration tool. The meta-analysis was only performed to evaluate the effect of carbohydrate-modified diets on the outcome variables. The number of participants and mean values and respective standard deviations of the outcome variables were extracted and used to calculate weighted mean differences and their respective 95%CIs. RESULTS The search strategy resulted in 21 146 studies, of which 10 were retained for qualitative analysis and 6 were included in the meta-analysis. From the analysis of 10 studies were identified 8 articles in which low-calorie diets were evaluated and 3 interventions that used an isocaloric diet. Only 3 studies were classified as having low risk of bias. CONCLUSION The observed effects on hepatic steatosis, serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels, parameters of lipid and glucose metabolism, and anthropometric variables were mostly related to a hypocaloric diet. The use of reduced macronutrient interventions had no efficacy. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration no. CRD42018088824.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lais S Garcêz
- Nutrition and Health Post-Graduation Programme, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Camila R Avelar
- Nutrition and Health Post-Graduation Programme, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Nedja S S Fonseca
- Science Nutrition Department, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Priscila R F Costa
- Nutrition and Health Post-Graduation Programme, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - André C Lyra
- Gastro-Hepatology Service, Professor Edgard Santos University Hospital, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Carla M Cunha
- Nutrition and Health Post-Graduation Programme, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Rosangela P Jesus
- Nutrition and Health Post-Graduation Programme, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Lucivalda P M Oliveira
- Nutrition and Health Post-Graduation Programme, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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15
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Reddy AJ, George ES, Roberts SK, Tierney AC. Effect of dietary intervention, with or without co-interventions, on inflammatory markers in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic literature review. Nutr Rev 2021; 77:765-786. [PMID: 31361003 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuz029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents a spectrum of liver disorders, ranging from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), with inflammation acting as a key driver in its pathogenesis and progression. Diet has the potential to mediate the release of inflammatory markers; however, little is known about the effects of various diets. OBJECTIVE This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary interventions on cytokines and adipokines in patients with NAFLD. DATA SOURCES The electronic databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library were searched for clinical trials investigating dietary interventions, with or without supplementation, on cytokines and adipokines in NAFLD patients. DATA EXTRACTION Basic characteristics of populations, dietary intervention protocol, cytokines, and adipokines were extracted for each study. Quality of evidence was assessed using the American Dietetic Association criteria. DATA ANALYSIS Nineteen studies with a total of 874 participants were included. The most frequently reported inflammatory outcomes were C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), adiponectin, and leptin. Hypocaloric, isocaloric, or low-fat diets significantly (P < 0.05) lowered levels of CRP, TNF-α, and adiponectin. The addition of nutraceutical or pharmacological supplementation to dietary interventions appeared to elicit additional benefits for all of the most frequently reported inflammatory markers. CONCLUSIONS Hypo- or isocaloric diets alone, or with co-interventions that included a nutraceutical or pharmacological supplementation, appear to improve the inflammatory profile in patients with NAFLD. Thus, anti-inflammatory diets may have the potential to improve underlying chronic inflammation that underpins the pathophysiological mechanisms of NAFLD. In the absence of any known liver-sensitive markers, the use of cytokines and adipokines as a surrogate marker of liver disease should be further investigated in well-controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjana J Reddy
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elena S George
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Nutrition, Alfred Health, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stuart K Roberts
- Department of Gastroenterology, Alfred Health, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
| | - Audrey C Tierney
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Nutrition, Alfred Health, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
- School of Allied Health, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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Rosqvist F, Rydell A, Iggman D. The Effects of Foods on Blood Lipids in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Nutr 2021; 7:613221. [PMID: 33392241 PMCID: PMC7772219 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.613221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with dyslipidemia and increased cardiovascular disease risk. Dietary choices may produce profound effects on blood lipids. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate which foods modify blood lipids in NAFLD. Methods: Systematic review of published systematic reviews and randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Searches were performed in PubMed, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, from inception through March 2020. Studies in populations with NAFLD, which provided data on foods or dietary patterns and blood lipids were included, but not weight loss diets, supplements, nor individual nutrients. The strength of evidence was evaluated using The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). Results: No relevant systematic reviews were identified. Eleven RCTs were included in the qualitative synthesis. Two RCTs were included in meta-analyses, regarding the comparison between Mediterranean and Low-fat diets, in which there were no clear effects on either high-density lipoprotein cholesterol or triglycerides, with Low evidence. From single RCTs, there was Moderate evidence for reduced triglycerides by a healthy dietary pattern, compared with usual care; and for reduced total cholesterol by a probiotic yogurt, enriched with Lactobacillus acidophilus La5 and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12, compared with conventional yogurt. For all other comparisons, the evidence was considered as Low or Very low. Conclusion: Few studies were identified which reported effects of foods on blood lipids in subjects with NAFLD. The possible beneficial effect of probiotics warrants further study. PROSPERO identifier: CRD42020178927.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Rosqvist
- Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andreas Rydell
- Norslund-Svärdsjö Academic Health Care Center, Center for Clinical Research Dalarna, Falun, Sweden.,Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - David Iggman
- Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Norslund-Svärdsjö Academic Health Care Center, Center for Clinical Research Dalarna, Falun, Sweden
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Grattagliano I, Di Ciaula A, Baj J, Molina-Molina E, Shanmugam H, Garruti G, Wang DQH, Portincasa P. Protocols for Mitochondria as the Target of Pharmacological Therapy in the Context of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2310:201-246. [PMID: 34096005 PMCID: PMC8580566 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1433-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most frequent metabolic chronic liver diseases in developed countries and puts the populations at risk of progression to liver necro-inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in the onset of NAFLD and contributes to the progression from NAFLD to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Thus, liver mitochondria could become the target for treatments for improving liver function in NAFLD patients. This chapter describes the most important steps used for potential therapeutic interventions in NAFLD patients, discusses current options gathered from both experimental and clinical evidence, and presents some novel options for potentially improving mitochondrial function in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignazio Grattagliano
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
- Italian College of General Practitioners and Primary Care, Bari, Italy
| | - Agostino Di Ciaula
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Jacek Baj
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Emilio Molina-Molina
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Harshitha Shanmugam
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Gabriella Garruti
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantations, University of Bari "Aldo Moro" Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - David Q-H Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Genetics, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy.
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Cansanção K, Citelli M, Carvalho Leite N, López de las Hazas MC, Dávalos A, Tavares do Carmo MDG, Peres WAF. Impact of Long-Term Supplementation with Fish Oil in Individuals with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Double Blind Randomized Placebo Controlled Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113372. [PMID: 33147705 PMCID: PMC7693661 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic disease affecting up to 25% of the population worldwide. n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) have been associated with improved clinical parameters of NAFLD. Our purpose was to conduct a pilot study to evaluate the effects of n-3 PUFA supplementation in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study performed on NAFLD individuals diagnosed by ultrasound. Patients received n-3 PUFA (n = 13) or placebo (n = 11) supplementation for six months. Circulating miR-122 expression (determined by quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), liver fibrosis (FibroScan®), red blood cells (RBC) fatty acids (gas chromatography), and biochemical tests were performed at baseline and after intervention. After the intervention, in the n-3 PUFA group, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and omega index increased significantly in RBC (p = 0.022 and p = 0.012, respectively), in addition to a significant reduction in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (p = 0.002) and liver fibrosis (p = 0.039). However, there was no change in the expression of circulating miR-122 in both groups. Our results showed that omega-3 PUFA were incorporated in erythrocytes after six months of fish oil supplementary intake, and that n-3 PUFA were effective in reducing ALP and liver fibrosis without altering the expression of circulating miR-122 in individuals with NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kátia Cansanção
- Institute of Nutrition Josué de Castro of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21.941-902, Brazil; (K.C.); (M.d.G.T.d.C.)
| | - Marta Citelli
- Instituto de Nutrição, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20559-900, Brazil;
| | - Nathalie Carvalho Leite
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Clementino Fraga Filho, School of Medicine of UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro 21.941-902, Brazil;
| | - María-Carmen López de las Hazas
- Laboratory of Epigenetics of Lipid Metabolism, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies (IMDEA)-Food, CEI UAM+CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M-C.L.d.l.H.); (A.D.)
| | - Alberto Dávalos
- Laboratory of Epigenetics of Lipid Metabolism, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies (IMDEA)-Food, CEI UAM+CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M-C.L.d.l.H.); (A.D.)
| | - Maria das Graças Tavares do Carmo
- Institute of Nutrition Josué de Castro of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21.941-902, Brazil; (K.C.); (M.d.G.T.d.C.)
| | - Wilza Arantes Ferreira Peres
- Institute of Nutrition Josué de Castro of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21.941-902, Brazil; (K.C.); (M.d.G.T.d.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-21-393864-32
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Differential effects of olive oil, soybean oil, corn oil and lard oil on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis in mice. Biosci Rep 2020; 39:BSR20191913. [PMID: 31481526 PMCID: PMC6822505 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20191913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Olive oil could attenuate carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced liver fibrosis (LF) in mouse model. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of other common oils on CCl4 induced LF. Healthy male ICR mice were administered with CCl4 intraperitoneally at 2.5 ml/kg twice a week for total 3 weeks. Mice were pre-treated with olive oil, soybean oil, corn oil or lard oil. After treatment, histopathological changes were observed using Masson trichrome staining, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), malondialdehyde (MDA), hydroxyproline (HYP) and triglyceride (TG) were measured by commercial kits. The expression of LF related genes was detected by quantitative real-time PCR. We found that soybean oil or olive oil significantly reduced ALT and AST levels in serum, and MDA, HYP and TG levels in the liver, compared with corn oil or lard oil. Moreover, Masson trichrome staining and real-time PCR showed that the mice treated with CCl4 dissolved in soybean oil or olive oil had less fibrosis and apoptosis in the liver comparted to the mice treated with CCl4 dissolved in corn oil or lard oil. In conclusion, soybean oil but not corn or lard oil exerts protective effects against CCl4 induced LF in mice, possibly due to its antioxidant activity.
