1
|
Wang CC, Wang SS, Liao CL, Tsai WR, Tung CW. Reconfiguring the online tool of SkinSensPred for predicting skin sensitization of pesticides. JOURNAL OF PESTICIDE SCIENCE 2022; 47:184-189. [PMID: 36514692 PMCID: PMC9716044 DOI: 10.1584/jpestics.d22-043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Adverse outcome pathway (AOP)-based computational models provide state-of-the-art prediction for human skin sensitizers and are promising alternatives to animal testing. However, little is known about their applicability to pesticides due to scarce pesticide data for evaluation. Moreover, pesticides traditionally have been tested on animals without human data, making validation difficult. Direct application of AOP-based models to pesticides may be inappropriate since their original applicability domains were designed to maximize reliability for human response prediction on diverse chemicals but not pesticides. This study proposed to identify a consensus chemical space with concordant human responses predicted by the SkinSensPred online tool and animal testing data to reduce animal testing. The identified consensus chemical space for non-sensitizers achieved high concordance of 85% and 100% for the cross-validation and independent test, respectively. The reconfigured SkinSensPred can be applied as the first-tier tool for identifying non-sensitizers to reduce. animal testing for pesticides by 19.6%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chi Wang
- Department and Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University
| | - Shan-Shan Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes
| | - Chun-Lin Liao
- Taiwan Agricultural Chemicals and Toxic Substances Research Institute, Council of Agriculture
| | - Wei-Ren Tsai
- Taiwan Agricultural Chemicals and Toxic Substances Research Institute, Council of Agriculture
| | - Chun-Wei Tung
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes
- Graduate Institute of Data Science, College of Management, Taipei Medical University
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Udayakumar P, Das R, Kannadasan A. Significance of probiotics in remodeling the gut consortium to enhance the immunity of Caenorhabditis elegans. Genesis 2021; 59:e23454. [PMID: 34664387 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In the recent past, Caenorhabditis elegans has emerged as one of the leading nematode models for studying host-microbe interactions on molecular, cellular, or organismal levels. In general, morphological and functional similarities of the gut of C. elegans with respect to that of human has brought in speculations on the study of the intestinal microbiota. On the other hand, probiotics have proved their efficacy in metabolism, development, and pathogenesis thereby inducing an immune response in C. elegans. Nurturing C. elegans with probiotics has led to immunomodulatory effects in the intestinal microbiota, proposing C. elegans as one of the in vivo screening criteria to select potential probiotic bacteria for host health-promoting factors. The major prospect of these probiotics is to exert longevity toward the host in diverse environmental conditions. The extent of research on probiotic metabolism has shed light on mechanisms of the immunomodulatory effect exerted by the nematode model. This review discusses various aspects of the effects of probiotics in improving the health and mechanisms involved in conferring immunity in C. elegans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prithika Udayakumar
- Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Centre for Excellence in Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Chennai, India
| | - Reena Das
- Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Centre for Excellence in Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Chennai, India
| | - Anandbabu Kannadasan
- Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Centre for Excellence in Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Chennai, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Khong MT, Berl V, Kuhn L, Hammann P, Lepoittevin JP. Chemical Modifications Induced by Phthalic Anhydride, a Respiratory Sensitizer, in Reconstructed Human Epidermis: A Combined HRMAS NMR and LC-MS/MS Proteomic Approach. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:2087-2099. [PMID: 34370447 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chemical skin and respiratory allergies are becoming a major health problem. To date our knowledge on the process of protein haptenation is still limited and mainly derived from studies performed in solution using model nucleophiles. In order to better understand chemical interactions between chemical allergens and the skin, we have investigated the reactivity of phthalic anhydride 1 (PA), a chemical respiratory sensitizer, toward reconstructed human epidermis (RHE). This study was performed using a new approach combining HRMAS NMR to investigate the in situ chemical reactivity and LC-MS/MS to identify modified epidermal proteins. In RHE, the reaction of PA appeared to be quite fast and the major product formed was phthalic acid. Two amide type adducts on lysine residues were observed and after 8h of incubation, we also observed the formation of an imide type cyclized adducts with lysine. In parallel, RHE samples topically exposed to phthalic anhydride (13C)-1 were analyzed using the shotgun proteomics method. Thus, 948 different proteins were extracted and identified, 135 of which being modified by PA, i.e., 14.2% of the extracted proteome. A total of 211 amino acids were modified by PA and validated by fragmentation spectra. We thus identified 154 modified lysines, 22 modified histidines, 30 modified tyrosines, and 5 modified arginines. The rate of modified residues, as a proportion of the total number of modifiable nucleophilic residues in RHE, was rather low (1%). At the protein level, modified proteins were mainly type I and type II keratins and other proteins which are abundant in the epidermis such as protein S100A, Caspase 14, annexin A2, serpin B3, fatty-acid binding protein 5, histone H2, H3, H4, etc. However, the most modified protein, mainly on histidine residues, was filaggrin, a protein that is of low abundance (0.0266 mol %) and rich in histidine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minh-Thuong Khong
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry UMR 7177, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Valérie Berl
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry UMR 7177, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Lauriane Kuhn
- Plateforme Protéomique Strasbourg-Esplanade, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS FRC1589, Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Philippe Hammann
- Plateforme Protéomique Strasbourg-Esplanade, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS FRC1589, Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ha Y, Kim Y, Choi J, Hwang I, Ko JY, Jeon HK, Kim YJ. Evaluation of cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and zebrafish embryo toxicity of mixtures containing Hyssopus officinalis, Morus alba, Engraulis japonicus, and 27 other extracts for cosmetic safety assessment. Mol Cell Toxicol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-021-00128-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
5
|
Marigliani B, Sehn FP, Silva JVMA, Balottin LBL, Augusto EDFP, Buehler AM. The Overt and Hidden Use of Animal-Derived Products in Alternative Methods for Skin Sensitisation: A Systematic Review. Altern Lab Anim 2020; 47:174-195. [PMID: 31902222 DOI: 10.1177/0261192919896361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In vitro methods that can replace animal testing in the identification of skin sensitisers are now a reality. However, as cell culture and related techniques usually rely on animal-derived products, these methods may be failing to address the complete replacement of animals in safety assessment. The objective of this study was to identify the animal-derived products that are used as part of in vitro methods for skin sensitisation testing. Thus, a systematic review of 156 articles featuring 83 different in vitro methods was carried out and, from this review, the use of several animal-derived products from different species was identified, with the use of fetal bovine serum being cited in most of the methods (78%). The use of sera from other animals, monoclonal antibodies and animal proteins were also variously mentioned. While non-animal alternatives are available and methods free of animal-derived products are emerging, most of the current methods reported used at least one animal-derived product, which raises ethical and technical concerns. Therefore, to deliver technically and ethically better in vitro methods for the safety assessment of chemicals, more effort should be made to replace products of animal origin in existing methods and to avoid their use in the development of new method protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Marigliani
