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Ramms DJ, Raimondi F, Arang N, Herberg FW, Taylor SS, Gutkind JS. G αs-Protein Kinase A (PKA) Pathway Signalopathies: The Emerging Genetic Landscape and Therapeutic Potential of Human Diseases Driven by Aberrant G αs-PKA Signaling. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:155-197. [PMID: 34663687 PMCID: PMC11060502 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many of the fundamental concepts of signal transduction and kinase activity are attributed to the discovery and crystallization of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, or protein kinase A. PKA is one of the best-studied kinases in human biology, with emphasis in biochemistry and biophysics, all the way to metabolism, hormone action, and gene expression regulation. It is surprising, however, that our understanding of PKA's role in disease is largely underappreciated. Although genetic mutations in the PKA holoenzyme are known to cause diseases such as Carney complex, Cushing syndrome, and acrodysostosis, the story largely stops there. With the recent explosion of genomic medicine, we can finally appreciate the broader role of the Gαs-PKA pathway in disease, with contributions from aberrant functioning G proteins and G protein-coupled receptors, as well as multiple alterations in other pathway components and negative regulators. Together, these represent a broad family of diseases we term the Gαs-PKA pathway signalopathies. The Gαs-PKA pathway signalopathies encompass diseases caused by germline, postzygotic, and somatic mutations in the Gαs-PKA pathway, with largely endocrine and neoplastic phenotypes. Here, we present a signaling-centric review of Gαs-PKA-driven pathophysiology and integrate computational and structural analysis to identify mutational themes commonly exploited by the Gαs-PKA pathway signalopathies. Major mutational themes include hotspot activating mutations in Gαs, encoded by GNAS, and mutations that destabilize the PKA holoenzyme. With this review, we hope to incite further study and ultimately the development of new therapeutic strategies in the treatment of a wide range of human diseases. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Little recognition is given to the causative role of Gαs-PKA pathway dysregulation in disease, with effects ranging from infectious disease, endocrine syndromes, and many cancers, yet these disparate diseases can all be understood by common genetic themes and biochemical signaling connections. By highlighting these common pathogenic mechanisms and bridging multiple disciplines, important progress can be made toward therapeutic advances in treating Gαs-PKA pathway-driven disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana J Ramms
- Department of Pharmacology (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (S.S.T.), and Moores Cancer Center (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy (F.R.); and Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany (F.W.H.)
| | - Francesco Raimondi
- Department of Pharmacology (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (S.S.T.), and Moores Cancer Center (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy (F.R.); and Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany (F.W.H.)
| | - Nadia Arang
- Department of Pharmacology (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (S.S.T.), and Moores Cancer Center (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy (F.R.); and Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany (F.W.H.)
| | - Friedrich W Herberg
- Department of Pharmacology (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (S.S.T.), and Moores Cancer Center (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy (F.R.); and Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany (F.W.H.)
| | - Susan S Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (S.S.T.), and Moores Cancer Center (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy (F.R.); and Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany (F.W.H.)
| | - J Silvio Gutkind
- Department of Pharmacology (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (S.S.T.), and Moores Cancer Center (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy (F.R.); and Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany (F.W.H.)
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2
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Liu G, Papa A, Katchman AN, Zakharov SI, Roybal D, Hennessey JA, Kushner J, Yang L, Chen BX, Kushnir A, Dangas K, Gygi SP, Pitt GS, Colecraft HM, Ben-Johny M, Kalocsay M, Marx SO. Mechanism of adrenergic Ca V1.2 stimulation revealed by proximity proteomics. Nature 2020; 577:695-700. [PMID: 31969708 PMCID: PMC7018383 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-1947-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Increased cardiac contractility during the fight-or-flight response is caused by β-adrenergic augmentation of CaV1.2 voltage-gated calcium channels1-4. However, this augmentation persists in transgenic murine hearts expressing mutant CaV1.2 α1C and β subunits that can no longer be phosphorylated by protein kinase A-an essential downstream mediator of β-adrenergic signalling-suggesting that non-channel factors are also required. Here we identify the mechanism by which β-adrenergic agonists stimulate voltage-gated calcium channels. We express α1C or β2B subunits conjugated to ascorbate peroxidase5 in mouse hearts, and use multiplexed quantitative proteomics6,7 to track hundreds of proteins in the proximity of CaV1.2. We observe that the calcium-channel inhibitor Rad8,9, a monomeric G protein, is enriched in the CaV1.2 microenvironment but is depleted during β-adrenergic stimulation. Phosphorylation by protein kinase A of specific serine residues on Rad decreases its affinity for β subunits and relieves constitutive inhibition of CaV1.2, observed as an increase in channel open probability. Expression of Rad or its homologue Rem in HEK293T cells also imparts stimulation of CaV1.3 and CaV2.2 by protein kinase A, revealing an evolutionarily conserved mechanism that confers adrenergic modulation upon voltage-gated calcium channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxia Liu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Arianne Papa
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexander N Katchman
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sergey I Zakharov
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Roybal
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jessica A Hennessey
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jared Kushner
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lin Yang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bi-Xing Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexander Kushnir
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Katerina Dangas
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Geoffrey S Pitt
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Henry M Colecraft
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Manu Ben-Johny
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marian Kalocsay
- Department of Systems Biology, Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Steven O Marx
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
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3
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Proteolytic cleavage and PKA phosphorylation of α 1C subunit are not required for adrenergic regulation of Ca V1.2 in the heart. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:9194-9199. [PMID: 28784807 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1706054114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium influx through the voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel (CaV1.2) rapidly increases in the heart during "fight or flight" through activation of the β-adrenergic and protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway. The precise molecular mechanisms of β-adrenergic activation of cardiac CaV1.2, however, are incompletely known, but are presumed to require phosphorylation of residues in α1C and C-terminal proteolytic cleavage of the α1C subunit. We generated transgenic mice expressing an α1C with alanine substitutions of all conserved serine or threonine, which is predicted to be a potential PKA phosphorylation site by at least one prediction tool, while sparing the residues previously shown to be phosphorylated but shown individually not to be required for β-adrenergic regulation of CaV1.2 current (17-mutant). A second line included these 17 putative sites plus the five previously identified phosphoregulatory sites (22-mutant), thus allowing us to query whether regulation requires their contribution in combination. We determined that acute β-adrenergic regulation does not require any combination of potential PKA phosphorylation sites conserved in human, guinea pig, rabbit, rat, and mouse α1C subunits. We separately generated transgenic mice with inducible expression of proteolytic-resistant α1C Prevention of C-terminal cleavage did not alter β-adrenergic stimulation of CaV1.2 in the heart. These studies definitively rule out a role for all conserved consensus PKA phosphorylation sites in α1C in β-adrenergic stimulation of CaV1.2, and show that phosphoregulatory sites on α1C are not redundant and do not each fractionally contribute to the net stimulatory effect of β-adrenergic stimulation. Further, proteolytic cleavage of α1C is not required for β-adrenergic stimulation of CaV1.2.
