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Zhuang H, Yu B, Tao D, Xu X, Xu Y, Wang J, Jiao Y, Wang L. The role of m6A methylation in therapy resistance in cancer. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:91. [PMID: 37264402 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01782-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer therapy resistance is the main cause of cancer treatment failure. The mechanism of therapy resistance is a hot topic in epigenetics. As one of the most common RNA modifications, N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is involved in various processes of RNA metabolism, such as stability, splicing, transcription, translation, and degradation. A large number of studies have shown that m6A RNA methylation regulates the proliferation and invasion of cancer cells, but the role of m6A in cancer therapy resistance is unclear. In this review, we summarized the research progress related to the role of m6A in regulating therapy resistance in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengzhao Zhuang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 21500, China
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Affiliated Jiangyin People's Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangyin, 214400, China
| | - Dan Tao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, 21500, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 21500, China
| | - Yijun Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 21500, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Affiliated Jiangyin People's Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangyin, 214400, China.
| | - Yang Jiao
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China.
| | - Lili Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 21500, China.
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2
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Kunkel G, Patel H, Kaldany A, Allu S, Elsamra S, Cancian M. Pelvic radiation-induced urinary strictures: etiology and management of a challenging disease. World J Urol 2023; 41:1459-1468. [PMID: 37014391 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-023-04378-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation is a common treatment modality for pelvic malignancies. While it can be effective at cancer control, downstream effects can manifest months to years after treatment, leaving patients with significant morbidity. Within urology, a particularly difficult post-radiation consequence is urinary tract stricture, either of the urethra, bladder neck, or ureter. In this review, we will discuss the mechanism of radiation damage and treatment options for these potentially devastating urinary sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Kunkel
- Department of Urology, UMass Chan: University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
| | - Hiren Patel
- Division of Urology, Rutgers University Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Alain Kaldany
- Division of Urology, Rutgers University Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Sai Allu
- Division of Urology, Brown University Warren Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Sammy Elsamra
- Division of Urology, Rutgers University Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Madeline Cancian
- Division of Urology, Brown University Warren Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, USA
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3
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Takano S, Shibamoto Y, Wang Z, Kondo T, Hashimoto S, Kawai T, Hiwatashi A. Optimal timing of a γH2AX analysis to predict cellular lethal damage in cultured tumor cell lines after exposure to diagnostic and therapeutic radiation doses. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2023; 64:317-327. [PMID: 36634337 PMCID: PMC10036098 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrac096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorylated H2AX (γH2AX) is a sensitive biomarker of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). To assess the adverse effects of low-dose radiation (<50 mGy), γH2AX levels have typically been measured in human lymphocytes within 30 min of computed tomography (CT) examinations. However, in the presence of DSB repair, it remains unclear whether γH2AX levels within 30 min of irradiation completely reflect biological effects. Therefore, we investigated the optimal timing of a γH2AX analysis to predict the cell-surviving fraction (SF). Three tumor cell lines were irradiated at different X-ray doses (10-4000 mGy), and the relationships between SF and relative γH2AX levels were investigated 15 min and 2, 6, 12 and 24 h after irradiation. Data were analyzed for high-dose (0-4000 mGy) and low-dose (0-500 mGy) ranges. Correlations were observed between SF and the relative number of γH2AX foci/nucleus at 12 h only (R2 = 0.68, P = 0.001 after high doses; R2 = 0.37, P = 0.016 after low doses). The relative intensity of γH2AX correlated with SF 15 min to 12 h after high doses and 2 to 12 h after low doses, with the maximum R2 values being observed 2 h after high doses (R2 = 0.89, P < 0.001) and 12 h after low doses (R2 = 0.65, P < 0.001). Collectively, cellular lethal damage in tumor cells was more accurately estimated with residual DSBs 12 h after low-dose (10-500 mGy) irradiation. These results may contribute to determination of the optimal timing of biodosimetric analyses using γH2AX in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiya Takano
- Corresponding author. Seiya Takano, MD, Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuhocho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8601, Japan. Phone: (+81)52-853-8276; Fax: (+81)52-852-5244; E-mail:
| | - Yuta Shibamoto
- Narita Memorial Proton Center, 78 Shirakawa-cho, Toyohashi, Aichi, 441-8021, Japan
| | - Zhen Wang
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Takuhito Kondo
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8601, Japan
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya Ekisaikai Hospital, 4-66 Syonen-cyo, Nakagawa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 454-8502, Japan
| | - Shingo Hashimoto
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusaku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8681, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kawai
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Akio Hiwatashi
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8601, Japan
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4
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Öter Ç, Çilingir Yeltekin A, Ammer Abbas El-Tekreti S. Removal of lithium from aqueous solutions by solid-phase extraction using sawdust loaded with magnetite nanoparticles and study of apoptosis, MDA and 8-OHdG caused by lithium toxicity in fish brain. Toxicol Ind Health 2023; 39:158-168. [PMID: 36760134 DOI: 10.1177/07482337231156670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Lithium, which has a high industrial value, is an environmental pollutant of concern to those who work with lithium in industry as well as to the general public. Biological parameters such as MDA, 8-OHdG, apoptosis (caspase-3), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were studied to determine the toxic effects on the brain tissue of the model organism (Carassius auratus) exposed to high dose lithium. According to the results obtained, it was found that lithium exposure caused oxidative stress with an increase in MDA level over time and, accordingly, DNA damage and apoptosis occured in brain tissue. It was also found that a decrease in AChE activity was observed, and the high levels of MDA, 8-OHdG, and caspase-3 activity obtained in brain tissue supported this result. The solid phase extraction (SPE) method was used to effectively remove lithium, which has unfavorable effects on living organisms, from aqueous solutions. In this method, a sawdust loaded with magnetite nanoparticles (MNLS) was prepared as an adsorbent for solid phase extraction by a simple method, and it was characterized. Optimal conditions for the SPE process were defined and it was found that lithium could be removed from solution onto the MNLS surface with a high yield of about 96%. The results of the study are crucial for proposing a simple and applicable high performance method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Çiğdem Öter
- Department of Chemistry, 53000Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van, Turkey
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5
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Köktürk M. In vivo toxicity assessment of Remazol Gelb-GR (RG-GR) textile dye in zebrafish embryos/larvae (Danio rerio): Teratogenic effects, biochemical changes, immunohistochemical changes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 852:158473. [PMID: 36063928 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Dyes, which are very important for various industries, have very adverse effects on the aquatic environment and aquatic life. However, there are limited studies on the toxic properties of dyes on living things. This research elucidated the sublethal toxicity of acute exposure of the textile dye remazol gelb-GR (RG-GR) using zebrafish embryos and larvae for 96 h. The 96 h-LC50 for RG-GR in zebrafish embryos/larvae was determined to be 151.92 mg/L. Sublethal 96 hpf exposure was performed in RG-GR concentrations (0.5; 1.0; 10.0; 100.0 mg/L) to determine the development of toxicity in zebrafish embryos/larvae. RG-GR dye affected morphological development, and decreased heart rate, hatching, blood flow, and survival rates in zebrafish embryos/larvae. The immunopositivity of 8-hydroxy 2 deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in larvae exposed to RG-GR at high concentrations was found to be intense. Depending on the RG-GR dose increase, some biochemical parameters such as glutathione peroxidase (GSH) level, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, catalase (CAT) activities, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and nuclear factor erythroid 2 (Nrf-2) levels were detected to be decreased in larvae, while malondialdehyde (MDA) content, nuclear factor kappa (NF-kB), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), DNA damage (8-OHdG level), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and apoptosis (Caspase-3) levels were found to be increased. The experimental results revealed that RG-GR dye has high acute toxicity on zebrafish embryo/larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mine Köktürk
- Department of Organic Agriculture Management, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Igdir University, TR-76000, Igdir, Turkey; Research Laboratory Application and Research Center (ALUM), Igdir University, TR-76000 Igdir, Turkey.
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6
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Răileanu M, Straticiuc M, Iancu DA, Andrei RF, Radu M, Bacalum M. Proton irradiation induced reactive oxygen species promote morphological and functional changes in HepG2 cells. J Struct Biol 2022; 214:107919. [PMID: 36356881 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2022.107919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The increased use of proton therapy has led to the need of better understanding the cellular mechanisms involved. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects induced by the accelerated proton beam in hepatocarcinoma cells. An existing facility in IFIN-HH, a 3 MV Tandetron™ accelerator, was used to irradiate HepG2 human hepatocarcinoma cells with doses between 0 and 3 Gy. Colony formation was used to assess the influence of radiation on cell long-term replication. Also, the changes induced at the mitochondrial level were shown by increased ROS and ATP levels as well as a decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential. An increased dose has induced DNA damages and G2/M cell cycle arrest which leads to caspase 3/7 mediated apoptosis and senescence induction. Finally, the morphological and ultrastructural changes were observed at the membrane level and the nucleus of the irradiated cells. Thus, proton irradiation induces both morphological and functional changes in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Răileanu
- University of Bucharest, Faculty of Physics, Atomistilor 405, Măgurele, Romania; Horia Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Department of Life and Environmental Physics, Reactorului 30, Măgurele, Romania
| | - Mihai Straticiuc
- Horia Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Department of Applied Nuclear Physics, Reactorului 30, Măgurele, Romania
| | - Decebal-Alexandru Iancu
- University of Bucharest, Faculty of Physics, Atomistilor 405, Măgurele, Romania; Horia Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Department of Applied Nuclear Physics, Reactorului 30, Măgurele, Romania
| | - Radu-Florin Andrei
- Horia Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Department of Applied Nuclear Physics, Reactorului 30, Măgurele, Romania; University of POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Splaiul Independentei 313, Romania
| | - Mihai Radu
- Horia Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Department of Life and Environmental Physics, Reactorului 30, Măgurele, Romania
| | - Mihaela Bacalum
- Horia Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Department of Life and Environmental Physics, Reactorului 30, Măgurele, Romania.
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Kudo KI, Tsuyama N, Nagata K, Imaoka T, Iizuka D, Sugai-Takahashi M, Muramatsu M, Sakai A. ΔNp63α transcriptionally represses p53 target genes involved in the radiation-induced DNA damage response. Radiat Oncol 2022; 17:183. [DOI: 10.1186/s13014-022-02139-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The DNA damage response (DDR) is a mechanism that protects cells against radiation-induced oxidative DNA damage by causing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. TP63 is a member of the tumour suppressor TP53 gene family, and ΔNp63α, a TP63 splicing variant, is constitutively expressed in the stem cell-containing basal layer of stratified epithelial tissues, including the mammary gland, where it plays a critical role in stemness and tissue development. ΔNp63α has been reported to transcriptionally inhibit the tumour suppression protein p53. This p53-repressive activity may cause genomic instability in epithelial stem cells exposed to radiation. In this study, we analysed the inhibitory effect of ΔNp63α on radiation-induced DDR.