- Department of Research and Toxicology, Humane Society International (HSI), Washington, DC, USA
| | - Felipe Perraro Sehn
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Periodontology, Ribeirão Preto Dental School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Luciene Bottentuit López Balottin
- Laboratory of Tissue Bioengineering, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro), Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elisabeth de Fatima Pires Augusto
- Department of Science and Technology, Science and Technology Institute, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anna Maria Buehler
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tourneix F, Alépée N, Detroyer A, Eilstein J, Martinozzi Teissier S, Nardelli L, Noçairi H, Pauloin T, Piroird C, Del Bufalo A. Assessment of a defined approach based on a stacking prediction model to identify skin sensitization hazard. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 60:134-143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
7
|
Abstract
SummaryStudies have shown that daily exposure to different products, whether chemical or natural, can cause irreversible damage to women’s reproductive health. Therefore it is necessary to use tests that evaluate the safety and efficacy of these products. Most reproductive toxicology tests are performedin vivo. However, in recent years, various cell culture methods, including embryonic stem cells and tissues have been developed with the aim of reducing the use of animals in toxicological tests. This is a major advance in the area of toxicology, as these systems have the potential to become a widely used tool compared within vivotests routinely used in reproductive biology and toxicology. The present review describes and highlights data onin vitroculture processes used to evaluate reproductive toxicity as an alternative to traditional methods usingin vivotests.
Collapse
|
8
|
Clouet E, Bechara R, Raffalli C, Damiens MH, Groux H, Pallardy M, Ferret PJ, Kerdine-Römer S. The THP-1 cell toolbox: a new concept integrating the key events of skin sensitization. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:941-951. [PMID: 30806763 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02416-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
According to the current scientific consensus, one in vitro test is insufficient to cover the key events (KE) defined by the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) for skin sensitization. To address this issue we combined different end points in the same cell line to cover all KEs defined by the skin sensitization AOP. Since dendritic cells (DC) play a key role in the sensitization phase leading to the development of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), we used THP-1 cells as a surrogate for DC. We measured ROS production and GSH depletion for KE1 (binding to proteins), Nrf2 activation pathway and gene expressions for KE2 (keratinocyte response), phenotype modifications using cell-surface markers and cytokine production for KE3 (DC activation), and T-cell proliferation for KE4 (T-cell activation). These measurements were performed using the THP-1 cell line and an original THP-1/T-cell co-culture system following exposure to a variety of chemicals, including irritant, non-sensitizers, and chemicals sensitizers (pro/prehaptens). Results showed that treatment with sensitizers such as cinnamaldehyde (100 µM) or methylisothiazolinone (150 µM) was able to trigger the three main key events (KE1, KE2, and KE3) of the sensitization phase of ACD in THP-1 cells. In addition, all sensitizers were able to induce T lymphocyte proliferation (KE4), while non-sensitizers and irritants did not. Our study shows for the first time that addressing the four main KE of skin sensitization AOP in a single cell line is an achievable task.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Clouet
- Safety Assessment Department, Pierre Fabre Dermo Cosmétique, Toulouse, France.,UMR996-Inflammation, Chemokines and Immunopathology, INSERM, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Rami Bechara
- UMR996-Inflammation, Chemokines and Immunopathology, INSERM, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Chloé Raffalli
- UMR996-Inflammation, Chemokines and Immunopathology, INSERM, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Marie-Hélène Damiens
- UMR996-Inflammation, Chemokines and Immunopathology, INSERM, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | | | - Marc Pallardy
- UMR996-Inflammation, Chemokines and Immunopathology, INSERM, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | | | - Saadia Kerdine-Römer
- UMR996-Inflammation, Chemokines and Immunopathology, INSERM, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Toropova AP, Toropov AA, Benfenati E, Leszczynska D, Leszczynski J. Prediction of antimicrobial activity of large pool of peptides using quasi-SMILES. Biosystems 2018; 169-170:5-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
10
|
Lee S, Greenstein T, Shi L, Maguire T, Schloss R, Yarmush M. Tri-culture system for pro-hapten sensitizer identification and potency classification. TECHNOLOGY 2018; 6:67-74. [PMID: 30519598 PMCID: PMC6276108 DOI: 10.1142/s233954781850005x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is an inflammatory disease that impacts 15-20% of the general population and accurate screening methods for chemical risk assessment are needed. However, most approaches poorly predict pre- and pro-hapten sensitizers, which require abiotic or metabolic conversion prior to inducing sensitization. We developed a tri-culture system comprised of MUTZ-3-derived Langerhans cells, HaCaT keratinocytes, and primary dermal fibroblasts to mimic the cellular and metabolic environments of skin sensitization. A panel of non-sensitizers and sensitizers was tested and the secretome was evaluated. A support vector machine (SVM) was used to identify the most predictive sensitization signature and classification trees identified statistical thresholds to predict sensitizer potency. The SVM computed 91% tri-culture prediction accuracy using the top 3 ranking biomarkers (IL-8, MIP-1β, and GM-CSF) and improved the detection of pre- and pro-haptens. This in vitro assay combined with in silico data analysis presents a promising approach and offers the possibility of multi-metric analysis for enhanced ACD sensitizer screening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serom Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Talia Greenstein
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Lingting Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Tim Maguire
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Rene Schloss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Martin Yarmush
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and the Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and the Shriners Burns Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mechanism-informed read-across assessment of skin sensitizers based on SkinSensDB. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 94:276-282. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
12
|
Hoffmann S, Kleinstreuer N, Alépée N, Allen D, Api AM, Ashikaga T, Clouet E, Cluzel M, Desprez B, Gellatly N, Goebel C, Kern PS, Klaric M, Kühnl J, Lalko JF, Martinozzi-Teissier S, Mewes K, Miyazawa M, Parakhia R, van Vliet E, Zang Q, Petersohn D. Non-animal methods to predict skin sensitization (I): the Cosmetics Europe database. Crit Rev Toxicol 2018; 48:344-358. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2018.1429385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Anne Marie Api
- The Research Institute for Fragrance Materials (RIFM), Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA
