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Huang XR, Jiang CN, Wang HS, Gu G, Wang M, Sui XN, Si T, Zhang ZF, Zhang P, Zhao DL. Herbicidal Sorbicillinoid Analogs Cause Lignin Accumulation in Aspergillus aculeatus TE-65L. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:21102-21111. [PMID: 39269321 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c06809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Five new sorbicillinoid derivatives, including (±)-aspersorbicillin A [(±)-1], a pair of enantiomers at C-9, and aspersorbicillins B-D (2-4), together with two known analogs (5 and 6) were isolated from the endophytic fungus Aspergillus aculeatus TE-65L. Their structures including absolute configurations were determined by detailed spectroscopic analyses and electronic circular dichroism calculations. The herbicidal activity of sorbicillinoids on the germ and radicle elongation of various weed types was reported for the first time. Compound 1 displayed significant herbicidal activity against Eleusine indica germ elongation (IC50 = 28.8 μg/mL), while compound 6 inhibited radicle elongation (IC50 = 25.6 μg/mL). Both were stronger than those of glyphosate (66.2 and 30.9 μg/mL, respectively). Further transcriptomic and LC-MS/MS metabolomic analysis indicated that 6 induced the transcriptional expressions of genes related to the lignin biosynthetic pathway, resulting in lignin accumulation. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the cell wall thickening of seeds treated with 6, suggesting weed growth inhibition. This study reveals new lead compounds for fabricating natural herbicides and expands the agricultural use of sorbicillinoid analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Rong Huang
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Chao-Nan Jiang
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Hai-Su Wang
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Gan Gu
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Mei Wang
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Xiao-Na Sui
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Tong Si
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Zhong-Feng Zhang
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Dong-Lin Zhao
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
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Fan Z, Fang L, Liu Q, Lin H, Lin M, Lin Y, Wang H, Hung YC, Chen Y. Comparative transcriptome and metabolome reveal the role of acidic electrolyzed oxidizing water in improving postharvest disease resistance of longan fruit. Food Chem 2024; 449:139235. [PMID: 38583405 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Acidic electrolyzed oxidizing water (AEOW) was applied to suppress disease development and maintain good quality of fresh fruit. However, the involvement of AEOW in improving disease resistance of fresh longan remains unknown. Here, transcriptomic and metabolic analyses were performed to compare non-treated and AEOW-treated longan during storage. The transcriptome analysis showed AEOW-induced genes associated with phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis. The metabolome analysis found the contents of coumarin, phenolic acid, and tannin maintained higher levels in AEOW-treated longan than non-treated longan. Moreover, the weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) was performed to identify hub genes, and a gene-metabolite correlation network associated with AEOW-improved disease resistance in longan was constructed by the co-analysis of transcriptomics and metabolomics. These findings identified a series of important genes and metabolites involving in AEOW-induced disease resistance of longan fruit, expanding our knowledges on fruit disease resistance and quality maintenance at the transcript and metabolic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqi Fan
- Institute of Postharvest Technology of Agricultural Products, College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Postharvest Biology of Subtropical Special Agricultural Products, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Ling Fang
- Institute of Postharvest Technology of Agricultural Products, College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Postharvest Biology of Subtropical Special Agricultural Products, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Qingqing Liu
- Institute of Postharvest Technology of Agricultural Products, College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Postharvest Biology of Subtropical Special Agricultural Products, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Hetong Lin
- Institute of Postharvest Technology of Agricultural Products, College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Postharvest Biology of Subtropical Special Agricultural Products, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
| | - Mengshi Lin
- Food Science Program, Division of Food, Nutrition & Exercise Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Yifen Lin
- Institute of Postharvest Technology of Agricultural Products, College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Postharvest Biology of Subtropical Special Agricultural Products, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Institute of Postharvest Technology of Agricultural Products, College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Postharvest Biology of Subtropical Special Agricultural Products, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Yen-Con Hung
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA 30223, United States
| | - Yihui Chen
- Institute of Postharvest Technology of Agricultural Products, College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Postharvest Biology of Subtropical Special Agricultural Products, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
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3
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Delmer D, Dixon RA, Keegstra K, Mohnen D. The plant cell wall-dynamic, strong, and adaptable-is a natural shapeshifter. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1257-1311. [PMID: 38301734 PMCID: PMC11062476 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Mythology is replete with good and evil shapeshifters, who, by definition, display great adaptability and assume many different forms-with several even turning themselves into trees. Cell walls certainly fit this definition as they can undergo subtle or dramatic changes in structure, assume many shapes, and perform many functions. In this review, we cover the evolution of knowledge of the structures, biosynthesis, and functions of the 5 major cell wall polymer types that range from deceptively simple to fiendishly complex. Along the way, we recognize some of the colorful historical figures who shaped cell wall research over the past 100 years. The shapeshifter analogy emerges more clearly as we examine the evolving proposals for how cell walls are constructed to allow growth while remaining strong, the complex signaling involved in maintaining cell wall integrity and defense against disease, and the ways cell walls adapt as they progress from birth, through growth to maturation, and in the end, often function long after cell death. We predict the next century of progress will include deciphering cell type-specific wall polymers; regulation at all levels of polymer production, crosslinks, and architecture; and how walls respond to developmental and environmental signals to drive plant success in diverse environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Delmer
- Section of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Richard A Dixon
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Kenneth Keegstra
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
| | - Debra Mohnen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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4
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Uddin N, Li X, Ullah MW, Sethupathy S, Ma K, Zahoor, Elboughdiri N, Khan KA, Zhu D. Lignin developmental patterns and Casparian strip as apoplastic barriers: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129595. [PMID: 38253138 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Lignin and Casparian strips are two essential components of plant cells that play critical roles in plant development regulate nutrients and water across the plants cell. Recent studies have extensively investigated lignin diversity and Casparian strip formation, providing valuable insights into plant physiology. This review presents the established lignin biosynthesis pathway, as well as the developmental patterns of lignin and Casparian strip and transcriptional network associated with Casparian strip formation. It describes the biochemical and genetic mechanisms that regulate lignin biosynthesis and deposition in different plants cell types and tissues. Additionally, the review highlights recent studies that have uncovered novel lignin biosynthesis genes and enzymatic pathways, expanding our understanding of lignin diversity. This review also discusses the developmental patterns of Casparian strip in roots and their role in regulating nutrient and water transport, focusing on recent genetic and molecular studies that have identified regulators of Casparian strip formation. Previous research has shown that lignin biosynthesis genes also play a role in Casparian strip formation, suggesting that these processes are interconnected. In conclusion, this comprehensive overview provides insights into the developmental patterns of lignin diversity and Casparian strip as apoplastic barriers. It also identifies future research directions, including the functional characterization of novel lignin biosynthesis genes and the identification of additional regulators of Casparian strip formation. Overall, this review enhances our understanding of the complex and interconnected processes that drive plant growth, pathogen defense, regulation and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisar Uddin
- Biofuels Institute, School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Xia Li
- Biofuels Institute, School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Muhammad Wajid Ullah
- Biofuels Institute, School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Sivasamy Sethupathy
- Biofuels Institute, School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Keyu Ma
- Biofuels Institute, School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Zahoor
- Biofuels Institute, School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Noureddine Elboughdiri
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 81441, Saudi Arabia; Chemical Engineering Process Department, National School of Engineers Gabes, University of Gabes, Gabes 6029, Tunisia
| | - Khalid Ali Khan
- Applied College, Mahala Campus and the Unit of Bee Research and Honey Production/Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Daochen Zhu
- Biofuels Institute, School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China.
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5
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Zhu Y, Li L. Wood of trees: Cellular structure, molecular formation, and genetic engineering. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 66:443-467. [PMID: 38032010 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Wood is an invaluable asset to human society due to its renewable nature, making it suitable for both sustainable energy production and material manufacturing. Additionally, wood derived from forest trees plays a crucial role in sequestering a significant portion of the carbon dioxide fixed during photosynthesis by terrestrial plants. Nevertheless, with the expansion of the global population and ongoing industrialization, forest coverage has been substantially decreased, resulting in significant challenges for wood production and supply. Wood production practices have changed away from natural forests toward plantation forests. Thus, understanding the underlying genetic mechanisms of wood formation is the foundation for developing high-quality, fast-growing plantation trees. Breeding ideal forest trees for wood production using genetic technologies has attracted the interest of many. Tremendous studies have been carried out in recent years on the molecular, genetic, and cell-biological mechanisms of wood formation, and considerable progress and findings have been achieved. These studies and findings indicate enormous possibilities and prospects for tree improvement. This review will outline and assess the cellular and molecular mechanisms of wood formation, as well as studies on genetically improving forest trees, and address future development prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems and College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Laigeng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
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Wang J, Xie W, Si F, He Z, Wang X, Shao S, Shi S, Guo Z. Evolution of sea-surfing plant propagule as revealed by the genomes of Heritiera mangroves. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 117:432-448. [PMID: 37850375 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Coastal forests, such as mangroves, protect much of the tropical and subtropical coasts. Long-distance dispersal via sea-surfing propagules is essential for coastal plants, but the genomic and molecular basis of sea-surfing plant propagule evolution remains unclear. Heritiera fomes and Heritiera littoralis are two coastal plants with typical buoyant fruits. We de novo sequenced and assembled their high-quality genomes. Our phylogenomic analysis indicates H. littoralis and H. fomes originated (at ~6.08 Mya) just before the start of Quaternary sea-level fluctuations. Whole-genome duplication occurred earlier, permitting gene copy gains in the two species. Many of the expanded gene families are involved in lignin and flavonoid biosynthesis, likely contributing to buoyant fruit emergence. It is repeatedly revealed that one duplicated copy to be under positive selection while the other is not. By examining H. littoralis fruits at three different developmental stages, we found that gene expression levels remain stable from young to intermediate. However, ~1000 genes are up-regulated and ~ 3000 genes are down-regulated as moving to mature. Particularly in fruit epicarps, the upregulation of WRKY12 and E2Fc likely constrains the production of p-Coumaroyl-CoA, the key internal substrate for lignin biosynthesis. Hence, to increase fruit impermeability, methylated lignin biosynthesis is shut down by down-regulating the genes CCoAOMT, F5H, COMT, and CSE, while unmethylated lignins are preferentially produced by upregulating CAD and CCR. Similarly, cutin polymers and cuticular waxes accumulate with high levels before maturation in epicarps. Overall, our genome assemblies and analyses uncovered the genomic evolution and temporal transcriptional regulation of sea-surfing propagule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Lab of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Lab of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Fa Si
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Lab of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ziwen He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Lab of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Lab of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shao Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Lab of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Suhua Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Lab of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zixiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Lab of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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7
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Pei Y, Cao W, Yu W, Peng C, Xu W, Zuo Y, Wu W, Hu Z. Identification and functional characterization of the dirigent gene family in Phryma leptostachya and the contribution of PlDIR1 in lignan biosynthesis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:291. [PMID: 37259047 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04297-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Furofuran lignans, the main insecticidal ingredient in Phryma leptostachya, exhibit excellent controlling efficacy against a variety of pests. During the biosynthesis of furofuran lignans, Dirigent proteins (DIRs) are thought to be dominant in the stereoselective coupling of coniferyl alcohol to form ( ±)-pinoresinol. There are DIR family members in almost every vascular plant, but members of DIRs in P. leptostachya are unknown. To identify the PlDIR genes and elucidate their functions in lignan biosynthesis, this study performed transcriptome-wide analysis and characterized the catalytic activity of the PlDIR1 protein. RESULTS Fifteen full-length unique PlDIR genes were identified in P. leptostachya. A phylogenetic analysis of the PlDIRs classified them into four subfamilies (DIR-a, DIR-b/d, DIR-e, and DIR-g), and 12 conserved motifs were found among them. In tissue-specific expression analysis, except for PlDIR7, which displayed the highest transcript abundance in seeds, the other PlDIRs showed preferential expression in roots, leaves, and stems. Furthermore, the treatments with signaling molecules demonstrated that PlDIRs could be significantly induced by methyl jasmonate (MeJA), salicylic acid (SA), and ethylene (ETH), both in the roots and leaves of P. leptostachya. In examining the tertiary structure of the protein and the critical amino acids, it was found that PlDIR1, one of the DIR-a subfamily members, might be involved in the region- and stereo-selectivity of the phenoxy radical. Accordingly, LC-MS/MS analysis demonstrated the catalytic activity of recombinant PlDIR1 protein from Escherichia coli to direct coniferyl alcohol coupling into ( +)-pinoresinol. The active sites and hydrogen bonds of the interaction between PlDIR1 and bis-quinone methide (bisQM), the intermediate in ( +)-pinoresinol formation, were analyzed by molecular docking. As a result, 18 active sites and 4 hydrogen bonds (Asp-42, Ala-113, Leu-138, Arg-143) were discovered in the PlDIR1-bisQM complex. Moreover, correlation analysis indicated that the expression profile of PlDIR1 was closely connected with lignan accumulations after SA treatment. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study will provide useful clues for uncovering P. leptostachya's lignan biosynthesis pathway as well as facilitate further studies on the DIR family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakun Pei