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4
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Enzymatic phosphorylation of hair keratin enhances fast adsorption of cationic moieties. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 85:476-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.12.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Volkov V, Vasconcelos A, Sárria MP, Gomes AC, Cavaco-Paulo A. Phosphorylation of silk fibroins improves the cytocompatibility of silk fibroin derived materials: A platform for the production of tuneable material. Biotechnol J 2014; 9:1267-78. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Dudkiewicz M, Szczepińska T, Grynberg M, Pawłowski K. A novel protein kinase-like domain in a selenoprotein, widespread in the tree of life. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32138. [PMID: 22359664 PMCID: PMC3281104 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Selenoproteins serve important functions in many organisms, usually providing essential oxidoreductase enzymatic activity, often for defense against toxic xenobiotic substances. Most eukaryotic genomes possess a small number of these proteins, usually not more than 20. Selenoproteins belong to various structural classes, often related to oxidoreductase function, yet a few of them are completely uncharacterised. Here, the structural and functional prediction for the uncharacterised selenoprotein O (SELO) is presented. Using bioinformatics tools, we predict that SELO protein adopts a three-dimensional fold similar to protein kinases. Furthermore, we argue that despite the lack of conservation of the “classic” catalytic aspartate residue of the archetypical His-Arg-Asp motif, SELO kinases might have retained catalytic phosphotransferase activity, albeit with an atypical active site. Lastly, the role of the selenocysteine residue is considered and the possibility of an oxidoreductase-regulated kinase function for SELO is discussed. The novel kinase prediction is discussed in the context of functional data on SELO orthologues in model organisms, FMP40 a.k.a.YPL222W (yeast), and ydiU (bacteria). Expression data from bacteria and yeast suggest a role in oxidative stress response. Analysis of genomic neighbourhoods of SELO homologues in the three domains of life points toward a role in regulation of ABC transport, in oxidative stress response, or in basic metabolism regulation. Among bacteria possessing SELO homologues, there is a significant over-representation of aquatic organisms, also of aerobic ones. The selenocysteine residue in SELO proteins occurs only in few members of this protein family, including proteins from Metazoa, and few small eukaryotes (Ostreococcus, stramenopiles). It is also demonstrated that enterobacterial mchC proteins involved in maturation of bactericidal antibiotics, microcins, form a distant subfamily of the SELO proteins. The new protein structural domain, with a putative kinase function assigned, expands the known kinome and deserves experimental determination of its biological role within the cell-signaling network.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Teresa Szczepińska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Grynberg
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Pawłowski
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- * E-mail:
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7
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Sang Cho-Chung Y. Overview: Oncologic, Endocrine & Metabolic Antisense oligonucleotides for the treatment of cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.3.12.1737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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8
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Neuberger G, Schneider G, Eisenhaber F. pkaPS: prediction of protein kinase A phosphorylation sites with the simplified kinase-substrate binding model. Biol Direct 2007; 2:1. [PMID: 17222345 PMCID: PMC1783638 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6150-2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2007] [Accepted: 01/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Protein kinase A (cAMP-dependent kinase, PKA) is a serine/threonine kinase, for which ca. 150 substrate proteins are known. Based on a refinement of the recognition motif using the available experimental data, we wished to apply the simplified substrate protein binding model for accurate prediction of PKA phosphorylation sites, an approach that was previously successful for the prediction of lipid posttranslational modifications and of the PTS1 peroxisomal translocation signal. Results Approximately 20 sequence positions flanking the phosphorylated residue on both sides have been found to be restricted in their sequence variability (region -18...+23 with the site at position 0). The conserved physical pattern can be rationalized in terms of a qualitative binding model with the catalytic cleft of the protein kinase A. Positions -6...+4 surrounding the phosphorylation site are influenced by direct interaction with the kinase in a varying degree. This sequence stretch is embedded in an intrinsically disordered region composed preferentially of hydrophilic residues with flexible backbone and small side chain. This knowledge has been incorporated into a simplified analytical model of productive binding of substrate proteins with PKA. Conclusion The scoring function of the pkaPS predictor can confidently discriminate PKA phosphorylation sites from serines/threonines with non-permissive sequence environments (sensitivity of ~96% at a specificity of ~94%). The tool "pkaPS" has been applied on the whole human proteome. Among new predicted PKA targets, there are entirely uncharacterized protein groups as well as apparently well-known families such as those of the ribosomal proteins L21e, L22 and L6. Availability The supplementary data as well as the prediction tool as WWW server are available at . Reviewers Erik van Nimwegen (Biozentrum, University of Basel, Switzerland), Sandor Pongor (International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy), Igor Zhulin (University of Tennessee, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Neuberger
- IMP – Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Schneider
- IMP – Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Frank Eisenhaber