| | - Takao Ashikaga
- Shiseido Global Innovation Center, Hayabuchi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Petra S. Kern
- Procter and Gamble Services Company NV, Strombeek-Bever, Belgium
| | | | | | - Jon F. Lalko
- The Research Institute for Fragrance Materials (RIFM), Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA
| | | | | | | | - Rahul Parakhia
- The Research Institute for Fragrance Materials (RIFM), Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA
| | - Erwin van Vliet
- Services and Consultations on Alternative Methods (SeCAM), Magliaso, Switzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Castillo A, de la Guardia Y. Spineless solutions: The potential of invertebrate animal models for advancing science in the developing world. EMBO Rep 2017; 18:1885-1888. [PMID: 29061874 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201744113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Armando Castillo
- Centro de Neurociencias, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Ciudad del Saber, Panamá
| | - Yila de la Guardia
- Centro de Biología Molecular y Celular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Ciudad del Saber, Panamá
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Respiratory sensitization: toxicological point of view on the available assays. Arch Toxicol 2017; 92:803-822. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2088-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
15
|
Hybrid optimal descriptors as a tool to predict skin sensitization in accordance to OECD principles. Toxicol Lett 2017; 275:57-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
16
|
Alves VM, Muratov EN, Zakharov A, Muratov NN, Andrade CH, Tropsha A. Chemical toxicity prediction for major classes of industrial chemicals: Is it possible to develop universal models covering cosmetics, drugs, and pesticides? Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 112:526-534. [PMID: 28412406 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Computational models have earned broad acceptance for assessing chemical toxicity during early stages of drug discovery or environmental safety assessment. The majority of publicly available QSAR toxicity models have been developed for datasets including mostly drugs or drug-like compounds. We have evaluated and compared chemical spaces occupied by cosmetics, drugs, and pesticides, and explored whether current computational models of toxicity endpoints can be universally applied to all these chemicals. Our analysis of the chemical space overlap and applicability domain (AD) of models built previously for twenty different toxicity endpoints showed that most of these models afforded high coverage (>90%) for all three classes of compounds analyzed herein. Only T. pyriformis models demonstrated lower coverage for drugs and pesticides (38% and 54%, respectively). These results show that, for the most part, historical QSAR models built with data available for different toxicity endpoints can be used for toxicity assessment of novel chemicals irrespective of the intended commercial use; however, the AD restriction is necessary to assure the expected prediction accuracy. Local models may need to be developed to capture chemicals that appear as outliers with respect to global models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius M Alves
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA; Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74605-170, Brazil
| | - Eugene N Muratov
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA; Department of Chemical Technology, Odessa National Polytechnic University, Odessa, 65000, Ukraine
| | - Alexey Zakharov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Nail N Muratov
- Department of Chemical Technology, Odessa National Polytechnic University, Odessa, 65000, Ukraine
| | - Carolina H Andrade
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74605-170, Brazil
| | - Alexander Tropsha
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang CC, Lin YC, Wang SS, Shih C, Lin YH, Tung CW. SkinSensDB: a curated database for skin sensitization assays. J Cheminform 2017; 9:5. [PMID: 28194231 PMCID: PMC5285290 DOI: 10.1186/s13321-017-0194-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin sensitization is an important toxicological endpoint for chemical hazard determination and safety assessment. Prediction of chemical skin sensitizer had traditionally relied on data from rodent models. The development of the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) and associated alternative in vitro assays have reshaped the assessment of skin sensitizers. The integration of multiple assays as key events in the AOP has been shown to have improved prediction performance. Current computational models to predict skin sensitization mainly based on in vivo assays without incorporating alternative in vitro assays. However, there are few freely available databases integrating both the in vivo and the in vitro skin sensitization assays for development of AOP-based skin sensitization prediction models. To facilitate the development of AOP-based prediction models, a skin sensitization database named SkinSensDB has been constructed by curating data from published AOP-related assays. In addition to providing datasets for developing computational models, SkinSensDB is equipped with browsing and search tools which enable the assessment of new compounds for their skin sensitization potentials based on data from structurally similar compounds. SkinSensDB is publicly available at http://cwtung.kmu.edu.tw/skinsensdb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan.,PhD Program in Toxicology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan.,National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, 35053 Taiwan.,Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424 Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chi Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan.,PhD Program in Toxicology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan
| | - Shan-Shan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan
| | - Chieh Shih
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hui Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan
| | - Chun-Wei Tung
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan.,PhD Program in Toxicology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan.,National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, 35053 Taiwan.,Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ezendam J, Braakhuis HM, Vandebriel RJ. State of the art in non-animal approaches for skin sensitization testing: from individual test methods towards testing strategies. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:2861-2883. [PMID: 27629427 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1842-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The hazard assessment of skin sensitizers relies mainly on animal testing, but much progress is made in the development, validation and regulatory acceptance and implementation of non-animal predictive approaches. In this review, we provide an update on the available computational tools and animal-free test methods for the prediction of skin sensitization hazard. These individual test methods address mostly one mechanistic step of the process of skin sensitization induction. The adverse outcome pathway (AOP) for skin sensitization describes the key events (KEs) that lead to skin sensitization. In our review, we have clustered the available test methods according to the KE they inform: the molecular initiating event (MIE/KE1)-protein binding, KE2-keratinocyte activation, KE3-dendritic cell activation and KE4-T cell activation and proliferation. In recent years, most progress has been made in the development and validation of in vitro assays that address KE2 and KE3. No standardized in vitro assays for T cell activation are available; thus, KE4 cannot be measured in vitro. Three non-animal test methods, addressing either the MIE, KE2 or KE3, are accepted as OECD test guidelines, and this has accelerated the development of integrated or defined approaches for testing and assessment (e.g. testing strategies). The majority of these approaches are mechanism-based, since they combine results from multiple test methods and/or computational tools that address different KEs of the AOP to estimate skin sensitization potential and sometimes potency. Other approaches are based on statistical tools. Until now, eleven different testing strategies have been published, the majority using the same individual information sources. Our review shows that some of the defined approaches to testing and assessment are able to accurately predict skin sensitization hazard, sometimes even more accurate than the currently used animal test. A few defined approaches are developed to provide an estimate of the potency sub-category of a skin sensitizer as well, but these approaches need further independent evaluation with a new dataset of chemicals. To conclude, this update shows that the field of non-animal approaches for skin sensitization has evolved greatly in recent years and that it is possible to predict skin sensitization hazard without animal testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janine Ezendam
