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Ungureanu LB, Ghiciuc CM, Amalinei C, Ungureanu C, Petrovici CG, Stănescu RȘ. Antioxidants as Protection against Reactive Oxygen Stress Induced by Formaldehyde (FA) Exposure: A Systematic Review. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1820. [PMID: 39200284 PMCID: PMC11352058 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12081820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Formaldehyde induces oxidative stress and is carcinogenic, particularly squamous cell carcinoma of the nasopharyngeal area. Around us, in exhaust gases, cigarette smoke, and various industrial products, FA primarily affects the respiratory tract and other organs like the cornea, liver, kidneys, brain, and cardiovascular system. This study aims to determine if antioxidants can mitigate FA's harmful effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS Several databases, including PubMed, Science Direct, Springer, and Wiley, were systematically searched. Research publications on antioxidants mitigating FA-induced oxidative damage were included, but reviews and articles lacking complete texts were excluded. SYRCLE's risk of bias tool for animal studies has been used. Tables were used for data synthesis. Out of 8790 articles, 35 publications detailing tissue homogenate for biochemical analysis, standard hematoxylin-eosin staining, and immunohistochemistry markers for histopathological and immunohistochemical diagnosis were selected. Most studies were case-control studies, utilizing rat or mouse models. Additionally, one cohort study on industrial workers was analyzed. CONCLUSIONS Antioxidants, including plant extracts, vitamins, and pigments, can prevent or heal FA-induced lesions. However, human studies, particularly biopsies, remain challenging, and animal trials are limited. Further research is needed to confirm FA's long-term effects and optimize antioxidant dosages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Beatrice Ungureanu
- Morphopathology, Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences I, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (L.B.U.); (C.U.)
| | - Cristina Mihaela Ghiciuc
- Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Algeziology, Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Cornelia Amalinei
- Histology, Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences I, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Carmen Ungureanu
- Morphopathology, Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences I, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (L.B.U.); (C.U.)
| | - Cristina Gabriela Petrovici
- Infectious Disease, Department of Medical II, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Raluca Ștefania Stănescu
- Biochemistry, Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
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Lauer DJ, Russell AJ, Lynch HN, Thompson WJ, Mundt KA, Checkoway H. Triangulation of epidemiological evidence and risk of bias evaluation: A proposed framework and applied example using formaldehyde exposure and risk of myeloid leukemias. GLOBAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2024; 7:100143. [PMID: 38659700 PMCID: PMC11039339 DOI: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2024.100143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Evidence triangulation may help identify the impact of study design elements on study findings and to tease out biased results when evaluating potential causal relationships; however, methods for triangulating epidemiologic evidence are evolving and have not been standardized. Building upon key principles of epidemiologic evidence triangulation and risk of bias assessment, and responding to the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) call for applied triangulation examples, the objective of this manuscript is to propose a triangulation framework and to apply it as an illustrative example to epidemiologic studies examining the possible relationship between occupational formaldehyde exposure and risk of myeloid leukemias (ML) including acute (AML) and chronic (CML) types. A nine-component triangulation framework for epidemiological evidence was developed incorporating study quality and ROB guidance from various federal health agencies (i.e., US EPA TSCA and NTP OHAT). Several components of the triangulation framework also drew from widely used epidemiological analytic tools such as stratified meta-analysis and sensitivity analysis. Regarding the applied example, fourteen studies were identified and assessed using the following primary study quality domains to explore potential key sources of bias: 1) study design and analysis; 2) study participation; 3) exposure assessment; 4) outcome assessment; and 5) potential confounding. Across studies, methodological limitations possibly contributing to biased results were observed within most domains. Interestingly, results from one study - often providing the largest and least-precise relative risk estimates, likely reflecting study biases, deviated from most primary study findings indicating no such associations. Triangulation of epidemiological evidence appears to be helpful in exploring inconsistent results for the identification of study results possibly reflecting various biases. Nonetheless, triangulation methodologies require additional development and application to real-world examples to enhance objectivity and reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kenneth A. Mundt
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States of America
| | - Harvey Checkoway
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health, University of California, San Diego, United States of America
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Vincent MJ, Fitch S, Bylsma L, Thompson C, Rogers S, Britt J, Wikoff D. Assessment of associations between inhaled formaldehyde and lymphohematopoietic cancer through the integration of epidemiological and toxicological evidence with biological plausibility. Toxicol Sci 2024; 199:172-193. [PMID: 38547404 PMCID: PMC11131035 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfae039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Formaldehyde is recognized as carcinogenic for the portal of entry sites, though conclusions are mixed regarding lymphohematopoietic (LHP) cancers. This systematic review assesses the likelihood of a causal relationship between formaldehyde and LHP cancers by integrating components recommended by NASEM. Four experimental rodent bioassays and 16 observational studies in humans were included following the implementation of the a priori protocol. All studies were assessed for risk of bias (RoB), and meta-analyses were conducted on epidemiological studies, followed by a structured assessment of causation based on GRADE and Bradford Hill. RoB analysis identified systemic limitations precluding confidence in the epidemiological evidence due to inadequate characterization of formaldehyde exposure and a failure to adequately adjust for confounders or effect modifiers, thus suggesting that effect estimates are likely to be impacted by systemic bias. Mixed findings were reported in individual studies; meta-analyses did not identify significant associations between formaldehyde inhalation (when measured as ever/never exposure) and LHP outcomes, with meta-SMRs ranging from 0.50 to 1.51, depending on LHP subtype. No associations with LHP-related lesions were reported in reliable animal bioassays. No biologically plausible explanation linking the inhalation of FA and LHP was identified, supported primarily by the lack of systemic distribution and in vivo genotoxicity. In conclusion, the inconsistent associations reported in a subset of the evidence were not considered causal when integrated with the totality of the epidemiological evidence, toxicological data, and considerations of biological plausibility. The impact of systemic biases identified herein could be quantitatively assessed to better inform causality and use in risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seneca Fitch