- Institute of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory for Botanical Pesticide R & D of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenhan Cao
- Institute of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory for Botanical Pesticide R & D of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenwen Yu
- Institute of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory for Botanical Pesticide R & D of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chaoyang Peng
- Institute of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenhao Xu
- Institute of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yayun Zuo
- Institute of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory for Botanical Pesticide R & D of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenjun Wu
- Institute of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory for Botanical Pesticide R & D of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhaonong Hu
- Institute of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
- Key Laboratory for Botanical Pesticide R & D of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management On Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Alariqi M, Ramadan M, Wang Q, Yang Z, Hui X, Nie X, Ahmed A, Chen Q, Wang Y, Zhu L, Zhang X, Jin S. Cotton 4-coumarate-CoA ligase 3 enhanced plant resistance to Verticillium dahliae by promoting jasmonic acid signaling-mediated vascular lignification and metabolic flux. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 36994650 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Lignins and their antimicrobial-related polymers cooperatively enhance plant resistance to pathogens. Several isoforms of 4-coumarate-coenzyme A ligases (4CLs) have been identified as indispensable enzymes involved in lignin and flavonoid biosynthetic pathways. However, their roles in plant-pathogen interaction are still poorly understood. This study uncovers the role of Gh4CL3 in cotton resistance to the vascular pathogen Verticillium dahliae. The cotton 4CL3-CRISPR/Cas9 mutant (CR4cl) exhibited high susceptibility to V. dahliae. This susceptibility was most probably due to the reduction in the total lignin content and the biosynthesis of several phenolic metabolites, e.g., rutin, catechin, scopoletin glucoside, and chlorogenic acid, along with jasmonic acid (JA) attenuation. These changes were coupled with a significant reduction in 4CL activity toward p-coumaric acid substrate, and it is likely that recombinant Gh4CL3 could specifically catalyze p-coumaric acid to form p-coumaroyl-coenzyme A. Thus, overexpression of Gh4CL3 (OE4CL) showed increasing 4CL activity that augmented phenolic precursors, cinnamic, p-coumaric, and sinapic acids, channeling into lignin and flavonoid biosyntheses and enhanced resistance to V. dahliae. Besides, Gh4CL3 overexpression activated JA signaling that instantly stimulated lignin deposition and metabolic flux in response to pathogen, which all established an efficient plant defense response system, and inhibited V. dahliae mycelium growth. Our results propose that Gh4CL3 acts as a positive regulator for cotton resistance against V. dahliae by promoting JA signaling-mediated enhanced cell wall rigidity and metabolic flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muna Alariqi
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Department of Agronomy and Pastures, Faculty of Agriculture, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen
| | - Mohamed Ramadan
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qiongqiong Wang
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | | | - Xi Hui
- Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xinhui Nie
- Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Amani Ahmed
- College of Food Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiansi Chen
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanyin Wang
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, Tarim University, Alaer, Xinjiang, 843300, China
| | - Longfu Zhu
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xianlong Zhang
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shuangxia Jin
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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9
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Cui G, Li Y, Yi X, Wang J, Lin P, Lu C, Zhang Q, Gao L, Zhong G. Meliaceae genomes provide insights into wood development and limonoids biosynthesis. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:574-590. [PMID: 36453987 PMCID: PMC9946144 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Meliaceae is a useful plant family owing to its high-quality timber and its many limonoids that have pharmacological and biological activities. Although some genomes of Meliaceae species have been reported, many questions regarding their unique family features, namely wood quality and natural products, have not been answered. In this study, we provide the whole-genome sequence of Melia azedarach comprising 237.16 Mb with a contig N50 of 8.07 Mb, and an improved genome sequence of Azadirachta indica comprising 223.66 Mb with a contig N50 of 8.91 Mb. Moreover, genome skimming data, transcriptomes and other published genomes were comprehensively analysed to determine the genes and proteins that produce superior wood and valuable limonoids. Phylogenetic analysis of chloroplast genomes, single-copy gene families and single-nucleotide polymorphisms revealed that Meliaceae should be classified into two subfamilies: Cedreloideae and Melioideae. Although the Meliaceae species did not undergo additional whole-genome duplication events, the secondary wall biosynthetic genes of the woody Cedreloideae species, Toona sinensis, expanded significantly compared to those of A. indica and M. azedarach, especially in downstream transcription factors and cellulose/hemicellulose biosynthesis-related genes. Moreover, expanded special oxidosqualene cyclase catalogues can help diversify Sapindales skeletons, and the clustered genes that regulate terpene chain elongation, cyclization and modification would support their roles in limonoid biosynthesis. The expanded clans of terpene synthase, O-methyltransferase and cytochrome P450, which are mainly derived from tandem duplication, are responsible for the different limonoid classes among the species. These results are beneficial for further investigations of wood development and limonoid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaofeng Cui
- College of Plant ProtectionSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of EducationSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Institution of Genomics and BioinformaticsSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yun Li
- College of Plant ProtectionSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of EducationSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xin Yi
- College of Plant ProtectionSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of EducationSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jieyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Peifan Lin
- Institution of Genomics and BioinformaticsSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Cui Lu
- Institution of Genomics and BioinformaticsSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Qunjie Zhang
- Institution of Genomics and BioinformaticsSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Lizhi Gao
- Engineering Research Center for Selecting and Breeding New Tropical Crop Varieties, Ministry of Education, College of Tropical CropsHainan UniversityHaikouChina
| | - Guohua Zhong
- College of Plant ProtectionSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of EducationSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
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10
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Pieczywek PM, Chibrikov V, Zdunek A. In silico studies of plant primary cell walls - structure and mechanics. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:887-899. [PMID: 36692136 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Primary plant cell wall (PCW) is a highly organized network, its performance is dependent on cellulose, hemicellulose and pectic polysaccharides, their properties, interactions and assemblies. Their mutual relationships and functions in the cell wall can be better understood by means of conceptual models of their higher-order structures. Knowledge unified in the form of a conceptual model allows predictions to be made about the properties and behaviour of the system under study. Ongoing research in this field has resulted in a number of conceptual models of the cell wall. However, due to the currently limited research methods, the community of cell wall researchers have not reached a consensus favouring one model over another. Herein we present yet another research technique - numerical modelling - which is capable of resolving this issue. Even at the current stage of development of numerical techniques, due to their complexity, the in silico reconstruction of PCW remains a challenge for computational simulations. However, some difficulties have been overcome, thereby making it possible to produce advanced approximations of PCW structure and mechanics. This review summarizes the results concerning the simulation of polysaccharide interactions in PCW with regard to network fine structure, supramolecular properties and polysaccharide binding affinity. The in silico mechanical models presented herein incorporate certain physical and biomechanical aspects of cell wall architecture for the purposes of undertaking critical testing to bring about advances in our understanding of the mechanisms controlling cells and limiting cell wall expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Mariusz Pieczywek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Doświadczalna 4, Lublin, 20-290, Poland
| | - Vadym Chibrikov
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Doświadczalna 4, Lublin, 20-290, Poland
| | - Artur Zdunek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Doświadczalna 4, Lublin, 20-290, Poland
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11
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Liu Z, Hu Y, Du A, Yu L, Fu X, Wu C, Lu L, Liu Y, Wang S, Huang W, Tu S, Ma X, Li H. Cell Wall Matrix Polysaccharides Contribute to Salt-Alkali Tolerance in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315019. [PMID: 36499349 PMCID: PMC9735747 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Salt-alkali stress threatens the resilience to variable environments and thus the grain yield of rice. However, how rice responds to salt-alkali stress at the molecular level is poorly understood. Here, we report isolation of a novel salt-alkali-tolerant rice (SATR) by screening more than 700 germplasm accessions. Using 93-11, a widely grown cultivar, as a control, we characterized SATR in response to strong salt-alkali stress (SSAS). SATR exhibited SSAS tolerance higher than 93-11, as indicated by a higher survival rate, associated with higher peroxidase activity and total soluble sugar content but lower malonaldehyde accumulation. A transcriptome study showed that cell wall biogenesis-related pathways were most significantly enriched in SATR relative to 93-11 upon SSAS. Furthermore, higher induction of gene expression in the cell wall matrix polysaccharide biosynthesis pathway, coupled with higher accumulations of hemicellulose and pectin as well as measurable physio-biochemical adaptive responses, may explain the strong SSAS tolerance in SATR. We mapped SSAS tolerance to five genomic regions in which 35 genes were candidates potentially governing SSAS tolerance. The 1,4-β-D-xylan synthase gene OsCSLD4 in hemicellulose biosynthesis pathway was investigated in details. The OsCSLD4 function-disrupted mutant displayed reduced SSAS tolerance, biomass and grain yield, whereas the OsCSLD4 overexpression lines exhibited increased SSAS tolerance. Collectively, this study not only reveals the potential role of cell wall matrix polysaccharides in mediating SSAS tolerance, but also highlights applicable value of OsCSLD4 and the large-scale screening system in developing SSAS-tolerant rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian Liu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongzhi Hu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
| | - Anping Du
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lan Yu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
| | - Xingyue Fu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Cuili Wu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
| | - Longxiang Lu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yangxuan Liu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Songhu Wang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weizao Huang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shengbin Tu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinrong Ma
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hui Li
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- Correspondence:
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12
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Huang W, Shi Y, Yan H, Wang H, Wu D, Grierson D, Chen K. The calcium-mediated homogalacturonan pectin complexation in cell walls contributes the firmness increase in loquat fruit during postharvest storage. J Adv Res 2022:S2090-1232(22)00211-9. [PMID: 36198382 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Postharvest textural changes in fruit are mainly divided into softening and lignification. Loquat fruit could have severe lignification with increased firmness during postharvest storage. Pectin is mainly associated with the postharvest softening of fruit, but some studies also found that pectin could be involved in strengthening the mechanical properties of the plant. OBJECTIVES This study focused on characterizing the dynamics of pectin and its complexation in the cell wall of lignified loquat fruit during postharvest storage, and how these changes could influence fruit firmness. METHODS The homogalacturonan (HG) pectin in the cell wall of loquat fruit was identified using monoclonal antibodies. An oligogalacturonide (OG) probe was used to label the egg-box structure formed by Ca2+ cross-linking with low-methylesterified HG. An exogenous injection was used to verify the role of egg-box structures in the firmness increase in loquat fruit. RESULTS The JIM5 antibody revealed that low-methylesterified HG accumulated in the tricellular junctions and middle lamella of loquat fruit that had severe lignification symptoms. The pectin methylesterase (PME) activity increased during the early stages of storage at 0°C, and the calcium-pectate content and flesh firmness constantly increased during storage. The OG probe demonstrated the accumulation of egg-box structures at the cellular level. The exogenous injection of PME and Ca2+ into the loquat flesh led to an increase in firmness with more low-methylesterified HG and egg-box structure signals. CONCLUSION PME-mediated demethylesterification generated large amounts of low-methylesterified HG in the cell wall. This low-methylesterified HG further cross-linked with Ca2+ to form egg-box structures. The pectin-involved complexations then contributed to the increased firmness in loquat fruit. Overall, besides being involved in fruit softening, pectin could also be involved in strengthening the mechanical properties of postharvest fruit. This study provides new ideas for obtaining a better texture of postharvest loquat fruits based on pectin regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weinan Huang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, P. R. China; Zhejiang University Zhongyuan Institute, Zhengzhou 450000, P. R. China
| | - Yanna Shi
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - He Yan
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Hao Wang
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Di Wu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, P. R. China; Zhejiang University Zhongyuan Institute, Zhengzhou 450000, P. R. China.