- Department of Innovative Testing Strategies, Center for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Hedwig M Braakhuis
- Department of Innovative Testing Strategies, Center for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rob J Vandebriel
- Department of Innovative Testing Strategies, Center for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Guedes S, Neves B, Vitorino R, Domingues R, Cruz MT, Domingues P. Contact dermatitis: in pursuit of sensitizer's molecular targets through proteomics. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:811-825. [PMID: 27129696 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1714-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Protein haptenation, i.e., the modification of proteins by small reactive chemicals, is the key step in the sensitization phase of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). Despite the research effort in past decades, the identification of immunogenic hapten-protein complexes that trigger a relevant pathogenic immune response in ACD, as well as the haptenation reaction molecular site, and the elements of a potentially conditioning environment during each of these stages, remain poorly understood. These questions led us to employ a proteomics-based approach to identify modified proteins in the dendritic-like cell line THP-1 sensitized with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), through a combination of 2D-gel electrophoresis, nano-LC and mass spectrometry. A specific set of 39 targeted proteins was identified and comprised proteins from various cellular locations and biological functions. One of FITC targets was identified as MLK, a member of the mixed-lineage kinase family known to act as a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase and to control the activity of specific mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, namely p38 and JNK pathways. Haptenated in the vicinity of its active site, our results point to MLK being a relevant target due to a consistent non-activation at early time points of these pathways upon FITC sensitization in THP-1 cells. Moreover, FITC pre-treatment significantly decrease phospho-p38 and phospho-JNK levels induced upon exposure to a classical activator such as lipopolysaccharide or to the sensitizer 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene. Overall, our data point to specific amino acid residues haptenation within critical proteins as the key step in the subsequent signaling pathways modulation responsible for DC activation and maturation events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Guedes
- Department of Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry Center, QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Bruno Neves
- Department of Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry Center, QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui Vitorino
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute for Biomedicine - iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rosário Domingues
- Department of Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry Center, QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Cruz
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pedro Domingues
- Department of Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry Center, QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Emter R, Natsch A. Dual regulation of skin sensitizer-induced HMOX1 expression by Bach1 and Nrf2: Comparison to regulation of the AKR1C2-ARE element in the KeratinoSens cell line. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 288:281-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
21
|
van der Veen JW, Paskel RF, Smits NAM, Hodemaekers H, van Loveren H, Ezendam J. The involvement of the Toll-like receptor signaling and Nrf2-Keap1 pathways in thein vitroregulation of IL-8 and HMOX1 for skin sensitization. J Immunotoxicol 2015; 13:1-6. [DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2014.975897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
|
22
|
Badyal DK, Desai C. Animal use in pharmacology education and research: the changing scenario. Indian J Pharmacol 2015; 46:257-65. [PMID: 24987170 PMCID: PMC4071700 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.132153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of animals in research and education dates back to the period when humans started to look for ways to prevent and cure ailments. Most of present day's drug discoveries were possible because of the use of animals in research. The dilemma to continue animal experiments in education and research continues with varied and confusing guidelines. However, the animal use and their handling vary in each laboratory and educational institution. It has been reported that the animals are being subjected to painful procedures in education and training unnecessarily. The extensive use of animals in toxicity studies and testing dermatological preparations has raised concerns about the ways animals are sacrificed for these “irrelevant experiments”. On the other side of the coin are scientists who advocate the relevant and judicious use of animals in research so that new discoveries can continue. In this review, we discuss the evolution of the use of animals in education and research and how these have been affected in recent times owing to concerns from animal lovers and government regulations. A number of computer simulation and other models have been recommended for use as alternatives to use of animals for pharmacology education. In this review we also discuss some of these alternatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh K Badyal
- Department of Pharmacology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, India
| | - Chetna Desai
- Department of Pharmacology, BJ Medical College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
A fast Resazurin-based live viability assay is equivalent to the MTT-test in the KeratinoSens assay. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:688-93. [PMID: 25687527 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The KeratinoSens™ assay was the first cell-based in vitro test in the skin sensitisation adverse outcome pathway to be endorsed by an ECVAM statement. It includes a cell viability assessment, which serves two purposes: It forms part of the prediction model to exclude false-positive irritants and cytotoxicity provides some information on sensitizer potency of chemicals, which can feed into a multivariate potency model. In the KeratinoSens™ protocol, Nrf2-dependent luciferase induction and the MTT-viability assay are performed in parallel plates. Resazurin-based viability assays do not require cell lysis and are compatible with luciferase measurements in the same cells. Here, we performed detailed comparison of the tetrazolium-based MTT assay and the PrestoBlue® assay on 35 reference chemicals tested in the full KeratinoSens™ protocol. Log-transformed IC50 and IC30 values measured with both methods correlate with an R(2) of 0.97 and 0.95. A single chemical showed divergent results and analysis by four different viability assays indicated the PrestoBlue® read-out to be correct. The new more rapid and resource efficient approach has clear advantages: Dose-response curves show lower variability and the two endpoints are measured on the same cells. This approach is a valid addition to or replacement of the MTT-readout in the KeratinoSens™ assay and it is recommended as a general tool for luciferase-based reporter assays.
