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Weiss T, Koslitz S, Nöllenheidt C, Caumanns C, Hedtmann J, Käfferlein HU, Brüning T. Biomonitoring of volatile organic compounds and organophosphorus flame retardands in commercial aircrews after "fume and smell events". Int J Hyg Environ Health 2024; 259:114381. [PMID: 38652941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Health risks to humans after "fume and smell events", short-term incidents on aircrafts that are accompanied by unpleasant odour or visible smoke, remain a subject of controversy. We assessed exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOC) and organophosphorus compounds (OPC) by biomonitoring in 375 aircrew members after self-reported "fume and smell events" and in 88 persons of the general population. A total of 20 parameters were analysed in blood and urine by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Median levels of acetone in blood and urine and 2-propanol in blood were elevated in aircrews compared to controls (p < 0.0001). Additionally, elevated peak exposures, best estimated by the 95th percentiles, were observed in aircrews for n-heptane and n-octane in blood, and acetone, 2,5-hexanedione and o-cresol in urine. Only the maximum observed levels of 2,5-hexandione in urine (768 μg/L) and toluene in blood (77 μg/L) in aircrew members were higher than the current biological exposure indices (BEI® levels) (500 and 20 μg/L, respectively) of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (US-ACGIH) for workers occupationally exposed to n-hexane and toluene, two well-accepted human neurotoxicants. Low-level exposures to n-hexane and toluene could be also observed in controls. The majority of OPC parameters in urine, including those of neurotoxic ortho-isomers of tricresylphosphate, were below the limit of quantitation in both aircrews and controls. Our comparative VOC and OPC analyses in biological samples of a large number of aircrew members and controls suggest that exposures are similar in both groups and generally low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Weiss
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stephan Koslitz
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christoph Nöllenheidt
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christoph Caumanns
- Social Accident Insurance Institution for Commercial Transport, Postal Logistics and Telecommunication (BG Verkehr), Ottenser Hauptstraße 54, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Hedtmann
- Social Accident Insurance Institution for Commercial Transport, Postal Logistics and Telecommunication (BG Verkehr), Ottenser Hauptstraße 54, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Heiko U Käfferlein
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
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Liu Z, Kang K, Shan S, Wang S, Li X, Yong H, Huang Z, Yang Y, Liu Z, Sun Y, Bai Y, Song F. Chronic carbon disulfide exposure induces parkinsonian pathology via α-synuclein aggregation and necrosome complex interaction. iScience 2023; 26:107787. [PMID: 37731606 PMCID: PMC10507234 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to carbon disulfide (CS2) has been associated with an increased incidence of parkinsonism in workers, but the mechanism underlying this association remains unclear. Using a rat model, we investigated the effects of chronic CS2 exposure on parkinsonian pathology. Our results showed that CS2 exposure leads to significant motor impairment and neuronal damage, including loss of dopaminergic neurons and degeneration of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). The immunoassays revealed that exposure to CS2 induces aggregation of α-synuclein and phosphorylated α-synuclein, as well as activation of necroptosis in the SNpc. Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that the interaction between α-synuclein and the necrosome complex (RIP1, RIP3, and MLKL) is responsible for the loss of neuronal cells after CS2 exposure. Taken together, our results demonstrate that CS2-mediated α-synuclein aggregation can induce dopaminergic neuron damage and parkinsonian behavior through interaction with the necrosome complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhidan Liu
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Kang Kang
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Qingdao, Shandong 266033, China
| | - Shulin Shan
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xianjie Li
- Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510075, China
| | - Hui Yong
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Qingdao, Shandong 266033, China
| | - Zhengcheng Huang
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yiyu Yang
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Zhaoxiong Liu
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yanan Sun
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yao Bai
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Fuyong Song
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
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Song J, Wang D, Zhou M, You X, Tan Q, Liu W, Yu L, Wang B, Chen W, Zhang X. Carbon disulfide exposure induced lung function reduction partly through oxidative protein damage: A cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 454:131464. [PMID: 37104953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Carbon disulfide (CS2) exposure has been associated with lung function reduction in occupational population. However, evidence on the general population with relatively low CS2 exposure is lacking and the mechanism involved remains largely unknown. Urinary CS2 metabolite (2-mercaptothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, TTCA) and lung function were determined in the urban adults from the Wuhan-Zhuhai cohort at baseline in 2011-2012 and were repeated every 3 years. Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between TTCA and lung function were estimated using linear mixed models. Inflammation and oxidative damage biomarkers in blood/urine were measured to evaluate their potential mediating roles involved. Cross-sectionally, participants in the highest quartile of TTCA level showed a 0.64% reduction in FEV1/FVC and a -308.22 mL/s reduction in PEF, compared to those in the lowest quartile. Longitudinally, participants with consistently high TTCA level had annually -90.27 mL/s decline in PEF, compared to those with consistently low TTCA level. Mediation analysis revealed that plasma protein carbonyl mediated 49.89% and 22.10% of TTCA-associated FEV1/FVC and PEF reductions, respectively. Conclusively, there was a cross-sectional and longitudinal association between CS2 exposure and lung function reduction in the general urban adults, and protein carbonylation (oxidative protein damage) partly mediated lung function reduction from CS2 exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Song
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Dongming Wang
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Xiaojie You
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Qiyou Tan
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Linling Yu
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
| | - Weihong Chen
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
| | - Xiaoju Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China.
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Myers R, Ruszkiewicz DM, Meister A, Bartolomeu C, Atkar-Khattra S, Thomas CLP, Lam S. Breath testing for SARS-CoV-2 infection. EBioMedicine 2023; 92:104584. [PMID: 37121096 PMCID: PMC10140675 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND From a public health perspective, the identification of individuals with mild respiratory symptoms due to SARS-CoV-2 infection is important to contain the spread of the disease. The objective of this study was to identify volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath common to infection with different variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus to inform the development of a point-of-care breath test to detect infected individuals with mild symptoms. METHODS A prospective, real-world, observational study was conducted on mildly symptomatic out-patients presenting to community test-sites for RT-qPCR SARS-CoV-2 testing when the Alpha, Beta, and Delta variants were driving the COVID-19 pandemic. VOCs in exhaled breath were compared between PCR-positive and negative individuals using TD-GC-ToF-MS. Candidate VOCs were tested in an independent set of samples collected during the Omicron phase of the pandemic. FINDINGS Fifty breath samples from symptomatic RT-qPCR positive and 58 breath samples from test-negative, but symptomatic participants were compared. Of the 50 RT-qPCR-positive participants, 22 had breath sampling repeated 8-12 weeks later. PCA-X model yielded 12 distinct VOCs that discriminated SARS-CoV-2 active infection compared to recovery/convalescence period, with an area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUROC), of 0.862 (0.747-0.977), sensitivity, and specificity of 82% and 86%, respectively. PCA-X model from 50 RT-qPCR positive and 58 negative symptomatic participants, yielded 11 VOCs, with AUROC of 0.72 (0.604-0.803) and sensitivity of 72%, specificity 65.5%. The 11 VOCs were validated in a separate group of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron positive patients' vs healthy controls demonstrating an AUROC of 0.96 (95% CI 0.827-0.993) with sensitivity of 80% specificity of 90%. INTERPRETATION Exhaled breath analysis is a promising non-invasive, point-of-care method to detect mild COVID-19 infection. FUNDING Funding for this study was a competitive grant awarded from the Vancouver Coastal Research Institute as well as funding from the BC Cancer Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renelle Myers
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; British Columbia Cancer Research Institute; Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Dorota M Ruszkiewicz
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; British Columbia Cancer Research Institute; Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Austin Meister
- British Columbia Cancer Research Institute; Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Crista Bartolomeu
- British Columbia Cancer Research Institute; Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - C L Paul Thomas
- Centre for Analytical Science, Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Stephen Lam
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; British Columbia Cancer Research Institute; Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Cravotto C, Fabiano-Tixier AS, Claux O, Abert-Vian M, Tabasso S, Cravotto G, Chemat F. Towards Substitution of Hexane as Extraction Solvent of Food Products and Ingredients with No Regrets. Foods 2022; 11:3412. [PMID: 36360023 PMCID: PMC9655691 DOI: 10.3390/foods11213412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hexane is a solvent used extensively in the food industry for the extraction of various products such as vegetable oils, fats, flavours, fragrances, colour additives or other bioactive ingredients. As it is classified as a "processing aid", it does not have to be declared on the label under current legislation. Therefore, although traces of hexane may be found in final products, especially in processed products, its presence is not known to consumers. However, hexane, and in particular the n-hexane isomer, has been shown to be neurotoxic to humans and has even been listed as a cause of occupational diseases in several European countries since the 1970s. In order to support the European strategy for a toxic-free environment (and toxic-free food), it seemed important to collect scientific information on this substance by reviewing the available literature. This review contains valuable information on the nature and origin of the solvent hexane, its applications in the food industry, its toxicological evaluation and possible alternatives for the extraction of natural products. Numerous publications have investigated the toxicity of hexane, and several studies have demonstrated the presence of its toxic metabolite 2,5-hexanedione (2,5-HD) in the urine of the general, non-occupationally exposed population. Surprisingly, a tolerable daily intake (TDI) has apparently never been established by any food safety authority. Since hexane residues are undoubtedly found in various foods, it seems more than necessary to clearly assess the risks associated with this hidden exposure. A clear indication on food packaging and better information on the toxicity of hexane could encourage the industry to switch towards one of the numerous other alternative extraction methods already developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Cravotto