- ToxStrategies, LLC, Asheville, North Carolina 28801, United States
| | - Lauren Bylsma
- EpidStrategies, a Division of ToxStrategies, LLC, Katy, Texas 77494, United States
| | - Chad Thompson
- ToxStrategies, LLC, Katy, Texas 77494, United States
| | - Sarah Rogers
- ToxStrategies, LLC, Asheville, North Carolina 28801, United States
| | - Janice Britt
- ToxStrategies, LLC, Asheville, North Carolina 28801, United States
| | - Daniele Wikoff
- ToxStrategies, LLC, Asheville, North Carolina 28801, United States
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Cox LA, Thompson WJ, Mundt KA. Interventional probability of causation (IPoC) with epidemiological and partial mechanistic evidence: benzene vs. formaldehyde and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Crit Rev Toxicol 2024; 54:252-289. [PMID: 38753561 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2024.2337435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Causal epidemiology for regulatory risk analysis seeks to evaluate how removing or reducing exposures would change disease occurrence rates. We define interventional probability of causation (IPoC) as the change in probability of a disease (or other harm) occurring over a lifetime or other specified time interval that would be caused by a specified change in exposure, as predicted by a fully specified causal model. We define the closely related concept of causal assigned share (CAS) as the predicted fraction of disease risk that would be removed or prevented by a specified reduction in exposure, holding other variables fixed. Traditional approaches used to evaluate the preventable risk implications of epidemiological associations, including population attributable fraction (PAF) and the Bradford Hill considerations, cannot reveal whether removing a risk factor would reduce disease incidence. We argue that modern formal causal models coupled with causal artificial intelligence (CAI) and realistically partial and imperfect knowledge of underlying disease mechanisms, show great promise for determining and quantifying IPoC and CAS for exposures and diseases of practical interest. METHODS We briefly review key CAI concepts and terms and then apply them to define IPoC and CAS. We present steps to quantify IPoC using a fully specified causal Bayesian network (BN) model. Useful bounds for quantitative IPoC and CAS calculations are derived for a two-stage clonal expansion (TSCE) model for carcinogenesis and illustrated by applying them to benzene and formaldehyde based on available epidemiological and partial mechanistic evidence. RESULTS Causal BN models for benzene and risk of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) incorporating mechanistic, toxicological and epidemiological findings show that prolonged high-intensity exposure to benzene can increase risk of AML (IPoC of up to 7e-5, CAS of up to 54%). By contrast, no causal pathway leading from formaldehyde exposure to increased risk of AML was identified, consistent with much previous mechanistic, toxicological and epidemiological evidence; therefore, the IPoC and CAS for formaldehyde-induced AML are likely to be zero. CONCLUSION We conclude that the IPoC approach can differentiate between likely and unlikely causal factors and can provide useful upper bounds for IPoC and CAS for some exposures and diseases of practical importance. For causal factors, IPoC can help to estimate the quantitative impacts on health risks of reducing exposures, even in situations where mechanistic evidence is realistically incomplete and individual-level exposure-response parameters are uncertain. This illustrates the strength that can be gained for causal inference by using causal models to generate testable hypotheses and then obtaining toxicological data to test the hypotheses implied by the models-and, where necessary, refine the models. This virtuous cycle provides additional insight into causal determinations that may not be available from weight-of-evidence considerations alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis A Cox
- Cox Associates and University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | | | - Kenneth A Mundt
- Independent Consultants in Epidemiology, Amherst, MA, USA
- Adjunct Professor of Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
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La Torre G, Vitello T, Cocchiara RA, Della Rocca C. Relationship between formaldehyde exposure, respiratory irritant effects and cancers: a review of reviews. Public Health 2023; 218:186-196. [PMID: 37060739 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2023.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Formaldehyde is an organic compound used in the production of resins, paper, wood plywood, solvents and cleaning products. Formaldehyde is also present when tobacco is smoked. Formaldehyde has been defined as an irritant and is classified as a human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the following two distinct correlations: (1) the association between formaldehyde exposure and development of irritant diseases affecting the respiratory tract, mainly asthma; and (2) the association between formaldehyde exposure and development of neoplastic diseases. STUDY DESIGN This was an umbrella review. METHODS A search was conducted in the three main electronic databases of scientific literature: PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science. The search included systematic reviews and meta-analyses published in the previous 10 years. Initially, titles and abstracts of retrieved articles were evaluated, then full-text assessments of selected articles took place. Data extraction and quality assessment were performed according to Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR) score. RESULTS A total of 630 articles were initially collected. Nine articles concerning the association between formaldehyde exposure and asthma were included in the present review, and the majority of these reported good association. In addition, 27 articles investigating the association between formaldehyde exposure and neoplastic diseases were included in the review. These studies showed that nasopharyngeal cancer and leukaemia were the most represented neoplastic diseases; however, only a weak association was reported between formaldehyde exposure and cancer. CONCLUSIONS Although the studies included in this review did not show a strong association between exposure to formaldehyde and irritant or neoplastic diseases, the World Health Organisation recommends that levels of formaldehyde do not exceed the threshold value of 0.1 mg/m3 (0.08 ppm) for a period of 30 min. It is recommended that preventive measures, such as ventilation in workplaces with high exposure to formaldehyde and environmental monitoring of formaldehyde concentrations, are implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- G La Torre
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - T Vitello
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - R A Cocchiara
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - C Della Rocca