Collapse
|
24
|
Human relevance of an in vitro gene signature in HaCaT for skin sensitization. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:81-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
25
|
Stiefel C, Schwack W. Photoprotection in changing times - UV filter efficacy and safety, sensitization processes and regulatory aspects. Int J Cosmet Sci 2014; 37:2-30. [DOI: 10.1111/ics.12165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Stiefel
- Institute of Food Chemistry; University of Hohenheim; Garbenstrasse 28 70599 Stuttgart Germany
| | - W. Schwack
- Institute of Food Chemistry; University of Hohenheim; Garbenstrasse 28 70599 Stuttgart Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Natsch A, Emter R, Gfeller H, Haupt T, Ellis G. Predicting skin sensitizer potency based on in vitro data from KeratinoSens and kinetic peptide binding: global versus domain-based assessment. Toxicol Sci 2014; 143:319-32. [PMID: 25338925 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Three in vitro methods for the prediction of the skin sensitization hazard have been validated. However, predicting sensitizer potency is a key requirement for risk assessment. Here, we report a database of 312 chemicals tested in the KeratinoSens™ assay and for kinetic peptide binding. These data were used in multiple regression analysis against potency in the local lymph node assay (LLNA). The dataset covers the majority of chemicals from the validation of the LLNA to predict human potency and this subset was analyzed for prediction of human sensitization potency by in vitro data. Global analysis yields a regression of in vitro data to LLNA pEC3 with an R(2) of 60% predicting LLNA EC3 with a mean error of 3.5-fold. The highest weight in the regression has the reaction rate with peptides, followed by Nrf2-induction and cytotoxicity in KeratinoSens™. The correlation of chemicals tested positive in vitro with human data has an R(2) of 49%, which is similar to the correlation between LLNA and human data. Chemicals were then grouped into mechanistic domains based on experimentally observed peptide-adduct formation and predictions from the TIMES SS software. Predictions within these domains with a leave-one-out approach were more accurate, and for several mechanistic domains LLNA EC3 can be predicted with an error of 2- to 3-fold. However, prediction accuracy differs between domains and domain assignment cannot be made for all chemicals. Thus, this comprehensive analysis indicates that combining global and domain models to assess sensitizer potency may be a practical way forward.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Natsch
- *Bioscience and Analytical Chemistry, Givaudan Schweiz AG, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland and Regulatory Affairs and Product Safety, Givaudan International SA, CH-1214 Vernier, Switzerland
| | - Roger Emter
- *Bioscience and Analytical Chemistry, Givaudan Schweiz AG, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland and Regulatory Affairs and Product Safety, Givaudan International SA, CH-1214 Vernier, Switzerland
| | - Hans Gfeller
- *Bioscience and Analytical Chemistry, Givaudan Schweiz AG, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland and Regulatory Affairs and Product Safety, Givaudan International SA, CH-1214 Vernier, Switzerland
| | - Tina Haupt
- *Bioscience and Analytical Chemistry, Givaudan Schweiz AG, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland and Regulatory Affairs and Product Safety, Givaudan International SA, CH-1214 Vernier, Switzerland
| | - Graham Ellis
- *Bioscience and Analytical Chemistry, Givaudan Schweiz AG, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland and Regulatory Affairs and Product Safety, Givaudan International SA, CH-1214 Vernier, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Dik S, Ezendam J, Cunningham AR, Carrasquer CA, van Loveren H, Rorije E. Evaluation of in silico models for the identification of respiratory sensitizers. Toxicol Sci 2014; 142:385-94. [PMID: 25239631 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Low molecular weight (LMW) respiratory sensitizers can cause occupational asthma but due to a lack of adequate test methods, prospective identification of respiratory sensitizers is currently not possible. This article presents the evaluation of structure-activity relationship (SAR) models as potential methods to prospectively conclude on the sensitization potential of LMW chemicals. The predictive performance of the SARs calculated from their training sets was compared to their performance on a dataset of newly identified respiratory sensitizers and nonsensitizers, derived from literature. The predictivity of the available SARs for new substances was markedly lower than their published predictive performance. For that reason, no single SAR model can be considered sufficiently reliable to conclude on potential LMW respiratory sensitization properties of a substance. The individual applicability domains (ADs) of the models were analyzed for adequacies and deficiencies. Based on these findings, a tiered prediction approach is subsequently proposed. This approach combines the two SARs with the highest positive and negative predictivity taking into account model specific chemical AD issues. The tiered approach provided reliable predictions for one-third of the respiratory sensitizers and nonsensitizers of the external validation set compiled by us. For these chemicals, a positive predictive value of 96% and a negative predictive value of 89% were obtained. The tiered approach was not able to predict the other two-thirds of the chemicals, meaning that additional information is required and that there is an urgent need for other test methods, e.g., in chemico or in vitro, to reach a reliable conclusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sander Dik
- *Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands, Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, and Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands *Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands, Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, and Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Janine Ezendam
- *Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands, Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, and Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Albert R Cunningham
- *Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands, Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, and Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands *Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands, Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, and Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands *Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands, Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, and Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Carl Alex Carrasquer
- *Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands, Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, and Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Henk van Loveren
- *Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands, Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, and Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands *Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands, Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, and Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Emiel Rorije
- *Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands, Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, and Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
van der Veen JW, Soeteman-Hernández LG, Ezendam J, Stierum R, Kuper FC, van Loveren H. Anchoring molecular mechanisms to the adverse outcome pathway for skin sensitization: Analysis of existing data. Crit Rev Toxicol 2014; 44:590-9. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2014.925425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
29
|
Development of a prediction method for skin sensitization using novel cysteine and lysine derivatives. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2014; 70:94-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
30
|
Maier A, Vincent MJ, Gadagbui B, Patterson J, Beckett W, Dalton P, Kimber I, Selgrade MJK. Integrating asthma hazard characterization methods for consumer products. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 70:37-45. [PMID: 24937810 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite extensive study, definitive conclusions regarding the relationship between asthma and consumer products remain elusive. Uncertainties reflect the multi-faceted nature of asthma (i.e., contributions of immunologic and non-immunologic mechanisms). Many substances used in consumer products are associated with occupational asthma or asthma-like syndromes. However, risk assessment methods do not adequately predict the potential for consumer product exposures to trigger asthma and related syndromes under lower-level end-user conditions. A decision tree system is required to characterize asthma and respiratory-related hazards associated with consumer products. A system can be built to incorporate the best features of existing guidance, frameworks, and models using a weight-of-evidence (WoE) approach. With this goal in mind, we have evaluated chemical hazard characterization methods for asthma and asthma-like responses. Despite the wealth of information available, current hazard characterization methods do not definitively identify whether a particular ingredient will cause or exacerbate asthma, asthma-like responses, or sensitization of the respiratory tract at lower levels associated with consumer product use. Effective use of hierarchical lines of evidence relies on consideration of the relevance and potency of assays, organization of assays by mode of action, and better assay validation. It is anticipated that the analysis of existing methods will support the development of a refined WoE approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Maier
- University of Cincinnati, 3223 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States.