- GREEN Extraction Team, INRAE, UMR 408, Avignon University, F-84000 Avignon, France
| | | | - Ombéline Claux
- GREEN Extraction Team, INRAE, UMR 408, Avignon University, F-84000 Avignon, France
| | - Maryline Abert-Vian
- GREEN Extraction Team, INRAE, UMR 408, Avignon University, F-84000 Avignon, France
| | - Silvia Tabasso
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Cravotto
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Farid Chemat
- GREEN Extraction Team, INRAE, UMR 408, Avignon University, F-84000 Avignon, France
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Xu T, Wang B, Wang X, Yang S, Cao L, Qiu W, Cheng M, Liu W, Yu L, Zhou M, Wang D, Ma J, Chen W. Associations of urinary carbon disulfide metabolite with oxidative stress, plasma glucose and risk of diabetes among urban adults in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 272:115959. [PMID: 33250290 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Carbon disulfide (CS2) has been reported to induce disorder of glucose metabolism. However, the associations of CS2 exposure with plasma glucose levels and risk of diabetes have not been explored in general population, and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We aim to examine the relationships between CS2 exposure and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels, as well as diabetes, and assess the potential role of oxidative stress among the abovementioned relationships in Chinese general adults. The concentrations of urinary biomarkers of CS2 exposure (2-thiothiazolidin-4-carboxylic acid, TTCA), and biomarkers for lipid peroxidation (8-isoprostane, 8-iso-PGF2α) and DNA oxidative damage (8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-20-deoxyguanosine, 8-OHdG) were measured among 3338 urban adults from the Wuhan-Zhuhai cohort. Additionally, FPG levels were tested promptly. Generalized linear models and logistic regression models were used to quantify the associations among urinary TTCA, oxidative damage markers, FPG levels and diabetes risk. Mediation analysis was employed to estimate the role of oxidative damage markers in the association between urinary TTCA and FPG levels. We discovered a significant relationship between urinary TTCA and FPG levels with regression coefficient of 0.080 (95% CI: 0.002,0.157). Besides, the risk of diabetes was positively related to urinary TTCA (OR:1.282, 95% CI: 1.055,1.558), particularly among those who did not exercise regularly. Each 1% increase of urinary TTCA concentration was associated with a 0.096% and 0.037% increase in urinary 8-iso-PGF2α and 8-OHdG, respectively. Moreover, we found an upward trend of FPG level as urinary 8-iso-PGF2α gradually increased (Ptrend<0.05), and urinary 8-iso-PGF2α mediated 21.12% of the urinary TTCA-associated FPG increment. Our findings indicated that urinary CS2 metabolite was associated with increased FPG levels and diabetes risk in general population. Lipid peroxidation partly mediated the association of urinary CS2 metabolite with FPG levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xu
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, And State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, And State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, And State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Shijie Yang
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, And State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Limin Cao
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, And State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Weihong Qiu
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, And State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Man Cheng
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, And State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, And State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Linling Yu
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, And State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, And State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Dongming Wang
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, And State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Jixuan Ma
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, And State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Weihong Chen
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, And State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
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Chalansonnet M, Carreres-Pons M, Venet T, Thomas A, Merlen L, Boucard S, Cosnier F, Nunge H, Bonfanti E, Llorens J, Campo P, Pouyatos B. Effects of co-exposure to CS 2 and noise on hearing and balance in rats: continuous versus intermittent CS 2 exposures. J Occup Med Toxicol 2020; 15:9. [PMID: 32426022 PMCID: PMC7216478 DOI: 10.1186/s12995-020-00260-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Carbon disulfide (CS2) exacerbates the effect of noise on hearing, and disrupts the vestibular system. The goal of this study was to determine whether these effects are also observed with intermittent CS2 exposure. Methods Rats were exposed for 4 weeks (5 days/week, 6 h/day) to a band noise at 106 dB SPL either alone or combined with continuous (63 ppm or 250 ppm) or intermittent (15 min/h or 2 × 15 min/h at 250 ppm) CS2. Hearing function was assessed by measuring distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs); balance was monitored based on the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR). Functional measurements were performed before, at the end of exposure and 4 weeks later. Histological analyses of the inner ear were also performed following exposure and after the 4-week recovery period. Results The results obtained here confirmed that CS2 exposure exerts two differential temporary effects on hearing: (1) it attenuates the noise-induced DPOAE decrease below 6 kHz probably through action on the middle ear reflex when exposure lasts 15 min per hour, and (2) continuous exposure to 250 ppm for 6 h extends the frequency range affected by noise up to 9.6 kHz (instead of 6 kHz with noise alone). With regard to balance, the VOR was reversibly disrupted at the two highest doses of CS2 (2 × 15 min/h and continuous 250 ppm). No morphological alterations to the inner ear were observed. Conclusion These results reveal that short periods of CS2 exposure can alter the sensitivity of the cochlea to noise at a dose equivalent to only 10 times the short-term occupational limit value, and intermittent exposure to CS2 (2 × 15 min/h) can alter the function of the vestibular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Chalansonnet
- 1Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, Cedex, 54519 Vandœuvre, France
| | - Maria Carreres-Pons
- 1Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, Cedex, 54519 Vandœuvre, France.,2Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques and Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Catalonia Spain
| | - Thomas Venet
- 1Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, Cedex, 54519 Vandœuvre, France
| | - Aurélie Thomas
- 1Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, Cedex, 54519 Vandœuvre, France
| | - Lise Merlen
- 1Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, Cedex, 54519 Vandœuvre, France
| | - Stéphane Boucard
- 1Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, Cedex, 54519 Vandœuvre, France
| | - Frédéric Cosnier
- 1Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, Cedex, 54519 Vandœuvre, France
| | - Hervé Nunge
- 1Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, Cedex, 54519 Vandœuvre, France
| | - Elodie Bonfanti
- 1Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, Cedex, 54519 Vandœuvre, France
| | - Jordi Llorens
- 2Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques and Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Catalonia Spain.,3Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Catalonia Spain
| | - Pierre Campo
- 1Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, Cedex, 54519 Vandœuvre, France.,4DevAH EA 3450 - Développement, Adaptation et Handicap, Régulations cardio-respiratoires et de la motricité-Université de Lorraine, 54500 Vandœuvre, France
| | - Benoît Pouyatos
- 1Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, Cedex, 54519 Vandœuvre, France
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NGF mediates protection of mesenchymal stem cells-conditioned medium against 2,5-hexanedione-induced apoptosis of VSC4.1 cells via Akt/Bad pathway. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 469:53-64. [PMID: 32279149 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03727-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that the conditioned medium of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC-CM) can inhibit apoptosis of neural cells exposed to 2,5-hexanedione (HD), but its protective mechanism remains unclear. To investigate the underlying mechanism, VSC4.1 cells were given HD and 5, 10 and 15% BMSC-CM (v/v) in the current experiment. Our data showed that BMSC-CM concentration-dependently attenuated HD-induced cell apoptosis. Moreover, BMSC-CM remarkably decreased the mitochondrial cytochrome c (Cyt C) release and the caspase-3 activity in HD-given VSC4.1 cells. Given a relatively high expression of NGF in BMSCs and BMSC-CM, we hypothesized that NGF might be an important mediator of the protection of BMSC-CM against apoptosis induced by HD. To verify our hypothesis, the VSC4.1 cells were administrated with NGF and anti-NGF antibody in addition to HD. As expected, NGF could perfectly mimic BMSC-CM's protective role and these beneficial effects were abolished by anti-NGF antibody intervention. To further explore its mechanism, inhibitors of TrkA and Akt were given to the VSC4.1 cells and NGF/Akt/Bad pathway turned out to be involved in anti-apoptotic role of BMSC-CM. Based on these findings, it was revealed that BMSC-CM beneficial role was mediated by NGF and relied on the Akt/Bad pathway.
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9
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Abstract
Toxic peripheral neuropathies are an important form of acquired polyneuropathy produced by a variety of xenobiotics and different exposure scenarios. Delineating the mechanisms of neurotoxicants and determining the degenerative biological pathways triggered by peripheral neurotoxicants will facilitate the development of sensitive and specific biochemical-based methods for identifying neurotoxicants, designing therapeutic interventions, and developing structure-activity relationships for predicting potential neurotoxicants. This review presents an overview of the general concepts of toxic peripheral neuropathies with the goal of providing insight into why certain agents target the peripheral nervous system and produce their associated lesions. Experimental data and the main hypotheses for the mechanisms of selected agents that produce neuronopathies, axonopathies, or myelinopathies including covalent or noncovalent modifications, compromised energy or protein biosynthesis, and oxidative injury and disruption of ionic gradients across membranes are presented. The relevance of signaling between the main components of peripheral nerve, that is, glia, neuronal perikaryon, and axon, as a target for neurotoxicants and the contribution of active programmed degenerative pathways to the lesions observed in toxic peripheral neuropathies is also discussed.