- IMP – Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
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9
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Mildvan AS, Fry DC. NMR studies of the mechanism of enzyme action. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 59:241-313. [PMID: 3544711 DOI: 10.1002/9780470123058.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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10
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Kvissel AK, Ørstavik S, Øistad P, Rootwelt T, Jahnsen T, Skålhegg BS. Induction of Cβ splice variants and formation of novel forms of protein kinase A type II holoenzymes during retinoic acid-induced differentiation of human NT2 cells. Cell Signal 2004; 16:577-87. [PMID: 14751543 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2003.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) and cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) are critical regulators of neuronal differentiation. The expression, levels and activities of PKA subunits were studied prior to and during differentiation of the human neuronal precursor cell line NTera 2 (NT2). Undifferentiated NT2 cells expressed mainly cytoplasmic PKA type I, consisting of the regulatory subunit RIalpha and the catalytic subunit Calpha. Low levels of PKA type II consisting of RIIalpha or RIIbeta associated with Calpha were also detected, mainly in the cytoplasm and in the Golgi-centrosomal area. During retinoic acid-induced differentiation, the RIalpha and RIIalpha expressions remained in the cytoplasm, while we observed a strong upregulation of RIIbeta, located to the whole cytoplasm including neurite extensions. This upregulation coincided with increased PKA-specific activity accompanied by a strong induction of a number of neuronal-specific Cbeta splice variants that together with RIIbeta form novel PKAII holoenzymes. Formation of novel PKAII holoenzymes may imply specific PKA features which may have consequences for the process of neuronal differentiation and nerve cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Katrine Kvissel
- Institute for Nutrition Research, University of Oslo, PO Box 1046 Blindern, Oslo 0317, Norway
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11
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Mani S, Goel S, Nesterova M, Martin RM, Grindel JM, Rothenberg ML, Zhang R, Tortora G, Cho-Chung YS. Clinical studies in patients with solid tumors using a second-generation antisense oligonucleotide (GEM 231) targeted against protein kinase A type I. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004; 1002:252-62. [PMID: 14751840 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1281.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
GEM 231 is a second-generation antisense oligonucleotide targeted against the RIalpha regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase type I (PKA-I). Excessive expression of PKA-I is associated with cell proliferation and transformation, and increased levels of secreted extracellular PKA (ECPKA) are found in the serum of cancer patients. Preclinical studies have demonstrated single-agent antitumor activity of GEM 231 in a variety of human cancer xenograft models, and additive or synergistic antitumor activity has been observed with taxane and/or camptothecin-based combinations. Based on prior safety (MTD) data demonstrating dose-dependent, reversible, and cumulative transaminitis, and high peak plasma concentration (Cmax)-dependent changes in activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) with GEM 231 2-h twice-weekly infusions, an alternative schedule of GEM 231 given as a single agent was evaluated in patients with advanced solid tumors. Fourteen patients (median age approximately 60 yrs) with advanced solid malignancies received a total of 78 weeks of therapy. GEM 231 was infused via a CADD pump at 80 mg/m2/day (d) for 3 d/wk (n = 1), then for 5 d/wk at 80 (n = 3), 120 (n = 8), and 180 mg/m2/d (n = 2). One cycle was defined as 4 weeks of therapy. Apparent dose dependency for the occurrence of transaminitis was readily reversible. At 180 mg/m2/d, 2 of 2 patients had cycle 1 dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) transaminitis. One patient treated at 120 mg/m2/d experienced grade 3 transaminase elevations after 8 weeks of therapy, but when serum transaminase values rapidly improved he resumed treatment at 80 mg/m2/d for 6 weeks until tumor progression was documented. Another patient at 120 mg/m2/d developed grade 3 esophagitis after 3 weeks, limiting further dosing. One patient (lung cancer) demonstrated stable disease for 9 weeks. Overall, plasma aPTT was minimally prolonged and changes were transient, peaked at the end of each infusion, and were not associated with spontaneous bleeding. A constitutive symptom (e.g., low-grade fatigue) was common, cumulative, and reversible following discontinuation of therapy. Serum ECPKA was measured by enzymatic assay and Western blotting from blood drawn at the beginning and end of each infusion. Serum ECPKA levels demonstrated a trend to decline with the treatment. In addition to single agent schedules, combination trials were undertaken to assess safety and possible interaction of GEM 231 with taxanes (paclitaxel, docetaxel), given once every 3 weeks (one cycle). While trials using the 2-h twice-weekly GEM 231 infusions are ongoing, preliminary results from both studies show that it is safe to combine paclitaxel or docetaxel with GEM 231. Overall, it is also feasible to administer GEM 231 in combination with taxane or nontaxane chemotherapy (e.g., camptothecins). Phase I combination studies are currently underway to further explore the clinical, pharmacokinetic, and biologic profile of GEM 231 with chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mani
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Oncology, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
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12
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Michel H, Bennett J. Use of synthetic peptides to study the substrate specificity of a thylakoid protein kinase. FEBS Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(89)81031-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Shabb
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202-9037, USA.