| | - M J Vincent
- Toxicology Excellence for Risk Assessment, 2300 Montana Avenue, Suite 409, Cincinnati, OH 45211, United States
| | - B Gadagbui
- Toxicology Excellence for Risk Assessment, 2300 Montana Avenue, Suite 409, Cincinnati, OH 45211, United States
| | - J Patterson
- Toxicology Excellence for Risk Assessment, 2300 Montana Avenue, Suite 409, Cincinnati, OH 45211, United States
| | - W Beckett
- Mount Auburn Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 330 Mount Auburn St., Cambridge, MA 02138, United States
| | - P Dalton
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - I Kimber
- University of Manchester, Faculty of Life Sciences, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - M J K Selgrade
- ICF International, 2222 East NC-54 Hwy, Durham, NC 27713, United States
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
van der Veen JW, Rorije E, Emter R, Natsch A, van Loveren H, Ezendam J. Evaluating the performance of integrated approaches for hazard identification of skin sensitizing chemicals. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 69:371-9. [PMID: 24813372 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The currently available animal-free methods for the detection of skin sensitizing potential of chemicals seem promising. However, no single method is able to comprehensively represent the complexity of the processes involved in skin sensitization. To ensure a mechanistic basis and cover the complexity, multiple methods should be integrated into a testing strategy, in accordance with the adverse outcome pathway that describes all key events in skin sensitization. Although current majority voting testing strategies have proven effective, the performance of individual methods is not taken into account. To that end, we designed a tiered strategy based on complementary characteristics of the included methods, and compared it to a majority voting approach. This tiered testing strategy was able to correctly identify all 41 chemicals tested. In terms of total number of experiments required, the tiered testing strategy requires less experiments compared to the majority voting approach. On the other hand, this tiered strategy is more complex due the number of different alternative methods required, and predicted costs are similar for both strategies. Both the tiered and majority voting strategies provide a mechanistic basis for skin sensitization testing, but the strategy most suitable for regulatory decision-making remains to be determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jochem W van der Veen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, NL-3720BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, NL-6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Emiel Rorije
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, NL-3720BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Roger Emter
- Givaudan Schweiz AG, Ueberlandstrasse 138, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Natsch
- Givaudan Schweiz AG, Ueberlandstrasse 138, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Henk van Loveren
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, NL-3720BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, NL-6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Janine Ezendam
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, NL-3720BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Alloul-Ramdhani M, Tensen CP, El Ghalbzouri A. Performance of the N/TERT epidermal model for skin sensitizer identification via Nrf2-Keap1-ARE pathway activation. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 28:982-9. [PMID: 24794257 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Animal testing of chemical ingredients for cosmetic purposes is prohibited. Therefore there is an urgent need for in vitro models to identify chemical allergens. In human skin, keratinocytes (KCs) are abundantly present and are key players in initiation of allergic contact dermatitis. One of the pathways that has been shown to be induced by sensitizers is the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway. In this study we compared the response of four keratinocyte-based models including (a) primary human KCs, (b) N/TERT monolayer cultures, (c) the Leiden Epidermal models (LEMs) and (d) the N/TERT epidermal models (NEMs). All keratinocyte-based models were subjected to chemical exposure of the sensitizer 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) and irritant Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at nontoxic concentrations. Activation of the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway was evaluated by measuring Nrf2 protein levels as well as nuclear translocation and activation of transcriptional targets of Nrf2. Results show that the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway is activated by the sensitizer DNCB in monolayer keratinocytes and as well as the LEMs and NEMs and not by the irritant SDS. Collectively our data demonstrate that the N/TERT models respond similarly as primary KCs and could therefore serve as an alternative model for skin sensitizer identification, thereby overcoming the need for primary skin tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cornelis P Tensen
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Remy S, Verstraelen S, Van Den Heuvel R, Nelissen I, Lambrechts N, Hooyberghs J, Schoeters G. Gene expressions changes in bronchial epithelial cells: Markers for respiratory sensitizers and exploration of the NRF2 pathway. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 28:209-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
34
|
|
35
|
Rorije E, Aldenberg T, Buist H, Kroese D, Schüürmann G. The OSIRIS Weight of Evidence approach: ITS for skin sensitisation. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 67:146-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
36
|
Evaluation of the performance of the reduced local lymph node assay for skin sensitization testing. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 66:66-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
37
|
Nandy A, Kar S, Roy K. Linear discriminant analysis for skin sensitisation potential of diverse organic chemicals. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2012.738421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
38
|
Delaine T, Hagvall L, Rudbäck J, Luthman K, Karlberg AT. Skin Sensitization of Epoxyaldehydes: Importance of Conjugation. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:674-84. [DOI: 10.1021/tx300465h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Delaine