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Casagrande FV, Amadeo A, Cartelli D, Calogero AM, Modena D, Costa I, Cantele F, Onelli E, Moscatelli A, Ascagni M, Pezzoli G, Cappelletti G. The imbalance between dynamic and stable microtubules underlies neurodegeneration induced by 2,5-hexanedione. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165581. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.165581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Piao F, Chen Y, Yu L, Shi X, Liu X, Jiang L, Yang G, Wang N, Gao B, Zhang C. 2,5-hexanedione-induced deregulation of axon-related microRNA expression in rat nerve tissues. Toxicol Lett 2019; 320:95-102. [PMID: 31760062 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to organic solvent in industry, including n-hexane is correlated with central-peripheral axonopathy, which is mediated by its active metabolite, 2,5-hexanedione (HD). However, the underlying mechanism is still largely unknown. Recently identified microRNAs (miRNAs) may play important roles in toxicant exposure and in the process of toxicant-induced neuropathys. To examine the role of miRNAs in HD-induced toxicity, neuropathic animal model was successfully built. miRNA microarray analysis revealed 105 differentially expressed miRNAs after HD exposure. Bioinformatics analysis showed that "Axon" and "Neurotrophin Signaling Pathway" was the top significant GO term and pathway, respectively. 7 miRNAs both related to "Axon" and "Neurotrophin Signaling Pathway" were screened out and further confirmed by Real-Time PCR. Correspondingly, the deregulation expression levels of proteins of four target genes (GSK3β, Map3k1, BDNF and MAP1B) were further confirmed via western blot, verifying the results of gene target analysis. Taken together, our results showed that the axon-related miRNAs to be associated with MAP1B or neurotrophin signal pathways changed in nerve tissues following HD exposure. These miRNAs may play important roles in HD-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyuan Piao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China; Comprehensive Laboratory, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, Basic Medical College, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Li Yu
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Xiaoxia Shi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Xiaofang Liu
- Department of Food Nutrition and Safety, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Liping Jiang
- Department of Food Nutrition and Safety, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Food Nutrition and Safety, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Ningning Wang
- Department of Food Nutrition and Safety, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Bihu Gao
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian 116044, PR China.
| | - Cong Zhang
- Department of Food Nutrition and Safety, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China.
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Liu JB, Wu C, Chen F, Leung CH, Ma DL. A simple iridium(III) dimer as a switch-on luminescent chemosensor for carbon disulfide detection in water samples. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1083:166-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.07.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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He J, Sun X, Yang X. Human respiratory system as sink for volatile organic compounds: Evidence from field measurements. INDOOR AIR 2019; 29:968-978. [PMID: 31466121 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) via inhalation might increase the risk of specific diseases. Human breath has been widely investigated as a source of VOCs. However, the role of the human respiratory system as a sink for VOCs is much less studied. In this observational study, the VOC concentrations in inhaled and exhaled air in different environmental conditions were investigated. A total of 98 healthy non-smoking subjects who were exposed to a wide variation in levels of VOCs participated in this study. Individual and statistical results show that human breath could serve as a source for some VOCs and a sink for others, and even when human breath serves as a sink, not all VOCs were 100% absorbed. Interestingly, an increase in inhaled concentrations of toluene was observed to convert human breath from being a source to being a sink. Attention could be given to those VOCs for which humans act as a strong sink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzhou He
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Sun
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xudong Yang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Li X, Wang Q, Li M, Wang S, Zhang C, Xie K. Hair pyrrole adducts serve as biomarkers for peripheral nerve impairment induced by 2,5-hexanedione and n-hexane in rats. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209939. [PMID: 30596762 PMCID: PMC6312332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrrole adducts are specific reaction products of 2,5-hexadione (2,5-HD) in vivo and are considered highly relevant to the pathogenesis of peripheral nerve impairments after exposure to n-hexane, though the exact mechanism remains unclear. In this study, 40 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three experimental groups and one control group, in which all rat’s hair were shaved completely at the beginning. The rats in three experimental groups were treated with 2,5-HD by gavage at dosages of 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg per day respectively, six times per week for 8 weeks. Abnormality of gait and changes in the rota-rod latency were surveilled. Pyrrole adducts in hair, urine and serum of all rats were measured at the endpoint. Results showed that the increased pyrrole adducts in hair, urine and serum accumulated in dose-response relationship. Spearman’s correlation analysis between pyrrole adducts and gait scores showed that hair pyrrole adducts were highly relevant to the gait scores. Moreover, we treated rats with n-hexane and succeed to verify the results aforesaid. Further, multiply linear regression analysis showed that hair pyrrole adducts have higher partial correlation coefficients than these in serum and urine in both 2,5-HD and n-hexane treated models. Our findings draw the conclusion that the hair pyrrole adducts might serve as a promising biomarker of n-hexane induced peripheral neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjie Li
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ming Li
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong Province, China
| | - Cuiqin Zhang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Keqin Xie
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
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Qu XL, Yan B. Stable Tb(III)-Based Metal-Organic Framework: Structure, Photoluminescence, and Chemical Sensing of 2-Thiazolidinethione-4-carboxylic Acid as a Biomarker of CS 2. Inorg Chem 2018; 58:524-534. [PMID: 30547593 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A novel three-dimensional microporous framework, [Tb(pddb)phen(ox)0.5] n (Tb-MOF), was synthesized hydrothermally with V-shaped 4,4'-(pyridine-2,6-diyl)dibenzoic acid (H2pddb), oxalate (ox), and 1,10-phenanthroline (phen). The framework of Tb-MOF features one-dimensional channels functionalized with pyridine-N Lewis base groups and the absence of coordinated and lattice water molecules in the structure. The Tb-MOF exhibits high thermostability (up to 385 °C) and chemical stability in a wide pH range (4-11) and common organic solvents as well as boiling water. The luminescence investigations of the Tb-MOF in common solvents, water with different pH values, and inorganic ions were performed. Results show that the Tb-MOF has high luminescence stability and the ability to probe Fe3+ ions. Significantly, the Tb-MOF with particularly high water stability can be first developed as a highly selective and sensitive luminescent sensor for the biomarker 2-thiazolidinethione-4-carboxylic acid (TTCA) via fluorescence quenching. The low detection limit (1 ppm), reusability, and high antidisturbance together make the Tb-MOF become a promising sensor for the practical detection of TTCA in urine systems, and for the first time realize the detection of urinary TTCA through fluorescence spectrometry based on an Ln-MOF sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Long Qu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Siping Road 1239 , Shanghai 200092 , China
| | - Bing Yan
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Siping Road 1239 , Shanghai 200092 , China
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Pardo ID, Rao DB, Butt MT, Jortner BS, Valentine WM, Arezzo J, Sharma AK, Bolon B. Toxicologic Pathology of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Overview, Challenges, and Current Practices. Toxicol Pathol 2018; 46:1028-1036. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623318800707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) toxicity is a frequent adverse effect encountered in patients treated with certain therapeutics (e.g., antiretroviral drugs, cancer chemotherapeutics), in occupational workers exposed to industrial chemicals (e.g., solvents), or during accidental exposures to household chemicals and/or environmental agents (e.g., pesticides). However, the literature and expertise needed for the effective design, conduct, analysis, and reporting of safety studies to identify and define PNS toxicity are hard to find. This half-day course familiarized participants with basic PNS biology; causes and mechanisms of PNS pathology; classic methods and current best practice recommendations for PNS sampling, preparation, and evaluation; and examples of commonly observed lesions and artifacts. Three concluding case presentations synthesized information from the prior technical lectures by presenting real-world examples of lesions caused by drugs and chemicals to demonstrate how PNS toxicity may be addressed in evaluating product safety during nonclinical studies. Topics emphasized comparative and correlative data among animal species used in toxicity studies and clinical evaluation in humans in order to facilitate the translation of animal data into human risk assessment with respect to PNS toxicologic pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deepa B. Rao
- Current employer: Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark T. Butt
- Tox Path Specialists, LLC, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Bernard S. Jortner
- Virginia–Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Joseph Arezzo
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | | | - Brad Bolon
- GEMpath Inc., Longmont, Colorado, USA *Ingrid D. Pardo and Deepa B. Rao contributed equally to production of this article
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Chalansonnet M, Carreres-Pons M, Venet T, Thomas A, Merlen L, Seidel C, Cosnier F, Nunge H, Pouyatos B, Llorens J, Campo P. Combined exposure to carbon disulfide and low-frequency noise reversibly affects vestibular function. Neurotoxicology 2018; 67:270-278. [PMID: 29928918 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Chronic occupational exposure to carbon disulfide (CS2) has debilitating motor and sensory effects in humans, which can increase the risk of falls. Although no mention of vestibulotoxic effects is contained in the literature, epidemiological and experimental data suggest that CS2 could cause low-frequency hearing loss when associated with noise exposure. Low-frequency noise might also perturb the peripheral balance receptor through an as-yet unclear mechanism. Here, we studied how exposure to a low-frequency noise combined with 250-ppm CS2 affected balance in rats. Vestibular function was tested based on post-rotary nystagmus recorded by a video-oculography system. These measurements were completed by behavioral tests and analysis of the cerebellum to measure expression levels for gene expression associated with neurotoxicity. Assays were performed prior to and following a 4-week exposure, and again after a 4-week recovery period. Functional measurements were completed by histological analyses of the peripheral organs.Nystagmus was unaltered by exposure to noise alone, while CS2 alone caused a moderate 19% decrease of the saccade number. In contrast, coexposure to 250-ppm CS2 and low-frequency noise decreased both saccade number and duration by 33% and 34%, respectively. After four weeks, recovery was only partial but measures were not significantly different from pre-exposure values. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis of cerebellar tissue revealed a slight but significant modification in expression levels for two genes linked to neurotoxicity in CS2-exposed animals. However, neither histopathological changes to the peripheral receptor nor behavioral differences were observed. Based on all these results, we propose that the effects of CS2 were due to reversible neurochemical disturbance of the efferent pathways managing post-rotatory nystagmus. Because the nervous structures involving the vestibular function appear particularly sensitive to CS2, post-rotary nystagmus could be used as an early, non-invasive measurement to diagnose CS2 intoxication as part of an occupational conservation program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Chalansonnet
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, F-54519 Vandœuvre Cedex, France.