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Allen LH, Hamaji C, Allen HL, Parker GH, Ennis JS, Kreider ML. Assessment of formaldehyde exposures under contemporary embalming conditions in U.S. funeral homes. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2022; 19:425-436. [PMID: 35583522 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2022.2076861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The funeral service profession has used formaldehyde-containing embalming solutions for the preparation of decedents since the early 1900s. The available literature regarding funeral director exposure to formaldehyde largely consists of data collected prior to 2000, with most studies reporting task-length exposure concentrations rather than full-shift time-weighted average concentrations. As formaldehyde undergoes review in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) risk evaluation process, accurately characterizing long-term exposure potential in this profession is critical. This study presents passive badge sampling and air change rate measurement results conducted at 13 funeral home locations across the United States. Full-shift (approximately 8-hr) samples were collected on one embalmer per day in each funeral home and on one occupational non-user (ONU), e.g., a receptionist. Additionally, task-length samples were collected during each embalming that occurred during the shift, were one to occur. Full-shift concentrations ranged from 0.007 to 1.1 ppm and 0.007 to 0.042 ppm for embalmers and ONUs, respectively. Task-length formaldehyde concentrations ranged from 0.058 to 1.4 ppm, with the average embalming taking 72.8 min to complete. Air change rates in the preparation rooms ranged from 2.8 to 28.3 air changes per hour; however, no correlation between task-length formaldehyde concentrations and air change rate was observed. Following empirical data collection, a Monte Carlo analysis of estimated annual 8-hr time-weighted average (TWA) exposure was conducted to determine the potential exposure distribution for embalmers employed at private funeral homes. Inputs to the simulation were derived from responses to a National Funeral Directors Association survey and from empirical measurements collected during the study. With respect to the reconstructed 8-hr TWAs, the median 8-hr TWA was 0.037 ppm, with 93.6% of the predicted concentrations below 0.1 ppm. This study provides a robust characterization of contemporary formaldehyde exposures in the funeral service profession. Further, it provides a strategy for interpreting the results along with surveyed responses regarding embalming frequency to better inform risks associated with formaldehyde exposure in this profession.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura H Allen
- Cardno ChemRisk, now Stantec, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Claire Hamaji
- Cardno ChemRisk, now Stantec, San Francisco, California
| | | | | | - Jzyk S Ennis
- Jefferson State Community College, Birmingham, Alabama
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Kang DS, Kim HS, Jung JH, Lee CM, Ahn YS, Seo YR. Formaldehyde exposure and leukemia risk: a comprehensive review and network-based toxicogenomic approach. Genes Environ 2021; 43:13. [PMID: 33845901 PMCID: PMC8042688 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-021-00183-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Formaldehyde is a widely used but highly reactive and toxic chemical. The International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies formaldehyde as a Group 1 carcinogen, based on nasopharyngeal cancer and leukemia studies. However, the correlation between formaldehyde exposure and leukemia incidence is a controversial issue. To understand the association between formaldehyde exposure and leukemia, we explored biological networks based on formaldehyde-related genes retrieved from public and commercial databases. Through the literature-based network approach, we summarized qualitative associations between formaldehyde exposure and leukemia. Our results indicate that oxidative stress-mediated genetic changes induced by formaldehyde could disturb the hematopoietic system, possibly leading to leukemia. Furthermore, we suggested major genes that are thought to be affected by formaldehyde exposure and associated with leukemia development. Our suggestions can be used to complement experimental data for understanding and identifying the leukemogenic mechanism of formaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doo Seok Kang
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Environmental Medicine for Green Chemistry, Dongguk University Biomedi Campus, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Soo Kim
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Environmental Medicine for Green Chemistry, Dongguk University Biomedi Campus, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyeon Jung
- Faculty of Health Science, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38610, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Min Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Natural Science and Engineering, Seokyeong University, Seoul, 02173, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Soon Ahn
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Institute of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon, 26426, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Rok Seo
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Environmental Medicine for Green Chemistry, Dongguk University Biomedi Campus, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea.
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Motta O, Charlier B, De Caro F, Coglianese A, De Rosa F, Moccia G, Pironti C, Capunzo M, Borrelli A, Filippelli A, Izzo V. Environmental and biological monitoring of formaldehyde inside a hospital setting: a combined approach to manage chemical risk in workplaces. J Public Health Res 2021; 10. [PMID: 33849255 PMCID: PMC7967491 DOI: 10.4081/jphr.2021.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The safety of healthcare workers exposed to formaldehyde remains a great matter of concern for healthcare management units. This work aimed at describing the results of a combined monitoring approach (environmental and biological) to manage occupational exposure to formaldehyde in a hospital setting. Design and Methods: Environmental monitoring of working spaces and biological monitoring of urinary formaldehyde in 16 exposed healthcare workers of the Anatomic Pathology Unit of a University Hospital in Southern Italy was performed on a fouryear timescale (2016-2019). Results: Values of aero-dispersed formaldehyde identified were on average low; although workers’ urinary formaldehyde levels were also minimal, the statistical analysis highlighted a slight weekly accumulation. Conclusions: Our data confirm that both environmental and biological monitoring are important to identify risk situations, in particular when values of hazardous compounds are below the accepted occupational exposure levels. Significance for public health Health workers' regular exposure to formaldehyde may be responsible for long-term health issues; unfortunately, threshold limits of this compound are not harmonized between different government agencies. The combination of environmental and biological monitoring thus becomes an invaluable tool to preserve worker's safety and effectively assess chemical risk in hospital settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriana Motta
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi; University Hospital "San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona", Salerno .
| | - Bruno Charlier
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi; University Hospital "San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona", Salerno .
| | - Francesco De Caro
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi; University Hospital "San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona", Salerno .
| | - Albino Coglianese
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi .
| | - Federica De Rosa
- University Hospital "San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona", Salerno.
| | - Giuseppina Moccia
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi; University Hospital "San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona", Salerno .
| | - Concetta Pironti
- University Hospital "San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona", Salerno.
| | - Mario Capunzo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi; University Hospital "San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona", Salerno .
| | - Anna Borrelli
- University Hospital "San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona", Salerno.
| | - Amelia Filippelli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi; University Hospital "San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona", Salerno .
| | - Viviana Izzo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi .
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Gentry R, Thompson CM, Franzen A, Salley J, Albertini R, Lu K, Greene T. Using mechanistic information to support evidence integration and synthesis: a case study with inhaled formaldehyde and leukemia. Crit Rev Toxicol 2021; 50:885-918. [PMID: 33538218 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2020.1854678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Formaldehyde is one of the most comprehensively studied chemicals, with over 30 years of research focused on understanding the development of cancer following inhalation. The causal conclusions regarding the potential for leukemia are largely based on the epidemiological literature, with little consideration of cancer bioassays, dosimetry studies, and mechanistic research, which challenge the biological plausibility of the disease. Recent reanalyzes of the epidemiological literature have also raised significant questions related to the purported associations between formaldehyde and leukemia. Because of this, considerable scientific debate and uncertainty remain on whether there is a causal association between formaldehyde inhalation exposure and leukemia. Further complexity in evaluating this association is related to the endogenous production of formaldehyde. Multiple modes of action (MOA) have been postulated for the development of leukemia following formaldehyde inhalation that includes unsupported hypotheses of direct or indirect toxicity to the target cell population. Herein, the available evidence relevant to evaluating the postulated MOAs for leukemia following formaldehyde inhalation exposure is organized in the IPCS MOA Framework. The integration of all the available evidence clearly highlights the limited amount of data that support any of the postulated MOAs and demonstrates a significant amount of research supporting the null hypothesis that there is no causal association between formaldehyde inhalation exposure and leukemia. These analyses result in a lack of confidence in any of the postulated MOAs, increasing confidence in the conclusion that there is a lack of biological plausibility for a causal association between formaldehyde inhalation exposure and leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Richard Albertini
- Independent Consultant, Emeritus Professor, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Kun Lu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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10
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Bernardini L, Barbosa E, Charão MF, Brucker N. Formaldehyde toxicity reports from in vitro and in vivo studies: a review and updated data. Drug Chem Toxicol 2020; 45:972-984. [PMID: 32686516 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2020.1795190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (FA) is a xenobiotic air pollutant and its universal distribution causes a widespread exposure to humans. This review aimed to bring updated information concerning FA toxicity in humans and animals based on in vitro and in vivo studies from 2013 to 2019. Researches were carried out in Pubmed, Scopus, and Science Direct databases to determine the effects of FA exposure on inflammation, oxidative stress and genotoxicity in experimental studies with animals (rats and mice) and humans. Besides, in vitro studies assessing FA cytotoxicity focusing on cell viability and apoptosis in different cell line cultures were reviewed. Studies with humans gave evidence regarding significant deleterious effects on health associated to chronic FA occupational exposure. Evaluations carried out in experimental studies showed toxic effects on different organs as lung, upper respiratory tract, bone marrow and brain as well as in cells. In summary, this study demonstrates that knowing the mechanisms underlying FA toxicity is essential to understand the deleterious effects that this xenobiotic causes on biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Bernardini
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Barbosa
- Graduate Program on Toxicology and Analytical Toxicology, University Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil
| | - Mariele Feiffer Charão
- Graduate Program on Toxicology and Analytical Toxicology, University Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil
| | - Natália Brucker
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
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11
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Allegra A, Spatari G, Mattioli S, Curti S, Innao V, Ettari R, Allegra AG, Giorgianni C, Gangemi S, Musolino C. Formaldehyde Exposure and Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Review of the Literature. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2019; 55:E638. [PMID: 31557975 PMCID: PMC6843642 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55100638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Background and objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate associations between cumulative and peak formaldehyde exposure and occurrence of acute myeloid leukemia. Material and Methods: A comprehensive search was performed using the PubMed and Embase databases. We included studies presenting information about the role of formaldehyde in leukemic occurrence and mortality risk. Then, full texts of the selected references were assessed, and references of included studies were checked to identify additional articles. Result: The information was then summarized and organized in the present review. A total of 81 articles were obtained from the search. Conclusion: Findings from the review of the literature do not support the hypothesis that formaldehyde is a cause of acute myeloid leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Allegra
- Division of Hematology, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Spatari
- Department of Environmental Science, Safety, Territory, Food and Health, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy.
| | - Stefano Mattioli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Stefania Curti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Vanessa Innao
- Division of Hematology, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy.
| | - Roberta Ettari
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy.
| | - Andrea Gaetano Allegra
- Division of Hematology, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy.
| | - Concetto Giorgianni
- Department of Environmental Science, Safety, Territory, Food and Health, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy.
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- School and Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital "G. Martino", Via Consolare Valeria SNC, 98125 Messina, Italy.
| | - Caterina Musolino
- Division of Hematology, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy.