- Department of Chemistry and
Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lina Hagvall
- Department of Chemistry and
Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Dermatology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johanna Rudbäck
- Department of Chemistry and
Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Luthman
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular
Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann-Therese Karlberg
- Department of Chemistry and
Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Dietz L, Kinzebach S, Ohnesorge S, Franke B, Goette I, Koenig-Gressel D, Thierse HJ. Proteomic allergen–peptide/protein interaction assay for the identification of human skin sensitizers. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:1157-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
40
|
Applicability of a keratinocyte gene signature to predict skin sensitizing potential. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:314-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
41
|
Basketter D, Crozier J, Hubesch B, Manou I, Mehling A, Scheel J. Optimised testing strategies for skin sensitization – The LLNA and beyond. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 64:9-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
42
|
Mehling A, Eriksson T, Eltze T, Kolle S, Ramirez T, Teubner W, van Ravenzwaay B, Landsiedel R. Non-animal test methods for predicting skin sensitization potentials. Arch Toxicol 2012; 86:1273-95. [PMID: 22707154 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-012-0867-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Contact allergies are complex diseases, and it is estimated that 15-20 % of the general population suffers from contact allergy, with increasing prevalence. Evaluation of the sensitization potential of a substance is usually carried out in animal models. Nowadays, there is much interest in reducing and ultimately replacing current animal tests. Furthermore, as of 2013, the EU has posed a ban on animal testing of cosmetic ingredients that includes skin sensitization. Therefore, predictive and robust in vitro tests are urgently needed. In order to establish alternatives to animal testing, the in vitro tests must mimic the very complex interactions between the sensitizing chemical and the different parts of the immune system. This review article summarizes recent efforts to develop in vitro tests for predicting skin sensitizers. Cell-based assays, in chemico methods and, to a lesser extent, in silico methods are presented together with a discussion of their current status. With considerable progress having been achieved during the last years, the rationale today is that data from different non-animal test methods will have to be combined in order to obtain reliable hazard and potency information on potential skin sensitizers.
Collapse
|
43
|
Kimber I, Dearman RJ, Basketter DA. Dendritic cells and the assessment in vitro of skin sensitizing potential. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2012; 32:54-9. [PMID: 22668204 DOI: 10.3109/15569527.2012.692135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
It is now well established that dendritic cells (DC) play pivotal roles in the initiation and orchestration of adaptive immune responses, including cutaneous immune responses to chemical allergens that drive the acquisition of skin sensitization. It is not unexpected, therefore, that a large number, and wide variety, of proposed approaches for the identification of skin sensitizing chemicals in vitro are based upon the use of cultured DC or DC-like cells. The use of DC in this context is legitimate. However, with our rapidly increasing understanding of the diversity of cutaneous DC with respect to both phenotype and function, it is timely now to review briefly the potential limitations and interpretive difficulties that are associated with the use of DC-based assays. Among the important considerations are the fact that chemical-induced changes in the characteristics and function of cultured DC will not necessarily reflect accurately the events that that support the development of skin sensitization in vivo. In addition, most DC-based assays are predicated on a view that cutaneous DC have as their primary function the initiation of adaptive immune responses. However, it is now appreciated that cutaneous DC, and in particular epidermal Langerhans cells (LC), may also play important immunoregulatory roles that serve to limit and contain skin immune responses. Notwithstanding these considerations there is reason to believe that at least some in vitro DC-based assays are of value, and indeed some are currently the subject of a formal validation process. However, it is appropriate that such assays are configured and interpreted carefully, and with an appreciation of the complexity of DC biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Kimber
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Decision trees for evaluating skin and respiratory sensitizing potential of chemicals in accordance with European regulations. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 63:371-80. [PMID: 22584521 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Guidance for determining the sensitizing potential of chemicals is available in EC Regulation No. 1272/2008 Classification, Labeling, and Packaging of Substances; REACH guidance from the European Chemicals Agency; and the United Nations Globally Harmonized System (GHS). We created decision trees for evaluating potential skin and respiratory sensitizers. Our approach (1) brings all the regulatory information into one brief document, providing a step-by-step method to evaluate evidence that individual chemicals or mixtures have sensitizing potential; (2) provides an efficient, uniform approach that promotes consistency when evaluations are done by different reviewers; (3) provides a standard way to convey the rationale and information used to classify chemicals. We applied this approach to more than 50 chemicals distributed among 11 evaluators with varying expertise. Evaluators found the decision trees easy to use and recipients (product stewards) of the analyses found that the resulting documentation was consistent across users and met their regulatory needs. Our approach allows for transparency, process management (e.g., documentation, change management, version control), as well as consistency in chemical hazard assessment for REACH, EC Regulation No. 1272/2008 Classification, Labeling, and Packaging of Substances and the GHS.