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Valenzuela R, Ortiz M, Hernández-Rodas MC, Echeverría F, Videla LA. Targeting n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:5250-5272. [PMID: 30968772 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190410121716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is characterized by abnormal hepatic accumulation of triacylglycerides in the absence of alcohol consumption, in association with Oxidative Stress (OS), a pro-inflammatory state and Insulin Resistance (IR), which are attenuated by n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (FAs) C20-C22 (LCPUFAs) supplementation. Main causes of NAFLD comprise high caloric intake and a sedentary lifestyle, with high intakes of saturated FAs. METHODS The review includes several searches considering the effects of n-3 LCPUFAs in NAFLD in vivo and in vitro models, using the PubMed database from the National Library of Medicine- National Institutes of Health. RESULT The LCPUFAs eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5 n-3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 n- 3, DHA) have a positive effect in diminishing liver steatosis, OS, and the levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and pro-inflammatory cytokines, with improvement of insulin sensitivity and adiponectin levels. The molecular pathways described for n-3 LCPUFAs in cellular and animal models and humans include peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α activation favouring FA oxidation, diminution of lipogenesis due to sterol responsive element binding protein-1c downregulation and inflammation resolution. Besides, nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor-2 activation is elicited by n-3 LCPUFA-derived oxidation products producing direct and indirect antioxidant responses, with concomitant anti-fibrogenic action. CONCLUSION The discussed effects of n-3 LCPUFA supplementation support its use in NAFLD, although having a limited value in NASH, a contention that may involve n-3 LCPUFA oxygenated derivatives. Clinical trials establishing optimal dosages, intervention times, type of patients and possible synergies with other natural products are needed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Independencia, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Macarena Ortiz
- Nutrition and Dietetics School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Maule, Merced 333, Curicó 3340000, Chile
| | - María Catalina Hernández-Rodas
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Independencia, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Francisca Echeverría
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Independencia, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Luis Alberto Videla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Independencia, Santiago 8380453, Chile
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Lee CH, Fu Y, Yang SJ, Chi CC. Effects of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092769. [PMID: 32932796 PMCID: PMC7551292 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Aim: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a prevalent disease worldwide. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) bear anti-inflammatory action and can ameliorate hyperlipidemia. We wish to appraise the effects of n-3 PUFAs supplement on NAFLD. (2) Methods: We searched CENTRAL, Embase, and MEDLINE on 29 March 2020 for randomized control trials (RCTs) on the effects of n-3 PUFAs supplementation in treating NAFLD. The Cochrane Collaboration's tool was used to assess the risk of bias of included RCTs. (3) Results: We included 22 RCTs with 1366 participants. The risk of bias of included RCTs was generally low or unclear. n-3 PUFAs supplementation significantly reduced liver fat compared with placebo (pooled risk ratio 1.52; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.09 to 2.13). n-3 PUFAs supplementation also significantly improved the levels of triglyceride, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, and body-mass index, with pooled mean difference and 95% CI being -28.57 (-40.81 to -16.33), -7.82 (-14.86 to -0.79), 3.55 (1.38 to 5.73), and -0.46 (-0.84 to -0.08), respectively. (4) Conclusions: The current evidence supports the effects of n-3 PUFAs supplementation in improving fatty liver. n-3 PUFAs supplementation may also improve blood lipid levels and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Han Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan;
| | - Yun Fu
- Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan;
| | - Shih-Jyun Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 20401, Taiwan;
| | - Ching-Chi Chi
- Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan;
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3-328-1200 (ext. 3556)
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Jalili R, Somi MH, Hosseinifard H, Salehnia F, Ghojazadeh M, Makhdami N, Shirmohammadi M. The Evaluation of Effective Drugs for the Treatment of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. Adv Pharm Bull 2020; 10:542-555. [PMID: 33072533 PMCID: PMC7539311 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2020.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and steatohepatitis are two forms of fatty liver disease with benign and malignant nature, respectively. These two conditions can cause an increased risk of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Given the importance and high prevalence of NAFLD, it is necessary to investigate the results of different studies in related scope to provide a clarity guarantee of effectiveness. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aim to study the efficacy of various medications used in the treatment of NAFLD. Methods: A systematic search of medical databases identified 1963 articles. After exclusion of duplicated articles and those which did not meet our inclusion criteria, eta-analysis was performed on 84 articles. Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST) were set as primary outcomes and body mass index (BMI), hepatic steatosis, and NAFLD activity score (NAS) were determined as secondary outcomes. Results: Based on the P-score of the therapeutic effects on the non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), we observed the highest efficacy for atorvastatin, tryptophan, orlistat, omega-3 and obeticholic acid for reduction of ALT, AST, BMI, steatosis and NAS respectively. Conclusion: This meta-analysis showed that atorvastatin. life-style modification, weight loss, and BMI reduction had a remarkable effect on NAFLD-patients by decreasing aminotransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Jalili
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Somi
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseinifard
- Research Center for Evidence Based Medicine (RCEBM), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Salehnia
- Research Center for Evidence Based Medicine (RCEBM), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Morteza Ghojazadeh
- Research Center for Evidence Based Medicine (RCEBM), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Masoud Shirmohammadi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Liver, and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Yang L, Guo Z, Qi S, Fang T, Zhu H, Santos HO, Khani V, Wong CH, Qiu Z. Walnut intake may increase circulating adiponectin and leptin levels but does not improve glycemic biomarkers: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Complement Ther Med 2020; 52:102505. [PMID: 32951753 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE Walnut intake is considered a healthy dietary approach worldwide, particularly as a nutritional tool for the management of obesity and cardiometabolic disorders. Among these lines, leptin and adiponectin, as well as glycemic biomarkers, deserve further attention. We aimed to examine the impact of walnut intake on circulation levels of leptin and adiponectin through a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials (RCTs); secondarily, assessing the glycemic profile as well. METHODS The literature search was implemented in four following databases: Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed/Medline, and Google Scholar, thus, determining studies that measured the effects of walnut consumption on adiponectin, leptin, and glycemic biomarkers levels from 2004 up to December 2019. RESULTS Fourteen trials were include in the meta-analysis, with an intervention period ranging from 5 weeks to 12 months.Walnut intake increased leptin (weighted mean difference (WMD): 2.502 ng/mL; 95 % CI: 2.147-2.856, p < 0.001) and adiponectin (WMD: 0.440 ng/mL; 95 % CI: 0.323 to 0.557, p < 0.001) levels. Pertaining to glycemic biomarkers, neither overall analyses nor sub-analyses corroborated with changes in fasting blood glucose (WMD: 0.500 mg/dL, 95 % CI: -0.596, 1.596, p = 0.371), insulin (WMD: -0.21 mg/dL, 95 % CI: -0.67, 0.24, p = 0.367), and glycated hemoglobin (WMD: 0.004 mg/dL, 95 % CI: -0.041, 0.049, p = 0.870) concentrations. CONCLUSION Walnut intake may increase leptin and adiponectin levels but does not improve glycemic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yang
- Departmentof Endocrinology, Shangrao People's Hospital, No.86 Shuyuan Road, Shangrao, Jiangxi, 334000, China
| | - Zhiyang Guo
- Internal Medicine, Ji'an Detachment Health Team, Chinese Pepople's Armed Police Force, Ji'an, 343000, China
| | - Shuwen Qi
- Internal Medicine, Mobile Detachment Medical Team of Jiangxi Provincial General Corps, Chinese Pepople's Armed Police Force, Anyi, 330500, China
| | - Tao Fang
- Department of Emergency, Guangfeng People's Hospital, Yongfeng South Street, Shangrao, Jiangxi, 334600, China
| | - Hongyan Zhu
- Departmentof Endocrinology, Shangrao People's Hospital, No.86 Shuyuan Road, Shangrao, Jiangxi, 334000, China
| | - Heitor O Santos
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vahid Khani
- Department of Radiology, Taleghani Hospital, Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Chun Hoong Wong
- Department of Pharmacy, Serdang Hospital, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zhiyun Qiu
- Department of Emergency, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, No. 170 Xinsong Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 201199, China.