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14
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Narayana N, Diller TC, Koide K, Bunnage ME, Nicolaou KC, Brunton LL, Xuong NH, Ten Eyck LF, Taylor SS. Crystal structure of the potent natural product inhibitor balanol in complex with the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Biochemistry 1999; 38:2367-76. [PMID: 10029530 DOI: 10.1021/bi9820659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous protein kinase inhibitors are essential for a wide range of physiological functions. These endogenous inhibitors may mimic peptide substrates as in the case of the heat-stable protein kinase inhibitor (PKI), or they may mimic nucleotide triphosphates. Natural product inhibitors, endogenous to the unique organisms producing them, can be potent exogenous inhibitors against foreign protein kinases. Balanol is a natural product inhibitor exhibiting low nanomolar Ki values against serine and threonine specific kinases, while being ineffective against protein tyrosine kinases. To elucidate balanol's specific inhibitory effects and provide a basis for understanding inhibition-regulated biological processes, a 2.1 A resolution crystal structure of balanol in complex with cAMP-dependent protein kinase (cAPK) was determined. The structure reveals conserved binding regions and displays extensive complementary interactions between balanol and conserved cAPK residues. This report describes the structure of a protein kinase crystallized with a natural ATP mimetic in the absence of metal ions and peptide inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Narayana
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
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15
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Cho-Chung YS, Pepe S, Clair T, Budillon A, Nesterova M. cAMP-dependent protein kinase: role in normal and malignant growth. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 1995; 21:33-61. [PMID: 8822496 DOI: 10.1016/1040-8428(94)00166-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Y S Cho-Chung
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, DCBDC, NCI, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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16
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Matthews HR. Protein kinases and phosphatases that act on histidine, lysine, or arginine residues in eukaryotic proteins: a possible regulator of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade. Pharmacol Ther 1995; 67:323-50. [PMID: 8577821 DOI: 10.1016/0163-7258(95)00020-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Phosphohistidine goes undetected in conventional studies of protein phosphorylation, although it may account for 6% of total protein phosphorylation in eukaryotes. Procedures for studying protein N- kinases are described. Genes whose products are putative protein histidine kinases occur in a yeast and a plant. In rat liver plasma membranes, activation of the small G-protein, Ras, causes protein histidine phosphorylation. Cellular phosphatases dephosphorylate phosphohistidine. One eukaryotic protein histidine kinase has been purified, and specific proteins phosphorylated on histidine have been observed. There is a protein arginine kinase in mouse and protein lysine kinases in rat. Protein phosphohistidine may regulate the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Matthews
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California at Davis 95616, USA
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17
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Benner SA. Predicting the conformation of proteins from sequences. Progress and future progress. J Mol Recognit 1995; 8:9-28. [PMID: 7598957 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.300080104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in structure prediction has allowed bona fide predictions, those made and published before an experimental structure is determined, to be remarkably accurate. The most successful methods rely on an analysis of patterns of conservation and variation within homologous protein sequences, extract tertiary structural information before secondary structure is predicted, and avoid 'three state per residue scores' as a tool for evaluating a prediction, focusing instead on efforts to understand why a prediction is successful when it is successful, and why it fails when it fails.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Benner
- Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, Zurich, Switzerland
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18
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Ward WH, Cook PN, Slater AM, Davies DH, Holdgate GA, Green LR. Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase. Investigation of catalytic mechanism, structure-based searching and discovery of a potent inhibitor. Biochem Pharmacol 1994; 48:659-66. [PMID: 8080438 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(94)90042-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of tyrosine kinases is a possible approach for the treatment of cancer. We have investigated the catalytic mechanism of the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase (EGF-RTK) in order to obtain information for use in structure-based searching for inhibitors. Initial rate studies imply that EGF-RTK forms a ternary complex together with ATP and peptide substrate. Investigation of pH and temperature dependence suggests that the kinase reaction requires the ionised form of a carboxylate (pK = 6.3) and the protonated form of another group (pK = 9.1). These characteristics are consistent with a mechanism where the carboxylate of Asp813(pK = 6.3) facilitates deprotonation of the tyrosyl hydroxyl of the peptide substrate, activating it as a nucleophile to attack the gamma-phosphorus of ATP which interacts with a protonated enzyme side-chain (pK = 9.1), possibly the guanidinium group of Arg817. This proposed catalytic mechanism was used to define a query when searching for inhibitors in a database of predicted three-dimensional structures. The procedure involved searching for compounds that mimic the ATP gamma-phosphate, tyrosyl hydroxyl and the tyrosyl aromatic ring, all of which seem to interact strongly with the enzyme during catalysis. This search allowed identification of inhibitors of EGF-RTK which were used to define queries for two-dimensional searching of a larger database, leading to the discovery of 4-(3-chloroanilino)quinazoline (CAQ) which is a potent inhibitor (Ki = 16 nM) of the enzyme. The compound is believed to be the first representative from a new structural class of anilinoquinazoline tyrosine kinase inhibitors. It follows competitive kinetics with respect to ATP and noncompetitive kinetics when the peptide is varied, implying that it functions as an analogue of ATP. CAQ is a novel and potent lead in the search for tyrosine kinase inhibitors as potential agents for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Ward
- ZENECA Pharmaceuticals, Macclesfield, Cheshire, U.K
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19
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Synthesis and separation of a diastereomeric pair of phosphonopeptide inhibitors of the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit. Tetrahedron 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)85056-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Ho M, Uhrin A, Huang M. An ether-based peptide analog as c-AMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor/substrate. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)80153-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Van Eynde A, Beullens M, Stalmans W, Bollen M. Full activation of a nuclear species of protein phosphatase-1 by phosphorylation with protein kinase A and casein kinase-2. Biochem J 1994; 297 ( Pt 3):447-9. [PMID: 8110179 PMCID: PMC1137853 DOI: 10.1042/bj2970447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Bovine thymus nuclei contain a species of protein phosphatase-1 (PP-1N alpha) that can be partially activated by phosphorylation of an associated inhibitory polypeptide, NIPP-1, with protein kinase A [Beullens, Van Eynde, Bollen and Stalmans (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 13172-13177]. Here it is shown that PP-1N alpha can also be activated 4-fold by phosphorylation of NIPP-1 with casein kinase-2. The effects of protein kinase A and casein kinase-2 were additive, yielding an enzyme with an activity close to that of the free catalytic subunit. Casein kinase-2 introduced up to 1.2 phosphate groups into purified NIPP-1 on serine and threonine residues. This phosphorylation was associated with a 14-fold increase in the concentration of NIPP-1 required for 50% inhibition of the type-1 catalytic subunit. The kinase-mediated inactivation of NIPP-1 could be reversed by incubation with the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase-2A.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Van Eynde
- Afdeling Biochemie, Fakulteit Geneeskunde, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
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22