| | - Maria Carreres-Pons
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, F-54519 Vandœuvre Cedex, France; Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques and Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Thomas Venet
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, F-54519 Vandœuvre Cedex, France
| | - Aurélie Thomas
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, F-54519 Vandœuvre Cedex, France
| | - Lise Merlen
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, F-54519 Vandœuvre Cedex, France
| | - Carole Seidel
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, F-54519 Vandœuvre Cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Cosnier
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, F-54519 Vandœuvre Cedex, France
| | - Hervé Nunge
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, F-54519 Vandœuvre Cedex, France
| | - Benoît Pouyatos
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, F-54519 Vandœuvre Cedex, France
| | - Jordi Llorens
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques and Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pierre Campo
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, F-54519 Vandœuvre Cedex, France; DevAH EA 3450 - Développement, Adaptation et Handicap, Régulations cardio-respiratoires et de la motricité-Université de Lorraine, F-54500 Vandœuvre, France
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Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells protect against n-hexane-induced neuropathy through beclin 1-independent inhibition of autophagy. Sci Rep 2018. [PMID: 29540747 PMCID: PMC5852116 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22857-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure to n-hexane, a widely used organic solvent in industry, induces central-peripheral neuropathy, which is mediated by its active metabolite, 2,5-hexanedione (HD). We recently reported that transplantation of bone marrow-mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) significantly ameliorated HD-induced neuronal damage and motor deficits in rats. However, the mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we reported that inhibition of HD-induced autophagy contributed to BMSC-afforded protection. BMSC transplantation significantly reduced the levels of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-II (LC3-II) and the degradation of sequestosome-1 (p62) in the spinal cord and sciatic nerve of HD-intoxicated rats. Downregulation of autophagy by BMSC was also confirmed in VSC4.1 cells exposed to HD. Moreover, inhibition of autophagy by PIK III mitigated the neurotoxic effects of HD and, meanwhile, abolished BMSC-afforded neuroprotection. Furthermore, we found that BMSC failed to interfere with Beclin 1, but promoted activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Unc-like kinse 1 (ULK1) was further recognized as the downstream target of mTOR responsible for BMSC-mediated inhibition of autophagy. Altogether, BMSC transplantation potently ameliorated HD-induced autophagy through beclin 1-independent activation of mTOR pathway, providing a novel insight for the therapeutic effects of BMSC against n-hexane and other environmental toxicants-induced neurotoxicity.
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Wang Z, Qiu Z, Gao C, Sun Y, Dong W, Zhang Y, Chen R, Qi Y, Li S, Guo Y, Piao Y, Li S, Piao F. 2,5-hexanedione downregulates nerve growth factor and induces neuron apoptosis in the spinal cord of rats via inhibition of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179388. [PMID: 28654704 PMCID: PMC5487034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
2,5-hexanedione (2,5-HD) is the main active metabolite of n-hexane and induces apoptosis in nerve tissue, however, the mechanism of which remains unclear. In the present study, neuropathic animal models were successfully constructed in rats by injecting 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg 2,5-HD intraperitoneally for 5 weeks. Rats exposed to 2,5-HD exhibited progressive gait abnormalities and slower motor neural response in a dose-dependent manner. TUNEL analysis and immunofluorescence dual labeling revealed that the spinal cord of the 2,5-HD treated rats underwent significantly more apoptosis in the cells of spinal cord than that of the control group. The neuron apoptosis index in spinal cord was 4.1%, 6.7%, 9.8% respectively in rats exposed to 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg 2,5-HD, compared with 1.1% in the control group (p < 0.05). Biochemical analysis showed that 2,5-HD exposure downregulated NGF expression in the spinal cord of the intoxicated rats; inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt and Bad, two key players in PI3K/Akt pathway downstream of NGF; increased the dimerization of Bad with Bcl-xL in the mitochondrial fraction, followed by the release of cytochrome c and activation of caspase-3 in the spinal cord of rats. In vitro study showed that the NGF expression decreased significantly in VSC4.1 cells dosed with 5.0, 10.0 mM 2,5-HD in comparison with the control group. It was also found that NGF supplement repressed the induced apoptosis, and increased p-Akt and p-Bad level in 2,5-HD treated VSC4.1 cells, which could be antagonized by PI3K kinase (the upstream member of Akt) inhibitor LY294002. Taken together, our experimental results indicate that 2,5-HD may induce apoptosis in the spinal cord of rats via downregulating NGF expression and subsequently repressing PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhemin Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Zewen Qiu
- Laboratory Animal center, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Chenxue Gao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yijie Sun
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Wei Dong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Ruolin Chen
- Department of Sexually Transmitted Disease, Heping Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuan Qi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Shuangyue Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yanjie Guo
- Department of Biochemistry, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yongjun Piao
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Sheng Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
- * E-mail: (FP); (SL)
| | - Fengyuan Piao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
- * E-mail: (FP); (SL)
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Yoshioka N, Takebayashi T, Nishiwaki Y, Nomiyama T, Iwasawa S, Sakurai H, Omae K. Changes of median nerve conduction velocity in rayon manufacturing workers: A 6-year cohort study. J Occup Health 2017; 59:187-193. [PMID: 28111416 PMCID: PMC5478521 DOI: 10.1539/joh.16-0255-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: We conducted a 6-year cohort study to evaluate the relationship between carbon disulfide (CS2) exposure and reductions in the motor and sensory nerve conduction velocity (MCV and SCV) of the median nerve. Methods: Study subjects at baseline included 432 exposed workers and 402 unexposed workers. Among the exposed workers, 145 workers terminated CS2 exposure during the follow-up period (ex-exposed workers). MCV and SCV were measured at baseline and followed up. CS2 personal exposure concentration was measured two times a year during a 6-year follow-up period and mean (range) CS2 exposure concentrations (ppm) were 5.96 (0.8-16.0) and 3.93 (0.6-9.9) in the exposed and ex-exposed workers, respectively. Results: Reductions in MCV during the follow-up period did not differ among the exposed, ex-exposed, and unexposed workers. Reduction in SCV (m/s) of the exposed workers (-4.47±3.94) was significantly larger than that of the unexposed (-3.38±3.97) and ex-exposed workers (-3.26±3.79). For SCV reduction, a partial multiple regression coefficient of (ex-exposed workers) / (unexposed workers) was significantly positive (+0.915, p < 0.01) after adjustment for confounding variables. Conclusions: This cohort study showed that 6-year CS2 exposure around a mean level of 6 ppm did not affect MCV reduction but induced significant SCV reduction beyond the influence of aging. The effect of CS2 on SCV around a mean exposure level of 4 ppm may be reversible, since it disappeared in the ex-exposed workers after CS2 exposure cessation for a mean period of 4.1 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Yoshioka
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine
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22
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Wang S, Li M, Wang X, Li X, Yin H, Jiang L, Han W, Irving G, Zeng T, Xie K. Diallyl trisulfide attenuated n-hexane induced neurotoxicity in rats by modulating P450 enzymes. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 265:1-7. [PMID: 28115069 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to n-hexane can induce serious nerve system impairments without effective preventive medicines. Diallyl trisulfide (DATS) is a garlic-derived organosulfur compound, which has been demonstrated to have many beneficial effects. The current study was designed to evaluate whether DATS could restrain n-hexane induced neurotoxicity in rats and to explore the underlying mechanisms. Rats were treated with n-hexane (3 g/kg, p.o.) and different doses of DATS (10, 20 and 30 mg/kg, p.o.) for 8 weeks. Behavioral assessment showed that DATS could inhibit n-hexane induced neurotoxicity, demonstrated by the improvement of the grip strength and decline of gait scores. Toxicokinetic analysis revealed that the Cmax and AUC0-t of 2,5-hexanedione (product of n-hexane metabolic activation) and 2,5-hexanedione protein adducts in serum were significantly declined in DATS-treated rats, and the levels of pyrrole adducts in tissues were significantly reduced. Furthermore, DATS activated CYP1A1 and inhibited n-hexane induced increased expression and activity of CYP2E1 and CYP2B1. Collectively, these findings indicated that DATS protected the rats from n-hexane-induced neurotoxicity, which might be attributed to the modulation of P450 enzymes by DATS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Ming Li
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xujing Wang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xianjie Li
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Hongyin Yin
- Jinan Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lulu Jiang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Wenting Han
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | | | - Tao Zeng
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Keqin Xie
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
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23
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Botros MM, Hassan AA, Sorial GA. Role of Fungal Biomass in N-Hexane Biofiltration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.4236/aim.2017.710053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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DeMartino AW, Zigler DF, Fukuto JM, Ford PC. Carbon disulfide. Just toxic or also bioregulatory and/or therapeutic? Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:21-39. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00585c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The overview presented here has the goal of examining whether carbon disulfide (CS2) may play a role as an endogenously generated bioregulator and/or has therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony W. DeMartino
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California
- Santa Barbara
- USA
| | - David F. Zigler
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry
- California Polytechnic State University
- San Luis Obispo
- USA
| | - Jon M. Fukuto
- Department of Chemistry
- Sonoma State University
- Rohnert Park
- USA
| | - Peter C. Ford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California
- Santa Barbara
- USA