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12
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Scheepers PTJ, Graumans MHF, Beckmann G, van Dael M, Anzion RBM, Melissen M, Pinckaers N, van Wel L, de Werdt LMA, Gelsing V, van Linge A. Changes in Work Practices for Safe Use of Formaldehyde in a University-Based Anatomy Teaching and Research Facility. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E2049. [PMID: 30235815 PMCID: PMC6164304 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15092049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Anatomy teaching and research relies on the use of formaldehyde (FA) as a preservation agent for human and animal tissues. Due to the recent classification of FA as a carcinogen, university hospitals are facing a challenge to (further) reduce exposure to FA. The aim of this study was to reduce exposure to FA in the anatomy teaching and research facility. Workers participated in the development of improved work practices, both technical and organizational solutions. Over a period of 6 years mitigating measures were introduced, including improvement of a down-flow ventilation system, introduction of local exhaust ventilation, collection of drain liquid from displayed specimens in closed containers and leak prevention. Furthermore, some organizational changes were made to reduce the number of FA peak exposures. Stationary and personal air sampling was performed in three different campaigns to assess the effect of these new work practices on inhalation exposure to FA. Samples were collected over 8 h (full shift) and 15 min (task-based) to support mitigation of exposure and improvement of work practices. Air was collected on an adsorbent coated with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) and analyzed by HPLC-UV. Geometric mean (GM) concentrations of FA in the breathing zone over a work-shift were 123 µg/m³ in 2012 and 114 µg/m³ in 2014, exceeding the workplace standard of 150 µg/m³ (8 h time-weighted average, TWA) on 46% of the workdays in 2012 and 38% of the workdays in 2014. This exposure was reduced to an average of 28.8 µg/m³ in 2017 with an estimated probability of exceeding the OEL of 0.6%. Task-based measurements resulted in a mean peak exposures of 291 µg/m³ in 2012 (n = 19) and a mean of 272 µg/m³ in 2014 (n = 21), occasionally exceeding the standard of 500 µg/m³ (15 min TWA), and were reduced to a mean of 88.7 µg/m³ in 2017 (n = 12) with an estimated probability of exceeding the OEL of 1.6%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T J Scheepers
- Research Lab Molecular Epidemiology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboudumc, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Martien H F Graumans
- Research Lab Molecular Epidemiology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboudumc, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Gwendolyn Beckmann
- Research Lab Molecular Epidemiology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboudumc, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Yacht, High Tech Campus 32, 5656 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Maurice van Dael
- Research Lab Molecular Epidemiology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboudumc, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Rob B M Anzion
- Research Lab Molecular Epidemiology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboudumc, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Maarten Melissen
- Research Lab Molecular Epidemiology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboudumc, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Digireg, Kranestraat 37, 5961 GX Horst, The Netherlands.
| | - Nicole Pinckaers
- Research Lab Molecular Epidemiology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboudumc, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- WUR-RIKILT, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Luuk van Wel
- Research Lab Molecular Epidemiology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboudumc, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Laurie M A de Werdt
- Research Lab Molecular Epidemiology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboudumc, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Arbo Unie, Europalaan 40, 3526 KS Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Vera Gelsing
- Department of Anatomy, Radboudumc, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Albert van Linge
- Department of Anatomy, Radboudumc, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Pira E, Romano C, Vecchia CL, Boffetta P. Hematologic and cytogenetic biomarkers of leukemia risk from formaldehyde exposure. Carcinogenesis 2018; 38:1251-1252. [PMID: 29112738 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgx072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Pira
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Canzio Romano
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Carlo La Vecchia
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, USA
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Mundt KA, Gallagher AE, Dell LD, Natelson EA, Boffetta P, Gentry PR. Response to Dr. Bernard D. Goldstein's Letter to the Editor. Crit Rev Toxicol 2018; 48:341-343. [PMID: 29460663 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2018.1431765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Mundt
- a Environment and Health Consultancy, Ramboll US Corporation , Amherst , MA , USA
| | - Alexa E Gallagher
- a Environment and Health Consultancy, Ramboll US Corporation , Amherst , MA , USA
| | - Linda D Dell
- a Environment and Health Consultancy, Ramboll US Corporation , Amherst , MA , USA
| | - Ethan A Natelson
- b Institute for Academic-Hematology, Houston Methodist Hospital , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- c Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , NY , USA
| | - P Robinan Gentry
- d Environment and Health Consultancy, Ramboll US Corporation , Monroe , LA , USA
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15
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Mundt KA, Gentry PR, Dell LD, Rodricks JV, Boffetta P. Six years after the NRC review of EPA's Draft IRIS Toxicological Review of Formaldehyde: Regulatory implications of new science in evaluating formaldehyde leukemogenicity. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 92:472-490. [PMID: 29158043 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Shortly after the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) determined that formaldehyde causes leukemia, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) released its Draft IRIS Toxicological Review of Formaldehyde ("Draft IRIS Assessment"), also concluding that formaldehyde causes leukemia. Peer review of the Draft IRIS Assessment by a National Academy of Science committee noted that "causal determinations are not supported by the narrative provided in the draft" (NRC 2011). They offered recommendations for improving the Draft IRIS assessment and identified several important research gaps. Over the six years since the NRC peer review, significant new science has been published. We identify and summarize key recommendations made by NRC and map them to this new science, including extended analysis of epidemiological studies, updates of earlier occupational cohort studies, toxicological experiments using a sensitive mouse strain, mechanistic studies examining the role of exogenous versus endogenous formaldehyde in bone marrow, and several critical reviews. With few exceptions, new findings are consistently negative, and integration of all available evidence challenges the earlier conclusions that formaldehyde causes leukemia. Given formaldehyde's commercial importance, environmental ubiquity and endogenous production, accurate hazard classification and risk evaluation of whether exposure to formaldehyde from occupational, residential and consumer products causes leukemia are critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Mundt
- Environment and Health, Ramboll Environ, Amherst MA, United States.