Methods
To elucidate the role of the p53-repressive effect of ΔNp63α in radiation response, we performed a p63-siRNA knockdown experiment using human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs) expressing ΔNp63α and then performed ectopic and entopic expression experiments using human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). After irradiation, the expression of DDR-related genes and proteins in ΔNp63α-expressing and control cells was analysed by RT–qPCR, Western blotting, and flow cytometry.
Results
The mRNA/protein expression levels of BAX and p21 were significantly increased in p63-siRNA-treated HMECs (sip63) after X-ray irradiation (4 Gy, 0.7 Gy/min) but not in scramble-siRNA treated HMECs (scr). Transcriptomic analysis showed decreased RNA expression of cell cycle-related genes and increased expression of programmed cell death-related genes in sip63 cells compared to scr cells. Furthermore, flow cytometric analysis revealed an increase in apoptotic cells and a decrease in 5-ethynyl-2´-deoxyuridine uptake in sip63 cells compared to scr cells. On the other hand, both the ectopic and entopic expression of ΔNp63α in apoptosis-sensitive hiPSCs reduced the expression levels of BAX after irradiation and significantly decreased the number of apoptotic cells induced by radiation.
Conclusion
Taken together, these results indicate that ΔNp63α represses p53-related radiation-induced DDR, thereby potentially causing genomic instability in epithelial stem cells.
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Jiang Y, Cong X, Jiang S, Dong Y, Zhao L, Zang Y, Tan M, Li J. Phosphoproteomics Reveals the AMPK Substrate Network in Response to DNA Damage and Histone Acetylation. GENOMICS, PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2022; 20:597-613. [PMID: 33607295 PMCID: PMC9880816 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a conserved energy sensor that plays roles in diverse biological processes via phosphorylating various substrates. Emerging studies have demonstrated the regulatory roles of AMPK in DNA repair, but the underlying mechanisms remain to be fully understood. Herein, using mass spectrometry-based proteomic technologies, we systematically investigate the regulatory network of AMPK in DNA damage response (DDR). Our system-wide phosphoproteome study uncovers a variety of newly-identified potential substrates involved in diverse biological processes, whereas our system-wide histone modification analysis reveals a link between AMPK and histone acetylation. Together with these findings, we discover that AMPK promotes apoptosis by phosphorylating apoptosis-stimulating of p53 protein 2 (ASPP2) in an irradiation (IR)-dependent manner and regulates histone acetylation by phosphorylating histone deacetylase 9 (HDAC9) in an IR-independent manner. Besides, we reveal that disrupting the histone acetylation by the bromodomain BRD4 inhibitor JQ-1 enhances the sensitivity of AMPK-deficient cells to IR. Therefore, our study has provided a resource to investigate the interplay between phosphorylation and histone acetylation underlying the regulatory network of AMPK, which could be beneficial to understand the exact role of AMPK in DDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejing Jiang
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoji Cong
- Chemical Proteomics Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shangwen Jiang
- Chemical Proteomics Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Dong
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Chemical Proteomics Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yi Zang
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China,Corresponding authors.
| | - Minjia Tan
- Chemical Proteomics Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China,Corresponding authors.
| | - Jia Li
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China,Open Studio for Druggability Research of Marine Natural Products, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China,Corresponding authors.
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9
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Guerra Liberal FDC, Moreira H, Redmond KM, O’Sullivan JM, Alshehri AHD, Wright TC, Dunne VL, Campfield C, Biggart S, McMahon SJ, Prise KM. Differential responses to 223Ra and Alpha-particles exposure in prostate cancer driven by mitotic catastrophe. Front Oncol 2022; 12:877302. [PMID: 35965568 PMCID: PMC9367686 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.877302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionRadium-223 (223Ra) has been shown to have an overall survival benefit in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) involving bone. Despite its increased clinical usage, relatively little is known regarding the mechanism of action of 223Ra at the cellular level.MethodsWe evaluated the effects of 223Ra irradiation in a panel of cell lines and then compared them with standard X-ray and external alpha-particle irradiation, with a particular focus on cell survival and DNA damage repair kinetics.Results223Ra exposures had very high, cell-type-dependent RBE50% ranging from 7 to 15. This was significantly greater than external alpha irradiations (RBE50% from 1.4 to 2.1). These differences were shown to be partially related to the volume of 223Ra solution added, independent of the alpha-particle dose rate, suggesting a radiation-independent mechanism of effect. Both external alpha particles and 223Ra exposure were associated with delayed DNA repair, with similar kinetics. Additionally, the greater treatment efficacy of 223Ra was associated with increased levels of residual DNA damage and cell death by mitotic catastrophe.ConclusionsThese results suggest that 223Ra exposure may be associated with greater biological effects than would be expected by direct comparison with a similar dose of external alpha particles, highlighting important challenges for future therapeutic optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco D. C. Guerra Liberal
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Francisco D. C. Guerra Liberal,
| | - Hugo Moreira
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly M. Redmond
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Joe M. O’Sullivan
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
- Northern Ireland Cancer Centre, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Ali H. D. Alshehri
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
- Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Timothy C. Wright
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria L. Dunne
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Caoimhghin Campfield
- Northern Ireland Cancer Centre, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra Biggart
- Northern Ireland Cancer Centre, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. McMahon
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin M. Prise
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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ATR Contributes More Than ATM in Intra-S-Phase Checkpoint Activation after IR, and DNA-PKcs Facilitates Recovery: Evidence for Modular Integration of ATM/ATR/DNA-PKcs Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147506. [PMID: 35886852 PMCID: PMC9316047 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The intra-S-phase checkpoint was among the first reported cell cycle checkpoints in mammalian cells. It transiently slows down the rate of DNA replication after DNA damage to facilitate repair and thus prevents genomic instability. The ionizing radiation (IR)-induced intra-S-phase checkpoint in mammalian cells is thought to be mainly dependent upon the kinase activity of ATM. Defects in the intra-S-phase checkpoint result in radio-resistant DNA synthesis (RDS), which promotes genomic instability. ATM belongs to the PI3K kinase family along with ATR and DNA-PKcs. ATR has been shown to be the key kinase for intra-S-phase checkpoint signaling in yeast and has also been implicated in this checkpoint in higher eukaryotes. Recently, contributions of DNA-PKcs to IR-induced G2-checkpoint could also be established. Whether and how ATR and DNA-PKcs are involved in the IR-induced intra-S-phase checkpoint in mammalian cells is incompletely characterized. Here, we investigated the contributions of ATM, ATR, and DNA-PKcs to intra-S-phase checkpoint activation after exposure to IR of human and hamster cells. The results suggest that the activities of both ATM and ATR are essential for efficient intra-S-phase checkpoint activation. Indeed, in a wild-type genetic background, ATR inhibition generates stronger checkpoint defects than ATM inhibition. Similar to G2 checkpoint, DNA-PKcs contributes to the recovery from the intra-S-phase checkpoint. DNA-PKcs–deficient cells show persistent, mainly ATR-dependent intra-S-phase checkpoints. A correlation between the degree of DSB end resection and the strength of the intra-S-phase checkpoint is observed, which again compares well to the G2 checkpoint response. We conclude that the organization of the intra-S-phase checkpoint has a similar mechanistic organization to that of the G2 checkpoint in cells irradiated in the G2 phase.
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11
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Duthoo E, Vral A, Baeyens A. An updated view into the cell cycle kinetics of human T lymphocytes and the impact of irradiation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7687. [PMID: 35538107 PMCID: PMC9090834 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11364-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Even though a detailed understanding of the proliferative characteristics of T lymphocytes is imperative in many research fields, prior studies have never reached a consensus on these characteristics, and on the corresponding cell cycle kinetics specifically. In this study, the general proliferative response of human T lymphocytes to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation was characterized using a carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester-based flow cytometric assay. We were able to determine when PHA-stimulated T lymphocytes complete their first division, the proportion of cells that initiate proliferation, the subsequent division rate of the cells, and the impact of irradiation on these proliferative properties. Next, we accurately visualized the cell cycle progression of dividing T lymphocytes cultured in whole blood using an adapted 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine pulse-chase method. Furthermore, through multiple downstream analysis methods, we were able to make an estimation of the corresponding cell cycle kinetics. We also visualized the impact of X-rays on the progression of the cells through the cell cycle. Our results showed dose-dependent G2 arrest after exposure to irradiation, and a corresponding delay in G1 phase-entry of the cells. In conclusion, utilizing various flow cytometric assays, we provided valuable information on T lymphocyte proliferation characteristics starting from first division to fully dividing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evi Duthoo
- Radiobiology Group, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anne Vral
- Radiobiology Group, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ans Baeyens
- Radiobiology Group, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. .,Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.
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12
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Kovalchuk A, Mychasiuk R, Muhammad A, Hossain S, Ghose A, Kirkby C, Ghasroddashti E, Kovalchuk O, Kolb B. Complex housing partially mitigates low dose radiation-induced changes in brain and behavior in rats. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2022; 40:109-124. [DOI: 10.3233/rnn-211216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: In recent years, much effort has been focused on developing new strategies for the prevention and mitigation of adverse radiation effects on healthy tissues and organs, including the brain. The brain is very sensitive to radiation effects, albeit as it is highly plastic. Hence, deleterious radiation effects may be potentially reversible. Because radiation exposure affects dendritic space, reduces the brain’s ability to produce new neurons, and alters behavior, mitigation efforts should focus on restoring these parameters. To that effect, environmental enrichment through complex housing (CH) and exercise may provide a plausible avenue for exploration of protection from brain irradiation. CH is a much broader concept than exercise alone, and constitutes exposure of animals to positive physical and social stimulation that is superior to their routine housing and care conditions. We hypothesized that CHs may lessen harmful neuroanatomical and behavioural effects of low dose radiation exposure. Methods: We analyzed and compared cerebral morphology in animals exposed to low dose head, bystander (liver), and scatter irradiation on rats housed in either the environmental enrichment condos or standard housing. Results: Enriched condo conditions ameliorated radiation-induced neuroanatomical changes. Moreover, irradiated animals that were kept in enriched CH condos displayed fewer radiation-induced behavioural deficits than those housed in standard conditions. Conclusions: Animal model-based environmental enrichment strategies, such as CH, are excellent surrogate models for occupational and exercise therapy in humans, and consequently have significant translational possibility. Our study may thus serve as a roadmap for the development of new, easy, safe and cost-effective methods to prevent and mitigate low-dose radiation effects on the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna. Kovalchuk
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | | | - Arif. Muhammad
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Shakhawat. Hossain
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Abhijit. Ghose
- Jack Ady Cancer Center, Alberta Health Services, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Charles. Kirkby
- Jack Ady Cancer Center, Alberta Health Services, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Esmaeel. Ghasroddashti
- Jack Ady Cancer Center, Alberta Health Services, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Olga. Kovalchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Bryan. Kolb
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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13
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Vlatkovic T, Veldwijk MR, Giordano FA, Herskind C. Targeting Cell Cycle Checkpoint Kinases to Overcome Intrinsic Radioresistance in Brain Tumor Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030701. [PMID: 35158967 PMCID: PMC8833533 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary As cell cycle checkpoint mechanisms maintain genomic integrity, the inhibition of enzymes involved in these control mechanisms may increase the sensitivity of the cells to DNA damaging treatments. In this review, we summarize the knowledge in the field of brain tumor treatment with radiation therapy and cell cycle checkpoint inhibition via targeting ATM, ATR, CHK1, CHK2, and WEE1 kinases. Abstract Radiation therapy is an important part of the standard of care treatment of brain tumors. However, the efficacy of radiation therapy is limited by the radioresistance of tumor cells, a phenomenon held responsible for the dismal prognosis of the most aggressive brain tumor types. A promising approach to radiosensitization of tumors is the inhibition of cell cycle checkpoint control responsible for cell cycle progression and the maintenance of genomic integrity. Inhibition of the kinases involved in these control mechanisms can abolish cell cycle checkpoints and DNA damage repair and thus increase the sensitivity of tumor cells to radiation and chemotherapy. Here, we discuss preclinical progress in molecular targeting of ATM, ATR, CHK1, CHK2, and WEE1, checkpoint kinases in the treatment of brain tumors, and review current clinical phase I-II trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijana Vlatkovic
- Cellular and Molecular Radiation Oncology Lab, Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (T.V.); (M.R.V.)