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Wang S, Irving G, Jiang L, Wang H, Li M, Wang X, Han W, Xu Y, Yang Y, Zeng T, Song F, Zhao X, Xie K. Oxidative Stress Mediated Hippocampal Neuron Apoptosis Participated in Carbon Disulfide-Induced Rats Cognitive Dysfunction. Neurochem Res 2016; 42:583-594. [PMID: 27900598 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2113-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Occupational exposure to carbon disulfide (CS2) exhibits central nervous systems toxicity. But the mechanism is unclear. The present study was designed to investigate the relationship between the CNS damage and cognitive dysfunction caused by CS2, and eventually reveal the possible oxidative-related mechanism of hippocampus pathological changes in CS2 exposed rats. Male Wistar rats were administrated with CS2 at dosage of 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg for consecutive 20 days, respectively. Cognitive performances were evaluated by Morris water maze tests. Thionin and immunohistochemical analysis were used to investigate the hippocampal neuron damage, and the expression of apoptosis related proteins (cleaved-caspase 3, Bax and Bcl-2) were detected to explore the possible mechanisms of neuronal loss. Oxidative stress parameters were checked by commercial assay kits. Rats exposed to CS2 displayed cognitive dysfunction manifested as decreased spatial learning ability and memory lesion. Pathological changes and significant neuron loss were observed in hippocampus, especially in CA1 and CA3 sub-regions. Mitochondria-dependent apoptosis pathway was implicated in the CS2-induced neuronal loss which was demonstrated by the up-regulation of cleaved-caspase 3 and Bax accompanied with down-regulation of Bcl-2. Furthermore, extensive oxidative stress induced by CS2 was also revealed by the measurement of ROS, RNS, MDA, GSH&GSSG and antioxidant enzymes (CAT, T-SOD, and GSH-Px). Our study suggested that oxidative stress mediated hippocampal neuron apoptosis might play an important role in CS2 induced CNS damage and cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Gleniece Irving
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Lulu Jiang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Ming Li
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Xujing Wang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Wenting Han
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Yongpeng Xu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Yilin Yang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Tao Zeng
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Fuyong Song
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Xiulan Zhao
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Keqin Xie
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
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Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells attenuate 2,5-hexanedione-induced neuronal apoptosis through a NGF/AKT-dependent pathway. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34715. [PMID: 27703213 PMCID: PMC5050456 DOI: 10.1038/srep34715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that the increased neuronal apoptosis is involved in n-hexane-induced neuropathy. We have recently reported that bone marrow-mesenchymal stem cells-derived conditioned medium (BMSC-CM) attenuated 2,5-hexanedione (HD, the active metabolite of n-hexane)-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells. Here, we explored the anti-apoptotic efficacy of BMSC in vivo. HD-treated rats received BMSC by tail vein injection 5 weeks after HD intoxication. We found that in grafted rats, BMSC significantly attenuated HD-induced neuronal apoptosis in the spinal cord, which was associated with elevation of nerve growth factor (NGF). Neutralization of NGF in BMSC-CM blocked the protection against HD-induced apoptosis in VSC4.1 cells, suggesting that NGF is essential for BMSC-afforded anti-apoptosis. Mechanistically, we found that the decreased activation of Akt induced by HD was significantly recovered in the spinal cord by BMSC and in VSC4.1 cells by BMSC-CM in a TrkA-dependent manner, leading to dissociation of Bad/Bcl-xL complex in mitochondria and release of anti-apoptotic Bcl-xL. The importance of Akt was further corroborated by showing the reduced anti-apoptotic potency of BMSC in HD-intoxicated VSC4.1 cells in the presence of Akt inhibitor, MK-2206. Thus, our findings show that BMSC attenuated HD-induced neuronal apoptosis in vivo through a NGF/Akt-dependent manner, providing a novel solution against n-hexane-induced neurotoxicity.
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Wang S, Chen Y, Kou R, Wang Y, Zeng T, Xie K, Song F. Carbon disulfide activates p62-Nrf2-keap1 pathway in rat nerve tissues. Toxicology 2016; 368-369:19-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Ou S, He H, Qu L, Wu W, Gan L, Liu J. Renal pathology in patients with occupational exposure to carbon disulphide: A case series. Nephrology (Carlton) 2016; 22:755-760. [PMID: 27414474 DOI: 10.1111/nep.12853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Carbon disulphide (CS2 ) is widely used as an organic solvent. However, there is little information available regarding the clinical manifestations and the pathological features of kidney injury caused by CS2 . The current study aimed to describe the renal manifestations of a group of patients with long-term occupational exposure to CS2 . METHODS Ten patients with long-term exposure to CS2 and visiting a single centre were enrolled, with their clinical features recorded. Renal biopsies were taken from all patients, and their pathological findings were documented. RESULTS All patients came from the same chemical fibre factory. Their mean age at enrollment was 36.9 ± 2.4 years, and each patient had a CS2 exposure duration exceeding 10 years. Eight patients (80%) presented with proteinuria and none had hematuria. Two patients (20%) had underlying hypertension and five (50%) had increased serum creatinine levels. Light microscopic examination of their renal biopsy specimens revealed diffuse mesangial cell proliferation and mesangial hyperplasia in all patients. Moreover, three patients (30%) had nodular hyperplasia, resembling the lesions of diabetic nephropathy. Variable degrees of tubular atrophy and interstitial infiltrations of lymphocytes and monocytes were observed in all patients. Similarly, lectron microscopic examination showed glomerular mesangial cell proliferation and mesangial hyperplasia. Immunopathological staining for IgA and IgG, complements or hepatitis B markers (hepatitis B surface antigen and e antigen-antibody) are negative in all patients. CONCLUSION Long-term occupational exposure to CS2 may be associated with renal injury, although the renal pathological features are often non-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santao Ou
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Hongyan He
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Li Qu
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Weihua Wu
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Linwang Gan
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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Liu S, Chen F, Wang L, Sun W, Liu Q, Chen H, Su D, Jiang Y, Piao F, Sun X, Sun W. 2,5-hexanedione induced apoptosis of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells by reactive oxygen species. J Occup Health 2016; 58:170-8. [PMID: 27010086 PMCID: PMC5356963 DOI: 10.1539/joh.15-0143-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: n-Hexane, a common industrial organic solvent, causes multiple organ damage, especially neurotoxicity, which is proved to be caused by its metabolite 2,5-hexanedione (2,5-HD). We previously showed that 2,5-HD induced apoptosis of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). In the current study, we explored the mechanism of 2,5-HD-induced apoptosis, especially the role played by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Methods: Intracellular ROS levels after 2,5-HD treatment were measured by the dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) method, and the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) was used to scavenge ROS. Apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and caspase-3 activity were measured after 2,5-HD exposure with or without NAC pretreatment. Results: In rat BMSCs, 20 mM 2,5-HD significantly increased ROS levels and apoptosis. In addition, MMP activity was decreased and caspase-3 activity was increased. With NAC pretreatment, ROS increases were prevented, cells were rescued from apoptosis, and both MMP and caspase-3 activity returned to normal levels. Western blotting analysis of malondialdehyde-modified proteins and superoxide dismutase (SOD) 1 showed that after 2,5-HD exposure, BMSCs had oxidative damage and abnormal SOD1 expression. These returned to normal when cells were pretreated with NAC in addition to 20 mM 2,5-HD. Furthermore, the expressions of NF-κB p65/RelA and phospho-NF-κB p65/RelA (Ser536) were suppressed after 2,5-HD exposure and restored by NAC pretreatment. Conclusions: 2,5-HD-induced apoptosis in rat BMSCs is potentially mediated by excessive ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalian Medical University
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30
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Jasper MN, Martin SA, Oshiro WM, Ford J, Bushnell PJ, El-Masri H. Application of Biologically Based Lumping To Investigate the Toxicokinetic Interactions of a Complex Gasoline Mixture. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:3231-3238. [PMID: 26889718 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
People are often exposed to complex mixtures of environmental chemicals such as gasoline, tobacco smoke, water contaminants, or food additives. We developed an approach that applies chemical lumping methods to complex mixtures, in this case gasoline, based on biologically relevant parameters used in physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. Inhalation exposures were performed with rats to evaluate the performance of our PBPK model and chemical lumping method. There were 109 chemicals identified and quantified in the vapor in the chamber. The time-course toxicokinetic profiles of 10 target chemicals were also determined from blood samples collected during and following the in vivo experiments. A general PBPK model was used to compare the experimental data to the simulated values of blood concentration for 10 target chemicals with various numbers of lumps, iteratively increasing from 0 to 99. Large reductions in simulation error were gained by incorporating enzymatic chemical interactions, in comparison to simulating the individual chemicals separately. The error was further reduced by lumping the 99 nontarget chemicals. The same biologically based lumping approach can be used to simplify any complex mixture with tens, hundreds, or thousands of constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah N Jasper
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Sheppard A Martin
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Wendy M Oshiro
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Jermaine Ford
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Philip J Bushnell
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Hisham El-Masri
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
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31
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Lotti M, Aminoff MJ. Evaluating suspected work-related neurologic disorders (clinical diagnosis). HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2015; 131:9-21. [PMID: 26563780 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-62627-1.00002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