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Platelet-derived growth factor stimulates the release of protein kinase A from the cell membrane. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)37616-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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23
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San Agustin JT, Witman GB. Role of cAMP in the reactivation of demembranated ram spermatozoa. CELL MOTILITY AND THE CYTOSKELETON 1994; 27:206-18. [PMID: 8020107 DOI: 10.1002/cm.970270303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Ejaculated ram sperm were demembranated with Triton X-100, separated from the detergent-soluble matrix, and reactivated [San Agustin and Witman (1993): Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 24:264-273]. The percent motility of models prepared from freshly washed sperm was comparable to that of the washed sample before demembranation, regardless of whether cAMP was included in the reactivation medium. However, demembranated models derived from aging or metabolically inhibited sperm exhibited a lower percent reactivation and required cAMP to attain the level of motility of freshly washed sperm. Cyclic AMP was approximately 100 times more effective than cGMP. The requirement for cAMP could be bypassed by addition of porcine heart cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) catalytic subunit to the reactivation medium, demonstrating that cAMP was acting via PKA. The cAMP stimulation of reactivation was not affected by inclusion of the PKA inhibitor PKI(5-24) in the reactivation medium, but was decreased when the models were preincubated with PKI(5-24) prior to reactivation. The cytosol-free models retained > 90% of the sperm PKA activity; therefore, the PKA appears to be anchored to internal sperm structures. This PKA could not be extracted by cAMP or Triton X-100 alone, but only by cAMP and Triton X-100 in combination. We conclude that cAMP-dependent protein phosphorylation is critical for sperm motility, but that the essential protein phosphate sites turn over slowly under our reactivation conditions, so that the cAMP requirement is apparent only in models prepared from sperm having a low internal ATP or cAMP content. Interestingly, reactivation was rapidly blocked by the peptide arg-lys-arg-ala-arg-lys-glu, which has been reported to be a selective inhibitor of cGMP-dependent protein kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T San Agustin
- Male Fertility Program, Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology, Shrewsbury, MA 01545
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24
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Benner SA, Jenny TF, Cohen MA, Gonnet GH. Predicting the conformation of proteins from sequences. Progress and future progress. ADVANCES IN ENZYME REGULATION 1994; 34:269-353. [PMID: 7942279 DOI: 10.1016/0065-2571(94)90021-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A new paradigm for predicting the secondary and tertiary structure of functional proteins from sequence data has emerged from detailed models of how natural selection, conservation, and neutral drift, the three fundamental factors in molecular evolution, leave their mark upon protein sequences. Structural information is extracted from a set of aligned homologous sequences via an analysis of patterns of conservation and variation between proteins with quantitatively defined evolutionary relationships. Tertiary structural information is obtained prior to the assignment of secondary structure, where it plays an important role. Throughout, structural predictions are made with the active involvement of a biochemist whose expertise and insight is critical both for making the prediction and in analyzing its successful and unsuccessful parts. Secondary structure predictions are evaluated based on their ability to sustain an effort to model tertiary structure. Several predictions made using the new paradigm can now be compared with those made under the classical paradigm, including a neural network. The results obtained from the new paradigm are clearly superior to those obtained with the classical paradigm, at least within the protein families that were examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Benner
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, E.T.H., Zürich, Switzerland
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25
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Cho-Chung YS, Clair T. The regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase as a target for chemotherapy of cancer and other cellular dysfunctional-related diseases. Pharmacol Ther 1993; 60:265-88. [PMID: 8022860 DOI: 10.1016/0163-7258(93)90010-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Three separate experimental approaches, using site-selective cAMP analogs, antisense strategy and retroviral vector-mediated gene transfer, have provided evidence that two isoforms, the RI- and RII-regulatory subunits of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, have opposite roles in cell growth and differentiation; RI being growth stimulatory while RII is a growth-inhibitory and differentiation-inducing protein. As RI expression is enhanced during chemical or viral carcinogenesis, in human cancer cell lines and in primary human tumors, it is a target for cancer diagnosis and therapy. 8-Cl-cAMP and RI antisense oligodeoxynucleotide, those that effectively down-regulate RI alpha and up-regulate RII beta, provide new approaches toward the treatment of cancer. This approach to modulation of RI vs RII cAMP transducers may also be beneficial toward therapy of endocrine or cellular dysfunction-related diseases where abnormal signal transduction of cAMP is critically involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Cho-Chung
- Cellular Biochemistry Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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26
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Walters JD. Transmembrane signaling in periodontal mesenchymal cells: the linkage between stimulus and response. Periodontol 2000 1993; 3:76-98. [PMID: 9673159 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.1993.tb00233.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J D Walters
- Department of Periodontology, Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
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27
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Taylor SS, Zheng J, Radzio-Andzelm E, Knighton DR, Ten Eyck LF, Sowadski JM, Herberg FW, Yonemoto WM. cAMP-dependent protein kinase defines a family of enzymes. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1993; 340:315-24. [PMID: 8103934 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.1993.0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The structure of the recombinant mouse catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase is reviewed with particular emphasis on the overall features and specific amino acids that are shared by all members of the eukaryotic protein kinase family. The crystal structure of a ternary complex containing both MgATP and a twenty-residue inhibitor peptide defines the precise role of the conserved residues that are clustered at the active site. In addition to catalysing the post-translational modification of other proteins, the catalytic subunit is itself subject to covalent modifications. It is a phosphoprotein and is also myristylated at its amino terminus. The enzyme when crystallized in the presence of detergent shows a detergent molecule bound to an acyl pocket that is presumably occupied by the myristyl moiety in the mammalian enzyme. When expressed in E. coli, the catalytic subunit is autophosphorylated at four sites. Two stable phosphates at Ser338 and Thr197 interact with multiple protein side chains thus explaining why they are inaccessible to phosphatases. Although all substrates and inhibitors of the catalytic subunit share a general minimum consensus sequence, the high affinity binding of protein inhibitors such as the regulatory subunits and the heat stable protein kinase inhibitors require additional determinants that lie beyond the consensus site. These two physiological inhibitors of the catalytic subunit appear to use different sites to achieve high-affinity binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, La Jolla 92093-0654
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28
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Salerno A, Lawrence D. Covalent modification with concomitant inactivation of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase by affinity labels containing only L-amino acids. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)38616-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- K Riehemann
- Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Münster, Germany
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30
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Yonemoto W, McGlone M, Taylor S. N-myristylation of the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase conveys structural stability. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53782-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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31