| | - Marlon R. Veldwijk
- Cellular and Molecular Radiation Oncology Lab, Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (T.V.); (M.R.V.)
| | - Frank A. Giordano
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Carsten Herskind
- Cellular and Molecular Radiation Oncology Lab, Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (T.V.); (M.R.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-621-383-3773
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14
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Zhang J, Wu Q, Zhu L, Xie S, Tu L, Yang Y, Wu K, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Xu Y, Chen X, Ma S, Zhang S. SERPINE2/PN-1 regulates the DNA damage response and radioresistance by activating ATM in lung cancer. Cancer Lett 2022; 524:268-283. [PMID: 34648881 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although the DNA damage response (DDR) is associated with the radioresistance characteristics of lung cancer cells, the specific regulators and underlying mechanisms of the DDR are unclear. Here, we identified the serine proteinase inhibitor clade E member 2 (SERPINE2) as a modulator of radiosensitivity and the DDR in lung cancer. Cells exhibiting radioresistance after ionizing radiation show upregulation of SERPINE2, and SERPINE2 knockdown improves tumor radiosensitivity in vitro and in vivo. Functionally, SERPINE2 deficiency causes a reduction in homologous recombination repair, rapid recovery of cell cycle checkpoints, and suppression of migration and invasion. Mechanistically, SERPINE2 knockdown inhibits the accumulation of p-ATM and the downstream repair protein RAD51 during DNA repair, and RAD51 can restore DNA damage and radioresistance phenotypes in lung cancer cells. Furthermore, SERPINE2 can directly interact with MRE11 and ATM to facilitate its phosphorylation in HR-mediated DSB repair. In addition, high SERPINE2 expression correlates with dismal prognosis in lung adenocarcinoma patients, and a high serum SERPINE2 concentration predicts a poor response to radiotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer patients. In summary, these findings indicate a novel regulatory mechanism by which SERPINE2 modulates the DDR and radioresistance in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Translational Medicine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310006, China; Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Department of Translational Medicine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Lucheng Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Shujun Xie
- Department of Translational Medicine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310006, China; Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Linglan Tu
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Yuhong Yang
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Kan Wu
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- Department of Translational Medicine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310006, China; Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- Department of Translational Medicine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310006, China; Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Yasi Xu
- Department of Translational Medicine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310006, China; Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Xueqin Chen
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Shenglin Ma
- Department of Translational Medicine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310006, China; Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China; Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China; Department of Cancer Medical Center, Affiliated Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311201, China.
| | - Shirong Zhang
- Department of Translational Medicine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310006, China; Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China.
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15
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Malacarne IT, De Souza DV, Alpire MES, Souza ACF, Renno ACM, Ribeiro DA. Is micronucleus assay in oral exfoliated cells a suitable tool for biomonitoring children exposed to environmental pollutants? A systematic review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:65083-65093. [PMID: 34623589 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16810-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review was to evaluate if micronucleus assay in oral exfoliated cells is a suitable tool for biomonitoring children exposed to environmental pollutants. Through the electronic databases PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science, all published studies until April 2021 that examined the relationship between exposure to environmental pollutants and micronucleus frequency in oral cells were searched. All relevant articles using a combination of the following keywords-"children," "micronucleus," "oral cells," and "environmental pollution"-were considered. A total of 20 papers met the criteria for inclusion in the systematic review. The results regarding the cytogenetic damage induced by environmental pollutants are conflicting. Some authors have demonstrated that environmental pollution induces mutagenesis in oral cells while others did not. Following the parameters of the Project for Effective Public Health Practices (EPHPP) and after extensive reading of all the articles included, a total of 12 articles had moderate and strong scores and 8 had a classification considered weak. Taken together, this review was able to demonstrate the association between micronucleus frequency and exposure to environmental pollutants in oral exfoliated cells of children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingra Tais Malacarne
- Institute of Health and Society, Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Rua Silva Jardim, 136, Room 332, Vila Mathias, São Paulo, Santos, SP, 11050-020, Brazil
| | - Daniel Vitor De Souza
- Institute of Health and Society, Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Rua Silva Jardim, 136, Room 332, Vila Mathias, São Paulo, Santos, SP, 11050-020, Brazil
| | - Maria Esther Suarez Alpire
- Institute of Health and Society, Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Rua Silva Jardim, 136, Room 332, Vila Mathias, São Paulo, Santos, SP, 11050-020, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Flygare Souza
- Institute of Health and Society, Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Rua Silva Jardim, 136, Room 332, Vila Mathias, São Paulo, Santos, SP, 11050-020, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia Muniz Renno
- Institute of Health and Society, Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Rua Silva Jardim, 136, Room 332, Vila Mathias, São Paulo, Santos, SP, 11050-020, Brazil
| | - Daniel Araki Ribeiro
- Institute of Health and Society, Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Rua Silva Jardim, 136, Room 332, Vila Mathias, São Paulo, Santos, SP, 11050-020, Brazil.
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16
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Youssef OA, Tammam AA, El-Bakatoushi RF, Alframawy AM, Emara MM, El-Sadek LM. Uptake of hematite nanoparticles in maize and their role in cell cycle dynamics, PCNA expression and mitigation of cadmium stress. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2021; 23:1177-1189. [PMID: 34374200 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium toxicity is considered a major threat to several crops worldwide. Hematite nanoparticles (NPs), due to their small size and large specific surface area, could be applied as an adsorbent for toxic heavy metals in soil. Also, they serve as an efficient nano-fertilizer, promoting Fe availability and biomass production in plants, thus enabling Cd2+ -induced stress tolerance. The phytotoxicity of five different concentrations of hematite NPs, ranging from 500 to 8,000 mg·kg-1 , and Cd2+ concentrations (110 or 130 mg·kg-1 Cd2+ ) alone or combined with 500 mg·kg-1 NPs was evaluated in maize. The changes in fresh weight, element analysis, cell cycle regulation, DNA banding patterns and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression were used as biomarkers. The results revealed that increased fresh weight and fewest polymorphic DNA bands were detectable after treatment with 500 mg·kg-1 NPs. However, at 8,000 mg·kg-1 NPs, PCNA expression increased significantly, which resulted in cell cycle arrest at the G1/S checkpoint in roots. Significant reductions in fresh weight, altered nutrient profiles and cell cycle perturbations are considered symptoms of Cd2+ toxicity in maize. Conversely, amending 500 mg·kg-1 NPs with 130 mg·kg-1 Cd2+ increased fresh weight, Fe concentration and genomic template stability, while reducing Cd2+ uptake and PCNA1 expression. Overall, 8,000 mg·kg-1 hematite NPs interfered with the cellular homeostatic balance of maize, resulting in a cascade of genotoxic events, leading to growth inhibition. Although 500 mg·kg-1 hematite NPs alleviated Cd2+ -induced DNA damage to a certain extent, their impact on cell cycle progression requires further verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Youssef
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Camp Caesar, 21525, Egypt
| | - A A Tammam
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Camp Caesar, 21525, Egypt
| | - R F El-Bakatoushi
- Biology and Geology Sciences Department, Faculty of Education, Alexandria University, Alexandria, El-shatby, 526, Egypt
| | - A M Alframawy
- Nucleic Acids Research Department, Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), City for Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria, Borg El-Arab, 21933, Egypt
| | - M M Emara
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Ibrahimia, 21321, Egypt
| | - L M El-Sadek
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Camp Caesar, 21525, Egypt
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17
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Long Noncoding RNAs Regulate the Radioresistance of Breast Cancer. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2021; 2021:9005073. [PMID: 34595090 PMCID: PMC8478560 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9005073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BRCA) has severely threatened women's health worldwide. Radiotherapy is a treatment for BRCA, which applies high doses of ionizing radiation to induce cancer cell death and reduce disease recurrence. Radioresistance is one of the most important elements that affect the therapeutic efficacy of radiotherapy. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are suggested to dominate crucial roles in regulating the biological behavior of BRCA. Currently, some studies indicate that overexpression or inhibition of lncRNAs can greatly alter the radioresistance of BRCA. In this review, we summarized the knowledge on the classification and function of lncRNAs and the molecular mechanism of BRCA radioresistance, listed lncRNAs related to the BRCA radioresistance, highlighted their underlying mechanisms, and discussed the potential application of these lncRNAs in regulating BRCA radioresistance.
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18
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Thielhelm TP, Goncalves S, Welford SM, Mellon EA, Cohen ER, Nourbakhsh A, Fernandez-Valle C, Telischi F, Ivan ME, Dinh CT. Understanding the Radiobiology of Vestibular Schwannomas to Overcome Radiation Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4575. [PMID: 34572805 PMCID: PMC8467596 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vestibular schwannomas (VS) are benign tumors arising from cranial nerve VIII that account for 8-10% of all intracranial tumors and are the most common tumors of the cerebellopontine angle. These tumors are typically managed with observation, radiation therapy, or microsurgical resection. Of the VS that are irradiated, there is a subset of tumors that are radioresistant and continue to grow; the mechanisms behind this phenomenon are not fully understood. In this review, the authors summarize how radiation causes cellular and DNA injury that can activate (1) checkpoints in the cell cycle to initiate cell cycle arrest and DNA repair and (2) key events that lead to cell death. In addition, we discuss the current knowledge of VS radiobiology and how it may contribute to clinical outcomes. A better understanding of VS radiobiology can help optimize existing treatment protocols and lead to new therapies to overcome radioresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torin P Thielhelm
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Stefania Goncalves
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Scott M Welford
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Eric A Mellon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Erin R Cohen
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Aida Nourbakhsh
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Cristina Fernandez-Valle
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Fred Telischi
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Michael E Ivan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Christine T Dinh
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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19
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ATM's Role in the Repair of DNA Double-Strand Breaks. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12091370. [PMID: 34573351 PMCID: PMC8466060 DOI: 10.3390/genes12091370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is a central kinase that activates an extensive network of responses to cellular stress via a signaling role. ATM is activated by DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) and by oxidative stress, subsequently phosphorylating a plethora of target proteins. In the last several decades, newly developed molecular biological techniques have uncovered multiple roles of ATM in response to DNA damage-e.g., DSB repair, cell cycle checkpoint arrest, apoptosis, and transcription arrest. Combinational dysfunction of these stress responses impairs the accuracy of repair, consequently leading to dramatic sensitivity to ionizing radiation (IR) in ataxia telangiectasia (A-T) cells. In this review, we summarize the roles of ATM that focus on DSB repair.