| | - P Robinan Gentry
- Environment and Health, Ramboll Environ, Amherst MA, United States
| | - Linda D Dell
- Environment and Health, Ramboll Environ, Amherst MA, United States
| | | | - Paolo Boffetta
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Mundt KA, Gallagher AE, Dell LD, Natelson EA, Boffetta P, Gentry PR. Does occupational exposure to formaldehyde cause hematotoxicity and leukemia-specific chromosome changes in cultured myeloid progenitor cells? Crit Rev Toxicol 2017; 47:592-602. [PMID: 28462599 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2017.1301878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Several cross-sectional studies of a single population of workers exposed to formaldehyde at one of two factories using or producing formaldehyde-melamine resins in China have concluded that formaldehyde exposure induces damage to hematopoietic cells that originate in the bone marrow. Moreover, the investigators interpret observed differences between groups as evidence that formaldehyde induces myeloid leukemias, although the mechanisms for inducing these diseases are not obvious and recently published scientific findings do not support causation. Our objective was to evaluate hematological parameters and aneuploidy in relation to quantitative exposure measures of formaldehyde. We obtained the study data for the original study (Zhang et al. 2010 ) and performed linear regression analyses. Results showed that differences in white blood cell, granulocyte, platelet, and red blood cell counts are not exposure dependent. Among formaldehyde-exposed workers, no association was observed between individual average formaldehyde exposure estimates and frequency of aneuploidy, suggested by the original study authors to be indicators of myeloid leukemia risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ethan A Natelson
- b Houston Methodist Hospital - Texas Medical Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- c Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , NY , USA
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Chiarella P, Tranfo G, Pigini D, Carbonari D. Is it possible to use biomonitoring for the quantitative assessment of formaldehyde occupational exposure? Biomark Med 2016; 10:1287-1303. [PMID: 27924628 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2016-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The European classification, labeling and packaging classified formaldehyde as human carcinogen Group 1B and mutagen 2, fostering the re-evaluation of the exposure risk in occupational settings. Although formaldehyde exposure is traditionally measured in air, many efforts were made to identify specific exposure biomarkers: urinary formaldehyde, formic acid and DNA damage indicators. Though used in combination, none of these seems satisfactory. The influence of the metabolism on exogenous formaldehyde levels, the exposure to other xenobiotics, the difference in genetic background and metabolism efficiency, misled the relationship between genotoxicity and exposure data. Nevertheless, the limitation of adverse effects to the local contact sites hampers biomonitoring. Here we discuss the feasibility of formaldehyde biomonitoring and the use of DNA, DNA-protein cross-links and protein adducts as potential biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieranna Chiarella
- INAIL Research - Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology & Hygiene, Via Fontana Candida 1 - 00078 Monte Porzio Catone (RM), Italy
| | - Giovanna Tranfo
- INAIL Research - Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology & Hygiene, Via Fontana Candida 1 - 00078 Monte Porzio Catone (RM), Italy
| | - Daniela Pigini
- INAIL Research - Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology & Hygiene, Via Fontana Candida 1 - 00078 Monte Porzio Catone (RM), Italy
| | - Damiano Carbonari
- INAIL Research - Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology & Hygiene, Via Fontana Candida 1 - 00078 Monte Porzio Catone (RM), Italy
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Albertini RJ, Kaden DA. Do chromosome changes in blood cells implicate formaldehyde as a leukemogen? Crit Rev Toxicol 2016; 47:145-184. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2016.1211987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Bogen KT, Heilman JM. Reassessment of MTBE cancer potency considering modes of action for MTBE and its metabolites. Crit Rev Toxicol 2016; 45 Suppl 1:1-56. [PMID: 26414780 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2015.1052367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A 1999 California state agency cancer potency (CP) evaluation of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) assumed linear risk extrapolations from tumor data were plausible because of limited evidence that MTBE or its metabolites could damage DNA, and based such extrapolations on data from rat gavage and rat and mouse inhalation studies indicating elevated tumor rates in male rat kidney, male rat Leydig interstitial cells, and female rat leukemia/lymphomas. More recent data bearing on MTBE cancer potency include a rodent cancer bioassay of MTBE in drinking water; several new studies of MTBE genotoxicity; several similar evaluations of MTBE metabolites, formaldehyde, and tert-butyl alcohol or TBA; and updated evaluations of carcinogenic mode(s) of action (MOAs) of MTBE and MTBE metabolite's. The lymphoma/leukemia data used in the California assessment were recently declared unreliable by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Updated characterizations of MTBE CP, and its uncertainty, are currently needed to address a variety of decision goals concerning historical and current MTBE contamination. To this end, an extensive review of data sets bearing on MTBE and metabolite genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and tumorigenicity was applied to reassess MTBE CP and related uncertainty in view of MOA considerations. Adopting the traditional approach that cytotoxicity-driven cancer MOAs are inoperative at very low, non-cytotoxic dose levels, it was determined that MTBE most likely does not increase cancer risk unless chronic exposures induce target-tissue toxicity, including in sensitive individuals. However, the corresponding expected (or plausible upper bound) CP for MTBE conditional on a hypothetical linear (e.g., genotoxic) MOA was estimated to be ∼2 × 10(-5) (or 0.003) per mg MTBE per kg body weight per day for adults exposed chronically over a lifetime. Based on this conservative estimate of CP, if MTBE is carcinogenic to humans, it is among the weakest 10% of chemical carcinogens evaluated by EPA.
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Yan Y, Sun XG, Chen L, Sun LJ, Lu YY, Jiang ZR, Li L, Liu XS. Effect of formaldehyde on miRNA-21 and its downstream proteins TIMP-3 and RECK in the liver. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:2143-2151. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i14.2143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effect of formaldehyde on miRNA-21 and its downstream proteins tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 (TIMP-3) and reversion-inducing cysteine-rich protein with Kazal motifs (RECK) in the liver of mice.
METHODS: Forty female Kunming mice were randomly divided into three formaldehyde groups (low-, medium- and high-concentration groups) and a control group. The three formaldehyde groups were intraperitoneally injected with different concentrations of formaldehyde at 10:00 am daily. The control group was injected with equal volume of normal saline. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-PCR) was used to detect the changes of expression of miRNA-21 after 30 d. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot were used to test the expression of TIMP-3 and RECK in the liver.
RESULTS: The relative expression levels of miRNA-21 in the low-, medium-, and high-concentration groups, compared with that in the control group, were 1.16 ± 0.18, 1.61 ± 0.29 and 2.48 ± 0.49, respectively. There were significant differences in miRNA-21 expression among different groups (F = 38.02, P < 0.0001). The expression values of TIMP-3 in the control group, low-, medium-, and high-concentration groups were 1.30 ± 0.058, 1.04 ± 0.083, 0.85 ± 0.070 and 0.23 ± 0.067, respectively, and there were significant differences among different groups (F = 125.8, P < 0.0001). The expression values of RECK in the control group, low-, medium-, and high-concentration groups were 1.24 ± 0.057, 1.11 ± 0.056, 0.68 ± 0.042 and 0.35 ± 0.066, respectively, and there were also significant differences among different groups (F = 158.7, P < 0.0001). The relative expression of miRNA-21 showed a negative association with expression of TIMP-3 and RECK (r = -0.990, P = 0.01; r = -0.974, P = 0.026, respectively).