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Decision tree induction (DTI) is a powerful means of modeling data without much prior preparation. Models are readable by humans, robust and easily applied in real-world applications, features that are mutually exclusive in other commonly used machine learning paradigms. While DTI is widely used in disciplines ranging from economics to medicine, they are an intriguing option in pharmaceutical research, especially when dealing with large data stores. AREAS COVERED This review covers the automated technologies available for creating decision trees and other rules efficiently, even from large datasets such as chemical libraries. The authors discuss the need for properly documented and validated models. Lastly, the authors cover several case studies in hit discovery, drug metabolism and toxicology, and drug surveillance, and compare them with other established techniques. EXPERT OPINION DTI is a competitive and easy-to-use tool in basic research as well as in hit and drug discovery. Its strengths lie in its ability to handle all sorts of different data formats, the visual nature of the models, and the small computational effort needed for implementation in real-world systems. Limitations include lack of robustness and over-fitted models for certain types of data. As with any modeling technique, proper validation and quality measures are of utmost importance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Hammann
- University of Basel, Psychiatric University Clinic, Basel, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Goebel C, Aeby P, Ade N, Alépée N, Aptula A, Araki D, Dufour E, Gilmour N, Hibatallah J, Keller D, Kern P, Kirst A, Marrec-Fairley M, Maxwell G, Rowland J, Safford B, Schellauf F, Schepky A, Seaman C, Teichert T, Tessier N, Teissier S, Weltzien HU, Winkler P, Scheel J. Guiding principles for the implementation of non-animal safety assessment approaches for cosmetics: skin sensitisation. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 63:40-52. [PMID: 22374415 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Characterisation of skin sensitisation potential is a key endpoint for the safety assessment of cosmetic ingredients especially when significant dermal exposure to an ingredient is expected. At present the mouse local lymph node assay (LLNA) remains the 'gold standard' test method for this purpose however non-animal test methods are under development that aim to replace the need for new animal test data. COLIPA (the European Cosmetics Association) funds an extensive programme of skin sensitisation research, method development and method evaluation and helped coordinate the early evaluation of the three test methods currently undergoing pre-validation. In May 2010, a COLIPA scientific meeting was held to analyse to what extent skin sensitisation safety assessments for cosmetic ingredients can be made in the absence of animal data. In order to propose guiding principles for the application and further development of non-animal safety assessment strategies it was evaluated how and when non-animal test methods, predictions based on physico-chemical properties (including in silico tools), threshold concepts and weight-of-evidence based hazard characterisation could be used to enable safety decisions. Generation and assessment of potency information from alternative tools which at present is predominantly derived from the LLNA is considered the future key research area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Goebel
- Procter & Gamble, Berliner Allee 65, 64274 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Van Den Heuvel RL, Lambrechts N, Verstraelen S, Nelissen IC, Schoeters GER. Chemical sensitization and allergotoxicology. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2012; 101:289-314. [PMID: 22945573 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8340-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Chemical sensitization remains an important environmental and occupational health issue. A wide range of substances have been shown to possess the ability to induce skin sensitization or respiratory sensitization. As a consequence, there is a need to have appropriate methods to identify sensitizing agents. Although a considerable investment has been made in exploring opportunities to develop methods for hazard identification and characterization, there are, as yet, no validated nonanimal methods available. A state of the art of the different in vitro approaches to identify contact and respiratory capacity of chemicals is covered in this chapter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosette L Van Den Heuvel
- Environmental Risk and Health Unit-Toxicology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO N.V.), Centre for Advanced R&D on Alternative Methods (CARDAM), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium,
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Pronk TE, van der Veen JW, Ezendam J, Van Loveren H, Pennings JL. Effects of pooling RNA from samples treated with different compounds for determining class specific biomarkers and processes in toxicogenomics. Toxicol In Vitro 2011; 25:1841-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2011.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
49
|
Allergic contact dermatitis: a commentary on the relationship between T lymphocytes and skin sensitising potency. Toxicology 2011; 291:18-24. [PMID: 22120538 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
T lymphocytes mediate skin sensitisation and allergic contact dermatitis. Not unexpectedly, therefore, there is considerable interest in the use of T lymphocyte-based assays as alternative strategies for the identification of skin sensitising chemicals. However, in addition to accurate identification of hazards the development of effective risk assessments requires that information is available about the relative skin sensitising potency of contact allergens. The purpose of this article is to consider the relationships that exist between the characteristics of T lymphocyte responses to contact allergens and the effectiveness/potency of sensitisation. We propose that there are 3 aspects of T lymphocyte responses that have the potential to impact on the potency of sensitisation. These are: (a) the magnitude of response, and in particular the vigour and duration of proliferation and the clonal expansion of allergen-reactive T lymphocytes, (b) the quality of response, including the balance achieved between effector and regulatory cells, and (c) the breadth of response and the clonal diversity of T lymphocyte responses. A case is made that there may be opportunities to exploit an understanding of T lymphocyte responses to contact allergens to develop novel paradigms for predicting skin sensitising potency and new approaches to risk assessment.
Collapse
|
50
|
Galbiati V, Carne A, Mitjans M, Galli CL, Marinovich M, Corsini E. Isoeugenol destabilizes IL-8 mRNA expression in THP-1 cells through induction of the negative regulator of mRNA stability tristetraprolin. Arch Toxicol 2011; 86:239-48. [PMID: 21969073 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-011-0758-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated in the human promyelocytic cell line THP-1 that all allergens tested, with the exception of the prohapten isoeugenol, induced a dose-related release of interleukin-8 (IL-8). In the present study, we investigated whether this abnormal behavior was regulated by the AU-rich element-binding proteins HuR and tristetraprolin (TTP) or by the downstream molecule suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-3. The contact allergens isoeugenol, diethylmaleate (DEM), and 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), and the irritant salicylic acid were used as reference compounds. Chemicals were used at concentrations that induced a 20% decrease in cell viability as assessed by propidium iodide staining, namely 100 μg/ml (0.61 mM) for isoeugenol, 100 μg/ml (0.58 mM) for DEM, 3 μg/ml (14.8 μM) for DNCB, and 250 μg/ml (1.81 mM) for salicylic acid. Time course experiments of IL-8 mRNA expression and assessment of IL-8 mRNA half-life, indicated a decreased IL-8 mRNA stability in isoeugenol-treated cells. We could demonstrate that a combination and regulation of HuR and TTP following exposure to contact allergens resulted in a different modulation of IL-8 mRNA half-life and release. The increased expression of TTP in THP-1 cells treated with isoeugenol results in destabilization of the IL-8 mRNA, which can account for the lack of IL-8 release. In contrast, the strong allergen DNCB failing to up-regulate TTP, while inducing HuR, resulted in longer IL-8 mRNA half-life and protein release. SOCS-3 was induced only in isoeugenol-treated cells; however, its modulation did not rescue the lack of IL-8 release, indicating that it is unlikely to be involved in the lack of IL-8 production. Finally, the destabilization effect of isoeugenol on IL-8 mRNA expression together with SOCS-3 expression resulted in an anti-inflammatory effect, as demonstrated by the ability of isoeugenol to modulate LPS or ionomycin-induced cytokine release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Galbiati
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Toxicology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|