The clinical diagnosis of work-related neurologic disorders is essentially one of exclusion because symptoms and signs are often nonspecific. The clinical reasoning requires a three-step approach: (1) establish the characteristics of the presenting disease; (2) ascertain that observed clinical features are consistent with those caused by the suspected agent(s); and (3) assess occupational exposures. A detailed history is of paramount importance in evaluating patients with suspected work-related neurologic disorders as it is in other clinical contexts, especially because in some circumstances it may represent the only criterion to establish causality. Thus, besides characterization of neurologic symptoms, including their location, quality, timecourse, and possible other associated symptoms, the work environment of the patient should be understood in full detail. In this respect, when a neurotoxin is suspected, then the history collection can be guided by the knowledge of the likely syndromes it produces. Similarly, physical examination should be directed to the target of toxicity/entrapment based on information from the work history. Although specific sites and elements of the nervous system may be affected depending on the offending agent, most neurotoxic disorders are characterized by generalized rather than focal neurologic abnormalities. Laboratory toxicologic tests have limited application for the etiologic diagnosis of neurotoxic disorders, except in cases of acute poisoning and in patients exposed to neurotoxic chemicals with prolonged half-life. In most cases examination takes place after the end of exposure, when the offending chemical is no longer detectable in body fluids. Electrophysiologic studies, in particular evoked potentials, electromyography, and conduction velocities, are important to confirm the organic basis of symptoms, particularly to detect subclinical or early neurologic involvement and to reduce the number of disorders to be considered in the differential diagnoses. In general, imaging studies with computed tomography and magnetic resonance are of limited utility in the evaluation of suspected neurotoxic disorders, except for helping to exclude other causes of the patient's clinical state. Improved conditions and safer practices in the workplace have led to a gradual shift in application of neuropsychologic evaluation from the assessment of severe neurotoxic damage to the evaluation of mild subclinical disturbances, and these tests are nowadays extensively used in screening workers exposed to neurotoxicants. Tools used in the screening of large groups of workers exposed to neurotoxicants may differ from those used in the clinic. Whereas some are obviously impractical, such as physical examination, others, such as, for instance, toxicologic tests, are used for biologic monitoring of exposure to ascertain compliance with occupational exposure limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Lotti
- Department of Cardiology, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
| | - Michael J Aminoff
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Wang C, Chen S, Wang Z. Electrophysiological follow-up of patients with chronic peripheral neuropathy induced by occupational intoxication with n-hexane. Cell Biochem Biophys 2015; 70:579-85. [PMID: 24853719 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-9959-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to characterize and dynamically monitor the progress of peripheral neuropathy induced by n-hexane by electromyography and nerve conduction velocity (NCV-EMG). Twenty-five patients with n-hexane poisoning from an electronic company were investigated in the year 2009. The occupational history of these workers was collected, and toxic substance exposure was identified. Neurologic inspection and regular NCV-EMG inspection were performed for all patients upon hospital admission and after 3, 6, and 12 months of treatment. NCV-EMG results shown that patients with n-hexane poisoning have simultaneous damage on motor and sensory nerves, of which sensory nerve damage was more severe. Motor nerves of the lower limbs were severe damaged than those of the upper limbs; whereas injury of sensory nerve in the upper limbs was more severe than that of the lower limbs. After treatment, clinical signs and symptoms of the patients were significantly improved. NCV-EMG result showed a delayed worsening at 3 months then gradually recovered after 12 months. Recovery of the motor nerve was better compared with sensory nerve, with upper limbs faster than that of the lower limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
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Rao DB, Jortner BS, Sills RC. Animal models of peripheral neuropathy due to environmental toxicants. ILAR J 2015; 54:315-23. [PMID: 24615445 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilt058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the progress in our understanding of pathogeneses and the identification of etiologies of peripheral neuropathy, idiopathic neuropathy remains common. Typically, attention to peripheral neuropathies resulting from exposure to environmental agents is limited relative to more commonly diagnosed causes of peripheral neuropathy (diabetes and chemotherapeutic agents). Given that there are more than 80,000 chemicals in commerce registered with the Environmental Protection Agency and that at least 1000 chemicals are known to have neurotoxic potential, very few chemicals have been established to affect the peripheral nervous system (mainly after occupational exposures). A wide spectrum of exposures, including pesticides, metals, solvents, nutritional sources, and pharmaceutical agents, has been related, both historically and recently, to environmental toxicant-induced peripheral neuropathy. A review of the literature shows that the toxicity and pathogeneses of chemicals adversely affecting the peripheral nervous system have been studied using animal models. This article includes an overview of five prototypical environmental agents known to cause peripheral neuropathy--namely, organophosphates, carbon disulfide, pyridoxine (Vitamin B6), acrylamide, and hexacarbons (mainly n-hexane, 2,5-hexanedione, methyl n-butyl ketone). Also included is a brief introduction to the structural components of the peripheral nervous system and pointers on common methodologies for histopathologic evaluation of the peripheral nerves.
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Bal-Price A, Crofton KM, Sachana M, Shafer TJ, Behl M, Forsby A, Hargreaves A, Landesmann B, Lein PJ, Louisse J, Monnet-Tschudi F, Paini A, Rolaki A, Schrattenholz A, Suñol C, van Thriel C, Whelan M, Fritsche E. Putative adverse outcome pathways relevant to neurotoxicity. Crit Rev Toxicol 2015; 45:83-91. [PMID: 25605028 PMCID: PMC5072123 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2014.981331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) framework provides a template that facilitates understanding of complex biological systems and the pathways of toxicity that result in adverse outcomes (AOs). The AOP starts with an molecular initiating event (MIE) in which a chemical interacts with a biological target(s), followed by a sequential series of KEs, which are cellular, anatomical, and/or functional changes in biological processes, that ultimately result in an AO manifest in individual organisms and populations. It has been developed as a tool for a knowledge-based safety assessment that relies on understanding mechanisms of toxicity, rather than simply observing its adverse outcome. A large number of cellular and molecular processes are known to be crucial to proper development and function of the central (CNS) and peripheral nervous systems (PNS). However, there are relatively few examples of well-documented pathways that include causally linked MIEs and KEs that result in adverse outcomes in the CNS or PNS. As a first step in applying the AOP framework to adverse health outcomes associated with exposure to exogenous neurotoxic substances, the EU Reference Laboratory for Alternatives to Animal Testing (EURL ECVAM) organized a workshop (March 2013, Ispra, Italy) to identify potential AOPs relevant to neurotoxic and developmental neurotoxic outcomes. Although the AOPs outlined during the workshop are not fully described, they could serve as a basis for further, more detailed AOP development and evaluation that could be useful to support human health risk assessment in a variety of ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bal-Price
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Ispra, Italy
| | - Kevin M. Crofton
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, USA
| | - Magdalini Sachana
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Ispra, Italy
| | - Timothy J. Shafer
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, USA
| | - Mamta Behl
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Anna Forsby
- Department of Neurochemistry, the Arrhenius Laboratories for NaturalScience, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden, Swetox, Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center, Södertälje, Sweden
| | | | - Brigitte Landesmann
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Ispra, Italy
| | - Pamela J. Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jochem Louisse
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Ispra, Italy
| | | | - Alicia Paini
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Ispra, Italy
| | - Alexandra Rolaki
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Ispra, Italy
| | | | - Cristina Suñol
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, IIBB-CSIC, IDIBAPS, CIBERESP, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christoph van Thriel
- IfADo-Leibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Maurice Whelan
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Ispra, Italy
| | - Ellen Fritsche
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Barbosa DJ, Capela JP, de Lourdes Bastos M, Carvalho F. In vitro models for neurotoxicology research. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015; 4:801-842. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tx00043a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The nervous system has a highly complex organization, including many cell types with multiple functions, with an intricate anatomy and unique structural and functional characteristics; the study of its (dys)functionality following exposure to xenobiotics, neurotoxicology, constitutes an important issue in neurosciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel José Barbosa
- REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia)
- Laboratório de Toxicologia
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas
- Faculdade de Farmácia
- Universidade do Porto
| | - João Paulo Capela
- REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia)
- Laboratório de Toxicologia
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas
- Faculdade de Farmácia
- Universidade do Porto
| | - Maria de Lourdes Bastos
- REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia)
- Laboratório de Toxicologia
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas
- Faculdade de Farmácia
- Universidade do Porto
| | - Félix Carvalho
- REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia)
- Laboratório de Toxicologia
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas
- Faculdade de Farmácia
- Universidade do Porto
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LoPachin RM, Gavin T. Toxic neuropathies: Mechanistic insights based on a chemical perspective. Neurosci Lett 2014; 596:78-83. [PMID: 25218479 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
2,5-Hexanedione (HD) and acrylamide (ACR) are considered to be prototypical among chemical toxicants that cause central-peripheral axonopathies characterized by distal axon swelling and degeneration. Because the demise of distal regions was assumed to be causally related to the onset of neurotoxicity, substantial effort was devoted to deciphering the respective mechanisms. Continued research, however, revealed that expression of the presumed hallmark morphological features was dependent upon the daily rate of toxicant exposure. Indeed, many studies reported that the corresponding axonopathic changes were late developing effects that occurred independent of behavioral and/or functional neurotoxicity. This suggested that the toxic axonopathy classification might be based on epiphenomena related to dose-rate. Therefore, the goal of this mini-review is to discuss how quantitative morphometric analyses and the establishment of dose-dependent relationships helped distinguish primary, mechanistically relevant toxicant effects from non-specific consequences. Perhaps more importantly, we will discuss how knowledge of neurotoxicant chemical nature can guide molecular-level research toward a better, more rational understanding of mechanism. Our discussion will focus on HD, the neurotoxic γ-diketone metabolite of the industrial solvents n-hexane and methyl-n-butyl ketone. Early investigations suggested that HD caused giant neurofilamentous axonal swellings and eventual degeneration in CNS and PNS. However, as our review will point out, this interpretation underwent several iterations as the understanding of γ-diketone chemistry improved and more quantitative experimental approaches were implemented. The chemical concepts and design strategies discussed in this mini-review are broadly applicable to the mechanistic studies of other chemicals (e.g., n-propyl bromine, methyl methacrylate) that cause toxic neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M LoPachin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 111 East 210th Street, Bronx, NY 10467, United States.