CONCLUSION: The expression of miRNA-21 in the liver is significantly increased by formaldehyde in a dose-dependent manner. Formaldehyde can decrease the expression of TIMP-3 and RECK in the same dose-dependent manner.
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Aydin S, Ogeturk M, Kuloglu T, Kavakli A, Aydin S. Effect of carnosine supplementation on apoptosis and irisin, total oxidant and antioxidants levels in the serum, liver and lung tissues in rats exposed to formaldehyde inhalation. Peptides 2015; 64:14-23. [PMID: 25541044 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of the study has been to show whether carnosine has positive effects on liver and lung tissues of rats exposed to a range of formaldehyde concentrations, and to explore how irisin expression and antioxidant capacity are altered in these tissues by carnosine supplementation. Sprague-Dawley type male rats were divided into 8 groups with 6 animals in each: (I) Control; no chemical supplementation); (II) sham (100mg/kg/day carnosine); (III) low dose formaldehyde (LDFA) for 5 days/week; (IV) LDFA for 5 days/week and carnosine); (V) moderate dose formaldehyde (MDFA) for 5 days/week); (VI) MDFA for 5 days/week and carnosine; (VII) high dose formaldehyde (HDFA) for 5 days/week; (VIII) and HDFA for 5 days/week and carnosine. Sham and control groups were exposed to normal air. Irisin levels of the serum, liver and lung tissue supernatants were analyzed by ELISA, while the REL method was used to determine total oxidant/antioxidant capacity. Irisin production by the tissues was detected immunohistochemically. Increasing doses of FA decreased serum/tissue irisin and total antioxidant levels relative to the controls, as also to increases in TUNEL expressions, total oxidant level, oxidant and apoptosis index. Irisin expression was detected in hepatocyte and sinusoidal cells of the liver and parenchymal cells of the lung. In conclusion, while FA exposure reduces irisin and total oxidant in the serum, liver and lung tissues in a dose-dependent manner and increases the total antioxidant capacity, carnosine supplementation reduces the oxidative stress and restores the histopathological and biochemical signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suna Aydin
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, Firat University, 23119 Elazig, Turkey; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Elazig Training and Research Hospital, 23100 Elazig, Turkey
| | - Murat Ogeturk
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, Firat University, 23119 Elazig, Turkey
| | - Tuncay Kuloglu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, Firat University, 23119 Elazig, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Kavakli
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, Firat University, 23119 Elazig, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Aydin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry (Firat Hormones Research Group), Medical School, Firat University, 23119 Elazig, Turkey.
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22
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Lan Q, Smith MT, Tang X, Guo W, Vermeulen R, Ji Z, Hu W, Hubbard AE, Shen M, McHale CM, Qiu C, Liu S, Reiss B, Beane-Freeman L, Blair A, Ge Y, Xiong J, Li L, Rappaport SM, Huang H, Rothman N, Zhang L. Chromosome-wide aneuploidy study of cultured circulating myeloid progenitor cells from workers occupationally exposed to formaldehyde. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36:160-7. [PMID: 25391402 PMCID: PMC4291049 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Formaldehyde (FA) is an economically important industrial chemical to which millions of people worldwide are exposed environmentally and occupationally. Recently, the International Agency for Cancer Research concluded that there is sufficient evidence that FA causes leukemia, particularly myeloid leukemia. To evaluate the biological plausibility of this association, we employed a chromosome-wide aneuploidy study approach, which allows the evaluation of aneuploidy and structural chromosome aberrations (SCAs) of all 24 chromosomes simultaneously, to analyze cultured myeloid progenitor cells from 29 workers exposed to relatively high levels of FA and 23 unexposed controls. We found statistically significant increases in the frequencies of monosomy, trisomy, tetrasomy and SCAs of multiple chromosomes in exposed workers compared with controls, with particularly notable effects for monosomy 1 [P = 6.02E-06, incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 2.31], monosomy 5 (P = 9.01E-06; IRR = 2.24), monosomy 7 (P = 1.57E-05; IRR = 2.17), trisomy 5 (P = 1.98E-05; IRR = 3.40) and SCAs of chromosome 5 (P = 0.024; IRR = 4.15). The detection of increased levels of monosomy 7 and SCAs of chromosome 5 is particularly relevant as they are frequently observed in acute myeloid leukemia. Our findings provide further evidence that leukemia-related cytogenetic changes can occur in the circulating myeloid progenitor cells of healthy workers exposed to FA, which may be a potential mechanism underlying FA-induced leukemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Lan
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA, Science and Education Department, Guangdong Poisoning Control Center, Guangzhou 510300, China, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht NL-3508, The Netherlands, Department of Occupational Health, Qiaotou Hospital, Dongguan, Guangdong 523323, China and Department of Occupational Health, Dongguan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong 523129, China
| | - Martyn T Smith
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Xiaojiang Tang
- Science and Education Department, Guangdong Poisoning Control Center, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Weihong Guo
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht NL-3508, The Netherlands
| | - Zhiying Ji
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Wei Hu
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA, Science and Education Department, Guangdong Poisoning Control Center, Guangzhou 510300, China, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht NL-3508, The Netherlands, Department of Occupational Health, Qiaotou Hospital, Dongguan, Guangdong 523323, China and Department of Occupational Health, Dongguan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong 523129, China
| | - Alan E Hubbard
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Min Shen
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA, Science and Education Department, Guangdong Poisoning Control Center, Guangzhou 510300, China, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht NL-3508, The Netherlands, Department of Occupational Health, Qiaotou Hospital, Dongguan, Guangdong 523323, China and Department of Occupational Health, Dongguan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong 523129, China
| | - Cliona M McHale
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Chuangyi Qiu
- Science and Education Department, Guangdong Poisoning Control Center, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Songwang Liu
- Department of Occupational Health, Qiaotou Hospital, Dongguan, Guangdong 523323, China and
| | - Boris Reiss
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht NL-3508, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Beane-Freeman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA, Science and Education Department, Guangdong Poisoning Control Center, Guangzhou 510300, China, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht NL-3508, The Netherlands, Department of Occupational Health, Qiaotou Hospital, Dongguan, Guangdong 523323, China and Department of Occupational Health, Dongguan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong 523129, China
| | - Aaron Blair