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20
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De Marco Zompit M, Stucki M. Mechanisms of genome stability maintenance during cell division. DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 108:103215. [PMID: 34455186 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
During mitosis, chromosomes undergo extensive structural changes resulting in the formation of compact cylindrical bodies and in the termination of the bulk of DNA-dependent metabolic activities. Therefore, DNA lesions that interfere with processes such as DNA replication and transcription in interphase are not expected to pose a major threat to genome stability in mitosis. There are, however, a few exceptions. DNA replication and repair intermediates that physically interconnect the sister chromatids jeopardize faithful chromosome segregation and need to be resolved before the onset of anaphase. In addition, dicentric chromosomes can form chromatin bridges and induce breakage-fusion-breakage cycles with dire consequences for genome stability. Finally, chromosome breaks that escape the G2/M DNA damage checkpoint or emerge early in mitosis may result in lagging acentric DNA fragments that mis-segregate and form micronuclei when cells exit from mitosis. Both chromatin bridges and micronuclei are potential sources of a mutational cascade that results in massive chromosomal instability and significantly contributes to genomic complexity. Here, we review recent progress in our understanding of the origins and consequences of chromosome bridges and micronuclei and the mechanisms by which cells suppress them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara De Marco Zompit
- Department of Gynecology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 14, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Stucki
- Department of Gynecology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 14, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland.
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21
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Nickoloff JA, Sharma N, Allen CP, Taylor L, Allen SJ, Jaiswal AS, Hromas R. Roles of homologous recombination in response to ionizing radiation-induced DNA damage. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 99:903-914. [PMID: 34283012 PMCID: PMC9629169 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1956001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ionizing radiation induces a vast array of DNA lesions including base damage, and single- and double-strand breaks (SSB, DSB). DSBs are among the most cytotoxic lesions, and mis-repair causes small- and large-scale genome alterations that can contribute to carcinogenesis. Indeed, ionizing radiation is a 'complete' carcinogen. DSBs arise immediately after irradiation, termed 'frank DSBs,' as well as several hours later in a replication-dependent manner, termed 'secondary' or 'replication-dependent DSBs. DSBs resulting from replication fork collapse are single-ended and thus pose a distinct problem from two-ended, frank DSBs. DSBs are repaired by error-prone nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ), or generally error-free homologous recombination (HR), each with sub-pathways. Clarifying how these pathways operate in normal and tumor cells is critical to increasing tumor control and minimizing side effects during radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS The choice between NHEJ and HR is regulated during the cell cycle and by other factors. DSB repair pathways are major contributors to cell survival after ionizing radiation, including tumor-resistance to radiotherapy. Several nucleases are important for HR-mediated repair of replication-dependent DSBs and thus replication fork restart. These include three structure-specific nucleases, the 3' MUS81 nuclease, and two 5' nucleases, EEPD1 and Metnase, as well as three end-resection nucleases, MRE11, EXO1, and DNA2. The three structure-specific nucleases evolved at very different times, suggesting incremental acceleration of replication fork restart to limit toxic HR intermediates and genome instability as genomes increased in size during evolution, including the gain of large numbers of HR-prone repetitive elements. Ionizing radiation also induces delayed effects, observed days to weeks after exposure, including delayed cell death and delayed HR. In this review we highlight the roles of HR in cellular responses to ionizing radiation, and discuss the importance of HR as an exploitable target for cancer radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jac A. Nickoloff
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Christopher P. Allen
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Flow Cytometry and Cell Sorting Facility, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Lynn Taylor
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Sage J. Allen
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Aruna S. Jaiswal
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine and the Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Robert Hromas
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine and the Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
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22
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Clement S, Anwer AG, Pires L, Campbell J, Wilson BC, Goldys EM. Radiodynamic Therapy Using TAT Peptide-Targeted Verteporfin-Encapsulated PLGA Nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126425. [PMID: 34204001 PMCID: PMC8232618 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiodynamic therapy (RDT) is a recent extension of conventional photodynamic therapy, in which visible/near infrared light irradiation is replaced by a well-tolerated dose of high-energy X-rays. This enables greater tissue penetration to allow non-invasive treatment of large, deep-seated tumors. We report here the design and testing of a drug delivery system for RDT that is intended to enhance intra- or peri-nuclear localization of the photosensitizer, leading to DNA damage and resulting clonogenic cell kill. This comprises a photosensitizer (Verteporfin, VP) incorporated into poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (PLGA NPs) that are surface-functionalized with a cell-penetrating HIV trans-activator of transcription (TAT) peptide. In addition to a series of physical and photophysical characterization studies, cytotoxicity tests in pancreatic (PANC-1) cancer cells in vitro under 4 Gy X-ray exposure from a clinical 6 MV linear accelerator (LINAC) showed that TAT targeting of the nanoparticles markedly enhances the effectiveness of RDT treatment, particularly when assessed by a clonogenic, i.e., DNA damage-mediated, cell kill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Clement
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale Biophotonics, The Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (A.G.A.); (J.C.); (E.M.G.)
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale Biophotonics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Ayad G. Anwer
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale Biophotonics, The Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (A.G.A.); (J.C.); (E.M.G.)
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale Biophotonics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Layla Pires
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada; (L.P.); (B.C.W.)
| | - Jared Campbell
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale Biophotonics, The Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (A.G.A.); (J.C.); (E.M.G.)
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale Biophotonics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Brian C. Wilson
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada; (L.P.); (B.C.W.)
| | - Ewa M. Goldys
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale Biophotonics, The Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (A.G.A.); (J.C.); (E.M.G.)
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale Biophotonics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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23
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A Switch in p53 Dynamics Marks Cells That Escape from DSB-Induced Cell Cycle Arrest. Cell Rep 2021; 32:107995. [PMID: 32755587 PMCID: PMC7521664 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular responses to stimuli can evolve over time, resulting in distinct early and late phases in response to a single signal. DNA damage induces a complex response that is largely orchestrated by the transcription factor p53, whose dynamics influence whether a damaged cell will arrest and repair the damage or will initiate cell death. How p53 responses and cellular outcomes evolve in the presence of continuous DNA damage remains unknown. Here, we have found that a subset of cells switches from oscillating to sustained p53 dynamics several days after undergoing damage. The switch results from cell cycle progression in the presence of damaged DNA, which activates the caspase-2-PIDDosome, a complex that stabilizes p53 by inactivating its negative regulator MDM2. This work defines a molecular pathway that is activated if the canonical checkpoints fail to halt mitosis in the presence of damaged DNA. Tsabar et al. show that a subset of cells switches from oscillatory to sustained p53 dynamics more than 24 h after irradiation-induced DNA damage. Switching is maximal at intermediate radiation doses, requires escape from irradiation-induced cell cycle arrest, and is facilitated by caspase-2-PIDDosome-mediated degradation of p53’s inhibitor MDM2.
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24
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Bahmani T, Sharifzadeh S, Tamaddon G, Farzadfard E, Zare F, Fadaie M, Alizadeh M, Hadi M, Ranjbaran R, Mosleh-Shirazi MA, Behzad-Behbahani A. Mitochondrial Targeted Peptide (KLAKLAK) 2, and its Synergistic Radiotherapy Effects on Apoptosis of Radio Resistant Human Monocytic Leukemia Cell Line. J Biomed Phys Eng 2021; 11:229-238. [PMID: 33937129 PMCID: PMC8064137 DOI: 10.31661/jbpe.v0i0.905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ionizing radiation plays a significant role in cancer treatment. Despite recent advances in radiotherapy approaches, the existence of irradiation-resistant cancer cells is still a noteworthy challenge. Therefore, developing novel therapeutic approaches are still warranted in order to increase the sensitivity of tumor cells to radiation. Many types of research rely on the role of mitochondria in radiation protection. OBJECTIVE Here, we aimed to target the mitochondria of monocyticleukemia (THP-1) radio-resistant cell line cells by a mitochondrial disrupting peptide, D (KLAKLAK)2, and investigate the synergistic effect of Gamma-irradiation and KLA for tumor cells inhibition in vitro. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this experimental study, KLA was delivered into THP-1 cells using a Cell-Penetrating Peptide (CPP).The cells were then exposed to gamma-ray radiation both in the presence and absence of KLA conjugated with CPP. The impacts of KLA, ionizing radiation or combination of both were then evaluated on the cell proliferation and apoptosis of THP-1 cells using MTT assay and flow cytometry, respectively. RESULTS The MTT assay indicated the anti-proliferative effects of combined D (KLAKLAK)2 peptide with ionizing radiation on THP-1cells. Moreover, synergetic effects of KLA and ionizing radiation reduced cell viability and consequently enhanced cell apoptosis. CONCLUSION Using KLA peptide in combination with ionizing irradiation increases the anticancer effects of radio-resistant THP-1 cells. Therefore, the combinational therapy of (KLAKLAK)2 and radiation is a promising strategy for cancer treatment the in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taraneh Bahmani
- MSc, Division of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- MSc, Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Sharifzadeh
- PhD, Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Gholamhossein Tamaddon
- PhD, Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- PhD, Division of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ehsan Farzadfard
- MSc, Division of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- MSc, Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farahnaz Zare
- MSc, Division of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Milad Fadaie
- MSc, Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Marzieh Alizadeh
- MSc, Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Hadi
- PhD, Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- PhD, Division of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Ranjbaran
- PhD, Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Mosleh-Shirazi
- PhD, Ionizing and Nonionizing Radiation Protection Research Center, and Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abbas Behzad-Behbahani
- PhD, Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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25
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Craig DJ, Nanavaty NS, Devanaboyina M, Stanbery L, Hamouda D, Edelman G, Dworkin L, Nemunaitis JJ. The abscopal effect of radiation therapy. Future Oncol 2021; 17:1683-1694. [PMID: 33726502 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2020-0994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy (RT) in some cases results in a systemic anticancer response known as the abscopal effect. Multiple hypotheses support the role of immune activation initiated by RT-induced DNA damage. Optimal radiation dose is necessary to promote the cGAS-STING pathway in response to radiation and initiate an IFN-1 signaling cascade that promotes the maturation and migration of dendritic cells to facilitate antigen presentation and stimulation of cytotoxic T cells. T cells then exert a targeted response throughout the body at areas not subjected to RT. These effects are further augmented through the use of immunotherapeutic drugs resulting in increased T-cell activity. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte presence and TREX1, KPNA2 and p53 signal expression are being explored as prognostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Craig
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Nisha S Nanavaty
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Monika Devanaboyina
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Laura Stanbery
- Department of Medical Affairs, Gradalis, Inc, Carrollton, TX 75006, USA
| | - Danae Hamouda
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Gerald Edelman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.,Promedica Health System, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Lance Dworkin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - John J Nemunaitis
- Department of Medical Affairs, Gradalis, Inc, Carrollton, TX 75006, USA
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26
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De S, Campbell C, Venkitaraman AR, Esposito A. Pulsatile MAPK Signaling Modulates p53 Activity to Control Cell Fate Decisions at the G2 Checkpoint for DNA Damage. Cell Rep 2021; 30:2083-2093.e5. [PMID: 32075732 PMCID: PMC7029415 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-autonomous changes in p53 expression govern the duration and outcome of cell-cycle arrest at the G2 checkpoint for DNA damage. Here, we report that mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling integrates extracellular cues with p53 dynamics to determine cell fate at the G2 checkpoint. Optogenetic tools and quantitative cell biochemistry reveal transient oscillations in MAPK activity dependent on ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated kinase after DNA damage. MAPK inhibition alters p53 dynamics and p53-dependent gene expression after checkpoint enforcement, prolonging G2 arrest. In contrast, sustained MAPK signaling induces the phosphorylation of CDC25C, and consequently, the accumulation of pro-mitotic kinases, thereby relaxing checkpoint stringency and permitting cells to evade prolonged G2 arrest and senescence induction. We propose a model in which this MAPK-mediated mechanism integrates extracellular cues with cell-autonomous p53-mediated signals, to safeguard genomic integrity during tissue proliferation. Early steps in oncogene-driven carcinogenesis may imbalance this tumor-suppressive mechanism to trigger genome instability. DNA damage elicits opposing pro-survival and pro-arrest responses via MAPK and p53 MAPK pulsations modulate p53-dependent transcription to determine cell fate MAPK/p53 signal dynamics control the stringency of the G2 DNA damage checkpoint MAPK/p53 integrate extracellular and intracellular cues to protect genome integrity
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth De
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Callum Campbell
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Ashok R Venkitaraman
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK.