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Toner-Webb J, van Patten S, Walsh D, Taylor S. Autophosphorylation of the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)74021-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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32
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Friedmann M, Nissen MS, Hoover DS, Reeves R, Magnuson NS. Characterization of the proto-oncogene pim-1: kinase activity and substrate recognition sequence. Arch Biochem Biophys 1992; 298:594-601. [PMID: 1416988 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(92)90454-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The human pim-1 proto-oncogene was expressed in Escherichia coli as a glutathione-S-transferase (GST)-fusion protein and the enzymatic properties of its kinase activity were characterized. Likewise, a Pim-1 mutant lacking intrinsic kinase activity was constructed by site-directed mutagenesis (Lys67 to Met) and expressed in E. coli. In vitro assays with the mutant Pim-1 kinase showed no contaminating kinase activity. The wild-type Pim-1 kinase-GST fusion protein showed a pH optimum of 7 to 7.5 and optimal activity was observed at either 10 mM MgCl2 or 5 mM MnCl2. Higher cation concentrations were inhibitory, as was the addition of NaCl to the assays. Previous work by this laboratory assaying several proteins and peptides showed histone H1 and the peptide Kemptide to be efficiently phosphorylated by recombinant Pim-1 kinase. Here we examine the substrate sequence specificity of Pim-1 kinase in detail. Comparison of different synthetic peptide substrates showed Pim-1 to have a strong substrate preference for the peptide Lys-Arg-Arg-Ala-Ser*-Gly-Pro with an almost sixfold higher specificity constant kcat/Km over that of the substrate Kemptide (Leu-Arg-Arg-Ala-Ser*-Leu-Gly). The presence of basic amino acid residues on the amino terminal side of the target Ser/Thr was shown to be essential for peptide substrate recognition. Furthermore, phosphopeptide analysis of calf thymus histone H1 phosphorylated in vitro by Pim-1 kinase resulted in fragments containing sequences similar to that of the preferred synthetic substrate peptide shown above. Therefore, under optimized in vitro conditions, the substrate recognition sequence for Pim-1 kinase is (Arg/Lys)3-X-Ser/Thr*-X', where X' is likely neither a basic nor a large hydrophobic residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Friedmann
- Department of Biochemistry, Washington State University, Pullman 99164
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33
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Skålhegg B, Landmark B, Døskeland S, Hansson V, Lea T, Jahnsen T. Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase type I mediates the inhibitory effects of 3‘,5‘-cyclic adenosine monophosphate on cell replication in human T lymphocytes. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)49593-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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34
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Kocabiyik S, Perlin MH. Site-specific mutations of conserved C-terminal residues in aminoglycoside 3'-phosphotransferase II: phenotypic and structural analysis of mutant enzymes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 185:925-31. [PMID: 1320880 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(92)91715-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In order to test the biological importance of amino acids in the C-terminal quarter of aminoglycoside 3'-phosphotransferase II enzyme, seven of the highly conserved residues in this region, His-188, Asp-190, Asp-208, Gly-210, Arg-211, Asp-216 and Asp-220, were changed via site-directed mutagenesis. The phenotype of each mutant was compared to wildtype in terms of antibiotic susceptibilities and enzymatic activities. All of the substitutions either abolished or significantly reduced the resistance of the resulting strains to kanamycin, neomycin, butirosin, ribostamycin, paromomycin, gentamicin A, and G-418. Similarly, enzyme activities in crude extracts were substantially reduced for the mutant strains. Affinity of the enzyme for Mg+2-ATP decreased with His-188, Asp-190, Asp-216 and Asp-220 substitutions as revealed by Km measurements. Secondary structure analysis predicted that substitutions at the conserved residues caused severe conformational distortions at the corresponding regions of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kocabiyik
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, KY 40292
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35
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Muszyńska G, Dobrowolska G, Medin A, Ekman P, Porath JO. Model studies on iron(III) ion affinity chromatography. II. Interaction of immobilized iron(III) ions with phosphorylated amino acids, peptides and proteins. J Chromatogr A 1992; 604:19-28. [PMID: 1639926 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(92)85524-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The chromatographic behaviour of phosphoamino acids, phosphopeptides and phosphoproteins and their non-phosphorylated counterparts was studied on Fe(III)-Chelating Sepharose and Fe(III)-Chelating Superose. The phosphorylated compounds, in contrast to their non-phosphorylated or dephosphorylated counterparts, adsorb to immobilized iron(III) ions at pH 5.5 and can be desorbed by an increase in pH. Phosphoamino acids were eluted at pH 6.5-6.7, whereas monophosphopeptides and phosphoprotamine eluted in the pH range 6.9-7.5. Molecules possessing clusters(s) of carboxylic groups are weakly retained (gamma-carboxyglutamic acid, Ala-Ser-Glu5) or bound (polyglutamic acid, beta-casein) to the immobilized iron(III) ions at pH 5.5. Dephosphorylated beta-casein was desorbed at pH 7.0, whereas for elution of native (non-dephosphorylated) beta-casein, phosphate buffer of pH 7.7 was required. The homopolymer of polyglutamic acid was desorbed in the pH range 6.0-6.3, whereas copolymers of glutamic acid and tyrosine require pH 7.0-7.3 or even phosphate buffer at pH 7.7 for elution.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Muszyńska
- Biochemical Separation Centre, Uppsala University, Sweden
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36
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Abstract
Cassette mutagenesis was used to synthesize an Escherichia coli expression library of unique phosphorylation sites. The cassette encodes a central serine residue surrounded by every combination of Ala, Arg, Gln, Glu, Gly, and Pro residues over a 7-residue segment (a total of 6(7) approximately 2.8 x 10(5) sequences). The cassette was inserted into the gene of a suitable carrier protein and expressed in E. coli with the T7 expression system, and the resultant library was subjected to solid-phase protein phosphorylation assays on nitrocellulose filters. When the library was screened with TPK1 delta, the modified catalytic subunit of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cAMP-dependent protein kinase, individual colonies that expressed substrates for this kinase were identified. By DNA sequencing through the cassette region of positive clones, the consensus recognition sequence for TPK1 delta was deduced and found to conform with the well-established substrate selectivity of its mammalian homolog (Arg-Arg-Xaa-Ser). Because a large number of clones can be sequenced rapidly, and the positions of invariant residues composing a recognition site identified, this approach may be useful as a general screen of protein kinase substrate selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Carmel
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York 11724
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37
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38
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Identification, purification, and characterization of subunits of cAMP-dependent protein kinase in human testis. Reverse mobilities of human RII alpha and RII beta on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis compared with rat and bovine RIIs. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)42776-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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39
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Clarke C, Williams W, Teruya J. Ubiquinone biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Isolation and sequence of COQ3, the 3,4-dihydroxy-5-hexaprenylbenzoate methyltransferase gene. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)55349-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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40