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA, Science and Education Department, Guangdong Poisoning Control Center, Guangzhou 510300, China, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht NL-3508, The Netherlands, Department of Occupational Health, Qiaotou Hospital, Dongguan, Guangdong 523323, China and Department of Occupational Health, Dongguan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong 523129, China
| | - Yichen Ge
- Science and Education Department, Guangdong Poisoning Control Center, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Jun Xiong
- Department of Occupational Health, Dongguan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong 523129, China
| | - Laiyu Li
- Science and Education Department, Guangdong Poisoning Control Center, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Stephen M Rappaport
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Hanlin Huang
- Science and Education Department, Guangdong Poisoning Control Center, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Nathaniel Rothman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA, Science and Education Department, Guangdong Poisoning Control Center, Guangzhou 510300, China, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht NL-3508, The Netherlands, Department of Occupational Health, Qiaotou Hospital, Dongguan, Guangdong 523323, China and Department of Occupational Health, Dongguan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong 523129, China
| | - Luoping Zhang
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA,
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Jung PK, Kim I, Park I, Kim C, Kim EA, Roh J. A case of multiple myeloma in a poultry worker. Ann Occup Environ Med 2014; 26:35. [PMID: 25551018 PMCID: PMC4279810 DOI: 10.1186/s40557-014-0035-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Livestock breeders including poultry workers are exposed to various agricultural chemicals including pesticides and/or organic solvents. Multiple myeloma is a rare disease in Korea, and few reports have investigated the influence of occupational exposures on multiple myeloma occurrence. Case presentation A 61-year-old male poultry farm worker presented with bone pain and generalized weakness. A bone marrow biopsy was performed, and he was diagnosed with multiple myeloma. The patient had worked in a poultry farm for 16 years and was exposed to various pesticides and organic solvents such as formaldehyde without any proper personal protective equipment. Results of the work reenactment revealed that the concentration of formaldehyde (17.53 ppm) greatly exceeded the time-weighted average (0.5 ppm) and short-term exposure limit (1.0 ppm) suggested in the Korean Industrial Safety and Health Act. Conclusions This case report suggests that poultry workers may be exposed to high levels of various hazardous chemicals including pesticides and/or organic solvents. Numerous previous studies have suggested an association between multiple myeloma and exposure to agricultural chemicals; thus, multiple myeloma in this patient might have resulted from the prolonged, high exposure to these chemicals. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40557-014-0035-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pil Kyun Jung
- Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea ; The Institute for Occupational Health, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Inah Kim
- Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea ; The Institute for Occupational Health, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea ; Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea ; Incheon Workers' Health Center, Incheon, Korea ; Severance Hospital, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Inhyo Park
- Incheon Workers' Health Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Chinyon Kim
- The Institute for Occupational Health, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-A Kim
- Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jaehoon Roh
- The Institute for Occupational Health, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea ; Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Athanassiadis B, George GA, Abbott PV, Wash LJ. A review of the effects of formaldehyde release from endodontic materials. Int Endod J 2014; 48:829-38. [PMID: 25283681 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Formaldehyde is present in most living cells and the environment. In dentistry, patients may be exposed to formaldehyde through the use of several endodontic materials (e.g. AH 26) and during formocresol pulpotomies. This review outlines how the human body reacts to formaldehyde exposure, how recent data has relooked at the issue of carcinogenicity and leukaemia associated with formaldehyde, and whether it is possible to quantify the amount of formaldehyde produced by endodontic cements. The review analyses the way formaldehyde is produced from epoxy resins and addresses the question of whether the amount of formaldehyde from endodontic cements is large enough to override the body's ability to deal with its own endogenous levels of formaldehyde and should the amount of formaldehyde produced be a concern.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - G A George
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - P V Abbott
- School of Dentistry, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - L J Wash
- School of Dentistry, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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McHale CM, Smith MT, Zhang L. Application of toxicogenomic profiling to evaluate effects of benzene and formaldehyde: from yeast to human. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2014; 1310:74-83. [PMID: 24571325 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variation underlies a significant proportion of the individual variation in human susceptibility to toxicants. The primary current approaches to identify gene-environment (GxE) associations, genome-wide association studies and candidate gene association studies, require large exposed and control populations and an understanding of toxicity genes and pathways, respectively. This limits their application in the study of GxE associations for the leukemogens benzene and formaldehyde, whose toxicity has long been a focus of our research. As an alternative approach, our published work has applied innovative in vitro functional genomics testing systems, including unbiased functional screening assays in yeast and a near-haploid human bone marrow cell line. Through comparative genomic and computational analyses of the resulting data, human genes and pathways that may modulate susceptibility to benzene and formaldehyde were identified, and the roles of several genes in mammalian cell models were validated. In populations occupationally exposed to low levels of benzene, we applied peripheral blood mononuclear cell transcriptomics and chromosome-wide aneuploidy studies in lymphocytes. In this review, we describe our comprehensive toxicogenomic approach and the potential mechanisms of toxicity and susceptibility genes identified for benzene and formaldehyde, as well as related studies conducted by other researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cliona M McHale
- Genes and Environment Laboratory, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California
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26
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Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of formaldehyde for all animal species based on a dossier submitted by Regal BV. EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of formaldehyde for all animal species based on a dossier submitted by Adiveter S.L. EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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