| | - Alessandro Esposito
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK.
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27
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Alak G, Ucar A, Parlak V, Yeltekin AÇ, Özgeriş FB, Atamanalp M, Türkez H. Antioxidant Potential of Ulexite in Zebrafish Brain: Assessment of Oxidative DNA Damage, Apoptosis, and Response of Antioxidant Defense System. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:1092-1099. [PMID: 32557103 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02231-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, because of its significant biological roles, the usage of boron has been started in animal feeding. In this research, it was aimed to investigate the ulexite's action mechanism on the zebrafish brain with an evaluation of the oxidative parameters. The adult zebrafish were exposed to four ulexite doses (5, 10, 20, and 40 mg/l) in a static test apparatus for 96 h. For assessing the oxidative responses, multiple biochemical analyses were performed in brain tissues. The results indicated the supporting potential of low ulexite doses on the antioxidant system (< 40 mg/l) and that low-dose ulexite does not lead to oxidative stress in the zebrafish brain. Again, our results showed that low ulexite concentrations did not cause DNA damage or apoptosis. As a final result, in aquatic environments, ulexite (a boron compound) can be used in a safe manner, but it would be useful at higher concentrations to consider the damages of the cells that are probable to develop because of the oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonca Alak
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Atatürk University, TR-25030, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Arzu Ucar
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Atatürk University, TR-25030, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Veysel Parlak
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Atatürk University, TR-25030, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Aslı Çilingir Yeltekin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yuzuncu Yıl, TR-65080, Van, Turkey
| | - Fatma Betül Özgeriş
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Atatürk University, TR-25030, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Muhammed Atamanalp
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Atatürk University, TR-25030, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Hasan Türkez
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, TR-25240, Erzurum, Turkey
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28
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Huang T, Yang Y, Song X, Wan X, Wu B, Sastry N, Horbinski CM, Zeng C, Tiek D, Goenka A, Liu F, Brennan CW, Kessler JA, Stupp R, Nakano I, Sulman EP, Nishikawa R, James CD, Zhang W, Xu W, Hu B, Cheng SY. PRMT6 methylation of RCC1 regulates mitosis, tumorigenicity, and radiation response of glioblastoma stem cells. Mol Cell 2021; 81:1276-1291.e9. [PMID: 33539787 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant cell proliferation is a hallmark of cancer, including glioblastoma (GBM). Here we report that protein arginine methyltransferase (PRMT) 6 activity is required for the proliferation, stem-like properties, and tumorigenicity of glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs), a subpopulation in GBM critical for malignancy. We identified a casein kinase 2 (CK2)-PRMT6-regulator of chromatin condensation 1 (RCC1) signaling axis whose activity is an important contributor to the stem-like properties and tumor biology of GSCs. CK2 phosphorylates and stabilizes PRMT6 through deubiquitylation, which promotes PRMT6 methylation of RCC1, which in turn is required for RCC1 association with chromatin and activation of RAN. Disruption of this pathway results in defects in mitosis. EPZ020411, a specific small-molecule inhibitor for PRMT6, suppresses RCC1 arginine methylation and improves the cytotoxic activity of radiotherapy against GSC brain tumor xenografts. This study identifies a CK2α-PRMT6-RCC1 signaling axis that can be therapeutically targeted in the treatment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhi Huang
- The Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, The Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Simpson Querrey Institute for Epigenetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Yongyong Yang
- The Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, The Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Simpson Querrey Institute for Epigenetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Xiao Song
- The Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, The Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Simpson Querrey Institute for Epigenetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Xuechao Wan
- The Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, The Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Simpson Querrey Institute for Epigenetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Bingli Wu
- The Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, The Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Simpson Querrey Institute for Epigenetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Namratha Sastry
- The Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, The Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Simpson Querrey Institute for Epigenetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Craig M Horbinski
- Department of Pathology, The Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, The Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Chang Zeng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Deanna Tiek
- The Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, The Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Simpson Querrey Institute for Epigenetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Anshika Goenka
- The Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, The Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Simpson Querrey Institute for Epigenetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Fabao Liu
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
| | - Cameron W Brennan
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - John A Kessler
- The Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, The Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Simpson Querrey Institute for Epigenetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Roger Stupp
- The Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, The Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Simpson Querrey Institute for Epigenetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, The Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Ichiro Nakano
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Erik P Sulman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ryo Nishikawa
- Department of Neuro-Oncology/Neurosurgery, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Saitama 350-1298, Japan
| | - Charles David James
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Wei Xu
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
| | - Bo Hu
- The Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, The Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Simpson Querrey Institute for Epigenetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Shi-Yuan Cheng
- The Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, The Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Simpson Querrey Institute for Epigenetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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29
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Chong ZX, Yeap SK, Ho WY. Role of miRNAs in regulating responses to radiotherapy in human breast cancer. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 97:289-301. [PMID: 33356761 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1864048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer that affects females globally. Radiotherapy is a standard treatment option for breast cancer, where one of its most significant limitations is radioresistance development. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-protein-coding RNAs that have been widely studied for their roles as disease biomarkers. To date, several in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies have reported the roles of miRNAs in regulating radiosensitivity and radioresistance in breast cancer cells. This article reviews the roles of miRNAs in regulating treatment response toward radiotherapy and the associating cellular pathways. We identified 36 miRNAs that play a role in mediating radio-responses; 22 were radiosensitizing, 12 were radioresistance-promoting, and two miRNAs were reported to promote both effects. A brief overview of breast cancer therapy options, mechanism of action of radiation, and molecular mechanism of radioresistance was provided in this article. A summary of the latest clinical researches involving miRNAs in breast cancer radiotherapy was also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Xiong Chong
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Swee Keong Yeap
- China-ASEAN College of Marine Sciences, Xiamen University Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wan Yong Ho
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
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30
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Falk M, Hausmann M. A Paradigm Revolution or Just Better Resolution-Will Newly Emerging Superresolution Techniques Identify Chromatin Architecture as a Key Factor in Radiation-Induced DNA Damage and Repair Regulation? Cancers (Basel) 2020; 13:E18. [PMID: 33374540 PMCID: PMC7793109 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) have been recognized as the most serious lesions in irradiated cells. While several biochemical pathways capable of repairing these lesions have been identified, the mechanisms by which cells select a specific pathway for activation at a given DSB site remain poorly understood. Our knowledge of DSB induction and repair has increased dramatically since the discovery of ionizing radiation-induced foci (IRIFs), initiating the possibility of spatiotemporally monitoring the assembly and disassembly of repair complexes in single cells. IRIF exploration revealed that all post-irradiation processes-DSB formation, repair and misrepair-are strongly dependent on the characteristics of DSB damage and the microarchitecture of the whole affected chromatin domain in addition to the cell status. The microscale features of IRIFs, such as their morphology, mobility, spatiotemporal distribution, and persistence kinetics, have been linked to repair mechanisms. However, the influence of various biochemical and structural factors and their specific combinations on IRIF architecture remains unknown, as does the hierarchy of these factors in the decision-making process for a particular repair mechanism at each individual DSB site. New insights into the relationship between the physical properties of the incident radiation, chromatin architecture, IRIF architecture, and DSB repair mechanisms and repair efficiency are expected from recent developments in optical superresolution microscopy (nanoscopy) techniques that have shifted our ability to analyze chromatin and IRIF architectures towards the nanoscale. In the present review, we discuss this relationship, attempt to correlate still rather isolated nanoscale studies with already better-understood aspects of DSB repair at the microscale, and consider whether newly emerging "correlated multiscale structuromics" can revolutionarily enhance our knowledge in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Falk
- Institute of Biophysics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Hausmann
- Kirchhoff Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
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31
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Ensminger M, Löbrich M. One end to rule them all: Non-homologous end-joining and homologous recombination at DNA double-strand breaks. Br J Radiol 2020; 93:20191054. [PMID: 32105514 PMCID: PMC8519636 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20191054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Double-strand breaks (DSBs) represent the most severe type of DNA damage since they can lead to genomic rearrangements, events that can initiate and promote tumorigenic processes. DSBs arise from various exogenous agents that induce two single-strand breaks at opposite locations in the DNA double helix. Such two-ended DSBs are repaired in mammalian cells by one of two conceptually different processes, non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR). NHEJ has the potential to form rearrangements while HR is believed to be error-free since it uses a homologous template for repair. DSBs can also arise from single-stranded DNA lesions if they lead to replication fork collapse. Such DSBs, however, have only one end and are repaired by HR and not by NHEJ. In fact, the majority of spontaneously arising DSBs are one-ended and HR has likely evolved to repair one-ended DSBs. HR of such DSBs demands the engagement of a second break end that is generated by an approaching replication fork. This HR process can cause rearrangements if a homologous template other than the sister chromatid is used. Thus, both NHEJ and HR have the potential to form rearrangements and the proper choice between them is governed by various factors, including cell cycle phase and genomic location of the lesion. We propose that the specific requirements for repairing one-ended DSBs have shaped HR in a way which makes NHEJ the better choice for the repair of some but not all two-ended DSBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ensminger
- Radiation Biology and DNA Repair, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Markus Löbrich
- Radiation Biology and DNA Repair, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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32
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MacDonald KM, Benguerfi S, Harding SM. Alerting the immune system to DNA damage: micronuclei as mediators. Essays Biochem 2020; 64:753-764. [PMID: 32844183 PMCID: PMC7588664 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20200016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Healthy cells experience thousands of DNA lesions per day during normal cellular metabolism, and ionizing radiation and chemotherapeutic drugs rely on DNA damage to kill cancer cells. In response to such lesions, the DNA damage response (DDR) activates cell-cycle checkpoints, initiates DNA repair mechanisms, or promotes the clearance of irreparable cells. Work over the past decade has revealed broader influences of the DDR, involving inflammatory gene expression following unresolved DNA damage, and immune surveillance of damaged or mutated cells. Subcellular structures called micronuclei, containing broken fragments of DNA or whole chromosomes that have been isolated away from the rest of the genome, are now recognized as one mediator of DDR-associated immune recognition. Micronuclei can initiate pro-inflammatory signaling cascades, or massively degrade to invoke distinct forms of genomic instability. In this mini-review, we aim to provide an overview of the current evidence linking the DDR to activation of the immune response through micronuclei formation, identifying key areas of interest, open questions, and emerging implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate M MacDonald
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Soraya Benguerfi
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shane M Harding
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Gao M, He Y, Tang H, Chen X, Liu S, Tao Y. cGAS/STING: novel perspectives of the classic pathway. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2020; 1:7. [PMID: 35006429 PMCID: PMC8603984 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-020-00006-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) is a cytosolic DNA sensor and innate immune response initiator. Binding with exogenous or endogenous nucleic acids, cGAS activates its downstream adaptor, stimulator of interferon genes (STING). STING then triggers protective immune to enable the elimination of the pathogens and the clearance of cancerous cells. Apparently, aberrantly activated by self-DNA, cGAS/STING pathway is threatening to cause autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. The effects of cGAS/STING in defenses against infection and autoimmune diseases have been well studied, still it is worthwhile to discuss the roles of cGAS/STING pathway beyond the “classical” realm of innate immunity. Recent studies have revealed its involvement in non-canonical inflammasome formation, calcium hemostasis regulation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response, perception of leaking mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), autophagy induction, cellular senescence and senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) production, providing an exciting area for future exploration. Previous studies generally focused on the function of cGAS/STING pathway in cytoplasm and immune response. In this review, we summarize the latest research of this pathway on the regulation of other physiological process and STING independent reactions to DNA in micronuclei and nuclei. Together, these studies provide a new perspective of cGAS/STING pathway in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menghui Gao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, 410078, China
| | - Yuchen He
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, 410078, China
| | - Haosheng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, 410078, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University), Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Xiangyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, 410078, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University), Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
| | - Yongguang Tao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, 410078, China. .,NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University), Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China. .,Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China.