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Lam S, Doran S, Yuksel HH, Altay O, Turkez H, Nielsen J, Boren J, Uhlen M, Mardinoglu A. Addressing the heterogeneity in liver diseases using biological networks. Brief Bioinform 2020; 22:1751-1766. [PMID: 32201876 PMCID: PMC7986590 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbaa002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The abnormalities in human metabolism have been implicated in the progression of several complex human diseases, including certain cancers. Hence, deciphering the underlying molecular mechanisms associated with metabolic reprogramming in a disease state can greatly assist in elucidating the disease aetiology. An invaluable tool for establishing connections between global metabolic reprogramming and disease development is the genome-scale metabolic model (GEM). Here, we review recent work on the reconstruction of cell/tissue-type and cancer-specific GEMs and their use in identifying metabolic changes occurring in response to liver disease development, stratification of the heterogeneous disease population and discovery of novel drug targets and biomarkers. We also discuss how GEMs can be integrated with other biological networks for generating more comprehensive cell/tissue models. In addition, we review the various biological network analyses that have been employed for the development of efficient treatment strategies. Finally, we present three case studies in which independent studies converged on conclusions underlying liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Lam
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom; Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-17121, Sweden
| | - Stephen Doran
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom; Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-17121, Sweden
| | - Hatice Hilal Yuksel
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom; Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-17121, Sweden
| | - Ozlem Altay
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom; Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-17121, Sweden
| | - Hasan Turkez
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom; Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-17121, Sweden
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom; Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-17121, Sweden
| | - Jan Boren
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom; Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-17121, Sweden
| | - Mathias Uhlen
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom; Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-17121, Sweden
| | - Adil Mardinoglu
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom; Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-17121, Sweden
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25
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Abdelhamid AS, Brown TJ, Brainard JS, Biswas P, Thorpe GC, Moore HJ, Deane KHO, Summerbell CD, Worthington HV, Song F, Hooper L. Omega-3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 3:CD003177. [PMID: 32114706 PMCID: PMC7049091 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd003177.pub5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from oily fish (long-chain omega-3 (LCn3)), including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)), as well as from plants (alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)) may benefit cardiovascular health. Guidelines recommend increasing omega-3-rich foods, and sometimes supplementation, but recent trials have not confirmed this. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of increased intake of fish- and plant-based omega-3 fats for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular events, adiposity and lipids. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE and Embase to February 2019, plus ClinicalTrials.gov and World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry to August 2019, with no language restrictions. We handsearched systematic review references and bibliographies and contacted trial authors. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that lasted at least 12 months and compared supplementation or advice to increase LCn3 or ALA intake, or both, versus usual or lower intake. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently assessed trials for inclusion, extracted data and assessed validity. We performed separate random-effects meta-analysis for ALA and LCn3 interventions, and assessed dose-response relationships through meta-regression. MAIN RESULTS We included 86 RCTs (162,796 participants) in this review update and found that 28 were at low summary risk of bias. Trials were of 12 to 88 months' duration and included adults at varying cardiovascular risk, mainly in high-income countries. Most trials assessed LCn3 supplementation with capsules, but some used LCn3- or ALA-rich or enriched foods or dietary advice compared to placebo or usual diet. LCn3 doses ranged from 0.5 g a day to more than 5 g a day (19 RCTs gave at least 3 g LCn3 daily). Meta-analysis and sensitivity analyses suggested little or no effect of increasing LCn3 on all-cause mortality (risk ratio (RR) 0.97, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.93 to 1.01; 143,693 participants; 11,297 deaths in 45 RCTs; high-certainty evidence), cardiovascular mortality (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.86 to 0.99; 117,837 participants; 5658 deaths in 29 RCTs; moderate-certainty evidence), cardiovascular events (RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.92 to 1.01; 140,482 participants; 17,619 people experienced events in 43 RCTs; high-certainty evidence), stroke (RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.94 to 1.12; 138,888 participants; 2850 strokes in 31 RCTs; moderate-certainty evidence) or arrhythmia (RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.92 to 1.06; 77,990 participants; 4586 people experienced arrhythmia in 30 RCTs; low-certainty evidence). Increasing LCn3 may slightly reduce coronary heart disease mortality (number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome (NNTB) 334, RR 0.90, 95% CI 0.81 to 1.00; 127,378 participants; 3598 coronary heart disease deaths in 24 RCTs, low-certainty evidence) and coronary heart disease events (NNTB 167, RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.85 to 0.97; 134,116 participants; 8791 people experienced coronary heart disease events in 32 RCTs, low-certainty evidence). Overall, effects did not differ by trial duration or LCn3 dose in pre-planned subgrouping or meta-regression. There is little evidence of effects of eating fish. Increasing ALA intake probably makes little or no difference to all-cause mortality (RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.84 to 1.20; 19,327 participants; 459 deaths in 5 RCTs, moderate-certainty evidence),cardiovascular mortality (RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.74 to 1.25; 18,619 participants; 219 cardiovascular deaths in 4 RCTs; moderate-certainty evidence), coronary heart disease mortality (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.72 to 1.26; 18,353 participants; 193 coronary heart disease deaths in 3 RCTs; moderate-certainty evidence) and coronary heart disease events (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.22; 19,061 participants; 397 coronary heart disease events in 4 RCTs; low-certainty evidence). However, increased ALA may slightly reduce risk of cardiovascular disease events (NNTB 500, RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.83 to 1.07; but RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.79 to 1.04 in RCTs at low summary risk of bias; 19,327 participants; 884 cardiovascular disease events in 5 RCTs; low-certainty evidence), and probably slightly reduces risk of arrhythmia (NNTB 91, RR 0.73, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.97; 4912 participants; 173 events in 2 RCTs; moderate-certainty evidence). Effects on stroke are unclear. Increasing LCn3 and ALA had little or no effect on serious adverse events, adiposity, lipids and blood pressure, except increasing LCn3 reduced triglycerides by ˜15% in a dose-dependent way (high-certainty evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS This is the most extensive systematic assessment of effects of omega-3 fats on cardiovascular health to date. Moderate- and low-certainty evidence suggests that increasing LCn3 slightly reduces risk of coronary heart disease mortality and events, and reduces serum triglycerides (evidence mainly from supplement trials). Increasing ALA slightly reduces risk of cardiovascular events and arrhythmia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa S Abdelhamid
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Tracey J Brown
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Julii S Brainard
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Priti Biswas
- University of East AngliaMED/HSCNorwich Research ParkNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Gabrielle C Thorpe
- University of East AngliaSchool of Health SciencesEarlham RoadNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Helen J Moore
- Teesside UniversitySchool of Social Sciences, Humanities and LawMiddlesboroughUKTS1 3BA
| | - Katherine HO Deane
- University of East AngliaSchool of Health SciencesEarlham RoadNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Carolyn D Summerbell
- Durham UniversityDepartment of Sport and Exercise Sciences42 Old ElvetDurhamUKDH13HN
| | - Helen V Worthington
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of ManchesterCochrane Oral HealthCoupland Building 3Oxford RoadManchesterUKM13 9PL
| | - Fujian Song
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Lee Hooper
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
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Musa-Veloso K, Venditti C, Lee HY, Darch M, Floyd S, West S, Simon R. Systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled intervention studies on the effectiveness of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nutr Rev 2019; 76:581-602. [PMID: 29917092 PMCID: PMC6367993 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuy022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Context Treatment options for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are needed. Objective The aim of this review was to systematically assess the effects of omega-3 long-chain
polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFAs), particularly eicosapentaenoic acid and
docosahexaenoic acid, on liver-related and metabolic outcomes in adult and pediatric
patients with NAFLD. Data Sources The online information service ProQuest Dialog was used to search 8 literature
databases. Study Selection Controlled intervention studies in which the independent effects of n-3 LC-PUFAs could
be isolated were eligible for inclusion. Data Extraction The 18 unique studies that met the criteria for inclusion were divided into 2 sets, and
data transcriptions and study quality assessments were conducted in duplicate. Each
effect size was expressed as the weighted mean difference and 95%CI, using a
random-effects model and the inverse of the variance as a weighting factor. Results Based on the meta-analyses, supplementation with n-3 LC-PUFAs resulted in statistically
significant improvements in 6 of 13 metabolic risk factors, in levels of 2 of 3 liver
enzymes, in liver fat content (assessed via magnetic resonance imaging/spectroscopy),
and in steatosis score (assessed via ultrasonography). Histological measures of disease
[which were assessed only in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)] were
unaffected by n-3 LC-PUFA supplementation. Conclusions Omega-3 LC-PUFAs are useful in the dietary management of patients with NAFLD.