| | - Donald Grierson
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, P. R. China; Plant and Crop Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, UK
| | - Kunsong Chen
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, P. R. China; Zhejiang University Zhongyuan Institute, Zhengzhou 450000, P. R. China
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13
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Crivellaro A, Piermattei A, Dolezal J, Dupree P, Büntgen U. Biogeographic implication of temperature-induced plant cell wall lignification. Commun Biol 2022; 5:767. [PMID: 35906325 PMCID: PMC9338036 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03732-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 200 years after von Humboldt’s pioneering work on the treeline, our understanding of the cold distribution limit of upright plant growth is still incomplete. Here, we use wood anatomical techniques to estimate the degree of stem cell wall lignification in 1770 plant species from six continents. Contrary to the frequent belief that small plants are less lignified, we show that cell wall lignification in ‘woody’ herbs varies considerably. Although trees and shrubs always exhibit lignified cell walls in their upright stems, small plants above the treeline may contain less lignin. Our findings suggest that extremely cold growing season temperatures can reduce the ability of plants to lignify their secondary cell walls. Corroborating experimental and observational evidence, this study proposes to revisit existing theories about the thermal distribution limit of upright plant growth and to consider biochemical and biomechanical factors for explaining the global treeline position. A global survey of lignin content in plant cell walls corroborates suggestions that cold temperature limits upright tree growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Crivellaro
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EN, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Forest Biometrics Laboratory, Faculty of Forestry, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229, Suceava, Romania
| | - Alma Piermattei
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EN, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jiri Dolezal
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 379 01, Trebon, Czech Republic.,Department of Botany, Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Paul Dupree
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, CB2 1QW, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ulf Büntgen
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EN, Cambridge, United Kingdom. .,Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland. .,Global Change Research Institute CAS, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic. .,Department of Geography, Faculty of Science Masaryk University, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic.
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14
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Sohail M, Barzkar N, Michaud P, Tamadoni Jahromi S, Babich O, Sukhikh S, Das R, Nahavandi R. Cellulolytic and Xylanolytic Enzymes from Yeasts: Properties and Industrial Applications. Molecules 2022; 27:3783. [PMID: 35744909 PMCID: PMC9229053 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulose, the main component of plant cell walls, comprises polyaromatic lignin and fermentable materials, cellulose and hemicellulose. It is a plentiful and renewable feedstock for chemicals and energy. It can serve as a raw material for the production of various value-added products, including cellulase and xylanase. Cellulase is essentially required in lignocellulose-based biorefineries and is applied in many commercial processes. Likewise, xylanases are industrially important enzymes applied in papermaking and in the manufacture of prebiotics and pharmaceuticals. Owing to the widespread application of these enzymes, many prokaryotes and eukaryotes have been exploited to produce cellulase and xylanases in good yields, yet yeasts have rarely been explored for their plant-cell-wall-degrading activities. This review is focused on summarizing reports about cellulolytic and xylanolytic yeasts, their properties, and their biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sohail
- Department of Microbiology, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan;
| | - Noora Barzkar
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas 3995, Iran
| | - Philippe Michaud
- Institute Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Saeid Tamadoni Jahromi
- Persian Gulf and Oman Sea Ecology Research Center, Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bandar Abbas 3995, Iran
| | - Olga Babich
- Institute of Living Systems, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236016 Kaliningrad, Russia; (O.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Stanislav Sukhikh
- Institute of Living Systems, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236016 Kaliningrad, Russia; (O.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Rakesh Das
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1433 Aas, Norway;
| | - Reza Nahavandi
- Animal Science Research Institute of Iran (ASRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj 8361, Iran;
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15
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Wu J, Wu Q, Bo Z, Zhu X, Zhang J, Li Q, Kong W. Comprehensive Effects of Flowering Locus T-Mediated Stem Growth in Tobacco. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:922919. [PMID: 35783923 PMCID: PMC9243646 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.922919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In flowering plants, Flowering locus T (FT) encodes a major florigen. It is a key flowering hormone in controlling flowering time and has a wide range of effects on plant development. Although the mechanism by which FT promotes flowering is currently clearly understood, comprehensive effects of the FT gene on plant growth have not been evaluated. Therefore, the effects of FT on vegetative growth need to be explored for a complete understanding of the molecular functions of the FT gene. In this study, the Jatropha curcas L. FT gene was overexpressed in tobacco (JcFTOE) in order to discover multiple aspects and related mechanisms of how the FT gene affects plant development. In JcFTOE plants, root, stem, and leaf development was strongly affected. Stem tissues were selected for further transcriptome analysis. In JcFTOE plants, stem growth was affected because of changes in the nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell wall. In the nucleus of JcFTOE plants, the primary effect was to weaken all aspects of DNA replication, which ultimately affected the cell cycle and cell division. The number of stem cells decreased significantly in JcFTOE plants, which decreased the thickness and height of tobacco stems. In the cell wall of JcFTOE plants, hemicellulose and cellulose contents increased, with the increase in hemicellulose associated with up-regulation of xylan synthase-related genes expression. In the cytoplasm of JcFTOE plants, the primary effects were on biogenesis of ribonucleoprotein complexes, photosynthesis, carbohydrate biosynthesis, and the cytoskeleton. In addition, in the cytoplasm of JcFTOE plants, there were changes in certain factors of the core oscillator, expression of many light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding proteins was down-regulated, and expression of fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase genes was up-regulated to increase starch content in tobacco stems. Changes in the xylem and phloem of JcFTOE plants were also identified, and in particular, xylem development was affected by significant increases in expression of irregular xylem genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Wu,
| | - Qiuhong Wu
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongjian Bo
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuli Zhu
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Junhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qingying Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenqing Kong
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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16
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Kim MH, Cho JS, Bae EK, Choi YI, Eom SH, Lim YJ, Lee H, Park EJ, Ko JH. PtrMYB120 functions as a positive regulator of both anthocyanin and lignin biosynthetic pathway in a hybrid poplar. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:2409-2423. [PMID: 34100089 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Both anthocyanins and lignins are essential secondary metabolites in plant growth and development. Their biosynthesis is metabolically interconnected and diverges in the central metabolite 4-coumaroyl CoA of the phenylpropanoid pathway. Considerable progress has been made in understanding transcriptional regulation of genes involved in lignin and anthocyanin synthesis pathways, but the concerted regulation of these pathways is not yet fully understood. Here, we functionally characterized PtrMYB120, a R2R3-MYB transcription factor from Populus trichocarpa. Overexpression of PtrMYB120 in a hybrid poplar (i.e., 35S::PtrMYB120) was associated with increased anthocyanin (i.e., cyanidin 3-O-glucoside) accumulation and upregulation of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes. However, transgenic poplars with dominant suppression of PtrMYB120 function achieved by fusing the ERF-associated amphiphilic repression motif to PtrMYB120 (i.e., 35S::PtrMYB120-SRDX) had a dramatic decrease in not only anthocyanin but also Klason lignin content with downregulation of both anthocyanin and lignin biosynthetic genes. Indeed, 35S::PtrMYB120-SRDX poplars had irregularly shaped xylem vessels with reduced S-lignin content in stems, which was proportionally related to the level of the introduced PtrMYB120-SRDX gene. Furthermore, protoplast-based transcriptional activation assay using the PtrMYB120-GR system suggested that PtrMYB120 directly regulates genes involved in both anthocyanin and lignin biosynthesis, including chalcone synthase and ferulate-5 hydroxylase. Interestingly, the saccharification efficiency of line #6 of 35S::PtrMYB120-SRDX poplars, which had slightly reduced lignin content with a normal growth phenotype, was dramatically enhanced (>45%) by NaOH treatment. Taken together, our results suggest that PtrMYB120 functions as a positive regulator of both anthocyanin and lignin biosynthetic pathways and can be targeted to enhance saccharification efficiency in woody perennials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ha Kim
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Seong Cho
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
- Abio materials Co., Ltd., 7-44 Jamsil-gil, Cheonan 31005, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyung Bae
- Division of Forest Biotechnology, National Institute of Forest Science, 39 Onjeong-ro, Suwon 16631, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Im Choi
- Division of Forest Biotechnology, National Institute of Forest Science, 39 Onjeong-ro, Suwon 16631, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Hyun Eom
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - You Jin Lim
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoshin Lee
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Eung-Jun Park
- Division of Forest Biotechnology, National Institute of Forest Science, 39 Onjeong-ro, Suwon 16631, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Heung Ko
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
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17
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CRISPR-Knockout of CSE Gene Improves Saccharification Efficiency by Reducing Lignin Content in Hybrid Poplar. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189750. [PMID: 34575913 PMCID: PMC8466951 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeoyl shikimate esterase (CSE) has been shown to play an important role in lignin biosynthesis in plants and is, therefore, a promising target for generating improved lignocellulosic biomass crops for sustainable biofuel production. Populus spp. has two CSE genes (CSE1 and CSE2) and, thus, the hybrid poplar (Populus alba × P. glandulosa) investigated in this study has four CSE genes. Here, we present transgenic hybrid poplars with knockouts of each CSE gene achieved by CRISPR/Cas9. To knockout the CSE genes of the hybrid poplar, we designed three single guide RNAs (sg1-sg3), and produced three different transgenic poplars with either CSE1 (CSE1-sg2), CSE2 (CSE2-sg3), or both genes (CSE1/2-sg1) mutated. CSE1-sg2 and CSE2-sg3 poplars showed up to 29.1% reduction in lignin deposition with irregularly shaped xylem vessels. However, CSE1-sg2 and CSE2-sg3 poplars were morphologically indistinguishable from WT and showed no significant differences in growth in a long-term living modified organism (LMO) field-test covering four seasons. Gene expression analysis revealed that many lignin biosynthetic genes were downregulated in CSE1-sg2 and CSE2-sg3 poplars. Indeed, the CSE1-sg2 and CSE2-sg3 poplars had up to 25% higher saccharification efficiency than the WT control. Our results demonstrate that precise editing of CSE by CRISPR/Cas9 technology can improve lignocellulosic biomass without a growth penalty.