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A trifunctional Pt(II) complex alleviates the NHEJ/HR-related DSBs repairs to evade cisplatin-resistance in NSCLC. Bioorg Chem 2020; 104:104210. [PMID: 32920356 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cisplatin, a representative of platinum-based drug, is clinically and widely used in the treatment of various types of malignant cancer. However, its non-selectivity to almost all the cell lines and resistance in long-term use severely limit its scope of use. As biotin-specific uptake systems are overexpressed in many types of tumors but rarely occur in normal tissues, making biotin a promising target for cancer treatment. In the study, we synthesized the Pt(II) complex C2 and determined its biological activities. The existence of biotin enhanced the ability of the complex to target tumors, while the introduction of a naphthalimide compound makes it possible to diagnose tumors and monitor their progress. We have also introduced a known Pt(II) complex DN604, which not only retains the excellent cytotoxicity of platinum drugs, but also inhibits the expression of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) repair-related NHEJ protein Ku70 and HR protein Rad51. In summary, we report a novel trifunctional Pt(II) complex that could target tumor cells, monitor tumor progression, and reverse DSBs repair-induced cisplatin-resistance.
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Starcher CL, Pay SL, Singh N, Yeh IJ, Bhandare SB, Su X, Huang X, Bey EA, Motea EA, Boothman DA. Targeting Base Excision Repair in Cancer: NQO1-Bioactivatable Drugs Improve Tumor Selectivity and Reduce Treatment Toxicity Through Radiosensitization of Human Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1575. [PMID: 32974194 PMCID: PMC7468503 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) creates lethal DNA damage that can effectively kill tumor cells. However, the high dose required for a therapeutic outcome also damages healthy tissue. Thus, a therapeutic strategy with predictive biomarkers to enhance the beneficial effects of IR allowing a dose reduction without losing efficacy is highly desirable. NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) is overexpressed in the majority of recalcitrant solid tumors in comparison with normal tissue. Studies have shown that NQO1 can bioactivate certain quinone molecules (e.g., ortho-naphthoquinone and β-lapachone) to induce a futile redox cycle leading to the formation of oxidative DNA damage, hyperactivation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1), and catastrophic depletion of NAD+ and ATP, which culminates in cellular lethality via NAD+-Keresis. However, NQO1-bioactivatable drugs induce methemoglobinemia and hemolytic anemia at high doses. To circumvent this, NQO1-bioactivatable agents have been shown to synergize with PARP1 inhibitors, pyrimidine radiosensitizers, and IR. This therapeutic strategy allows for a reduction in the dose of the combined agents to decrease unwanted side effects by increasing tumor selectivity. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of radiosensitization between NQO1-bioactivatable drugs and IR with a focus on the involvement of base excision repair (BER). This combination therapeutic strategy presents a unique tumor-selective and minimally toxic approach for targeting solid tumors that overexpress NQO1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colton L Starcher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IU Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - S Louise Pay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IU Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Naveen Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IU Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - I-Ju Yeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IU Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Snehal B Bhandare
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IU Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Xiaolin Su
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IU Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Xiumei Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, IU Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Erik A Bey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IU Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Edward A Motea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IU Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - David A Boothman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IU Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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Verma S, Gupta ML, Kumar K. A combined prophylactic modality of podophyllotoxin and rutin alleviates radiation induced injuries to the lymphohematopoietic system of mice by modulating cytokines, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis. Free Radic Res 2020; 54:497-516. [PMID: 32746646 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2020.1805447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conceptualized to delineate radioprotective efficacy of a formulation G-003M (a combination of podophyllotoxin and rutin) against radiation-induced damage to the lymphohematopoietic system of mice. C57BL/6J mice, treated with G-003M 1 h prior to 9 Gy lethal dose, were assessed for reactive oxygen species (ROS)/nitric oxide (NO) generation, antioxidant alterations, Annexin V/PI and TUNEL staining for apoptosis, modulation of apoptotic proteins, cell proliferation, histological alterations in thymus and cell cycle arrest in bone marrow cells. Induction of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocytes macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin-IL-6, IL-10, IL-1α, and IL-1β in response to G-003M was also evaluated in different groups of mice. Haematopoietic reconstitution with G-003M was explored by examining endogenous spleen colony-forming units (CFU-S) in irradiated animals. G-003M significantly inhibited ROS/NO, malondialdehyde (MDA) and restored cellular antioxidant glutathione in the thymus of irradiated animals. G-003M pre-treatment significantly (p < 0.001) restrained apoptosis in thymocytes via upregulation of Bcl2 and down-regulation of Bax, p53 and caspase-3. Stimulation of cell proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis by G-003M, restored architecture of thymus in irradiated animals within 30 days as evaluated by histological analysis. G-003M arrested cells at the G2/M phase by inducing reversible cell cycle arrest. Peak expression of G-CSF (45-fold) and IL-6 (60-fold) as well as moderate induction of GM-CSF, IL-10, IL-1α by G-003M helped in haematopoietic recovery of irradiated mice. A higher number of endogenous CFU-S in G-003M pre-treated irradiated mice suggested haematopoietic recovery. Data obtained from the current study affirms that G-003M can be proved as a potential radioprotective agent against radiation damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savita Verma
- Division of Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS), DRDO, Delhi, India
| | - Manju Lata Gupta
- Division of Radioprotective Drug Development Research, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS), DRDO, Delhi, India
| | - Kamal Kumar
- Division of Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS), DRDO, Delhi, India
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Qiu B, Aili A, Xue L, Jiang P, Wang J. Advances in Radiobiology of Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1165. [PMID: 32850333 PMCID: PMC7426361 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) has been developed with remarkable technological advances in recent years. The accuracy of RT is dramatically improved and accordingly high dose radiation of the tumors could be precisely projected. Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT), also known as stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR), are rapidly becoming the accepted practice in treating solid small sized tumors. Compared with the conventional fractionation external beam radiotherapy (EBRT), SABR with very high dose per fraction and hypo-fractionated irradiation yields convincing and satisfied therapeutic effects with low toxicity, since tumor cells could be directly ablated like radiofrequency ablation (RFA). The impressive clinical efficacy of SABR is greater than expected by the linear quadratic model and the conventional radiobiological principles, i.e., 4 Rs of radiobiology (reoxygenation, repair, redistribution, and repopulation), which may no longer be suitable for the explanation of SABR's ablation effects. Based on 4 Rs of radiobiology, 5 Rs of radiobiology emphasizes the intrinsic radiosensitivity of tumor cells, which may correlate with the responsiveness of SABR. Meanwhile, SABR induced the radiobiological alteration including vascular endothelial injury and the immune activation, which has been indicated by literature reported to play a crucial role in tumor control. However, a comprehensive review involving these advances in SABR is lacking. In this review, advances in radiobiology of SABR including the role of the 4 Rs of radiobiology and potential radiobiological factors for SABR will be comprehensively reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Qiu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | - Lixiang Xue
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Junjie Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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DNA double-strand break end resection: a critical relay point for determining the pathway of repair and signaling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42764-020-00017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA DNA double-strand break (DSB) is considered the most critical DNA lesion because it causes cell death and severe mutations if it is not repaired or repaired incorrectly. Accumulating evidence has shown that the majority of DSBs are repaired by DNA non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), the first utilized repair pathway in human cells. In contrast, the repair pathway is sometimes diverted into using homologous recombination (HR), which has increased precision under specific circumstances: e.g., when DSBs are generated at transcriptionally active loci or are not readily repaired due to the complexity of damage at the DSB ends or due to highly compacted chromatin. DSB end resection (resection) is considered the most critical turning point for directing repair towards HR. After resection, the HR process is finalized by RAD51 loading and recombination. Thus, understanding the process of resection is critically important to understand the regulation of the choice of DSB repair pathway. In addition, resection is also an important factor influencing DNA damage signaling because unresected ends preferentially activate ATM, whereas longer resected ends activate ATR. Thus, DSB end resection is a key relay point that determines the repair pathway and the signal balance. In this review, we summarize the mechanism underlying DSB end resection and further discuss how it is involved in cancer therapy.