Additional trials are needed to better understand the effects of n-3 LC-PUFAs on
histological outcomes in patients with NASH. Systematic Review Registration PROSPERO CRD42017055951.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Musa-Veloso
- Intertek Scientific & Regulatory Consultancy, Health, Environmental & Regulatory Services (HERS), Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carolina Venditti
- Intertek Scientific & Regulatory Consultancy, Health, Environmental & Regulatory Services (HERS), Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Han Youl Lee
- Intertek Scientific & Regulatory Consultancy, Health, Environmental & Regulatory Services (HERS), Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maryse Darch
- Intertek Scientific & Regulatory Consultancy, Health, Environmental & Regulatory Services (HERS), Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Seth Floyd
- Intertek Scientific & Regulatory Consultancy, Health, Environmental & Regulatory Services (HERS), Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Spencer West
- Intertek Scientific & Regulatory Consultancy, Health, Environmental & Regulatory Services (HERS), Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ryan Simon
- Intertek Scientific & Regulatory Consultancy, Health, Environmental & Regulatory Services (HERS), Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
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Abenavoli L, Milanović M, Milić N, Luzza F, Giuffrè AM. Olive oil antioxidants and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 13:739-749. [PMID: 31215262 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2019.1634544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is estimated to affect 25% of adult people worldwide. Nowadays, there is no definite treatment for NAFLD. International guidelines define an approach based on lifestyle changes, included a health alimentary regimen. The Mediterranean diet (MD) represents the gold standard in preventive medicine, probably due to the harmonic combination of many elements with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Its prescription is also recommended in patients with NAFLD. Olive oil, as part of MD, is associated with benefits on human health especially regarding the cardiovascular system, obesity, diabetes and related metabolic disorders. Areas covered: An overview of the beneficial effects of olive oil in the prevention and treatment of NAFLD is given. Expert opinion: A large body of evidence emphasizes that olive oil, used as primary source of fat in MD, may play a crucial role in the health benefits of NAFLD patients. However, there are still scarce clinical data that evaluate the direct effect of olive oil in human with NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovico Abenavoli
- a Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" , Catanzaro , Italy
| | - Maja Milanović
- b Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, University of Novi Sad , Novi Sad , Serbia
| | - Nataša Milić
- b Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, University of Novi Sad , Novi Sad , Serbia
| | - Francesco Luzza
- a Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" , Catanzaro , Italy
| | - Angelo Maria Giuffrè
- c Department of Agricultural, University "Mediterranea" , Reggio, Calabria , Italy
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Yang J, Fernández-Galilea M, Martínez-Fernández L, González-Muniesa P, Pérez-Chávez A, Martínez JA, Moreno-Aliaga MJ. Oxidative Stress and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation. Nutrients 2019; 11:E872. [PMID: 31003450 PMCID: PMC6521137 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a complex phenomenon characterized by the progressive loss of tissue and organ function. The oxidative-stress theory of aging postulates that age-associated functional losses are due to the accumulation of ROS-induced damage. Liver function impairment and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are common among the elderly. NAFLD can progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and evolve to hepatic cirrhosis or hepatic carcinoma. Oxidative stress, lipotoxicity, and inflammation play a key role in the progression of NAFLD. A growing body of evidence supports the therapeutic potential of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), mainly docosahaexenoic (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), on metabolic diseases based on their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Here, we performed a systematic review of clinical trials analyzing the efficacy of n-3 PUFA on both systemic oxidative stress and on NAFLD/NASH features in adults. As a matter of fact, it remains controversial whether n-3 PUFA are effective to counteract oxidative stress. On the other hand, data suggest that n-3 PUFA supplementation may be effective in the early stages of NAFLD, but not in patients with more severe NAFLD or NASH. Future perspectives and relevant aspects that should be considered when planning new randomized controlled trials are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchunzi Yang
- Centre for Nutrition Research, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Marta Fernández-Galilea
- Centre for Nutrition Research, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
- IDISNA, Navarra's Health Research Institute, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Leyre Martínez-Fernández
- Centre for Nutrition Research, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Pedro González-Muniesa
- Centre for Nutrition Research, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
- IDISNA, Navarra's Health Research Institute, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
- CIBERobn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Centre of Biomedical Research Network, ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Adriana Pérez-Chávez
- Centre for Nutrition Research, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
| | - J Alfredo Martínez
- Centre for Nutrition Research, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
- IDISNA, Navarra's Health Research Institute, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
- CIBERobn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Centre of Biomedical Research Network, ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Maria J Moreno-Aliaga
- Centre for Nutrition Research, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
- IDISNA, Navarra's Health Research Institute, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
- CIBERobn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Centre of Biomedical Research Network, ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Chen ZY, Liu M, Jing LP, Xiao ML, Dong HL, Chen GD, Chen YM. Erythrocyte membrane n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are inversely associated with the presence and progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in Chinese adults: a prospective study. Eur J Nutr 2019; 59:941-951. [PMID: 30937580 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-019-01953-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous studies have shown that high-dose supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may benefit patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), but the association of n-3 PUFAs with NAFLD among individuals with normal diets is only speculative. We investigated the cross-sectional and prospective associations between n-3 PUFAs and NAFLD in Chinese adults. METHODS This community-based prospective study included 3049 men and women (40-75 years) in Guangzhou, China, whose participants completed an NAFLD ultrasound evaluation and erythrocyte PUFA tests. A total of 2660 participants underwent the second NAFLD evaluation approximately 3 years later. α-Linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in erythrocytes were measured by gas chromatography. RESULTS After adjusting for potential confounders, we observed inverse associations between DHA, DHA + EPA, total n-3 PUFAs and the presence of NAFLD in the cross-sectional analysis. The adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval) of NAFLD for the highest (vs. lowest) tertile were 0.74 (0.61, 0.90) for DHA, 0.82 (0.67, 1.00) for EPA, 0.73 (0.60, 0.88) for DHA + EPA and 0.74 (0.61, 0.91) for total n-3 PUFAs (all P values≤0.05). Over the average 3.12 years of follow-up, higher levels of DHA was associated with an improvement of NAFLD. The hazard ratio of improved NAFLD for the highest tertile was 1.18 (95% CI 1.09, 1.33) for DHA. Pathway analyses showed that favorable associations may be mediated by improvements in inflammatory markers (e.g., interleukin 1 beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha-like). CONCLUSIONS Erythrocyte membrane n-3 PUFAs are inversely associated with the presence and progression of NAFLD in Chinese adults. TRIAL REGISTRATIONS ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03179657.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Yong Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Meng Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Li-Peng Jing
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Mian-Li Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Hong-Li Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Geng-Dong Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yu-Ming Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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Effect of Fish Oil Supplementation on Hepatic and Visceral Fat in Overweight Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020475. [PMID: 30813440 PMCID: PMC6413081 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Being overweight increases the risk of the development of metabolic conditions such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is itself an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation is recommended for prevention of chronic disease, and is thought to reduce raised liver fat, yet there have been few randomized controlled trials with accurate measurement of liver fat. We assessed the effect of 12 weeks of supplementation with omega-3 PUFA from fish oil versus placebo on quantified liver fat, liver tests, and body composition including visceral adipose tissue (VAT) in a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Fifty apparently healthy overweight men (BMI 25.0–29.9 kg/m2; waist > 94 cm) were randomly allocated to consume fish oil (total daily dose: 1728 mg marine triglycerides, of which 588 mg EPA and 412 mg DHA, combined with 200 mg antioxidant, coenzyme Q10) or placebo (olive oil capsules) daily for 12 weeks. Liver fat was assessed using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. All outcomes were assessed at baseline and following 6 and 12 weeks of supplementation. Baseline liver fat was 4.6 ± 0.5% (range: 0.6 to 18.2%); 16 (32%) participants met the criteria for NAFLD (>5.5% liver fat). Repeated measures ANOVA revealed no significant time or group × time effect for fish oil versus placebo for liver fat, liver enzymes, anthropometry, or body composition including VAT (p > 0.05 for all), with similar finding for sub-analysis of participants with NAFLD. Omega-3 PUFA did not appear to be an effective agent for reducing liver fat in overweight men. The factors determining the health benefits of omega-3 PUFA supplementation on an individual level need to be clarified.
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Abdelhamid AS, Brown TJ, Brainard JS, Biswas P, Thorpe GC, Moore HJ, Deane KHO, AlAbdulghafoor FK, Summerbell CD, Worthington HV, Song F, Hooper L. Omega-3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 11:CD003177. [PMID: 30521670 PMCID: PMC6517311 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd003177.pub4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Researchers have suggested that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from oily fish (long-chain omega-3 (LCn3), including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)), as well as from plants (alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)) benefit cardiovascular health. Guidelines recommend increasing omega-3-rich foods, and sometimes supplementation, but recent trials have not confirmed this. OBJECTIVES To assess effects of increased intake of fish- and plant-based omega-3 for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular (CVD) events, adiposity and lipids. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE and Embase to April 2017, plus ClinicalTrials.gov and World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry to September 2016, with no language restrictions. We handsearched systematic review references and bibliographies and contacted authors. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that lasted at least 12 months and compared supplementation and/or advice to increase LCn3 or ALA intake versus usual or lower intake. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently assessed studies for inclusion, extracted data and assessed validity. We performed separate random-effects meta-analysis for ALA and LCn3 interventions, and assessed dose-response relationships through meta-regression. MAIN RESULTS We included 79 RCTs (112,059 participants) in this review update and found that 25 were at low summary risk of bias. Trials were of 12 to 72 months' duration and included adults at varying cardiovascular risk, mainly in high-income countries. Most studies assessed LCn3 supplementation with capsules, but some used LCn3- or ALA-rich or enriched foods or dietary advice compared to placebo or usual diet. LCn3 doses ranged from 0.5g/d LCn3 to > 5 g/d (16 RCTs gave at least 3g/d LCn3).Meta-analysis and sensitivity analyses suggested little or no effect of increasing LCn3 on all-cause mortality (RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.03, 92,653 participants; 8189 deaths in 39 trials, high-quality evidence), cardiovascular mortality (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.87 to 1.03, 67,772 participants; 4544 CVD deaths in 25 RCTs), cardiovascular events (RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.94 to 1.04, 90,378 participants; 14,737 people experienced events in 38 trials, high-quality evidence), coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.79 to 1.09, 73,491 participants; 1596 CHD deaths in 21 RCTs), stroke (RR 1.06, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.16, 89,358 participants; 1822 strokes in 28 trials) or arrhythmia (RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.05, 53,796 participants; 3788 people experienced arrhythmia in 28 RCTs). There was a suggestion that LCn3 reduced CHD events (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.88 to 0.97, 84,301 participants; 5469 people experienced CHD events in 28 RCTs); however, this was not maintained in sensitivity analyses - LCn3 probably makes little or no difference to CHD event risk. All evidence was of moderate GRADE quality, except as noted.Increasing ALA intake probably makes little or no difference to all-cause mortality (RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.84 to 1.20, 19,327 participants; 459 deaths, 5 RCTs),cardiovascular mortality (RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.74 to 1.25, 18,619 participants; 219 cardiovascular deaths, 4 RCTs), and CHD mortality (1.1% to 1.0%, RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.72 to 1.26, 18,353 participants; 193 CHD deaths, 3 RCTs) and ALA may make little or no difference to CHD events (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.22, 19,061 participants, 397 CHD events, 4 RCTs, low-quality evidence). However, increased ALA may slightly reduce risk of cardiovascular events (from 4.8% to 4.7%, RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.83 to 1.07, 19,327 participants; 884 CVD events, 5 RCTs, low-quality evidence with greater effects in trials at low summary risk of bias), and probably reduces risk of arrhythmia (3.3% to 2.6%, RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.57 to 1.10, 4,837 participants; 141 events, 1 RCT). Effects on stroke are unclear.Sensitivity analysis retaining only trials at low summary risk of bias moved effect sizes towards the null (RR 1.0) for all LCn3 primary outcomes except arrhythmias, but for most ALA outcomes, effect sizes moved to suggest protection. LCn3 funnel plots suggested that adding in missing studies/results would move effect sizes towards null for most primary outcomes. There were no dose or duration effects in subgrouping or meta-regression.There was no evidence that increasing LCn3 or ALA altered serious adverse events, adiposity or lipids, except LCn3 reduced triglycerides by ˜15% in a dose-dependant way (high-quality evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS This is the most extensive systematic assessment of effects of omega-3 fats on cardiovascular health to date. Moderate- and high-quality evidence suggests that increasing EPA and DHA has little or no effect on mortality or cardiovascular health (evidence mainly from supplement trials). Previous suggestions of benefits from EPA and DHA supplements appear to spring from trials with higher risk of bias. Low-quality evidence suggests ALA may slightly reduce CVD event and arrhythmia risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa S Abdelhamid