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Sobieszek A. Regulation of smooth-muscle myosin-light-chain kinase. Steady-state kinetic studies of the reaction mechanism. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1991; 199:735-43. [PMID: 1868855 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1991.tb16178.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The kinetic mechanism of turkey gizzard smooth muscle myosin-light-chain kinase was investigated using the isolated 20-kDa light chain of myosin as substrate. The kinetic and product inhibition patterns of the forward reaction indicated an ordered sequential mechanism in which MgATP bound first, ADP was released last. The order of substrate binding and product release was confirmed independently by competitive, dead-end inhibition patterns obtained using the non-hydrolizable ATP analog adenosine 5'-[beta,gamma-imido]triphosphate. The mechanism was also characterized by a relatively strong product inhibition by ADP and a weak one by phosphorylated 20-kDa light-chain myosin, in addition to a significant inhibition by the latter product via a formation of a dead-end complex. [gamma-32P]ATP in equilibrium with [32P]phosphorylated light chain isotope-exchange data were consistent with the deduced mechanism and with the presence of the latter dead-end complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sobieszek
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Salzburg, Austria
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41
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Knighton DR, Zheng JH, Ten Eyck LF, Ashford VA, Xuong NH, Taylor SS, Sowadski JM. Crystal structure of the catalytic subunit of cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase. Science 1991; 253:407-14. [PMID: 1862342 DOI: 10.1126/science.1862342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1345] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure of the catalytic subunit of cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase complexed with a 20-amino acid substrate analog inhibitor has been solved and partially refined at 2.7 A resolution to an R factor of 0.212. The magnesium adenosine triphosphate (MgATP) binding site was located by difference Fourier synthesis. The enzyme structure is bilobal with a deep cleft between the lobes. The cleft is filled by MgATP and a portion of the inhibitor peptide. The smaller lobe, consisting mostly of amino-terminal sequence, is associated with nucleotide binding, and its largely antiparallel beta sheet architecture constitutes an unusual nucleotide binding motif. The larger lobe is dominated by helical structure with a single beta sheet at the domain interface. This lobe is primarily involved in peptide binding and catalysis. Residues 40 through 280 constitute a conserved catalytic core that is shared by more than 100 protein kinases. Most of the invariant amino acids in this conserved catalytic core are clustered at the sites of nucleotide binding and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Knighton
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0654
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42
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Knighton DR, Zheng JH, Ten Eyck LF, Xuong NH, Taylor SS, Sowadski JM. Structure of a peptide inhibitor bound to the catalytic subunit of cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase. Science 1991; 253:414-20. [PMID: 1862343 DOI: 10.1126/science.1862343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 759] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The structure of a 20-amino acid peptide inhibitor bound to the catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, and its interactions with the enzyme, are described. The x-ray crystal structure of the complex is the basis of the analysis. The peptide inhibitor, derived from a naturally occurring heat-stable protein kinase inhibitor, contains an amphipathic helix that is followed by a turn and an extended conformation. The extended region occupies the cleft between the two lobes of the enzyme and contains a five-residue consensus recognition sequence common to all substrates and peptide inhibitors of the catalytic subunit. The helical portion of the peptide binds to a hydrophobic groove and conveys high affinity binding. Loops from both domains converge at the active site and contribute to a network of conserved residues at the sites of magnesium adenosine triphosphate binding and catalysis. Amino acids associated with peptide recognition, nonconserved, extend over a large surface area.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Knighton
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0654
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43
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Fischer TH, Collins JH, Gatling MN, White GC. The localization of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation site in the platelet rat protein, rap 1B. FEBS Lett 1991; 283:173-6. [PMID: 1904369 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(91)80581-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Rap 1B is a low molecular weight G protein which is phosphorylated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase. In order to identify the site of phosphorylation by cAMP-dependent protein kinase, purified rap 1B from human platelets was phosphorylated and subjected to limited proteolysis with trypsin. Single digestion fragment containing the phosphorylation site was obtained and purified by reversed-phase HPLC. Sequence analysis of the phosphorylated digestion fragment demonstrated that the sequence of the phosphorylation site was -Lys-Lys-Ser-Ser-. This sequence is near the carboxy terminus and is adjacent to the site of membrane attachment of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Fischer
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27514
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44
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Duncan R, Mason CL, Nagy E, Leong JA, Dobos P. Sequence analysis of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus genome segment B and its encoded VP1 protein: a putative RNA-dependent RNA polymerase lacking the Gly-Asp-Asp motif. Virology 1991; 181:541-52. [PMID: 1901682 PMCID: PMC7131146 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(91)90887-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/1990] [Accepted: 12/18/1990] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The genome segment B sequence of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus was determined for both the Jasper and Sp serotypes. The sequences are 2784 and 2630 bp long, respectively, and contain a single large open reading frame encoding the VP1 protein, the putative RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of IPNV. The proteins exhibit an 88% homology with each other, but only 41% with infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) VP1, another member of the Birnaviridae. Despite the low overall homology between the IPNV and IBDV VP1 proteins, homologous regions were detected within the central portion of the proteins. The carboxy-proximal regions of the VP1, which contain very low amino acid homology, displayed evidence of conservation in structural features such as a hydrophilic, highly basic domain. Consensus sequences associated with GTP-binding proteins and RdRps were also detected in VP1. However, unlike the RdRps associated with single-stranded plus RNA viruses, the birnavirus RdRp lacks the Gly-Asp-Asp motif characteristic of this enzyme family.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Duncan
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Differentiation of HL-60 leukemia by type I regulatory subunit antisense oligodeoxynucleotide of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991; 88:2011-5. [PMID: 2000408 PMCID: PMC51156 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.88.5.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A marked decrease in the type I cAMP-dependent protein kinase regulatory subunit (RI alpha) and an increase in the type II protein kinase regulatory subunit (RII beta) correlate with growth inhibition and differentiation induced in a variety of types of human cancer cells, in vitro and in vivo, by site-selective cAMP analogs. To directly determine whether RI alpha is a growth-inducing protein essential for neoplastic cell growth, human HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells were exposed to 21-mer RI alpha antisense oligodeoxynucleotide, and the effects on cell replication and differentiation were examined. The RI alpha antisense oligomer brought about growth inhibition and monocytic differentiation, bypassing the effects of an exogenous cAMP analog. These effects of RI alpha antisense oligodeoxynucleotide correlated with a decrease in RI alpha receptor and an increase in RII beta receptor level. The growth inhibition and differentiation were abolished, however, when these cells were exposed simultaneously to both RI alpha and RII beta antisense oligodeoxynucleotides. The RII beta antisense oligodeoxynucleotide alone has been previously shown to specifically block the differentiation inducible by cAMP analogs. These results provide direct evidence that RI alpha cAMP receptor plays a critical role in neoplastic cell growth and that cAMP receptor isoforms display specific roles in cAMP regulation of cell growth and differentiation.