| | - Terrence Gavin
- Department of Chemistry, Iona College, 402 North Avenue, New Rochelle, NY 10804, United States
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Gao Y, Wang S, Yi A, Kou R, Xie K, Song F. Activation of lysosomal degradative pathway in spinal cord tissues of carbon disulfide-treated rats. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 219:76-82. [PMID: 24887698 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Revised: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to carbon disulfide (CS₂) can induce polyneuropathy in occupational worker and experimental animals, but underlying mechanism for CS₂ neuropathy is currently unknown. In the present study, male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three experimental groups and one control group. The rats in experimental groups were treated with CS₂ by gavage at dosages of 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg/day respectively, six times per week for 6 weeks. The formation of autophagosomes and lysosomes in motor neurons of rat spinal cord was observed by transmission electron microscopy, the level of autophagy-related proteins, lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP-1), and cathepsin B in spinal cord tissues was determined by Western blot analysis, and the activity of cathepsin B was measured by fluorescence assay. The results demonstrated that the number of lysosomes in motor neurons was markedly increased in CS₂-treated rats. In the meantime, the administration of CS₂ significantly increased the level of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3-II (LC3-II), Atg1, UVRAG and LAMP-1 in rat spinal cord. Furthermore, the content and activity of cathepsin B in rat spinal cord also showed a significant elevation. Taken together, this study suggested that CS₂ intoxication was associated with the activation of lysosomal degradative machinery, which might play a protective role against CS₂-induced neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Institute of Toxicology, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China; Linyi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing Road, Linyi, Shandong 276001, PR China
| | - Shasha Wang
- Institute of Toxicology, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Anji Yi
- Institute of Toxicology, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Ruirui Kou
- Institute of Toxicology, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Keqin Xie
- Institute of Toxicology, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Fuyong Song
- Institute of Toxicology, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China.
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Han XY, Cheng D, Song FY, Zeng T, An LH, Xie KQ. Decelerated transport and its mechanism of 2,5-hexanedione on middle-molecular-weight neurofilament in rat dorsal root ganglia cells. Neuroscience 2014; 269:192-8. [PMID: 24699225 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to n-hexane induces peripheral-central axonopathy, mediated by its metabolite 2,5-hexanedione (2,5-HD), in occupational workers and experimental animals, but the underlying mechanism is still unclear. In the current study, we investigated the effects of 2,5-HD on middle-molecular-weight neurofilament (NF-M) axonal transport using live-cell imaging technique in cultured rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG) cells. PA-GFP-NF-M plasmid was transfected into DRG neurons and live-cell imaging was performed to observe the slow axonal transport of NF-M. The levels of cytoskeleton and motor proteins in DRG cells were detected by Western-blot and the concentration of ATP was determined using an ATP Assay Kit. The results showed that 2,5-HD administration resulted in a decrease of NF-M axonal transport and a reduction of three neurofilament subunits levels in DRG cells. Furthermore, 2,5-HD exposure significantly decreased ATP contents and the protein levels of kinesin heavy chain (KHC). These findings indicated that 2,5-HD reduced slow axonal transport, neurofilaments cargoes, motor proteins and ATP energy in rat DRG cells, which may contribute to 2,5-HD-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- X-Y Han
- Institute of Toxicology, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China; College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - D Cheng
- Department of Toxicology, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250014, China
| | - F-Y Song
- Institute of Toxicology, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - T Zeng
- Institute of Toxicology, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - L-H An
- Institute of Toxicology, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - K-Q Xie
- Institute of Toxicology, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
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Alternative biomarkers of n-hexane exposure: Characterization of aminoderived pyrroles and thiol-pyrrole conjugates in urine of rats exposed to 2,5-hexanedione. Toxicol Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Llorens J. Toxic neurofilamentous axonopathies -- accumulation of neurofilaments and axonal degeneration. J Intern Med 2013; 273:478-89. [PMID: 23331301 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A number of neurotoxic chemicals induce accumulation of neurofilaments in axonal swellings that appear at varying distances from the cell body. This pathology is associated with axonal degeneration of different degrees. The clinical manifestation is most commonly that of a mixed motor-sensory peripheral axonopathy with a disto-proximal pattern of progression, as in cases of chronic exposure to n-hexane and carbon disulphide. It has been demonstrated that protein adduct formation is a primary molecular mechanism of toxicity in these axonopathies, but how this mechanism leads to neurofilament accumulation and axonal degeneration remains unclear. Furthermore, little is known regarding the mechanisms of neurofilamentous axonopathy caused by 3,3'-iminodipropionitrile, an experimental toxin that induces proximal axon swelling that is strikingly similar to that found in early amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Here, we review the available data and main hypotheses regarding the toxic axonopathies and compare them with the current knowledge of the biological basis of neurofilament transport. We also review recent studies addressing the question of how these axonopathies may cause axonal degeneration. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the toxic axonopathies may provide insight into the relationship between neurofilament behaviour and axonal degeneration, hopefully enabling the identification of new targets for therapeutic intervention. Because neurofilament abnormalities are a common feature of many neurodegenerative diseases, advances in this area may have a wider impact beyond toxicological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Llorens
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques II, Universitat de Barcelona and Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Catalunya, Spain.
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41
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Deciphering mutant ELOVL4 activity in autosomal-dominant Stargardt macular dystrophy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:5446-51. [PMID: 23509295 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1217251110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal-dominant Stargardt-like macular dystrophy [Stargardt3 (STGD3)] results from single allelic mutations in the elongation of very-long-chain fatty acids-like 4 (ELOVL4), whereas recessive mutations lead to skin and brain dysfunction. ELOVL4 protein localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum, where it mediates the condensation reaction catalyzing the formation of very-long-chain (VLC) (C-28 to C-40) fatty acids, saturated and polyunsaturated (PUFA). The defective gene product is truncated at the C terminus, leading to mislocalization and aggregation in other organelles. We hypothesized that the STGD3 truncated mutant may generate mislocalized, and therefore toxic, keto intermediates of fatty acid elongation, thereby contributing to the disease process. Using cell-based and cell-free microsome assays, we found that the truncated protein lacked innate condensation activity. Coexpression of different forms of wild-type and mutant ELOVL4 revealed a large dominant-negative effect of mutant protein on ELOVL4 localization and enzymatic activity, resulting in reduced VLC-PUFA synthesis. The reduction in VLC-PUFA levels in STGD3 and age-related macular degeneration may be a contributing factor to their retinal pathology.