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Tracey J Brown
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Julii S Brainard
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Priti Biswas
- University of East AngliaMED/HSCNorwich Research ParkNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Gabrielle C Thorpe
- University of East AngliaSchool of Health SciencesEarlham RoadNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Helen J Moore
- Durham UniversityWolfson Research InstituteDurhamUKDH1 3LE
| | - Katherine HO Deane
- University of East AngliaSchool of Health SciencesEarlham RoadNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Fai K AlAbdulghafoor
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Carolyn D Summerbell
- Durham UniversityDepartment of Sport and Exercise Science42 Old ElvetDurhamUKDH13HN
| | - Helen V Worthington
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of ManchesterCochrane Oral HealthJR Moore BuildingOxford RoadManchesterUKM13 9PL
| | - Fujian Song
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Lee Hooper
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
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Abdelhamid AS, Martin N, Bridges C, Brainard JS, Wang X, Brown TJ, Hanson S, Jimoh OF, Ajabnoor SM, Deane KHO, Song F, Hooper L. Polyunsaturated fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 11:CD012345. [PMID: 30484282 PMCID: PMC6517012 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012345.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence on the health effects of total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) is equivocal. Fish oils are rich in omega-3 PUFA and plant oils in omega-6 PUFA. Evidence suggests that increasing PUFA-rich foods, supplements or supplemented foods can reduce serum cholesterol, but may increase body weight, so overall cardiovascular effects are unclear. OBJECTIVES To assess effects of increasing total PUFA intake on cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality, lipids and adiposity in adults. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE and Embase to April 2017 and clinicaltrials.gov and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform to September 2016, without language restrictions. We checked trials included in relevant systematic reviews. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing higher with lower PUFA intakes in adults with or without cardiovascular disease that assessed effects over 12 months or longer. We included full texts, abstracts, trials registry entries and unpublished data. Outcomes were all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease mortality and events, risk factors (blood lipids, adiposity, blood pressure), and adverse events. We excluded trials where we could not separate effects of PUFA intake from other dietary, lifestyle or medication interventions. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently screened titles and abstracts, assessed trials for inclusion, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias. We wrote to authors of included trials for further data. Meta-analyses used random-effects analysis, sensitivity analyses included fixed-effects and limiting to low summary risk of bias. We assessed GRADE quality of evidence. MAIN RESULTS We included 49 RCTs randomising 24,272 participants, with duration of one to eight years. Eleven included trials were at low summary risk of bias, 33 recruited participants without cardiovascular disease. Baseline PUFA intake was unclear in most trials, but 3.9% to 8% of total energy intake where reported. Most trials gave supplemental capsules, but eight gave dietary advice, eight gave supplemental foods such as nuts or margarine, and three used a combination of methods to increase PUFA.Increasing PUFA intake probably has little or no effect on all-cause mortality (risk 7.8% vs 7.6%, risk ratio (RR) 0.98, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.89 to 1.07, 19,290 participants in 24 trials), but probably slightly reduces risk of coronary heart disease events from 14.2% to 12.3% (RR 0.87, 95% CI 0.72 to 1.06, 15 trials, 10,076 participants) and cardiovascular disease events from 14.6% to 13.0% (RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.79 to 1.01, 17,799 participants in 21 trials), all moderate-quality evidence. Increasing PUFA may slightly reduce risk of coronary heart disease death (6.6% to 6.1%, RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.06, 9 trials, 8810 participants) andstroke (1.2% to 1.1%, RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.58 to 1.44, 11 trials, 14,742 participants, though confidence intervals include important harms), but has little or no effect on cardiovascular mortality (RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.26, 16 trials, 15,107 participants) all low-quality evidence. Effects of increasing PUFA on major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events and atrial fibrillation are unclear as evidence is of very low quality.Increasing PUFA intake probably slightly decreases triglycerides (by 15%, MD -0.12 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.20 to -0.04, 20 trials, 3905 participants), but has little or no effect on total cholesterol (mean difference (MD) -0.12 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.23 to -0.02, 26 trials, 8072 participants), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (MD -0.01 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.02 to 0.01, 18 trials, 4674 participants) or low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (MD -0.01 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.09 to 0.06, 15 trials, 3362 participants). Increasing PUFA probably has little or no effect on adiposity (body weight MD 0.76 kg, 95% CI 0.34 to 1.19, 12 trials, 7100 participants).Effects of increasing PUFA on serious adverse events such as pulmonary embolism and bleeding are unclear as the evidence is of very low quality. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS This is the most extensive systematic review of RCTs conducted to date to assess effects of increasing PUFA on cardiovascular disease, mortality, lipids or adiposity. Increasing PUFA intake probably slightly reduces risk of coronary heart disease and cardiovascular disease events, may slightly reduce risk of coronary heart disease mortality and stroke (though not ruling out harms), but has little or no effect on all-cause or cardiovascular disease mortality. The mechanism may be via TG reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa S Abdelhamid
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Nicole Martin
- University College LondonInstitute of Health Informatics Research222 Euston RoadLondonUKNW1 2DA
| | - Charlene Bridges
- University College LondonInstitute of Health Informatics Research222 Euston RoadLondonUKNW1 2DA
| | - Julii S Brainard
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Xia Wang
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Tracey J Brown
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Sarah Hanson
- University of East AngliaSchool of Health SciencesEdith Cavell BuildingNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Oluseyi F Jimoh
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Sarah M Ajabnoor
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Katherine HO Deane
- University of East AngliaSchool of Health SciencesEdith Cavell BuildingNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Fujian Song
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Lee Hooper
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
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Sridharan K, Sivaramakrishnan G, Sequeira RP, Elamin A. Pharmacological interventions for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Postgrad Med J 2018; 94:556-565. [PMID: 30341231 DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2018-135967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM Several drugs have been used for treating non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The present study is a network meta-analysis of such drugs. DESIGN, SETTING AND PATIENTS Randomised clinical trials comparing drug interventions in patients with NAFLD were analysed. OR and weighted mean difference (95 % CI) were the effect estimates for categorical and numerical outcomes, respectively. Random-effects model was used to generate pooled estimates. Surface under the cumulative ranking curve was used to rank the treatments. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Proportion of responders was the primary outcome measure and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis scores, liver enzymes, lipid profile, body mass index, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, intrahepatic fat and adverse events were the key secondary outcomes. RESULTS 116 studies were included in the systematic review and 106 in the meta-analysis. Elafibranor, gemfibrozil, metadoxine, obeticholic acid, pentoxifylline, pioglitazone, probiotics, telmisartan, vildagliptin and vitamin E significantly increased the response rate than standard of care. Various other drugs were observed to modify the secondary outcomes favourably. Probiotics was found with a better response in children; and elafibranor, obeticholic acid, pentoxifylline and pioglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The quality of evidence observed was either low or very low. CONCLUSION In patients with NAFLD, several drugs have been shown to have variable therapeutic benefit. However, the estimates and the inferences should be considered with extreme caution as it might change with the advent of future head-to-head clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Sridharan
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Gowri Sivaramakrishnan
- School of Oral Health, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Fiji National University, Suva, Fiji
| | - Reginald Paul Sequeira
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Abdelaziz Elamin
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
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Yan JH, Guan BJ, Gao HY, Peng XE. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e12271. [PMID: 30212963 PMCID: PMC6155966 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000012271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical trials examining the therapeutic benefit of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have reported inconsistent results. We performed a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining the effect of ω-3 PUFA supplementation on NAFLD, and provide substantial evidence on whether ω-3 PUFA supplementation has a favorable effect for treating NAFLD. METHODS We searched the PubMed, Cochrane Library, Springer Link, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang, and Chinese Scientific and Technological Journal (VIP) databases for RCTs on oral ω-3 PUFA supplementation in patients with NAFLD. The data were pooled; meta-analyses were conducted using random-effect or fixed-effect models. RESULTS Eighteen studies involving 1424 patients were included. We found a significant benefit for ω-3 PUFAs vs control for liver fat, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, γ-glutamyl transferase, triglycerides, insulin resistance, and glucose. However, there was significant interstudy heterogeneity. Subgroup and regression analyses showed no significantly clear methodologic discrepancy. Publication bias and serious adverse events were not detected. CONCLUSIONS Our meta-analysis suggests that ω-3 PUFA supplementation may decrease liver fat and hepatic enzyme parameters. However, more large-scale, well-designed RCTs are needed to confirm the effect of ω-3 PUFA supplementation on these parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hui Yan
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University
| | - Bing-Jie Guan
- Department of Tumor Radiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital
| | - Hai-Yan Gao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University
| | - Xian-E Peng
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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35