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18
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Miodek A, Gizińska A, Włoch W, Kojs P. What do we know about growth of vessel elements of secondary xylem in woody plants? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:2911-2924. [PMID: 34374202 PMCID: PMC9291787 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite extensive knowledge about vessel element growth and the determination of the axial course of vessels, these processes are still not fully understood. They are usually explained as resulting primarily from hormonal regulation in stems. This review focuses on an increasingly discussed aspect - mechanical conditions in the vascular cambium. Mechanical conditions in cambial tissue are important for the growth of vessel elements, as well as other cambial derivatives. In relation to the type of stress acting on cambial cells (compressive versus tensile stress) we: (i) discuss the shape of the enlarging vessel elements observed in anatomical sections; (ii) present hypotheses regarding the location of intrusive growth of vessel elements and cambial initials; (iii) explain the relationship between the growth of vessel elements and fibres; and (iv) consider the effect of mechanical stress in determining the course of a vessel. We also highlight the relationship between mechanical stress and transport of the most extensively studied plant hormone - auxin. We conclude that the integration of a biomechanical factor with the commonly acknowledged hormonal regulation could significantly enhance the analysis of the formation of vessel elements as well as entire vessels, which transport water and minerals in numerous plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Miodek
- Polish Academy of Sciences Botanical Garden - Centre for Biological Diversity Conservation in Powsin, Prawdziwka 2, 02-973, Warsaw, Poland.,Institute of Biology, University of Opole, Oleska 22, 45-052, Opole, Poland
| | - Aldona Gizińska
- Polish Academy of Sciences Botanical Garden - Centre for Biological Diversity Conservation in Powsin, Prawdziwka 2, 02-973, Warsaw, Poland.,Institute of Biology, University of Opole, Oleska 22, 45-052, Opole, Poland
| | - Wiesław Włoch
- Polish Academy of Sciences Botanical Garden - Centre for Biological Diversity Conservation in Powsin, Prawdziwka 2, 02-973, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Kojs
- Polish Academy of Sciences Botanical Garden - Centre for Biological Diversity Conservation in Powsin, Prawdziwka 2, 02-973, Warsaw, Poland
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Fernández-Piñán S, Boher P, Soler M, Figueras M, Serra O. Transcriptomic analysis of cork during seasonal growth highlights regulatory and developmental processes from phellogen to phellem formation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12053. [PMID: 34103550 PMCID: PMC8187341 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90938-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The phellogen or cork cambium stem cells that divide periclinally and outwardly specify phellem or cork. Despite the vital importance of phellem in protecting the radially-growing plant organs and wounded tissues, practically only the suberin biosynthetic process has been studied molecularly so far. Since cork oak (Quercus suber) phellogen is seasonally activated and its proliferation and specification to phellem cells is a continuous developmental process, the differentially expressed genes during the cork seasonal growth served us to identify molecular processes embracing from phellogen to mature differentiated phellem cell. At the beginning of cork growth (April), cell cycle regulation, meristem proliferation and maintenance and processes triggering cell differentiation were upregulated, showing an enrichment of phellogenic cells from which phellem cells are specified. Instead, at maximum (June) and advanced (July) cork growth, metabolic processes paralleling the phellem cell chemical composition, such as the biosynthesis of suberin, lignin, triterpenes and soluble aromatic compounds, were upregulated. Particularly in July, polysaccharides- and lignin-related secondary cell wall processes presented a maximal expression, indicating a cell wall reinforcement in the later stages of cork formation, presumably related with the initiation of latecork development. The putative function of relevant genes identified are discussed in the context of phellem ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Fernández-Piñán
- grid.5319.e0000 0001 2179 7512Laboratori del Suro, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Pau Boher
- grid.5319.e0000 0001 2179 7512Laboratori del Suro, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Marçal Soler
- grid.5319.e0000 0001 2179 7512Laboratori del Suro, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Mercè Figueras
- grid.5319.e0000 0001 2179 7512Laboratori del Suro, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Olga Serra
- grid.5319.e0000 0001 2179 7512Laboratori del Suro, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17003 Girona, Spain
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Hao Z, Yogiswara S, Wei T, Benites VT, Sinha A, Wang G, Baidoo EEK, Ronald PC, Scheller HV, Loqué D, Eudes A. Expression of a bacterial 3-dehydroshikimate dehydratase (QsuB) reduces lignin and improves biomass saccharification efficiency in switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:56. [PMID: 33478381 PMCID: PMC7819203 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02842-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lignin deposited in plant cell walls negatively affects biomass conversion into advanced bioproducts. There is therefore a strong interest in developing bioenergy crops with reduced lignin content or altered lignin structures. Another desired trait for bioenergy crops is the ability to accumulate novel bioproducts, which would enhance the development of economically sustainable biorefineries. As previously demonstrated in the model plant Arabidopsis, expression of a 3-dehydroshikimate dehydratase in plants offers the potential for decreasing lignin content and overproducing a value-added metabolic coproduct (i.e., protocatechuate) suitable for biological upgrading. RESULTS The 3-dehydroshikimate dehydratase QsuB from Corynebacterium glutamicum was expressed in the bioenergy crop switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) using the stem-specific promoter of an O-methyltransferase gene (pShOMT) from sugarcane. The activity of pShOMT was validated in switchgrass after observation in-situ of beta-glucuronidase (GUS) activity in stem nodes of plants carrying a pShOMT::GUS fusion construct. Under controlled growth conditions, engineered switchgrass lines containing a pShOMT::QsuB construct showed reductions of lignin content, improvements of biomass saccharification efficiency, and accumulated higher amount of protocatechuate compared to control plants. Attempts to generate transgenic switchgrass lines carrying the QsuB gene under the control of the constitutive promoter pZmUbi-1 were unsuccessful, suggesting possible toxicity issues associated with ectopic QsuB expression during the plant regeneration process. CONCLUSION This study validates the transfer of the QsuB engineering approach from a model plant to switchgrass. We have demonstrated altered expression of two important traits: lignin content and accumulation of a co-product. We found that the choice of promoter to drive QsuB expression should be carefully considered when deploying this strategy to other bioenergy crops. Field-testing of engineered QsuB switchgrass are in progress to assess the performance of the introduced traits and agronomic performances of the transgenic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangying Hao
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Sasha Yogiswara
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Tong Wei
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- Present address: State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518000 China
| | - Veronica Teixeira Benites
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Anagh Sinha
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - George Wang
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Edward E. K. Baidoo
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Pamela C. Ronald
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Henrik V. Scheller
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Dominique Loqué
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Aymerick Eudes
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
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21
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Zabotina OA, Zhang N, Weerts R. Polysaccharide Biosynthesis: Glycosyltransferases and Their Complexes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:625307. [PMID: 33679837 PMCID: PMC7933479 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.625307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases (GTs) are enzymes that catalyze reactions attaching an activated sugar to an acceptor substrate, which may be a polysaccharide, peptide, lipid, or small molecule. In the past decade, notable progress has been made in revealing and cloning genes encoding polysaccharide-synthesizing GTs. However, the vast majority of GTs remain structurally and functionally uncharacterized. The mechanism by which they are organized in the Golgi membrane, where they synthesize complex, highly branched polysaccharide structures with high efficiency and fidelity, is also mostly unknown. This review will focus on current knowledge about plant polysaccharide-synthesizing GTs, specifically focusing on protein-protein interactions and the formation of multiprotein complexes.
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22
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Qaseem MF, Wu AM. Balanced Xylan Acetylation is the Key Regulator of Plant Growth and Development, and Cell Wall Structure and for Industrial Utilization. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217875. [PMID: 33114198 PMCID: PMC7660596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylan is the most abundant hemicellulose, constitutes about 25–35% of the dry biomass of woody and lignified tissues, and occurs up to 50% in some cereal grains. The accurate degree and position of xylan acetylation is necessary for xylan function and for plant growth and development. The post synthetic acetylation of cell wall xylan, mainly regulated by Reduced Wall Acetylation (RWA), Trichome Birefringence-Like (TBL), and Altered Xyloglucan 9 (AXY9) genes, is essential for effective bonding of xylan with cellulose. Recent studies have proven that not only xylan acetylation but also its deacetylation is vital for various plant functions. Thus, the present review focuses on the latest advances in understanding xylan acetylation and deacetylation and explores their effects on plant growth and development. Baseline knowledge about precise regulation of xylan acetylation and deacetylation is pivotal to developing plant biomass better suited for second-generation liquid biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirza Faisal Qaseem
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ai-Min Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence:
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Chen X, Su W, Zhang H, Zhan Y, Zeng F. Fraxinus mandshurica 4-coumarate-CoA ligase 2 enhances drought and osmotic stress tolerance of tobacco by increasing coniferyl alcohol content. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 155:697-708. [PMID: 32862019 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
4-Coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL) is an important branch point in the phenylpropane pathway and plays important roles in plant growth and development. In this study, the 4CL2 gene from Fraxinus mandshurica (designated Fm4CL2) was identified and isolated. Sequence analysis revealed that Fm4CL2 is a type I 4CL gene involved in lignin biosynthesis. Analysis of cell wall components revealed that Fm4CL2-overexpressing (OE-Fm4CL2) tobacco showed increased lignin content (by 58.9%) and decreased hemicellulose content (by 41.2%). Detection of small-molecule metabolites in the lignin pathway revealed that coumaric acid content decreased by 48% and coniferyl alcohol content increased by 250% compared with the control values. Compared with wild type, OE-Fm4CL2 tobacco showed increased xylem cell layer number (by 120%) and cell wall thickness (by 54.5%). Under osmotic stress, transgenic tobacco showed higher growth than wild-type tobacco. The germination rate of transgenic tobacco was higher than that of wild type. Reactive oxygen species accumulation and malondialdehyde content were significantly lower in transgenic tobacco than in wild type. Under drought, the expression of stress-related genes was higher in 35S-Fm4CL2-infected Fraxinus mandshurica plants than in control plants. These results indicate that Fm4CL2 overexpression can enhance drought and osmotic stress tolerance of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040, China; College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Wenlong Su
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040, China; College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Han Zhang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Yaguang Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040, China; College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Fansuo Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040, China; College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
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24