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Song F, Zou C, Han X, Zeng T, Zhang C, Xie K. Reduction of retrograde axonal transport associated-proteins motor proteins, dynein and dynactin in the spinal cord and cerebral cortex of hens by tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate (TOCP). Neurochem Int 2011; 60:99-104. [PMID: 22192724 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate (TOCP) can cause a type of neurotoxicity known as organophosphate-induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN). The characteristic axonal swelling containing aggregations of neurofilaments, microtubules, and multivesicular vesicles is consistent with a disturbance of axonal transport. We hypothesized that there existed a disturbance of molecular motor in the pathogenesis of OPIDN. In the present study, adult hens were treated with a dosage of 750 mg/kg TOCP by gavage, or pretreated 24h earlier with phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) and subsequently with TOCP, then sacrificed on the time-points of 0, 1, 5, 10, and 21 days after dosing of TOCP, respectively. The level of kinesin-1, dynein, and dynactin in spinal cords and cerebral cortexes of hens was determined. Immunoblotting analysis showed a progressive decline of dynein and dynactin in spinal cords after dosing TOCP. Furthermore, a significant reduction in dynactin and dynein was observed in cerebral cortexes at several time-points post dosing TOCP. In contrast, no significant changes of kinesin-1 were observed throughout the period of experiment. When given before TOCP administration, PMSF could inhibit TOCP-induced motor protein disruption, while it protected hens against the delayed neuropathy. In conclusion, the reduction of the motor proteins, dynein and dynactin, might be associated with the disruption of retrograde neuronal axonal transport in OPIDN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyong Song
- Institute of Toxicology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
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43
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Ding N, Xiang Y, Jiang H, Zhang W, Liu H, Li Z. Carbon Disulfide Inhibits Neurite Outgrowth and Neuronal Migration of Dorsal Root Ganglion In Vitro. Int J Neurosci 2011; 121:649-54. [DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2011.604757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Patlewicz G, Mekenyan O, Dimitrova G, Kuseva C, Todorov M, Kotov S, Stoeva S, Donner EM. Can mutagenicity information be useful in an Integrated Testing Strategy (ITS) for skin sensitization? SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2010; 21:619-656. [PMID: 21120753 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2010.528447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Our previous work has investigated the utility of mutagenicity data in the development and application of Integrated Testing Strategies (ITS) for skin sensitization by focusing on the chemical mechanisms at play and substantiating these with experimental data where available. The hybrid expert system TIMES (Tissue Metabolism Simulator) was applied in the identification of the chemical mechanisms since it encodes a comprehensive set of established structure-activity relationships for both skin sensitization and mutagenicity. Based on the evaluation, the experimental determination of mutagenicity was thought to be potentially helpful in the evaluation of skin sensitization potential. This study has evaluated the dataset reported by Wolfreys and Basketter (Cutan. Ocul. Toxicol. 23 (2004), pp. 197-205). Upon an update of the experimental data, the original reported concordance of 68% was found to increase to 88%. There were several compounds that were 'outliers' in the two experimental evaluations which are discussed from a mechanistic basis. The discrepancies were found to be mainly associated with the differences between skin and liver metabolism. Mutagenicity information can play a significant role in evaluating sensitization potential as part of an ITS though careful attention needs to be made to ensure that any information is interpreted in the appropriate context.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Patlewicz
- DuPont Haskell Global Centers for Health and Environmental Sciences, Newark, Delaware, USA.
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Sendur OF, Turan Y, Bal S, Gurgan A. Toxic neuropathy due to N-hexane: report of three cases. Inhal Toxicol 2009; 21:210-4. [PMID: 18991102 DOI: 10.1080/08958370802311169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to n-hexane is one of the well known causes of peripheral neuropathy. This type of neuropathy is commonly seen among individuals employed in shoe and bag factories with inadequate ventilation. We describe three patients with acute and sub-acute neuropathy following n-hexane exposure via inhalation of glue. All of the patients had history of working in the same place. The results of laboratory examinations were in normal ranges except the electroneuromyographic (ENMG) findings which were showing the neuropathy. All patients were hospitalized and rehabilitation programs were carried out. Symptomatic relief was achieved following this treatment, however the pathologic ENMG findings still persisted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Faruk Sendur
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Adnan Menderes University Medicine School Hospital, Aydin, Turkey
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46
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Alterations in neurofilaments content and calpains activity of sciatic nerve of carbon disulfide-treated rats. Arch Toxicol 2009; 83:587-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-008-0399-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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47
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Zhang Y, Liu Q, Liu Q, Duan H, Cheng J, Jiang S, Huang X, Leng S, He F, Zheng Y. Association between metabolic gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to peripheral nerve damage in workers exposed ton-hexane: A preliminary study. Biomarkers 2008; 11:61-9. [PMID: 16484137 DOI: 10.1080/13547500500451176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to n-hexane may result in peripheral neuropathy. 2,5-Hexanedione (2,5-HD) has been identified as a toxic metabolite of n-hexane. The CYP2E1, CYP1A1 and GST genes are involved in the formation of 2,5-hexanedione from n-hexane as well as the elimination of 2,5-HD-formed electrophile, and these genes are highly polymorphic in the general population. A nested case-control study in an industrial cohort was conducted to evaluate the associations between polymorphisms in these metabolic genes and n-hexane-induced peripheral nerve damage. The study subjects included 22 cases, who worked in a printing factory with symptoms of peripheral nerve damage, and 163 controls, who came from the same factory of cases. DNA was extracted from blood samples and genotyping was conducted for CYP2E1 Pst, CYP2E1 Dra, CYP2E1 Ins96, CYP1A1 Msp, GSTT1 null, GSTM1 null and GSTP1 105V. Unconditional logistic regression was applied to estimate the odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals. There were no significant differences between the two groups regarding age, sex, smoking and alcohol status. A significant association between Dra polymorphism and peripheral nerve damage was found. The frequency of CYP2E1 Dra homozygous mutation in the case group (18.2%) was higher than that in the control group (3.7%, p=0.015). Individuals with homozygote genotype (CC) of CYP2E1 Dra had a significantly higher risk of peripheral nerve damage compared with those with DD genotype (adjusted OR=?.58, 95% CI=1.32-23.65) after n-hexane exposure duration, sex, age, smoking and alcohol status were adjusted. No significant association was found that CYP2E1 Pst, CYP2E1 Ins96, CYP1A1 Msp, GSTT1, GSTM1, GSTP gene polymorphisms associated with the susceptibility of peripheral nerve damage. These findings suggested that CYP2E1 gene might increase the susceptibility to n-hexane-induced peripheral damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Wang QS, Hou LY, Zhang CL, Zhao XL, Yu SF, Xie KQ. 2,5-hexanedione (HD) treatment alters calmodulin, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, and protein kinase C in rats' nerve tissues. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2008; 232:60-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2008.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2007] [Revised: 04/30/2008] [Accepted: 05/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bolon B, Anthony DC, Butt M, Dorman D, Green MV, Little PB, Valentine WM, Weinstock D, Yan J, Sills RC. “Current Pathology Techniques” Symposium Review: Advances and Issues in Neuropathology. Toxicol Pathol 2008. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623308322313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of the mechanisms that incite neurological diseases has progressed rapidly in recent years, mainly owing to the advent of new research instruments and our increasingly facile ability to assemble large, complex data sets acquired across several disciplines into an integrated representation of neural function at the molecular, cellular, and systemic levels. This mini-review has been designed to communicate the principal technical advances and current issues of importance in neuropathology research today in the context of our traditional neuropathology practices. Specific topics briefly addressed in this paper include correlative biology of the many facets of the nervous system; conventional and novel methods for investigating neural structure and function; theoretical and technical issues associated with investigating neuropathology end points in emerging areas of concern (developmental neurotoxicity, neurodegenerative conditions); and challenges and opportunities that will face pathologists in this field in the foreseeable future. We have organized this information in a manner that we hope will be of interest not only to professionals with a career focus in neuropathology, but also to general pathologists who occasionally face neuropathology questions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Douglas C. Anthony
- University of Missouri, Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Mark Butt
- Tox Path Specialists, Walkersville, Maryland, USA
| | - David Dorman
- North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Peter B. Little
- Charles River Laboratories, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - James Yan
- Hospira Inc., Lake Forest, Illinois, USA
| | - Robert C. Sills
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Filosto M, Tentorio M, Broglio L, Buzio S, Lazzarini C, Pasolini MP, Cotelli MS, Scarpelli M, Mancuso M, Choub A, Padovani A. Disulfiram neuropathy: two cases of distal axonopathy. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2008; 46:314-6. [PMID: 18363127 DOI: 10.1080/15563650701636390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disulfiram may cause a peripheral neuropathy that is considered dose- and duration-of-exposure-related. Axonal degeneration has been described as a pathological hallmark of disulfiram toxicity, but experiments have reported a primary toxic effect of the molecule on Schwann cells and myelin. CASE REPORTS Case 1: At the end of two months of treatment with disulfiram 250 mg/day, a 31-year-old woman complained of weakness in distal segments of the lower limbs associated with burning dysesthesias, numbness and pain in the soles of the feet and the legs below the knees; bilateral walking steppage, reduction in foot strength, absence of ankle jerk and knee tendon reflexes, and tactile stocking pin-pick and vibratory sensory impairment in the lower limbs below the knee. Disulfiram was discontinued and she recovered partially over three months. Case 2: After one month of treatment with disulfiram 1600 mg/day, a 27-year-old man reported walking impairment, distal lower limb weakness and paresthesias. He had unsteady gait with bilateral steppage and foot drop, absence of ankle jerks and overall sensation impairment below the knee. Disulfiram was discontinued and nine months later there was almost complete recovery of motor deficits, only minor motor weakness in distal leg muscles, and no dysesthesia, sensation deficits or areflexia. In both of them clinical and neurophysiological patterns were indicative of a distal axonopathy. DISCUSSION The mechanisms by which disulfiram cause injury in human nerves are unclear, though may involve carbon disulfide. The discrepancy between experimental and clinical observations is still unexplained. CONCLUSION We report two cases of disulfiram axonal toxicity and the partial response following discontinuation of the drug.
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