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DNA damage response signaling pathways and targets for radiotherapy sensitization in cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:60. [PMID: 32355263 PMCID: PMC7192953 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0150-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 461] [Impact Index Per Article: 115.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is one of the most common countermeasures for treating a wide range of tumors. However, the radioresistance of cancer cells is still a major limitation for radiotherapy applications. Efforts are continuously ongoing to explore sensitizing targets and develop radiosensitizers for improving the outcomes of radiotherapy. DNA double-strand breaks are the most lethal lesions induced by ionizing radiation and can trigger a series of cellular DNA damage responses (DDRs), including those helping cells recover from radiation injuries, such as the activation of DNA damage sensing and early transduction pathways, cell cycle arrest, and DNA repair. Obviously, these protective DDRs confer tumor radioresistance. Targeting DDR signaling pathways has become an attractive strategy for overcoming tumor radioresistance, and some important advances and breakthroughs have already been achieved in recent years. On the basis of comprehensively reviewing the DDR signal pathways, we provide an update on the novel and promising druggable targets emerging from DDR pathways that can be exploited for radiosensitization. We further discuss recent advances identified from preclinical studies, current clinical trials, and clinical application of chemical inhibitors targeting key DDR proteins, including DNA-PKcs (DNA-dependent protein kinase, catalytic subunit), ATM/ATR (ataxia–telangiectasia mutated and Rad3-related), the MRN (MRE11-RAD50-NBS1) complex, the PARP (poly[ADP-ribose] polymerase) family, MDC1, Wee1, LIG4 (ligase IV), CDK1, BRCA1 (BRCA1 C terminal), CHK1, and HIF-1 (hypoxia-inducible factor-1). Challenges for ionizing radiation-induced signal transduction and targeted therapy are also discussed based on recent achievements in the biological field of radiotherapy.
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Skorobagatko DA, Mazilov AA, Strashnyuk VY. Endoreduplication in Drosophila melanogaster progeny after exposure to acute γ-irradiation. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2020; 59:211-220. [PMID: 31927628 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-019-00828-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to study the effect of acute γ-irradiation of parent adults on the endoreduplication of giant chromosomes in F1 generation of Drosophila melanogaster Meig. A wild-type Oregon-R strain was used as the material. Virgin females and males of Drosophila adults at the age of 3 days were irradiated with doses of 8, 16 and 25 Gy. Giant chromosomes were studied by cytomorphometry on squashed preparations of Drosophila salivary glands stained with acetoorsein. The preparations were obtained at late third instar larvae. The mean values of the polyteny degree of chromosomes (PDC) in males increased after 8 Gy by 10.6%, after 25 Gy by 7.4%, and did not change after the dose of 16 Gy. In females, the PDC did not differ from the control irrespective of the irradiation dose. An increase in endoreduplication was also evidenced by the accelerated development of offsprings of both sexes after irradiation of parents with 25 Gy, and in males also at a dose of 16 Gy. The statistical impact of power of radiation on polyteny was 26.8%, while the impact of sex was 4.9%. The impact of power of radiation on the developmental rate of offspring was 4.4% in males and 7.5% in females. The enhancement of endoreduplication is considered as a consequence of increasing selection pressure after irradiation. The possible involvement of epigenetic effects in the effect of ionizing radiation on endoreduplication is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria A Skorobagatko
- Department of Genetics and Cytology, VN Karazin Kharkiv National University, Svobody sq., 4, Kharkiv, 61022, Ukraine
- Laboratory of Radiation Research and Environmental Protection, NSC 'Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology', Academicheskaya str., 1, Kharkiv, 61108, Ukraine
| | - Alexey A Mazilov
- Laboratory of Radiation Research and Environmental Protection, NSC 'Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology', Academicheskaya str., 1, Kharkiv, 61108, Ukraine
| | - Volodymyr Yu Strashnyuk
- Department of Genetics and Cytology, VN Karazin Kharkiv National University, Svobody sq., 4, Kharkiv, 61022, Ukraine.
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Abroudi A, Samarasinghe S, Kulasiri D. Towards abstraction of computational modelling of mammalian cell cycle: Model reduction pipeline incorporating multi-level hybrid petri nets. J Theor Biol 2020; 496:110212. [PMID: 32142804 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2020.110212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cell cycle is a large biochemical network and it is crucial to simplify it to gain a clearer understanding and insights into the cell cycle. This is also true for other biochemical networks. In this study, we present a model abstraction scheme/pipeline to create a minimal abstract model of the whole mammalian cell cycle system from a large Ordinary Differential Equation model of cell cycle we published previously (Abroudi et al., 2017). The abstract model is developed in a way that it captures the main characteristics (dynamics of key controllers), responses (G1-S and G2-M transitions and DNA damage) and the signalling subsystems (Growth Factor, G1-S and G2-M checkpoints, and DNA damage) of the original model (benchmark). Further, our model exploits: (i) separation of time scales (slow and fast reactions), (ii) separation of levels of complexity (high-level and low-level interactions), (iii) cell-cycle stages (temporality), (iv) functional subsystems (as mentioned above), and (v) represents the whole cell cycle - within a Multi-Level Hybrid Petri Net (MLHPN) framework. Although hybrid Petri Nets is not new, the abstraction of interactions and timing we introduced here is new to cell cycle and Petri Nets. Importantly, our models builds on the significant elements, representing the core cell cycle system, found through a novel Global Sensitivity Analysis on the benchmark model, using Self Organising Maps and Correlation Analysis that we introduced in (Abroudi et al., 2017). Taken the two aspects together, our study proposes a 2-stage model reduction pipeline for large systems and the main focus of this paper is on stage 2, Petri Net model, put in the context of the pipeline. With the MLHPN model, the benchmark model with 61 continuous variables (ODEs) and 148 parameters were reduced to 14 variables (4 continuous (Cyc_Cdks - the main controllers of cell cycle) and 10 discrete (regulators of Cyc_Cdks)) and 31 parameters. Additional 9 discrete elements represented the temporal progression of cell cycle. Systems dynamics simulation results of the MLHPN model were in close agreement with the benchmark model with respect to the crucial metrics selected for comparison: order and pattern of Cyc_Cdk activation, timing of G1-S and G2-M transitions with or without DNA damage, efficiency of the two cell cycle checkpoints in arresting damaged cells and passing healthy cells, and response to two types of global parameter perturbations. The results show that the MLHPN provides a close approximation to the comprehensive benchmark model in robustly representing systems dynamics and emergent properties while presenting the core cell cycle controller in an intuitive, transparent and subsystems format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Abroudi
- Complex Systems, Big Data and Informatics Initiative (CSBII), Lincoln University, New Zealand
| | - Sandhya Samarasinghe
- Complex Systems, Big Data and Informatics Initiative (CSBII), Lincoln University, New Zealand.
| | - Don Kulasiri
- Complex Systems, Big Data and Informatics Initiative (CSBII), Lincoln University, New Zealand
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Lv X, Zheng Q, Li M, Huang Z, Peng M, Sun J, Shi P. Clioquinol induces S-phase cell cycle arrest through the elevation of the calcium level in human neurotypic SH-SY5Y cells. Metallomics 2020; 12:173-182. [DOI: 10.1039/c9mt00260j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Clioquinol elevates intracellular calcium levels in a non-chelating manner, leading to S-phase cell cycle arrest in human neurotypic SH-SY5Y cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Qiaoqiao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Ming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Zhiwei Huang
- Key Lab of Science & Technology of Eco-textile
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- Donghua University
| | - Min Peng
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Biological Resources
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology
- The Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Xining 810001
- China
| | - Jing Sun
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Biological Resources
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology
- The Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Xining 810001
- China
| | - Ping Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
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Bannik K, Madas B, Jarzombek M, Sutter A, Siemeister G, Mumberg D, Zitzmann-Kolbe S. Radiobiological effects of the alpha emitter Ra-223 on tumor cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18489. [PMID: 31811257 PMCID: PMC6898438 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54884-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted alpha therapy is an emerging innovative approach for the treatment of advanced cancers, in which targeting agents deliver radionuclides directly to tumors and metastases. The biological effects of α-radiation are still not fully understood - partly due to the lack of sufficiently accurate research methods. The range of α-particles is <100 μm, and therefore, standard in vitro assays may underestimate α-radiation-specific radiation effects. In this report we focus on α-radiation-induced DNA lesions, DNA repair as well as cellular responses to DNA damage. Herein, we used Ra-223 to deliver α-particles to various tumor cells in a Transwell system. We evaluated the time and dose-dependent biological effects of α-radiation on several tumor cell lines by biological endpoints such as clonogenic survival, cell cycle distribution, comet assay, foci analysis for DNA damage, and calculated the absorbed dose by Monte-Carlo simulations. The radiobiological effects of Ra-223 in various tumor cell lines were evaluated using a novel in vitro assay designed to assess α-radiation-mediated effects. The α-radiation induced increasing levels of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) as detected by the formation of 53BP1 foci in a time- and dose-dependent manner in tumor cells. Short-term exposure (1–8 h) of different tumor cells to α-radiation was sufficient to double the number of cells in G2/M phase, reduced cell survival to 11–20% and also increased DNA fragmentation measured by tail intensity (from 1.4 to 3.9) dose-dependently. The α-particle component of Ra-223 radiation caused most of the Ra-223 radiation-induced biological effects such as DNA DSBs, cell cycle arrest and micronuclei formation, leading ultimately to cell death. The variable effects of α-radiation onto the different tumor cells demonstrated that tumor cells show diverse sensitivity towards damage caused by α-radiation. If these differences are caused by genetic alterations and if the sensitivity could be modulated by the use of DNA damage repair inhibitors remains a wide field for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Balázs Madas
- MTA Centre for Energy Research, Budapest, Hungary
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44
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Blagojevic D, Lee Y, Brede DA, Lind OC, Yakovlev I, Solhaug KA, Fossdal CG, Salbu B, Olsen JE. Comparative sensitivity to gamma radiation at the organismal, cell and DNA level in young plants of Norway spruce, Scots pine and Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANTA 2019; 250:1567-1590. [PMID: 31372744 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03250-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Persistent DNA damage in gamma-exposed Norway spruce, Scots pine and Arabidopsis thaliana, but persistent adverse effects at the organismal and cellular level in the conifers only. Gamma radiation emitted from natural and anthropogenic sources may have strong negative impact on plants, especially at high dose rates. Although previous studies implied different sensitivity among species, information from comparative studies under standardized conditions is scarce. In this study, sensitivity to gamma radiation was compared in young seedlings of the conifers Scots pine and Norway spruce and the herbaceous Arabidopsis thaliana by exposure to 60Co gamma dose rates of 1-540 mGy h-1 for 144 h, as well as 360 h for A. thaliana. Consistent with slightly less prominent shoot apical meristem, in the conifers growth was significantly inhibited with increasing dose rate ≥ 40 mGy h-1. Post-irradiation, the conifers showed dose-rate-dependent inhibition of needle and root development consistent with increasingly disorganized apical meristems with increasing dose rate, visible damage and mortality after exposure to ≥ 40 mGy h-1. Regardless of gamma duration, A. thaliana showed no visible or histological damage or mortality, only delayed lateral root development after ≥ 100 mGy h-1 and slightly, but transiently delayed post-irradiation reproductive development after ≥ 400 mGy h-1. In all species dose-rate-dependent DNA damage occurred following ≥ 1-10 mGy h-1 and was still at a similar level at day 44 post-irradiation. In conclusion, the persistent DNA damage (possible genomic instability) following gamma exposure in all species may suggest that DNA repair is not necessarily mobilized more extensively in A. thaliana than in Norway spruce and Scots pine, and the far higher sensitivity at the organismal and cellular level in the conifers indicates lower tolerance to DNA damage than in A. thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajana Blagojevic
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
- Centre of Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - YeonKyeong Lee
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
- Centre of Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Dag A Brede
- Centre of Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Ole Christian Lind
- Centre of Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Igor Yakovlev
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, 1431, Ås, Norway
| | - Knut Asbjørn Solhaug
- Centre of Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | | | - Brit Salbu
- Centre of Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Jorunn E Olsen
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway.