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Fang L, Xu X, Li J, Zheng F, Li M, Yan J, Li Y, Zhang X, Li L, Ma G, Zhang A, Lv F, Wu K, Zeng S. Transcriptome analysis provides insights into the non-methylated lignin synthesis in Paphiopedilum armeniacum seed. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:524. [PMID: 32727352 PMCID: PMC7391499 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-06931-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Paphiopedilum is an important genus of the orchid family Orchidaceae and has high horticultural value. The wild populations are under threat of extinction because of overcollection and habitat destruction. Mature seeds of most Paphiopedilum species are difficult to germinate, which severely restricts their germplasm conservation and commercial production. The factors inhibiting germination are largely unknown. RESULTS In this study, large amounts of non-methylated lignin accumulated during seed maturation of Paphiopedilum armeniacum (P. armeniacum), which negatively correlates with the germination rate. The transcriptome profiles of P. armeniacum seed at different development stages were compared to explore the molecular clues for non-methylated lignin synthesis. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis showed that a large number of genes associated with phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and phenylalanine metabolism during seed maturation were differentially expressed. Several key genes in the lignin biosynthetic pathway displayed different expression patterns during the lignification process. PAL, 4CL, HCT, and CSE upregulation was associated with C and H lignin accumulation. The expression of CCoAOMT, F5H, and COMT were maintained at a low level or down-regulated to inhibit the conversion to the typical G and S lignin. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis confirmed the altered expression levels of these genes in seeds and vegetative tissues. CONCLUSIONS This work demonstrated the plasticity of natural lignin polymer assembly in seed and provided a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of seed-specific lignification process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ji Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Feng Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Mingzhi Li
- Independent Researcher, Guangzhou, 510555, China
| | - Jingwei Yan
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Xinhua Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Lin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Guohua Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Aying Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fubing Lv
- Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Kunlin Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
| | - Songjun Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China. .,Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
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25
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Wang J, Ma X, Yang J, Hui Y, She J, Tian T, Li Z, Xu W, Gao Z, Su Z, Zhao H. Coexpression Analysis Reveals Dynamic Modules Regulating the Growth and Development of Cirri in the Rattans ( Calamus simplicifolius and Daemonorops jenkinsiana). Front Genet 2020; 11:378. [PMID: 32477399 PMCID: PMC7236543 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rattan is regarded as one of the major non-timber forest products, second only to wood and bamboo, worldwide. Although the published genomes of Calamus simplicifolius and Daemonorops jenkinsiana have facilitated genome-wide gene functional analyses, coexpression networks (CENs) provide more comprehensive and complete annotations of gene function at the transcriptome level. Thus, we analyzed the CENs of the two rattans, C. simplicifolius and D. jenkinsiana, by integrating the genome sequences and analyzing in-house transcriptome data from different development stages of their cirri using a well-developed strategy. A total of 3,504 and 3,027 functional modules were identified in C. simplicifolius and D. jenkinsiana, respectively, based on a combination of CENs, gene family classification, and function enrichment tools. These modules covered the major developmental processes, including photosynthesis, lignin biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Reference annotations were refined using CENs and functional modules. Moreover, we obtained novel insights into the regulation of cirrus growth and development in rattans. Furthermore, Rattan-NET (http://rattan.bamboogdb.org/), an online database with analysis tools for gene set enrichment analysis, module enrichment, network comparison analysis, and cis-element analysis, was constructed for the easy analysis of gene function and regulation modules involved in the growth and development of cirri in rattans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiongliang Wang
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing Key Open Laboratory on the Science and Technology of Bamboo and Rattan, Institute of Gene Science and Industrialization for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China
| | - Xuelian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaotong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Hui
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing Key Open Laboratory on the Science and Technology of Bamboo and Rattan, Institute of Gene Science and Industrialization for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China
| | - Jiajie She
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tian Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongqiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenying Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhimin Gao
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing Key Open Laboratory on the Science and Technology of Bamboo and Rattan, Institute of Gene Science and Industrialization for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Su
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hansheng Zhao
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing Key Open Laboratory on the Science and Technology of Bamboo and Rattan, Institute of Gene Science and Industrialization for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China
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Anjam MS, Shah SJ, Matera C, Różańska E, Sobczak M, Siddique S, Grundler FMW. Host factors influence the sex of nematodes parasitizing roots of Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:1160-1174. [PMID: 32103526 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic cyst nematodes induce hypermetabolic syncytial nurse cells in the roots of their host plants. Syncytia are their only food source. Cyst nematodes are sexually dimorphic, with their differentiation into male or female strongly influenced by host environmental conditions. Under favourable conditions with plenty of nutrients, more females develop, whereas mainly male nematodes develop under adverse conditions such as in resistant plants. Here, we developed and validated a method to predict the sex of beet cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii) during the early stages of its parasitism in the host plant Arabidopsis thaliana. We collected root segments containing male-associated syncytia (MAS) or female-associated syncytia (FAS), isolated syncytial cells by laser microdissection, and performed a comparative transcriptome analysis. Genes belonging to categories of defence, nutrient deficiency, and nutrient starvation were over-represented in MAS as compared with FAS. Conversely, gene categories related to metabolism, modification, and biosynthesis of cell walls were over-represented in FAS. We used β-glucuronidase analysis, qRT-PCR, and loss-of-function mutants to characterize FAS- and MAS-specific candidate genes. Our results demonstrate that various plant-based factors, including immune response, nutrient availability, and structural modifications, influence the sexual fate of the cyst nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shahzad Anjam
- Molecular Phytomedicine, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES, Bonn, Germany
| | - Syed Jehangir Shah
- Molecular Phytomedicine, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christiane Matera
- Molecular Phytomedicine, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES, Bonn, Germany
| | - Elżbieta Różańska
- Department of Botany, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Sobczak
- Department of Botany, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Shahid Siddique
- Molecular Phytomedicine, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Florian M W Grundler
- Molecular Phytomedicine, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES, Bonn, Germany
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Moneo-Sánchez M, Vaquero-Rodríguez A, Hernández-Nistal J, Albornos L, Knox P, Dopico B, Labrador E, Martín I. Pectic galactan affects cell wall architecture during secondary cell wall deposition. PLANTA 2020; 251:100. [PMID: 32328732 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03394-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
β-(1,4)-galactan determines the interactions between different matrix polysaccharides and cellulose during the cessation of cell elongation. Despite recent advances regarding the role of pectic β-(1,4)-galactan neutral side chains in primary cell wall remodelling during growth and cell elongation, little is known about the specific function of this polymer in other developmental processes. We have used transgenic Arabidopsis plants overproducing chickpea βI-Gal β-galactosidase under the 35S CaMV promoter (35S::βI-Gal) with reduced galactan levels in the basal non-elongating floral stem internodes to gain insight into the role of β-(1,4)-galactan in cell wall architecture during the cessation of elongation and the beginning of secondary growth. The loss of galactan mediated by βI-Gal in 35S::βI-Gal plants is accompanied by a reduction in the levels of KOH-extracted xyloglucan and an increase in the levels of xyloglucan released by a cellulose-specific endoglucanase. These variations in cellulose-xyloglucan interactions cause an altered xylan and mannan deposition in the cell wall that in turn results in a deficient lignin deposition. Considering these results, we can state that β-(1,4)-galactan plays a key structural role in the correct organization of the different domains of the cell wall during the cessation of growth and the early events of secondary cell wall development. These findings reinforce the notion that there is a mutual dependence between the different polysaccharides and lignin polymers to form an organized and functional cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Moneo-Sánchez
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Centro Hispano Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Universidad de Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Andrea Vaquero-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Centro Hispano Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Universidad de Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Lucía Albornos
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Centro Hispano Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Universidad de Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Paul Knox
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Berta Dopico
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Centro Hispano Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Universidad de Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Emilia Labrador
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Centro Hispano Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Universidad de Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ignacio Martín
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Centro Hispano Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Universidad de Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
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Yadav V, Wang Z, Wei C, Amo A, Ahmed B, Yang X, Zhang X. Phenylpropanoid Pathway Engineering: An Emerging Approach towards Plant Defense. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9040312. [PMID: 32340374 PMCID: PMC7238016 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9040312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens hitting the plant cell wall is the first impetus that triggers the phenylpropanoid pathway for plant defense. The phenylpropanoid pathway bifurcates into the production of an enormous array of compounds based on the few intermediates of the shikimate pathway in response to cell wall breaches by pathogens. The whole metabolomic pathway is a complex network regulated by multiple gene families and it exhibits refined regulatory mechanisms at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational levels. The pathway genes are involved in the production of anti-microbial compounds as well as signaling molecules. The engineering in the metabolic pathway has led to a new plant defense system of which various mechanisms have been proposed including salicylic acid and antimicrobial mediated compounds. In recent years, some key players like phenylalanine ammonia lyases (PALs) from the phenylpropanoid pathway are proposed to have broad spectrum disease resistance (BSR) without yield penalties. Now we have more evidence than ever, yet little understanding about the pathway-based genes that orchestrate rapid, coordinated induction of phenylpropanoid defenses in response to microbial attack. It is not astonishing that mutants of pathway regulator genes can show conflicting results. Therefore, precise engineering of the pathway is an interesting strategy to aim at profitably tailored plants. Here, this review portrays the current progress and challenges for phenylpropanoid pathway-based resistance from the current prospective to provide a deeper understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Yadav
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (V.Y.); (Z.W.); (C.W.); (B.A.); (X.Y.)
| | - Zhongyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (V.Y.); (Z.W.); (C.W.); (B.A.); (X.Y.)
| | - Chunhua Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (V.Y.); (Z.W.); (C.W.); (B.A.); (X.Y.)