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Abdelhamid AS, Martin N, Bridges C, Brainard JS, Wang X, Brown TJ, Hanson S, Jimoh OF, Ajabnoor SM, Deane KHO, Song F, Hooper L. Polyunsaturated fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 7:CD012345. [PMID: 30019767 PMCID: PMC6513571 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012345.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence on the health effects of total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) is equivocal. Fish oils are rich in omega-3 PUFA and plant oils in omega-6 PUFA. Evidence suggests that increasing PUFA-rich foods, supplements or supplemented foods can reduce serum cholesterol, but may increase body weight, so overall cardiovascular effects are unclear. OBJECTIVES To assess effects of increasing total PUFA intake on cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality, lipids and adiposity in adults. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE and Embase to April 2017 and clinicaltrials.gov and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform to September 2016, without language restrictions. We checked trials included in relevant systematic reviews. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing higher with lower PUFA intakes in adults with or without cardiovascular disease that assessed effects over 12 months or longer. We included full texts, abstracts, trials registry entries and unpublished data. Outcomes were all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease mortality and events, risk factors (blood lipids, adiposity, blood pressure), and adverse events. We excluded trials where we could not separate effects of PUFA intake from other dietary, lifestyle or medication interventions. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently screened titles and abstracts, assessed trials for inclusion, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias. We wrote to authors of included trials for further data. Meta-analyses used random-effects analysis, sensitivity analyses included fixed-effects and limiting to low summary risk of bias. We assessed GRADE quality of evidence. MAIN RESULTS We included 49 RCTs randomising 24,272 participants, with duration of one to eight years. Eleven included trials were at low summary risk of bias, 33 recruited participants without cardiovascular disease. Baseline PUFA intake was unclear in most trials, but 3.9% to 8% of total energy intake where reported. Most trials gave supplemental capsules, but eight gave dietary advice, eight gave supplemental foods such as nuts or margarine, and three used a combination of methods to increase PUFA.Increasing PUFA intake probably has little or no effect on all-cause mortality (risk 7.8% vs 7.6%, risk ratio (RR) 0.98, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.89 to 1.07, 19,290 participants in 24 trials), but probably slightly reduces risk of coronary heart disease events from 14.2% to 12.3% (RR 0.87, 95% CI 0.72 to 1.06, 15 trials, 10,076 participants) and cardiovascular disease events from 14.6% to 13.0% (RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.79 to 1.01, 17,799 participants in 21 trials), all moderate-quality evidence. Increasing PUFA may slightly reduce risk of coronary heart disease death (6.6% to 6.1%, RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.06, 9 trials, 8810 participants) andstroke (1.2% to 1.1%, RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.58 to 1.44, 11 trials, 14,742 participants, though confidence intervals include important harms), but has little or no effect on cardiovascular mortality (RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.26, 16 trials, 15,107 participants) all low-quality evidence. Effects of increasing PUFA on major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events and atrial fibrillation are unclear as evidence is of very low quality.Increasing PUFA intake slightly reduces total cholesterol (mean difference (MD) -0.12 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.23 to -0.02, 26 trials, 8072 participants) and probably slightly decreases triglycerides (MD -0.12 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.20 to -0.04, 20 trials, 3905 participants), but has little or no effect on high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (MD -0.01 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.02 to 0.01, 18 trials, 4674 participants) or low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (MD -0.01 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.09 to 0.06, 15 trials, 3362 participants). Increasing PUFA probably causes slight weight gain (MD 0.76 kg, 95% CI 0.34 to 1.19, 12 trials, 7100 participants).Effects of increasing PUFA on serious adverse events such as pulmonary embolism and bleeding are unclear as the evidence is of very low quality. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS This is the most extensive systematic review of RCTs conducted to date to assess effects of increasing PUFA on cardiovascular disease, mortality, lipids or adiposity. Increasing PUFA intake probably slightly reduces risk of coronary heart disease and cardiovascular disease events, may slightly reduce risk of coronary heart disease mortality and stroke (though not ruling out harms), but has little or no effect on all-cause or cardiovascular disease mortality. The mechanism may be via lipid reduction, but increasing PUFA probably slightly increases weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa S Abdelhamid
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Nicole Martin
- University College LondonFarr Institute of Health Informatics Research222 Euston RoadLondonUKNW1 2DA
| | - Charlene Bridges
- University College LondonFarr Institute of Health Informatics Research222 Euston RoadLondonUKNW1 2DA
| | - Julii S Brainard
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Xia Wang
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Tracey J Brown
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Sarah Hanson
- University of East AngliaSchool of Health SciencesEdith Cavell BuildingNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Oluseyi F Jimoh
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Sarah M Ajabnoor
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Katherine HO Deane
- University of East AngliaSchool of Health SciencesEdith Cavell BuildingNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Fujian Song
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Lee Hooper
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
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Abdelhamid AS, Brown TJ, Brainard JS, Biswas P, Thorpe GC, Moore HJ, Deane KHO, AlAbdulghafoor FK, Summerbell CD, Worthington HV, Song F, Hooper L. Omega-3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 7:CD003177. [PMID: 30019766 PMCID: PMC6513557 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd003177.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Researchers have suggested that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from oily fish (long-chain omega-3 (LCn3), including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)), as well as from plants (alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)) benefit cardiovascular health. Guidelines recommend increasing omega-3-rich foods, and sometimes supplementation, but recent trials have not confirmed this. OBJECTIVES To assess effects of increased intake of fish- and plant-based omega-3 for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular (CVD) events, adiposity and lipids. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE and Embase to April 2017, plus ClinicalTrials.gov and World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry to September 2016, with no language restrictions. We handsearched systematic review references and bibliographies and contacted authors. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that lasted at least 12 months and compared supplementation and/or advice to increase LCn3 or ALA intake versus usual or lower intake. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently assessed studies for inclusion, extracted data and assessed validity. We performed separate random-effects meta-analysis for ALA and LCn3 interventions, and assessed dose-response relationships through meta-regression. MAIN RESULTS We included 79 RCTs (112,059 participants) in this review update and found that 25 were at low summary risk of bias. Trials were of 12 to 72 months' duration and included adults at varying cardiovascular risk, mainly in high-income countries. Most studies assessed LCn3 supplementation with capsules, but some used LCn3- or ALA-rich or enriched foods or dietary advice compared to placebo or usual diet.Meta-analysis and sensitivity analyses suggested little or no effect of increasing LCn3 on all-cause mortality (RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.03, 92,653 participants; 8189 deaths in 39 trials, high-quality evidence), cardiovascular mortality (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.87 to 1.03, 67,772 participants; 4544 CVD deaths in 25 RCTs), cardiovascular events (RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.94 to 1.04, 90,378 participants; 14,737 people experienced events in 38 trials, high-quality evidence), coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.79 to 1.09, 73,491 participants; 1596 CHD deaths in 21 RCTs), stroke (RR 1.06, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.16, 89,358 participants; 1822 strokes in 28 trials) or arrhythmia (RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.05, 53,796 participants; 3788 people experienced arrhythmia in 28 RCTs). There was a suggestion that LCn3 reduced CHD events (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.88 to 0.97, 84,301 participants; 5469 people experienced CHD events in 28 RCTs); however, this was not maintained in sensitivity analyses - LCn3 probably makes little or no difference to CHD event risk. All evidence was of moderate GRADE quality, except as noted.Increasing ALA intake probably makes little or no difference to all-cause mortality (RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.84 to 1.20, 19,327 participants; 459 deaths, 5 RCTs),cardiovascular mortality (RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.74 to 1.25, 18,619 participants; 219 cardiovascular deaths, 4 RCTs), and it may make little or no difference to CHD events (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.22, 19,061 participants, 397 CHD events, 4 RCTs, low-quality evidence). However, increased ALA may slightly reduce risk of cardiovascular events (from 4.8% to 4.7%, RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.83 to 1.07, 19,327 participants; 884 CVD events, 5 RCTs, low-quality evidence), and probably reduces risk of CHD mortality (1.1% to 1.0%, RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.72 to 1.26, 18,353 participants; 193 CHD deaths, 3 RCTs), and arrhythmia (3.3% to 2.6%, RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.57 to 1.10, 4,837 participants; 141 events, 1 RCT). Effects on stroke are unclear.Sensitivity analysis retaining only trials at low summary risk of bias moved effect sizes towards the null (RR 1.0) for all LCn3 primary outcomes except arrhythmias, but for most ALA outcomes, effect sizes moved to suggest protection. LCn3 funnel plots suggested that adding in missing studies/results would move effect sizes towards null for most primary outcomes. There were no dose or duration effects in subgrouping or meta-regression.There was no evidence that increasing LCn3 or ALA altered serious adverse events, adiposity or lipids, although LCn3 slightly reduced triglycerides and increased HDL. ALA probably reduces HDL (high- or moderate-quality evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS This is the most extensive systematic assessment of effects of omega-3 fats on cardiovascular health to date. Moderate- and high-quality evidence suggests that increasing EPA and DHA has little or no effect on mortality or cardiovascular health (evidence mainly from supplement trials). Previous suggestions of benefits from EPA and DHA supplements appear to spring from trials with higher risk of bias. Low-quality evidence suggests ALA may slightly reduce CVD event risk, CHD mortality and arrhythmia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa S Abdelhamid
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Tracey J Brown
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Julii S Brainard
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Priti Biswas
- University of East AngliaMED/HSCNorwich Research ParkNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Gabrielle C Thorpe
- University of East AngliaSchool of Health SciencesEarlham RoadNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Helen J Moore
- Durham UniversityWolfson Research InstituteDurhamUKDH1 3LE
| | - Katherine HO Deane
- University of East AngliaSchool of Health SciencesEarlham RoadNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Fai K AlAbdulghafoor
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Carolyn D Summerbell
- Durham UniversityDepartment of Sport and Exercise Science42 Old ElvetDurhamUKDH13HN
| | - Helen V Worthington
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of ManchesterCochrane Oral HealthJR Moore BuildingOxford RoadManchesterUKM13 9PL
| | - Fujian Song
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Lee Hooper
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
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Scorletti E, Byrne CD. Omega-3 fatty acids and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Evidence of efficacy and mechanism of action. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 64:135-146. [PMID: 29544992 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
For many years it has been known that high doses of long chain omega-3 fatty acids are beneficial in the treatment of hypertriglyceridaemia. Over the last three decades, there has also been a wealth of in vitro and in vivo data that has accumulated to suggest that long chain omega-3 fatty acid treatment might be beneficial to decrease liver triacylglycerol. Several biological mechanisms have been identified that support this hypothesis; notably, it has been shown that long chain omega-3 fatty acids have a beneficial effect: a) on bioactive metabolites involved in inflammatory pathways, and b) on alteration of nuclear transcription factor activities such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c) and carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein (ChREBP), involved in inflammatory pathways and liver lipid metabolism. Since the pathogenesis of non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) begins with the accumulation of liver lipid and progresses with inflammation and then several years later with development of fibrosis; it has been thought in patients with NAFLD omega-3 fatty acid treatment would be beneficial in treating liver lipid and possibly also in ameliorating inflammation. Meta-analyses (of predominantly dietary studies and small trials) have tended to support the assertion that omega-3 fatty acids are beneficial in decreasing liver lipid, but recent randomised controlled trials have produced conflicting data. These trials have suggested that omega-3 fatty acid might be beneficial in decreasing liver triglyceride (docosahexanoic acid also possibly being more effective than eicosapentanoic acid) but not in decreasing other features of steatohepatitis (or liver fibrosis). The purpose of this review is to discuss recent evidence regarding biological mechanisms by which long chain omega-3 fatty acids might act to ameliorate liver disease in NAFLD; to consider the recent evidence from randomised trials in both adults and children with NAFLD; and finally to discuss key 'known unknowns' that need to be considered, before planning future studies that are focussed on testing the effects of omega-3 fatty acid treatment in patients with NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Scorletti
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; National Institute for Health Research, Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK.