- Centre of Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway.
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45
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Sato H, Jeggo PA, Shibata A. Regulation of programmed death-ligand 1 expression in response to DNA damage in cancer cells: Implications for precision medicine. Cancer Sci 2019; 110:3415-3423. [PMID: 31513320 PMCID: PMC6824998 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti‐programmed death‐1 (PD‐1)/programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) therapy, which is one of the most promising cancer therapies, is licensed for treating various tumors. Programmed death‐ligand 1, which is expressed on the surface of cancer cells, leads to the inhibition of T lymphocyte activation and immune evasion if it binds to the receptor PD‐1 on CTLs. Anti‐PD‐1/PD‐L1 Abs inhibit interactions between PD‐1 and PD‐L1 to restore antitumor immunity. Although certain patients achieve effective responses to anti‐PD‐1/PD‐L1 therapy, the efficacy of treatment is highly variable. Clinical trials of anti‐PD‐1/PD‐L1 therapy combined with radiotherapy/chemotherapy are underway with suggestive evidence of favorable outcome; however, the molecular mechanism is largely unknown. Among several molecular targets that can influence the efficacy of anti‐PD‐1/PD‐L1 therapy, PD‐L1 expression in tumors is considered to be a critical biomarker because there is a positive correlation between the efficacy of combined treatment protocols and PD‐L1 expression levels. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms underlying the regulation of PD‐L1 expression in cancer cells, particularly the mechanism of PD‐L1 expression following DNA damage, is important. In this review, we consider recent findings on the regulation of PD‐L1 expression in response to DNA damage signaling in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiro Sato
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Penny A Jeggo
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Atsushi Shibata
- Signal Transduction Program, Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research (GIAR), Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
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Expression Profile of Cell Cycle-Related Genes in Human Fibroblasts Exposed Simultaneously to Radiation and Simulated Microgravity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194791. [PMID: 31561588 PMCID: PMC6801845 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple unique environmental factors such as space radiation and microgravity (μG) pose a serious threat to human gene stability during space travel. Recently, we reported that simultaneous exposure of human fibroblasts to simulated μG and radiation results in more chromosomal aberrations than in cells exposed to radiation alone. However, the mechanisms behind this remain unknown. The purpose of this study was thus to obtain comprehensive data on gene expression using a three-dimensional clinostat synchronized to a carbon (C)-ion or X-ray irradiation system. Human fibroblasts (1BR-hTERT) were maintained under standing or rotating conditions for 3 or 24 h after synchronized C-ion or X-ray irradiation at 1 Gy as part of a total culture time of 2 days. Among 57,773 genes analyzed with RNA sequencing, we focused particularly on the expression of 82 cell cycle-related genes after exposure to the radiation and simulated μG. The expression of cell cycle-suppressing genes (ABL1 and CDKN1A) decreased and that of cell cycle-promoting genes (CCNB1, CCND1, KPNA2, MCM4, MKI67, and STMN1) increased after C-ion irradiation under μG. The cell may pass through the G1/S and G2 checkpoints with DNA damage due to the combined effects of C-ions and μG, suggesting that increased genomic instability might occur in space.
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Wang J, Chang L, Lai X, Li X, Wang Z, Huang Z, Huang J, Zhang G. Tetrandrine enhances radiosensitivity through the CDC25C/CDK1/cyclin B1 pathway in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Cell Cycle 2019; 17:671-680. [PMID: 29285984 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1415679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing resistance of nasopharyngeal carcinoma to irradiation makes the exploration of effective radiosensitizers necessary. Tetrandrine is known to be an antitumor drug, but little is known regarding its radiosensitization effect on nasopharyngeal carcinoma. We investigated the effect of combined treatment of irradiation and maximum non-cytotoxic doses of tetrandrine on the nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell lines CNE1 and CNE2. The maximum non-cytotoxic doses of tetrandrine in CNE1 and CNE2 cells were assessed using the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. The radiosensitization of cells receiving the maximum non-cytotoxic doses of tetrandrine was assessed by evaluating cell proliferation and DNA damage repair using MTT, clonogenic, comet assays and detection of caspase-3 and phosphorylated histone H2AX (γ-H2AX). The cell cycle was assessed by flow cytometry, and protein expression was detected by western blot analysis. The maximum non-cytotoxic doses of tetrandrine in CNE1 and CNE2 cells were 1.5 μmol/L and 1.8 μmol/L, respectively. When cells were exposed to irradiation and the maximum non-cytotoxic doses of tetrandrine, the survival fraction was decreased. DNA damage and γ-H2AX levels markedly increased. Moreover, tetrandrine abrogated the G2/M phase arrest caused by irradiation. Combined treatment with the maximum non-cytotoxic dose of tetrandrine and irradiation caused suppression of the phosphorylation of CDK1 and CDC25C and increase in the expression of cyclin B1. The study in vivo also showed that the maximum non-cytotoxic dose of tetrandrine could reduce tumor growth in xenograft tumor model. Our results suggest that the maximum non-cytotoxic dose of tetrandrine can enhance the radiosensitivity of CNE1 and CNE2 cells and that the underlying mechanism could be associated with abrogation of radiation-induced G2/M arrest via activation of the CDC25C/CDK1/Cyclin B1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- a Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Lihong Chang
- a Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Xiaoping Lai
- a Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Xia Li
- a Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Zhiyuan Wang
- a Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Zizhen Huang
- a Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Jiancong Huang
- a Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Gehua Zhang
- a Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
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A Mathematical Model for the Effect of Low-Dose Radiation on the G2/M Transition. Bull Math Biol 2019; 81:3998-4021. [PMID: 31392576 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-019-00645-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We develop a mathematical model to study the immediate effect of low-dose radiation on the G2 checkpoint and the G2/M transition of the cell cycle via a radiation pathway (the ATM-Chk2 pathway) of an individual mammalian cell. The model consists of a system of nonlinear differential equations describing the dynamics of a network of regulatory proteins that play key roles in the G2/M transition, cell cycle oscillations, and the radiation pathway. We simulate the application of a single pulse of low-dose radiation at different intensities ([Formula: see text] 0-0.4 Gy) and times during the latter part of the G2-phase. We use bifurcation analysis to characterize the effect of radiation on the G2/M transition via the ATM-Chk2 pathway. We show that radiation between 0.1 and 0.3 Gy can delay the G2/M transition, and radiation higher than 0.3 Gy can fully activate the G2 checkpoint. Also, our results show that radiation can be low enough to neither delay the G2/M transition nor activate the G2 checkpoint ([Formula: see text] 0.1 Gy). Our model supports the idea that the cell response to radiation during G2-phase explains hyper-radiosensitivity and increased radioresistance (HRS/IRR) observed at low dose.
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The low dose effects of human mammary epithelial cells induced by internal exposure to low radioactive tritiated water. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 61:104608. [PMID: 31348984 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tritium is an important radioactive waste which needs to be monitored for radiation protection. Due to long biological half-life of organically bound tritium (OBT), the adverse consequence caused by chronic exposure of tritiated water (HTO) attracts concern. In this study, fibroblast cells were exposed to 2 × 106 Bq/ml HTO to investigate the cellular behaviors. The dose relationship of survival fraction and γH2AX foci was a "U-shaped" curve. And the results of γH2AX intensity produced by ICCM, which was obtained from different doses, demonstrated bystander signal accounted for the protective effects induced by intermediate dose of 100 mGy. The comparison of temporal kinetics and spatial dynamics of DNA repair between tritium β-rays and γ-rays showed longer time was need for the dephosphorylation of H2AX protein after HTO exposure. It indicated complex cluster DSBs induced by tritium β-rays at the low dose impaired efficient recovery of DNA damage, which bear responsibility for the persistence of residual foci after low dose expsoure. It suggests after exposed to low dose radiation cells prefer to eliminate damage population to avoid DNA damage increasing the mutation potential.
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Barazzuol L, Hopkins SR, Ju L, Jeggo PA. Distinct response of adult neural stem cells to low versus high dose ionising radiation. DNA Repair (Amst) 2019; 76:70-75. [PMID: 30822688 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Radiosusceptibility is the sensitivity of a biological organism to ionising radiation (IR)-induced carcinogenesis, an outcome of IR exposure relevant following low doses. The tissue response is strongly influenced by the DNA damage response (DDR) activated in stem and progenitor cells. We previously reported that in vivo exposure to 2 Gy X-rays activates apoptosis, proliferation arrest and premature differentiation in neural progenitor cells (transit amplifying cells and neuroblasts) but not in neural stem cells (NSCs) of the largest neurogenic region of the adult brain, the subventricular zone (SVZ). These responses promote adult quiescent NSC (qNSC) activation after 2 Gy. In contrast, neonatal (P5) SVZ neural progenitors continue proliferating and do not activate qNSCs. Significantly, the human and mouse neonatal brain is radiosusceptible. Here, we examine the response of stem and progenitor cells in the SVZ to low IR doses (50-500 mGy). We observe a linear dose-response for apoptosis but, in contrast, proliferation arrest and neuroblast differentiation require a threshold dose of 200 or 500 mGy, respectively. Importantly, qNSCs were not activated at doses below 500 mGy. Thus, full DDR activation in the neural stem cell compartment in vivo necessitates a threshold dose, which can be considered of significance when evaluating IR-induced cancer risk and dose extrapolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Barazzuol
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section of Molecular Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 AV, the Netherlands.
| | - Suzanna R Hopkins
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Limei Ju
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Penelope A Jeggo
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
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