| | - Aduragbemi Amo
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China;
| | - Bilal Ahmed
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (V.Y.); (Z.W.); (C.W.); (B.A.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xiaozhen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (V.Y.); (Z.W.); (C.W.); (B.A.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (V.Y.); (Z.W.); (C.W.); (B.A.); (X.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-029-8708-2613
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Wang S, Yamaguchi M, Grienenberger E, Martone PT, Samuels AL, Mansfield SD. The Class II KNOX genes KNAT3 and KNAT7 work cooperatively to influence deposition of secondary cell walls that provide mechanical support to Arabidopsis stems. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 101:293-309. [PMID: 31587430 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor KNOTTED ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA7 (KNAT7) is a Class II KNOTTED1-like homeobox (KNOX2) gene that, in interfascicular fibres, acts as a negative regulator of secondary cell wall biosynthesis. In addition, knat7 loss-of-function mutants display an irregular xylem (irx) phenotype, suggesting a potential positive regulatory role in xylem vessel secondary cell wall deposition. Although our understanding of the role of KNAT7 is evolving, the function(s) of the closely related KNOX2 genes, KNAT3, KNAT4, and KNAT5, in secondary wall formation still remain unclear. We found that all four Arabidopsis KNOX2 genes were expressed in the inflorescence stems. However, only the knat3 knat7 double mutants showed a phenotype, displaying an enhanced irx phenotypes relative to the single mutants, as well as decreased interfascicular fibre cell wall thickness. Moreover, knat3 knat7 double mutants had reduced stem tensile and flexural strength compared with wild-type and single mutants. In contrast, KNAT3 overexpression resulted in thicker interfascicular fibre secondary cell walls in inflorescence stems, suggesting a potential positive regulation in interfascicular fibre secondary wall development. This work identifies KNAT3 as a potential transcriptional activator working together with KNAT7 to promote secondary cell wall biosynthesis in xylem vessels, while concurrently acting antagonistically with KNAT7 to influence secondary wall formation in interfascicular fibres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Wang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Masatoshi Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Etienne Grienenberger
- Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes (IBMP), CNRS UPR 2357, Strasbourg, France
| | - Patrick T Martone
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - A Lacey Samuels
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Shawn D Mansfield
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Kurenda A, Nguyen CT, Chételat A, Stolz S, Farmer EE. Insect-damaged Arabidopsis moves like wounded Mimosa pudica. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:26066-26071. [PMID: 31792188 PMCID: PMC6926025 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1912386116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Slow wave potentials (SWPs) are damage-induced electrical signals which, based on experiments in which organs are burned, have been linked to rapid increases in leaf or stem thickness. The possibility that pressure surges in injured xylem underlie these events has been evoked frequently. We sought evidence for insect feeding-induced positive pressure changes in the petioles of Arabidopsis thaliana Instead, we found that petiole surfaces of leaves distal to insect-feeding sites subsided. We also found that insect damage induced longer-duration downward leaf movements in undamaged leaves. The transient petiole deformations were contemporary with and dependent on the SWP. We then investigated if mutants that affect the xylem, which has been implicated in SWP transmission, might modify SWP architecture. irregular xylem mutants strongly affected SWP velocity and kinetics and, in parallel, restructured insect damage-induced petiole deformations. Together, with force change measurements on the primary vein, the results suggest that extravascular water fluxes accompany the SWP. Moreover, petiole deformations in Arabidopsis mimic parts of the spectacular distal leaf collapse phase seen in wounded Mimosa pudica We genetically link electrical signals to organ movement and deformation and suggest an evolutionary origin of the large leaf movements seen in wounded Mimosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Kurenda
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Chi Tam Nguyen
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aurore Chételat
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie Stolz
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Edward E Farmer
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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31
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Behr M, Faleri C, Hausman JF, Planchon S, Renaut J, Cai G, Guerriero G. Distribution of cell-wall polysaccharides and proteins during growth of the hemp hypocotyl. PLANTA 2019; 250:1539-1556. [PMID: 31352512 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03245-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The immuno-ultrastructural investigation localized cell-wall polysaccharides of bast fibers during hemp hypocotyl growth. Moreover, for the first time, the localization of a peroxidase and laccase is provided in textile hemp. In the hypocotyl of textile hemp, elongation and girth increase are separated in time. This organ is therefore ideal for time-course analyses. Here, we follow the ultrastructural rearrangement of cell-wall components during the development of the hemp hypocotyl. An expression analysis of genes involved in the biosynthesis of cellulose, the chief polysaccharide of bast fiber cell walls and xylan, the main hemicellulose of secondary cell walls, is also provided. The analysis shows a higher expression of cellulose and xylan-related genes at 15 and 20 days after sowing, as compared to 9 days. In the young hypocotyl, the cell walls of bast fibers show cellulose microfibrils that are not yet compacted to form a mature G-layer. Crystalline cellulose is detected abundantly in the S1-layer, together with unsubstituted/low-substituted xylan and, to a lesser extent, in the G-layer. The LM5 galactan epitope is confined to the walls of parenchymatic cells. LM6-specific arabinans are detected at the interface between the cytoplasm and the gelatinous cell wall of bast fibers. The class III peroxidase antibody shows localization in the G-layer only at older developmental stages. The laccase antibody shows a distinctive labelling of the G-layer region closest to the S1-layer; the signal becomes more homogeneous as the hypocotyl matures. The data provide important insights on the cell wall distribution of polysaccharide and protein components in bast fibers during the hypocotyl growth of textile hemp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Behr
- Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, 4362, Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Claudia Faleri
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Jean-Francois Hausman
- Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, 4362, Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Sébastien Planchon
- Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, 4362, Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Jenny Renaut
- Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, 4362, Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Giampiero Cai
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100, Siena, Italy.
| | - Gea Guerriero
- Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, 4362, Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg.
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32
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Behr M, Guerriero G, Grima-Pettenati J, Baucher M. A Molecular Blueprint of Lignin Repression. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 24:1052-1064. [PMID: 31371222 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Although lignin is essential to ensure the correct growth and development of land plants, it may be an obstacle to the production of lignocellulosics-based biofuels, and reduces the nutritional quality of crops used for human consumption or livestock feed. The need to tailor the lignocellulosic biomass for more efficient biofuel production or for improved plant digestibility has fostered considerable advances in our understanding of the lignin biosynthetic pathway and its regulation. Most of the described regulators are transcriptional activators of lignin biosynthesis, but considerably less attention has been devoted to the repressors of this pathway. We provide a comprehensive overview of the molecular factors that negatively impact on the lignification process at both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Behr
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Végétale, Université libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Gea Guerriero
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Jacqueline Grima-Pettenati
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III (UPS), 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Marie Baucher
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Végétale, Université libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium.
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33
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Wierzbicki MP, Christie N, Pinard D, Mansfield SD, Mizrachi E, Myburg AA. A systems genetics analysis in Eucalyptus reveals coordination of metabolic pathways associated with xylan modification in wood-forming tissues. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:1952-1972. [PMID: 31144333 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Acetyl- and methylglucuronic acid decorations of xylan, the dominant hemicellulose in secondary cell walls (SCWs) of woody dicots, affect its interaction with cellulose and lignin to determine SCW structure and extractability. Genes and pathways involved in these modifications may be targets for genetic engineering; however, little is known about the regulation of xylan modifications in woody plants. To address this, we assessed genetic and gene expression variation associated with xylan modification in developing xylem of Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla interspecific hybrids. Expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) mapping identified potential regulatory polymorphisms affecting gene expression modules associated with xylan modification. We identified 14 putative xylan modification genes that are members of five expression modules sharing seven trans-eQTL hotspots. The xylan modification genes are prevalent in two expression modules. The first comprises nucleotide sugar interconversion pathways supplying the essential precursors for cellulose and xylan biosynthesis. The second contains genes responsible for phenylalanine biosynthesis and S-adenosylmethionine biosynthesis required for glucuronic acid and monolignol methylation. Co-expression and co-regulation analyses also identified four metabolic sources of acetyl coenxyme A that appear to be transcriptionally coordinated with xylan modification. Our systems genetics analysis may provide new avenues for metabolic engineering to alter wood SCW biology for enhanced biomass processability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin P Wierzbicki
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Genomics Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Nanette Christie
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Genomics Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Desré Pinard
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Genomics Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Shawn D Mansfield
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Eshchar Mizrachi
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Genomics Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Alexander A Myburg
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Genomics Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
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34
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The flowering hormone florigen accelerates secondary cell wall biogenesis to harmonize vascular maturation with reproductive development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:16127-16136. [PMID: 31324744 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1906405116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Florigen, a proteinaceous hormone, functions as a universal long-range promoter of flowering and concurrently as a generic growth-attenuating hormone across leaf and stem meristems. In flowering plants, the transition from the vegetative phase to the reproductive phase entails the orchestration of new growth coordinates and a global redistribution of resources, signals, and mechanical loads among organs. However, the ultimate cellular processes governing the adaptation of the shoot system to reproduction remain unknown. We hypothesized that if the mechanism for floral induction is universal, then the cellular metabolic mechanisms underlying the conditioning of the shoot system for reproduction would also be universal and may be best regulated by florigen itself. To understand the cellular basis for the vegetative functions of florigen, we explored the radial expansion of tomato stems. RNA-Seq and complementary genetic and histological studies revealed that florigen of endogenous, mobile, or induced origins accelerates the transcription network navigating secondary cell wall biogenesis as a unit, promoting vascular maturation and thereby adapting the shoot system to the developmental needs of the ensuing reproductive phase it had originally set into motion. We then demonstrated that a remarkably stable and broadly distributed florigen promotes MADS and MIF genes, which in turn regulate the rate of vascular maturation and radial expansion of stems irrespective of flowering or florigen level. The dual acceleration of flowering and vascular maturation by florigen provides a paradigm for coordinated regulation of independent global developmental programs.
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35
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Salinity Effects on Sugar Homeostasis and Vascular Anatomy in the Stem of the Arabidopsis Thaliana Inflorescence. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133167. [PMID: 31261714 PMCID: PMC6651052 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of sugar metabolism and partitioning plays an essential role for a plant’s acclimation to its environment, with specific responses in autotrophic and heterotrophic organs. In this work, we analyzed the effects of high salinity on sugar partitioning and vascular anatomy within the floral stem. Stem sucrose and fructose content increased, while starch reduced, in contrast to the response observed in rosette leaves of the same plants. In the stem, the effects were associated with changes in the expression of SWEET and TMT2 genes encoding sugar transporters, SUSY1 encoding a sucrose synthase and several FRK encoding fructokinases. By contrast, the expression of SUC2, SWEET11 and SWEET12, encoding sugar transporters for phloem loading, remained unchanged in the stem. Both the anatomy of vascular tissues and the composition of xylem secondary cell walls were altered, suggesting that high salinity triggered major readjustments of sugar partitioning in this heterotrophic organ. There were changes in the composition of xylem cell walls, associated with the collapse and deformation of xylem vessels. The data are discussed regarding sugar partitioning and homeostasis of sugars in the vascular tissues of the stem.
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36
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Sellami S, Le Hir R, Thorpe MR, Aubry E, Wolff N, Vilaine F, Brini F, Dinant S. Arabidopsis Natural Accessions Display Adaptations in Inflorescence Growth and Vascular Anatomy to Withstand High Salinity during Reproductive Growth. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E61. [PMID: 30862126 PMCID: PMC6473358 DOI: 10.3390/plants8030061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Plant responses to abiotic stresses entail adaptive processes that integrate both physiological and developmental cues. However, the adaptive traits that are involved in the responses to a high soil salinity during reproductive growth are still poorly studied. To identify new clues, we studied the halophyte, Thellungiella salsuginea, and three Arabidopsis accessions, known as tolerant or salt-sensitive. We focused on the quantitative traits associated with the stem growth, sugar content, and anatomy of the plants subjected to the salt treatment, with and without a three-day acclimation, applied during the reproductive stage. The stem growth of Thellungiella salsuginea was not affected by the salt stress. By contrast, salt affected all of the Arabidopsis accessions, with a natural variation in the effect of the salt on growth, sugar content, and stem anatomy. In response to the high salinity, irregular xylem vessels were observed, independently of the accession's tolerance to salt treatment, while the diameter of the largest xylem vessels was reduced in the tolerant accessions. The stem height, growth rate, hexoses-to-sucrose ratio, and phloem-to-xylem ratio also varied, in association with both the genotype and its tolerance to salt stress. Our findings indicate that several quantitative traits for salt tolerance are associated with the control of inflorescence growth and the adjustment of the phloem-to-xylem ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Sellami
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France.
- Biotechnology and Plant Improvement Laboratory, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, (CBS)/University of Sfax, 3018 Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Rozenn Le Hir
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France.
| | - Michael R Thorpe
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
| | - Emilie Aubry
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France.
| | - Nelly Wolff
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France.
| | - Françoise Vilaine
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France.
| | - Faiçal Brini
- Biotechnology and Plant Improvement Laboratory, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, (CBS)/University of Sfax, 3018 Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Sylvie Dinant
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France.
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37
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Kang X, Kirui A, Dickwella Widanage MC, Mentink-Vigier F, Cosgrove DJ, Wang T. Lignin-polysaccharide interactions in plant secondary cell walls revealed by solid-state NMR. Nat Commun 2019; 10:347. [PMID: 30664653 PMCID: PMC6341099 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08252-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignin is a complex aromatic biopolymer that strengthens and waterproofs plant secondary cell walls, enabling mechanical stability in trees and long-distance water transport in xylem. Lignin removal is a key step in paper production and biomass conversion to biofuels, motivating efforts to re-engineer lignin biosynthesis. However, the physical nature of lignin's interactions with wall polysaccharides is not well understood. Here we show that lignin self-aggregates to form highly hydrophobic and dynamically unique nanodomains, with extensive surface contacts to xylan. Solid-state NMR spectroscopy of intact maize stems, supported by dynamic nuclear polarization, reveals that lignin has abundant electrostatic interactions with the polar motifs of xylan. Lignin preferentially binds xylans with 3-fold or distorted 2-fold helical screw conformations, indicative of xylans not closely associated with cellulose. These findings advance our knowledge of the molecular-level organization of lignocellulosic biomass, providing the structural foundation for optimization of post-harvest processing for biofuels and biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Alex Kirui
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | | | | | - Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Tuo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.