| | - Christopher D Byrne
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; National Institute for Health Research, Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
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Gawrieh S, Chalasani N. Emerging Treatments for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Clin Liver Dis 2018; 22:189-199. [PMID: 29128056 DOI: 10.1016/j.cld.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses completed phase II randomized clinical trials with high-quality published results for compounds that demonstrate effects on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis histology (obeticholic acid, elafibranor, and liraglutide). The authors also review the available preliminary data on cenicriviroc and selonsertib, with or without simtuzumab's phase II studies. Finally, the authors briefly discuss compounds that have been tested but did not achieve the primary end point of histologic improvement and appeared in high-quality published articles (cysteamine bitartrate and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids).
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer Gawrieh
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 702 Rotary Circle, Suite 225, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Naga Chalasani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 702 Rotary Circle, Suite 225, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Yu L, Yuan M, Wang L. The effect of omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs. Pak J Med Sci 2017; 33:1022-1028. [PMID: 29067086 PMCID: PMC5648933 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.334.12315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: During the treatment of diseases such as angiocardiopathy, blood lipid abnormalities and metabolic syndrome, omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) can reduce plasma lipids and improve cardiovascular status, thus ameliorating disease severity. We aimed to explore the effects of PUFA supplementation in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Methods: A systematic literature search was performed during March 2016 for randomized controlled trials using PUFA or fish oil supplementation in patients with NAFLD or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). All Randomized controlled trials were retrieved from MEDLINE and EMBASE database up to date (March 2016). A meta-analysis of key outcomes (serum level of liver enzymes and lipids) were identified in these studies. The mean difference (MD) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used as measures of effect size. Results: Thirteen studies were included, consisting of 266 patients in the PUFA group and 402 cases in the control group. Serum level of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was lower in the PUFA group than that in in the controls [MD=−9.18, 95% CI (−12.41, −5.96), P <0.00001]. However, PUFA treatment did not affect aspartate aminotransferase (AST) [MD=−5.07, 95% CI (−12.65, 2.51), P= 0.19], gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) [MD=−1.91, 95% CI (−4.15, 0.33), P <0.009]. Conclusions: PUFA supplementation may affects serum level of ALT and improve liver function in patients with NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Yu
- Dr. Le Yu, Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China. Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Man Yuan
- Dr. Man Yuan, Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China. Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Linchun Wang
- Linchun Wang, Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China. Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Brea Á, Pintó X, Ascaso JF, Blasco M, Díaz Á, González-Santos P, Hernández-Mijares A, Mantilla T, Millán J, Pedro-Botet J. Enfermedad del hígado graso no alcohólico, asociación con la enfermedad cardiovascular y tratamiento (II). Tratamiento de la enfermedad del hígado graso no alcohólico. CLINICA E INVESTIGACION EN ARTERIOSCLEROSIS 2017; 29:185-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arteri.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Lytle KA, Wong CP, Jump DB. Docosahexaenoic acid blocks progression of western diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in obese Ldlr-/- mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173376. [PMID: 28422962 PMCID: PMC5396882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major public health concern in western societies. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the progressive form of NAFLD, is characterized by hepatic steatosis, inflammation, oxidative stress and fibrosis. NASH is a risk factor for cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. NASH is predicted to be the leading cause of liver transplants by 2020. Despite this growing public health concern, there remain no Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved NASH treatments. Using Ldlr-/- mice as a preclinical model of western diet (WD)-induced NASH, we previously established that dietary supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6,ω3) attenuated WD-induced NASH in a prevention study. Herein, we evaluated the capacity of DHA supplementation of the WD and a low fat diet to fully reverse NASH in mice with pre-existing disease. Methods Ldlr-/- mice fed the WD for 22 wks developed metabolic syndrome (MetS) and a severe NASH phenotype, including obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, hepatic steatosis, inflammation, fibrosis and low hepatic polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content. These mice were randomized to 5 groups: a baseline group (WDB, sacrificed at 22 wks) and 4 treatments: 1) WD + olive oil (WDO); 2) WD + DHA (WDD); 3) returned to chow + olive oil (WDChO); or 4) returned to chow + DHA (WDChD). The four treatment groups were maintained on their respective diets for 8 wks. An additional group was maintained on standard laboratory chow (Reference Diet, RD) for the 30-wk duration of the study. Results When compared to the WDB group, the WDO group displayed increased hepatic expression of genes linked to inflammation (Opn, Il1rn, Gdf15), hepatic fibrosis (collagen staining, Col1A1, Thbs2, Lox) reflecting disease progression. Mice in the WDD group, in contrast, had increased hepatic C20-22 ω3 PUFA and no evidence of NASH progression. MetS and NASH markers in the WDChO or WDChD groups were significantly attenuated and marginally different from the RD group, reflecting disease remission. Conclusion While these studies establish that DHA supplementation of the WD blocks WD-induced NASH progression, DHA alone does not promote full remission of diet-induced MetS or NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli A. Lytle
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Carmen P. Wong
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Donald B. Jump
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Deleterious effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in the fat-1 mouse model. CLINICAL NUTRITION EXPERIMENTAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yclnex.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Spahis S, Delvin E, Borys JM, Levy E. Oxidative Stress as a Critical Factor in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Pathogenesis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 26:519-541. [PMID: 27452109 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), characterized by liver triacylglycerol build-up, has been growing in the global world in concert with the raised prevalence of cardiometabolic disorders, including obesity, diabetes, and hyperlipemia. Redox imbalance has been suggested to be highly relevant to NAFLD pathogenesis. Recent Advances: As a major health problem, NAFLD progresses to the more severe nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) condition and predisposes susceptible individuals to liver and cardiovascular disease. Although NAFLD represents the predominant cause of chronic liver disorders, the mechanisms of its development and progression remain incompletely understood, even if various scientific groups ascribed them to the occurrence of insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, inflammation, and apoptosis. Nevertheless, oxidative stress (OxS) more and more appears as the most important pathological event during NAFLD development and the hallmark between simple steatosis and NASH manifestation. CRITICAL ISSUES The purpose of this article is to summarize recent developments in the understanding of NAFLD, essentially focusing on OxS as a major pathogenetic mechanism. Various attempts to translate reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging by antioxidants into experimental and clinical studies have yielded mostly encouraging results. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Although augmented concentrations of ROS and faulty antioxidant defense have been associated to NAFLD and related complications, mechanisms of action and proofs of principle should be highlighted to support the causative role of OxS and to translate its concept into the clinic. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 26, 519-541.