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46
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Buechler YJ, Taylor SS. Mutations in the autoinhibitor site of the regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase I. Replacement of Ala-97 and Ser-99 interferes with reassociation with the catalytic subunit. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)67822-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Cho-Chung YS, Clair T, Tortora G, Yokozaki H. Role of site-selective cAMP analogs in the control and reversal of malignancy. Pharmacol Ther 1991; 50:1-33. [PMID: 1653961 DOI: 10.1016/0163-7258(91)90071-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Two isoforms of cAMP receptor protein, RI and RII, the regulatory subunits of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, transduce opposite signals, the RI being stimulatory and the RII being inhibitory of cell proliferation. In normal cells RI and RII exist at a specific physiological ratio whereas in cancer cells such physiological balance of these receptor proteins is disrupted. Reversal and suppression of malignancy can be achieved when the physiologic ratio of these intracellular signal transducers of cAMP is restored as shown by the use of site-selective cAMP analogs, antisense oligodeoxynucleotides or gene transfer, suggesting new approaches to cancer control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Cho-Chung
- Cellular Biochemistry Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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48
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Chouaib S, Mahe Y, Mechri S, Andreeff M, Welte K. Differential Sensitivity of CD4 + and CD8 + T Lymphocytes to Phorbol Myristate Acetate upon Anti-CD3 Stimulation: Evidence for a Distinct Signaling Pathway. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 1991. [DOI: 10.1177/039463209100400103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of suboptimal concentrations of Phorbol Myristate Acetate (PMA) in combination with submitogenic concentrations of OKT3 antibody on CD4+ and CD8+ cell activation were investigated. Upon stimulation with OKT3 (25 pg/ml) and PMA (0.25 – 0.75 ng/ml), the majority of CD4+ cells entered the cell cycle whereas most of CD8+ cells remained in G0/G1 phase. Under the same conditions of OKT3 stimulations, both CD4+ and CD8+ cells failed to produce IL2 in the absence of PMA. In the presence of PMA (0,25 ng/ml), CD4+ produced measurable amounts of IL2 (0,5 – 2,3 U/ml) whereas IL2 production by CD8+ cells remained below the detection limit. Expression of TAC antigen (CD25) was found to parallel IL2 production and cell proliferation in both subsets whereas changes in [Ca2+] mobilization following OKT3 stimulation were similar in both subsets. Interestingly, the elevation of intracellular cyclic adenosine 3':5' monophosphate (cAMP) was not equally distributed between CD4+ and CD8+ subpopulations. Furthermore, the kinetics of protein kinase (PKC) translocation was markedly prolonged in membranes of CD4+ cells compared with CD8+ cells suggesting a differential involvement that may operate under distinct regulatory signaling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Chouaib
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie UA 1156 CNRS - Institut Gustave-Roussy 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France
| | - Yann Mahe
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie UA 1156 CNRS - Institut Gustave-Roussy 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France
| | | | - M. Andreeff
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NYlO021
| | - K. Welte
- Medizinishe Hochschule Hannover Kinderklinick und Kinderpoliklinik, Hannover, West Germany
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50
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Cho-Chung YS, Clair T, Tortora G, Yokozaki H, Pepe S. Suppression of malignancy targeting the intracellular signal transducing proteins of cAMP: the use of site-selective cAMP analogs, antisense strategy, and gene transfer. Life Sci 1991; 48:1123-32. [PMID: 1848339 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(91)90449-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
An hypothesis has been presented suggesting that two isoforms of cAMP receptor proteins are crucial effectors in tumorigenesis. The evidence in support of this hypothesis shows that: (1) cAMP transduces dual controls, both positive and negative, on cell growth and differentiation. (2) Such dual controls are respectively governed by two isoforms of cAMP receptor proteins, the type I and type II regulatory subunits of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. (3) In normal physiology, the functional balance of these cAMP receptor isoforms is strictly controlled to meet either stimulation or inhibition of cell growth as it is required, whereas such control is lost in cancer cells. (4) Cancer cells can also be made to differentiate and acquire growth control when the functional balance of these intracellular signal transducers of cAMP is restored by the use of site-selective cAMP analogs, antisense strategy, or gene transfer, suggesting new approaches to cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Cho-Chung
- Cellular Biochemistry Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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