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38
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Furches A, Kainer D, Weighill D, Large A, Jones P, Walker AM, Romero J, Gazolla JGFM, Joubert W, Shah M, Streich J, Ranjan P, Schmutz J, Sreedasyam A, Macaya-Sanz D, Zhao N, Martin MZ, Rao X, Dixon RA, DiFazio S, Tschaplinski TJ, Chen JG, Tuskan GA, Jacobson D. Finding New Cell Wall Regulatory Genes in Populus trichocarpa Using Multiple Lines of Evidence. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1249. [PMID: 31649710 PMCID: PMC6791931 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the regulatory network controlling cell wall biosynthesis is of great interest in Populus trichocarpa, both because of its status as a model woody perennial and its importance for lignocellulosic products. We searched for genes with putatively unknown roles in regulating cell wall biosynthesis using an extended network-based Lines of Evidence (LOE) pipeline to combine multiple omics data sets in P. trichocarpa, including gene coexpression, gene comethylation, population level pairwise SNP correlations, and two distinct SNP-metabolite Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS) layers. By incorporating validation, ranking, and filtering approaches we produced a list of nine high priority gene candidates for involvement in the regulation of cell wall biosynthesis. We subsequently performed a detailed investigation of candidate gene GROWTH-REGULATING FACTOR 9 (PtGRF9). To investigate the role of PtGRF9 in regulating cell wall biosynthesis, we assessed the genome-wide connections of PtGRF9 and a paralog across data layers with functional enrichment analyses, predictive transcription factor binding site analysis, and an independent comparison to eQTN data. Our findings indicate that PtGRF9 likely affects the cell wall by directly repressing genes involved in cell wall biosynthesis, such as PtCCoAOMT and PtMYB.41, and indirectly by regulating homeobox genes. Furthermore, evidence suggests that PtGRF9 paralogs may act as transcriptional co-regulators that direct the global energy usage of the plant. Using our extended pipeline, we show multiple lines of evidence implicating the involvement of these genes in cell wall regulatory functions and demonstrate the value of this method for prioritizing candidate genes for experimental validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Furches
- Biosciences Division, and The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- The Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - David Kainer
- Biosciences Division, and The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Deborah Weighill
- Biosciences Division, and The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- The Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Annabel Large
- Biosciences Division, and The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Piet Jones
- Biosciences Division, and The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- The Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Angelica M. Walker
- Biosciences Division, and The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jonathon Romero
- Biosciences Division, and The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- The Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | | | - Wayne Joubert
- Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Manesh Shah
- Biosciences Division, and The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Jared Streich
- Biosciences Division, and The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Priya Ranjan
- Biosciences Division, and The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Department of Plant Sciences, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Jeremy Schmutz
- Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, United States
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, United States
| | | | - David Macaya-Sanz
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Nan Zhao
- Department of Plant Sciences, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Madhavi Z. Martin
- Biosciences Division, and The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Xiaolan Rao
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
| | - Richard A. Dixon
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
| | - Stephen DiFazio
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Timothy J. Tschaplinski
- Biosciences Division, and The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Jin-Gui Chen
- Biosciences Division, and The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Gerald A. Tuskan
- Biosciences Division, and The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Daniel Jacobson
- Biosciences Division, and The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- The Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
- *Correspondence: Daniel Jacobson,
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Meents MJ, Watanabe Y, Samuels AL. The cell biology of secondary cell wall biosynthesis. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 121:1107-1125. [PMID: 29415210 PMCID: PMC5946954 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secondary cell walls (SCWs) form the architecture of terrestrial plant biomass. They reinforce tracheary elements and strengthen fibres to permit upright growth and the formation of forest canopies. The cells that synthesize a strong, thick SCW around their protoplast must undergo a dramatic commitment to cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin production. SCOPE This review puts SCW biosynthesis in a cellular context, with the aim of integrating molecular biology and biochemistry with plant cell biology. While SCWs are deposited in diverse tissue and cellular contexts including in sclerenchyma (fibres and sclereids), phloem (fibres) and xylem (tracheids, fibres and vessels), the focus of this review reflects the fact that protoxylem tracheary elements have proven to be the most amenable experimental system in which to study the cell biology of SCWs. CONCLUSIONS SCW biosynthesis requires the co-ordination of plasma membrane cellulose synthases, hemicellulose production in the Golgi and lignin polymer deposition in the apoplast. At the plasma membrane where the SCW is deposited under the guidance of cortical microtubules, there is a high density of SCW cellulose synthase complexes producing cellulose microfibrils consisting of 18-24 glucan chains. These microfibrils are extruded into a cell wall matrix rich in SCW-specific hemicelluloses, typically xylan and mannan. The biosynthesis of eudicot SCW glucuronoxylan is taken as an example to illustrate the emerging importance of protein-protein complexes in the Golgi. From the trans-Golgi, trafficking of vesicles carrying hemicelluloses, cellulose synthases and oxidative enzymes is crucial for exocytosis of SCW components at the microtubule-rich cell membrane domains, producing characteristic SCW patterns. The final step of SCW biosynthesis is lignification, with monolignols secreted by the lignifying cell and, in some cases, by neighbouring cells as well. Oxidative enzymes such as laccases and peroxidases, embedded in the polysaccharide cell wall matrix, determine where lignin is deposited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda J Meents
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yoichiro Watanabe
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Transcriptome analysis provides insights into xylogenesis formation in Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) shoot. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3951. [PMID: 29500441 PMCID: PMC5834459 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21766-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Maturation-related changes in cell wall composition and the molecular mechanisms underlying cell wall changes were investigated from the apical, middle and basal segments in moso bamboo shoot (MBS). With maturation extent from apical to basal regions in MBS, lignin and cellulose content increased, whereas heteroxylan exhibited a decreasing trend. Activities of phenylalanine amonnialyase (PAL), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) and cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H), which are involved in lignin biosynthesis, increased rapidly from the apex to the base sections. The comparative transcriptomic analysis was carried out to identify some key genes involved in secondary cell walls (SCW) formation underlying the cell wall compositions changes including 63, 8, 18, and 31 functional unigenes encoding biosynthesis of lignin, cellulose, xylan and NAC-MYB-based transcription factors, respectively. Genes related to secondary cell wall formation and lignin biosynthesis had higher expression levels in the middle and basal segments compared to those in the apical segments. Furthermore, the expression profile of PePAL gene showed positive relationships with cellulose-related gene PeCESA4, xylan-related genes PeIRX9 and PeIRX10. Our results indicated that lignification occurred in the more mature middle and basal segments in MBS at harvest while lignification of MBS were correlated with higher expression levels of PeCESA4, PeIRX9 and PeIRX10 genes.
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Paniagua C, Bilkova A, Jackson P, Dabravolski S, Riber W, Didi V, Houser J, Gigli-Bisceglia N, Wimmerova M, Budínská E, Hamann T, Hejatko J. Dirigent proteins in plants: modulating cell wall metabolism during abiotic and biotic stress exposure. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:3287-3301. [PMID: 28472349 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Dirigent (DIR) proteins were found to mediate regio- and stereoselectivity of bimolecular phenoxy radical coupling during lignan biosynthesis. Here we summarize the current knowledge of the importance of DIR proteins in lignan and lignin biosynthesis and highlight their possible importance in plant development. We focus on the still rather enigmatic Arabidopsis DIR gene family, discussing the few members with known functional importance. We comment on recent discoveries describing the detailed structure of two DIR proteins with implications in the mechanism of DIR-mediated catalysis. Further, we summarize the ample evidence for stress-induced dirigent gene expression, suggesting the role of DIRs in adaptive responses. In the second part of our work, we present a preliminary bioinformatics-based characterization of the AtDIR family. The phylogenetic analysis of AtDIRs complemented by comparison with DIR proteins of mostly known function from other species allowed us to suggest possible roles for several members of this family and identify interesting AtDIR targets for further study. Finally, based on the available metadata and our in silico analysis of AtDIR promoters, we hypothesize about the existence of specific transcriptional controls for individual AtDIR genes and implicate them in various stress responses, hormonal regulations, and developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candelas Paniagua
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology and Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Bilkova
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology and Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Phil Jackson
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology and Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Siarhei Dabravolski
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology and Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Willi Riber
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology and Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Didi
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology and Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Houser
- Glycobiochemistry, CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Nora Gigli-Bisceglia
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology 5, Hogskoleringen, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Michaela Wimmerova
- Glycobiochemistry, CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Budínská
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Thorsten Hamann
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology 5, Hogskoleringen, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jan Hejatko
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology and Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Direct bioethanol production from wheat straw using xylose/glucose co-fermentation by co-culture of two recombinant yeasts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 44:453-464. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-016-1893-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
To achieve a cost-effective bioconversion of lignocellulosic materials, a novel xylose/glucose co-fermentation process by co-culture of cellulose-utilizing recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) and xylan-utilizing recombinant Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris) was developed, in which ethanol was produced directly from wheat straw without additional hydrolytic enzymes. Recombinant S. cerevisiae coexpressing three types of cellulase and recombinant P. pastoris coexpressing two types of xylanase were constructed, respectively. All cellulases and xylanases were successfully expressed and similar extracellular activity was demonstrated. The maximum ethanol concentration of 32.6 g L−1 with the yield 0.42 g g−1 was achieved from wheat straw corresponding to 100 g L−1 of total sugar after 80 h co-fermentation, which corresponds to 82.6% of the theoretical yield. These results demonstrate that the direct and efficient ethanol production from lignocellulosic materials is accomplished by simultaneous saccharification (cellulose and hemicellulose) and co-fermentation (glucose and xylose) with the co-culture of the two recombinant yeasts.