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Affiliation(s)
- Schohraya Spahis
- 1 GI-Nutrition Unit, Research Centre, CHU Ste-Justine, Université de Montréal , Montreal, Quebec, Canada .,2 Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal , Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Edgard Delvin
- 1 GI-Nutrition Unit, Research Centre, CHU Ste-Justine, Université de Montréal , Montreal, Quebec, Canada .,3 Department of Biochemistry, Université de Montréal , Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Emile Levy
- 1 GI-Nutrition Unit, Research Centre, CHU Ste-Justine, Université de Montréal , Montreal, Quebec, Canada .,2 Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal , Montreal, Quebec, Canada .,4 EPODE International Network , Paris, France
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Lacasse MC, Tang A, Dubois J, Alvarez F, Spahis S, Chagnon M, Deschênes S, Levy E. Monitoring the efficacy of omega-3 supplementation on liver steatosis and carotid intima-media thickness: a pilot study. Obes Sci Pract 2017; 3:201-211. [PMID: 28702213 PMCID: PMC5478813 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine the effects of omega‐3 supplementation on liver fat and carotid intima–media thickness (IMT) and to assess accuracy of ultrasound (US) for grading liver steatosis. Materials and Methods In this one‐way crossover pilot study, we assigned children with obesity and liver steatosis to receive 1.2 g daily of omega‐3 supplementation vs. inactive sunflower oil for 24 or 12 weeks. Liver fat content was assessed by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and US, and common carotid IMT by US. Statistical analysis included Chi‐square, Student's t‐tests, ANOVA tests and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Results Omega‐3 supplementation was associated with a trend towards decrease in MRS‐determined liver fat fraction (0.7% and 2.1% decrease in the 24‐week and 12‐week omega‐3 group, respectively) compared with the sunflower oil group (1.0% increase). These changes were not significant, whether assessed by MRS (P = 0.508), MRI (P = 0.508) or US (P = 0.678). Using US, the area under the ROC curves were 0.964, 0.817 and 0.783 for distinguishing inferred steatosis grades 0 vs. 1–2–3, 0–1 vs. 2–3 and 0–1–2 vs. 3, respectively, indicating good accuracy of US‐based fat grading. Omega‐3 supplementation was associated with a decrease in US‐determined IMT (0.05‐mm decrease in the 24‐week omega‐3 group. A 0.015‐mm increase was found in the 12‐week omega‐3 group, and a 0.007‐mm decrease in the sunflower oil group (P = 0.003). Conclusion Omega‐3 supplementation had no significant effect on liver fat fraction, but led to carotid IMT decrease in children with obesity and liver steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-C Lacasse
- Department of Radiology Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) Montréa Québec Canada
| | - A Tang
- Department of Radiology Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) Montréa Québec Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) Montréal Québec Canada
| | - J Dubois
- Department of Radiology Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Ste-Justine Montréal Québec Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Ste-Justine Montréal Québec Canada
| | - F Alvarez
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Ste-Justine Montréal Québec Canada.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and NutritionCentre Hospitalier Universitaire Ste-Justine Montréal Québec Canada
| | - S Spahis
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Ste-Justine Montréal Québec Canada.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and NutritionCentre Hospitalier Universitaire Ste-Justine Montréal Québec Canada.,Department of Nutrition Université de Montréal Québec Canada
| | - M Chagnon
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Pavillon André-Aisenstadt Université de Montréal Montréal Québec Canada
| | - S Deschênes
- Department of Radiology Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Ste-Justine Montréal Québec Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Ste-Justine Montréal Québec Canada
| | - E Levy
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Ste-Justine Montréal Québec Canada.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and NutritionCentre Hospitalier Universitaire Ste-Justine Montréal Québec Canada
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Guo XF, Yang B, Tang J, Li D. Fatty acid and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Meta-analyses of case-control and randomized controlled trials. Clin Nutr 2017; 37:113-122. [PMID: 28161092 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Blood and/or liver fatty acid contents of healthy subjects and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients have shown inconsistent associations. In addition, the results of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in relation to the effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation on alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), liver fat, triglyceride (TAG) and fasting glucose levels are inconsistent. The present study aimed to investigate the differences of fatty acid content in the blood and/or liver tissue between healthy subjects and NAFLD patients, and to quantify the benefits of n-3 PUFA therapy in NAFLD patients. METHODS A systematic literature search was performed up to November 2016 using PubMed and Scopus databases. The differences of fatty acid content between cases and controls were calculated as weighted mean differences (WMD) by using a random-effects model. The intervention effects of RCTs were calculated as WMD for net changes in ALT, AST, liver fat, TAG and fasting glucose levels, respectively. Meta-regression with restricted maximum likelihood estimation was used to evaluate a potential linear relationship between confounding factors and effect sizes. Generalized least square was performed for dose-response analysis. RESULTS Ten eligible case-control studies and 11 RCTs were included. The pooled estimates of case-control studies showed that blood and/or liver docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content was significantly higher in the controls compared with cases. The pooled estimates of RCTs showed that n-3 PUFA supplementation significantly reduced the ALT (-7.53 U/L; 95% CI: -9.98, -5.08 U/L), ASL (-7.10 U/L, 95% CI: -11.67, -2.52 U/L) and TAG (-36.16 mg/dL, 95% CI: -49.15, -23.18 mg/dL) concentrations, and marginally reduced the liver fat content (-5.11%, 95% CI: -10.24, 0.02%, P = 0.051), but not fasting glucose. Dose-response analysis of RCTs showed that 1 g per day increment of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)+DHA was associated with a 3.14 U/L, 2.43 U/L, 2.74% and 9.97 mg/dL reduction in ALT (95% CI: -5.25, -1.02 U/L), AST (95% CI: -3.90, -0.90 U/L), liver fat (95% CI: -4.32, -1.16%) and TAG (95% CI: -14.47, -5.48 mg/dL) levels, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The present meta-analysis provides substantial evidence that n-3 PUFA supplementation, especially DHA, has a favorable effect in treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fei Guo
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jun Tang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Duo Li
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Institute of Nutrition and Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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Kelley NS. Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease with Long-Chain n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Humans. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2016; 14:417-430. [DOI: 10.1089/met.2016.0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nirvair S. Kelley
- Department of Internal Medicine, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, California
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Woo Baidal JA, Lavine JE. The intersection of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and obesity. Sci Transl Med 2016; 8:323rv1. [PMID: 26819197 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aad8390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease worldwide and recently emerged as the most rapidly increasing indication for liver transplant. Although obesity is a risk factor for NAFLD, overlap between these two entities is incompletely understood. We highlight recent insights into the pathogenesis of human NAFLD in relation to obesity and discuss advances in the diagnosis and treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Woo Baidal
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Joel E Lavine
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Valenzuela R, Espinosa A, Llanos P, Hernandez-Rodas MC, Barrera C, Vergara D, Romero N, Pérez F, Ruz M, Videla LA. Anti-steatotic effects of an n-3 LCPUFA and extra virgin olive oil mixture in the liver of mice subjected to high-fat diet. Food Funct 2016; 7:140-50. [PMID: 26471014 DOI: 10.1039/c5fo01086a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by liver steatosis, oxidative stress, and drastic depletion of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA), namely, eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5 n-3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 n-3, DHA), which trigger lipolysis stimulation and lipogenesis inhibition. Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) has important antioxidant effects. This study evaluated the anti-steatotic effects of n-3 LCPUFA plus EVOO in the liver of male C57BL/6J mice subjected to a control diet (CD) (10% fat, 20% protein, 70% carbohydrate) or high fat diet (HFD) (60% fat, 20% protein, 20% carbohydrate), without and with supplementation with n-3 LCPUFA (100 mg per kg per day) plus EVOO (100 mg per kg per day) for 12 weeks. HFD induced (i) liver steatosis (increased total fat, triacylglycerols, and free fatty acid total contents), (ii) higher fasting serum glucose and insulin levels and HOMA index, total cholesterol, triacylglycerols and TNF-α and IL-6, (iii) liver and plasma oxidative stress enhancement, (iv) depletion of the n-3 LCPUFA hepatic content, and (v) increment in lipogenic enzyme activity and reduction in lipolytic enzyme activity. These changes were either reduced (p < 0.05) or normalized to control the values in animals subjected to HFD supplemented with n-3 LCPUFA plus EVOO. In conclusion, n-3 LCPUFA plus EVOO intervention exerts anti-steatotic effects underlying antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses, improved insulin sensitivity, and recovery of the lipolytic/lipogenic status of the liver altered by HFD, and supports the potential therapeutic use of n-3 LCPUFA plus EVOO supplementation in the treatment of human liver steatosis induced by nutritional factors or other etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Alejandra Espinosa
- Medical Technology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Llanos
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Cynthia Barrera
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Daniela Vergara
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Nalda Romero
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Department of Food Science and Chemical Technology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Pérez
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Manuel Ruz
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Luis A Videla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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He XX, Wu XL, Chen RP, Chen C, Liu XG, Wu BJ, Huang ZM. Effectiveness of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162368. [PMID: 27711128 PMCID: PMC5053538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a clinical syndrome with the main characteristic of diffuse liver cells with fatty changes. The clinical evolution of NAFLD includes simple non-alcoholic fatty liver, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, and even hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODS AND FINDINGS We conducted this review to identify the effectiveness of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFA) in NAFLD. We searched PubMed, Cochrane Library and Embase. All randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of ω-3 PUFA treatment for NAFLD were considered. Two reviewers assessed the quality of each study and collected data independently. Disagreements were resolved by discussion among the reviewers and any of the other authors of the paper. We performed a meta-analysis and reported summary estimates of outcomes as inverse variance (IV), fixed or random, with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We included seven RCTs involving 442 patients (227 for the experimental group and 215 for the control group). All the patients were divided into two groups: one treated with ω-3 PUFA and the other was the control group (generally placebo). The demographics of the ω-3 PUFA and control groups were comparable. Beneficial changes in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (IV 95% CI: -7.61 [-12.83 to -2.39], p = 0.004), total cholesterol (TC) (IV 95% CI: -13.41 [-21.44 to -5.38], p = 0.001), triglyceride (TG) (IV 95% CI: -43.96 [-51.21 to -36.71], p<0.00001) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (IV 95% CI: 6.97 [2.05 to 11.90], p = 0.006) favored ω-3 PUFA treatment. Omega-3 PUFA tended towards a beneficial effect on aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (IV 95% CI: -6.89 [-17.71 to 3.92], p = 0.21), γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT) (IV 95% CI: -8.28 [-18.38 to 1.83], p = 0.11) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (IV 95% CI: -7.13 [-14.26 to 0.0], p = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Supplementation with ω-3 PUFA is a practical and effective treatment for NAFLD to decrease ALT, TC and increase HDL-C, especially to decrease TG. Omega-3 PUFA also has a tendency toward a beneficial effect on AST, GGT and LDL-C. More high-quality, large RCTs are needed to validate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Xi He
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiao-Li Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ren-Pin Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiao-Gang Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ningxia People’s Hospital, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Bin-Jiao Wu
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, The People’s Hospital of Yueqing, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhi-Ming Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- * E-mail:
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