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Walker JA, Pattathil S, Bergeman LF, Beebe ET, Deng K, Mirzai M, Northen TR, Hahn MG, Fox BG. Determination of glycoside hydrolase specificities during hydrolysis of plant cell walls using glycome profiling. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:31. [PMID: 28184246 PMCID: PMC5288845 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0703-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycoside hydrolases (GHs) are enzymes that hydrolyze polysaccharides into simple sugars. To better understand the specificity of enzyme hydrolysis within the complex matrix of polysaccharides found in the plant cell wall, we studied the reactions of individual enzymes using glycome profiling, where a comprehensive collection of cell wall glycan-directed monoclonal antibodies are used to detect polysaccharide epitopes remaining in the walls after enzyme treatment and quantitative nanostructure initiator mass spectrometry (oxime-NIMS) to determine soluble sugar products of their reactions. RESULTS Single, purified enzymes from the GH5_4, GH10, and GH11 families of glycoside hydrolases hydrolyzed hemicelluloses as evidenced by the loss of specific epitopes from the glycome profiles in enzyme-treated plant biomass. The glycome profiling data were further substantiated by oxime-NIMS, which identified hexose products from hydrolysis of cellulose, and pentose-only and mixed hexose-pentose products from the hydrolysis of hemicelluloses. The GH10 enzyme proved to be reactive with the broadest diversity of xylose-backbone polysaccharide epitopes, but was incapable of reacting with glucose-backbone polysaccharides. In contrast, the GH5 and GH11 enzymes studied here showed the ability to react with both glucose- and xylose-backbone polysaccharides. CONCLUSIONS The identification of enzyme specificity for a wide diversity of polysaccharide structures provided by glycome profiling, and the correlated identification of soluble oligosaccharide hydrolysis products provided by oxime-NIMS, offers a unique combination to understand the hydrolytic capabilities and constraints of individual enzymes as they interact with plant biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnnie A. Walker
- US Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Sivakumar Pattathil
- US Department of Energy Bioenergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Lai F. Bergeman
- US Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Emily T. Beebe
- US Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Kai Deng
- US Department of Energy Joint Bioenergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 94551 USA
| | - Maryam Mirzai
- US Department of Energy Bioenergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Trent R. Northen
- US Department of Energy Joint Bioenergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Michael G. Hahn
- US Department of Energy Bioenergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Brian G. Fox
- US Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
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Peralta AG, Venkatachalam S, Stone SC, Pattathil S. Xylan epitope profiling: an enhanced approach to study organ development-dependent changes in xylan structure, biosynthesis, and deposition in plant cell walls. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:245. [PMID: 29213310 PMCID: PMC5707906 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0935-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xylan is a major hemicellulosic component in the cell walls of higher plants especially in the secondary walls of vascular cells which are playing important roles in physiological processes and overall mechanical strength. Being the second most abundant cell wall polymer after cellulose, xylan is an abundant non-cellulosic carbohydrate constituent of plant biomass. Xylan structures have been demonstrated to contribute to plant biomass recalcitrance during bioenergy applications. A critical understanding of xylan composition, structure, and biosynthesis in developing plant stems will allow an increased understanding of how cell walls are put together in this organ in a basic research, and, in applied research, will improve strategies in xylan engineering to reduce biomass recalcitrance for economically feasible biofuel production. METHODS We describe an approach to enable the monitoring of xylan epitope structures in cell walls during the stem maturation process in Arabidopsis. The technique integrates glycome profiling, an in vitro immunoanalytical platform, and in situ immunolocalisation to provide comprehensive details on the presence, relative abundances, and dynamics with which diverse xylan epitope structures are integrated to the cell walls throughout the stem maturation process. RESULTS Our experimental results and the supporting in silico analysis demonstrated that xylan deposition in stems occurs early on in stem development; however, xylan epitope types (representing substituted and unsubstituted regions on xylan backbone made of β-(1,4)-linked xylose residues) and the strength of their integration into the final wall structure vary during stem maturation. CONCLUSIONS Our novel approach thus provides a method to comprehensively survey the differences in xylan epitope patterning and deposition occurring in stem development and thereby providing a robust tool for characterising altered xylan integration patterns in cell walls during the stem maturation process in diverse plant cell wall biosynthetic mutants. Our findings also suggest that this approach could rapidly and reliably delineate xylan deposition patterns in the cell walls of plants belonging to diverse phylogenetic classes providing novel insights into the functional roles of xylans in overall growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo G. Peralta
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30605 USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Sivasankari Venkatachalam
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30605 USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Sydney C. Stone
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30605 USA
| | - Sivakumar Pattathil
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30605 USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Present Address: Mascoma LLC (Lallemand Inc.), 67 Etna Road, Lebanon, NH 03766 USA
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Cosio C, Ranocha P, Francoz E, Burlat V, Zheng Y, Perry SE, Ripoll JJ, Yanofsky M, Dunand C. The class III peroxidase PRX17 is a direct target of the MADS-box transcription factor AGAMOUS-LIKE15 (AGL15) and participates in lignified tissue formation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:250-263. [PMID: 27513887 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Several physiological functions have been attributed to class III peroxidases (PRXs) in plants, but the in planta role of most members of this family still remains undetermined. Here, we report the first functional characterization of PRX17 (At2g22420), one of the 73 members of this family in Arabidopsis thaliana. Localization of PRX17 was examined by transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana. Loss- and gain-of-function mutants in A. thaliana were studied. Regulation at the gene and protein levels was analyzed using β-glucuronidase (GUS) activity, quantitative reverse transcriptase (qRT)-PCR, zymography, and chromatin immunoprecipitation. Phenotypes were characterized including lignin and xylan contents. PRX17 was expressed in various tissues, including vascular tissues, and PRX17 was localized to the cell wall. In prx17, the lignin content was reduced in the stem and siliques and bolting was delayed, while the opposite phenotype was observed in 35S:PRX17 plants, together with a significant increase of lignin and xylan immunofluorescence signal. Finally, we demonstrated that the transcription factor AGAMOUS-LIKE15 (AGL15) binds to the PRX17 promoter and regulates PRX17 expression level. This converging set of structural, transcriptomic and physiological data suggests that PRX17, under the control of AGL15, contributes to developmental programs by playing an essential role in regulating age-dependent lignified tissue formation, including changes in cell wall properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cosio
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Philippe Ranocha
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, CNRS, UPS, Université de Toulouse, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, Auzeville, BP42617, Castanet Tolosan, 31326, France
| | - Edith Francoz
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, CNRS, UPS, Université de Toulouse, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, Auzeville, BP42617, Castanet Tolosan, 31326, France
| | - Vincent Burlat
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, CNRS, UPS, Université de Toulouse, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, Auzeville, BP42617, Castanet Tolosan, 31326, France
| | - Yumei Zheng
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546-0091, USA
| | - Sharyn E Perry
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546-0091, USA
| | - Juan-Jose Ripoll
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Martin Yanofsky
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Christophe Dunand
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, CNRS, UPS, Université de Toulouse, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, Auzeville, BP42617, Castanet Tolosan, 31326, France
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Behr M, Legay S, Žižková E, Motyka V, Dobrev PI, Hausman JF, Lutts S, Guerriero G. Studying Secondary Growth and Bast Fiber Development: The Hemp Hypocotyl Peeks behind the Wall. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1733. [PMID: 27917184 PMCID: PMC5114303 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa L. is an annual herbaceous crop grown for the production of long extraxylary fibers, the bast fibers, rich in cellulose and used both in the textile and biocomposite sectors. Despite being herbaceous, hemp undergoes secondary growth and this is well exemplified by the hypocotyl. The hypocotyl was already shown to be a suitable model to study secondary growth in other herbaceous species, namely Arabidopsis thaliana and it shows an important practical advantage, i.e., elongation and radial thickening are temporally separated. This study focuses on the mechanisms marking the transition from primary to secondary growth in the hemp hypocotyl by analysing the suite of events accompanying vascular tissue and bast fiber development. Transcriptomics, imaging and quantification of phytohormones were carried out on four representative developmental stages (i.e., 6-9-15-20 days after sowing) to provide a comprehensive overview of the events associated with primary and secondary growth in hemp. This multidisciplinary approach provides cell wall-related snapshots of the growing hemp hypocotyl and identifies marker genes associated with the young (expansins, β-galactosidases, and transcription factors involved in light-related processes) and the older hypocotyl (secondary cell wall biosynthetic genes and transcription factors).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Behr
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and TechnologyEsch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie Végétale, Earth and Life Institute-Agronomy, Université catholique de LouvainLouvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Sylvain Legay
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and TechnologyEsch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Eva Žižková
- Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of SciencesPrague, Czechia
| | - Václav Motyka
- Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of SciencesPrague, Czechia
| | - Petre I. Dobrev
- Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of SciencesPrague, Czechia
| | - Jean-Francois Hausman
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and TechnologyEsch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Stanley Lutts
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie Végétale, Earth and Life Institute-Agronomy, Université catholique de LouvainLouvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Gea Guerriero
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and TechnologyEsch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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Brulé V, Rafsanjani A, Pasini D, Western TL. Hierarchies of plant stiffness. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 250:79-96. [PMID: 27457986 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants must meet mechanical as well as physiological and reproductive requirements for survival. Management of internal and external stresses is achieved through their unique hierarchical architecture. Stiffness is determined by a combination of morphological (geometrical) and compositional variables that vary across multiple length scales ranging from the whole plant to organ, tissue, cell and cell wall levels. These parameters include, among others, organ diameter, tissue organization, cell size, density and turgor pressure, and the thickness and composition of cell walls. These structural parameters and their consequences on plant stiffness are reviewed in the context of work on stems of the genetic reference plant Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis), and the suitability of Arabidopsis as a model system for consistent investigation of factors controlling plant stiffness is put forward. Moving beyond Arabidopsis, the presence of morphological parameters causing stiffness gradients across length-scales leads to beneficial emergent properties such as increased load-bearing capacity and reversible actuation. Tailoring of plant stiffness for old and new purposes in agriculture and forestry can be achieved through bioengineering based on the knowledge of the morphological and compositional parameters of plant stiffness in combination with gene identification through the use of genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronique Brulé
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Docteur Penfield Ave., Montreal, QC, H3A 1B1, Canada.
| | - Ahmad Rafsanjani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A OC3, Canada.
| | - Damiano Pasini
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A OC3, Canada.
| | - Tamara L Western
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Docteur Penfield Ave., Montreal, QC, H3A 1B1, Canada.
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Insights into the mechanism of enzymatic hydrolysis of xylan. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:5205-14. [PMID: 27112349 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7555-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hemicelluloses are a vast group of complex, non-cellulosic heteropolysaccharides that are classified according to the principal monosaccharides present in its structure. Xylan is the most abundant hemicellulose found in lignocellulosic biomass. In the current trend of a more effective utilization of lignocellulosic biomass and developments of environmentally friendly industrial processes, increasing research activities have been directed to a practical application of the xylan component of plants and plant residues as biopolymer resources. A variety of enzymes, including main- and side-chain acting enzymes, are responsible for xylan breakdown. Xylanase is a main-chain enzyme that randomly cleaves the β-1,4 linkages between the xylopyranosyl residues in xylan backbone. This enzyme presents varying folds, mechanisms of action, substrate specificities, hydrolytic activities, and physicochemical characteristics. This review pays particular attention to different aspects of the mechanisms of action of xylan-degrading enzymes and their contribution to improve the production of bioproducts from plant biomass. Furthermore, the influence of phenolic compounds on xylanase activity is also discussed.
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50
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Kumar M, Campbell L, Turner S. Secondary cell walls: biosynthesis and manipulation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:515-31. [PMID: 26663392 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Secondary cell walls (SCWs) are produced by specialized plant cell types, and are particularly important in those cells providing mechanical support or involved in water transport. As the main constituent of plant biomass, secondary cell walls are central to attempts to generate second-generation biofuels. Partly as a consequence of this renewed economic importance, excellent progress has been made in understanding how cell wall components are synthesized. SCWs are largely composed of three main polymers: cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. In this review, we will attempt to highlight the most recent progress in understanding the biosynthetic pathways for secondary cell wall components, how these pathways are regulated, and how this knowledge may be exploited to improve cell wall properties that facilitate breakdown without compromising plant growth and productivity. While knowledge of individual components in the pathway has improved dramatically, how they function together to make the final polymers and how these individual polymers are incorporated into the wall remain less well understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar
- University of Manchester, The Micheal Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Liam Campbell
- University of Manchester, The Micheal Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Simon Turner
- University of Manchester, The Micheal Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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