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D’Alò F, Bellesi S, Maiolo E, Alma E, Bellisario F, Malafronte R, Viscovo M, Campana F, Hohaus S. Novel Targets and Advanced Therapies in Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphomas. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2243. [PMID: 38927948 PMCID: PMC11201587 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16122243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the introduction of rituximab in the late 1990s, significant progress has been made in advancing targeted therapies for B cell lymphomas, improving patients' chance of being cured and clinicians' therapeutic armamentarium. A better understanding of disease biology and pathogenic pathways, coupled with refinements in immunophenotypic and molecular diagnostics, have been instrumental in these achievements. While traditional chemotherapy remains fundamental in most cases, concerns surrounding chemorefractoriness and cumulative toxicities, particularly the depletion of the hemopoietic reserve, underscore the imperative for personalized treatment approaches. Integrating targeted agents, notably monoclonal antibodies, alongside chemotherapy has yielded heightened response rates and prolonged survival. A notable paradigm shift is underway with innovative-targeted therapies replacing cytotoxic drugs, challenging conventional salvage strategies like stem cell transplantation. This review examines the landscape of emerging targets for lymphoma cells and explores innovative therapies for diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL). From Chimeric Antigen Receptor-T cells to more potent monoclonal antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates, bispecific antibodies, checkpoint inhibitors, and small molecules targeting intracellular pathways, each modality offers promising avenues for therapeutic advancement. This review aims to furnish insights into their potential implications for the future of DLBCL treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco D’Alò
- Dipartimento di Scienze Radiologiche ed Ematologiche, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (F.B.); (R.M.); (M.V.); (F.C.); (S.H.)
- UOSD Malattie Linfoproliferative Extramidollari, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Silvia Bellesi
- UOC Servizio e DH di Ematologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (S.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Elena Maiolo
- UOC Servizio e DH di Ematologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (S.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Eleonora Alma
- UOSD Malattie Linfoproliferative Extramidollari, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Flaminia Bellisario
- Dipartimento di Scienze Radiologiche ed Ematologiche, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (F.B.); (R.M.); (M.V.); (F.C.); (S.H.)
- UOSD Malattie Linfoproliferative Extramidollari, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Rosalia Malafronte
- Dipartimento di Scienze Radiologiche ed Ematologiche, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (F.B.); (R.M.); (M.V.); (F.C.); (S.H.)
- UOSD Malattie Linfoproliferative Extramidollari, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Marcello Viscovo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Radiologiche ed Ematologiche, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (F.B.); (R.M.); (M.V.); (F.C.); (S.H.)
- UOSD Malattie Linfoproliferative Extramidollari, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Fabrizia Campana
- Dipartimento di Scienze Radiologiche ed Ematologiche, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (F.B.); (R.M.); (M.V.); (F.C.); (S.H.)
- UOSD Malattie Linfoproliferative Extramidollari, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Stefan Hohaus
- Dipartimento di Scienze Radiologiche ed Ematologiche, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (F.B.); (R.M.); (M.V.); (F.C.); (S.H.)
- UOSD Malattie Linfoproliferative Extramidollari, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
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Brazel D, Hermel D, Gandhi P, Saven A. Detangling the Threads of Hairy Cell Leukemia, Beyond the Morphology and Into the Molecular. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA, MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2024:S2152-2650(24)00170-8. [PMID: 38849281 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2024.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) makes up 2% of leukemias in the United States and encompasses great molecular heterogeneity. The standard treatment paradigm involves purine nucleoside analogues in the upfront setting with high complete response rate to initial therapy but frequent relapses. There is an increasing role for BRAF inhibitors, with or without rituximab, in refractory and even in untreated patients. The response to purine analogues in HCL variant cases, otherwise classified as splenic lymphoma with prominent nucleolus in the 5th WHO edition classification, is less robust. Several antibodies, small molecular inhibitors, and combination regimens have been explored in HCL but data is frequently limited by case reports or small case series. Here we review available treatment options including their efficacy and safety profiles. We also explore investigational agents and potential future targets. The goal is to present a comprehensive therapeutic review of this rare disease entity and outline the ever increasing and novel therapeutic management options which interrupt key pathways in the pathogenesis of this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Brazel
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Scripps Clinic, La Jolla CA.
| | - David Hermel
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Scripps Clinic, La Jolla CA
| | - Pranav Gandhi
- Division of Pathology, Scripps Green Hospital, La Jolla CA
| | - Alan Saven
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Scripps Clinic, La Jolla CA
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Tran TM, Chand Thakuri BK, Nurmukhambetova S, Lee JJ, Hu P, Tran NQ, Steimle B, Dash P, Schneider D. Armored TGFβRIIDN ROR1-CAR T cells reject solid tumors and resist suppression by constitutively-expressed and treatment-induced TGFβ1. J Immunother Cancer 2024; 12:e008261. [PMID: 38609317 PMCID: PMC11029479 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-008261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy target receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1) is broadly expressed in hematologic and solid tumors, however clinically-characterized ROR1-CAR T cells with single chain variable fragment (scFv)-R12 targeting domain failed to induce durable remissions, in part due to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Herein, we describe the development of an improved ROR1-CAR with a novel, fully human scFv9 targeting domain, and augmented with TGFβRIIDN armor protective against a major TME factor, transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ). METHODS CAR T cells were generated by lentiviral transduction of enriched CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and the novel scFv9-based ROR1-CAR-1 was compared with the clinically-characterized ROR1-R12-scFv-based CAR-2 in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS CAR-1 T cells exhibited greater CAR surface density than CAR-2 when normalized for %CAR+, and produced more interferon (IFN)-γ tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-2 in response to hematologic (Jeko-1, RPMI-8226) and solid (OVCAR-3, Capan-2, NCI-H226) tumor cell lines in vitro. In vivo, CAR-1 and CAR-2 both cleared hematologic Jeko-1 lymphoma xenografts, however only CAR-1 fully rejected ovarian solid OVCAR-3 tumors, concordantly with greater expansion of CD8+ and CD4+CAR T cells, and enrichment for central and effector memory phenotype. When equipped with TGFβ-protective armor TGFβRIIDN, CAR-1 T cells resisted TGFβ-mediated pSmad2/3 phosphorylation, as compared with CAR-1 alone. When co-cultured with ROR-1+ AsPC-1 pancreatic cancer line in the presence of TGFβ1, armored CAR-1 demonstrated improved recovery of killing function, IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-2 secretion. In mouse AsPC-1 pancreatic tumor xenografts overexpressing TGFβ1, armored CAR-1, in contrast to CAR-1 alone, achieved complete tumor remissions, and yielded accelerated expansion of CAR+ T cells, diminished circulating active TGFβ1, and no apparent toxicity or weight loss. Unexpectedly, in AsPC-1 xenografts without TGFβ overexpression, TGFβ1 production was specifically induced by ROR-1-CAR T cells interaction with ROR-1 positive tumor cells, and the TGFβRIIDN armor conferred accelerated tumor clearance. CONCLUSIONS The novel fully human TGFßRIIDN-armored ROR1-CAR-1 T cells are highly potent against ROR1-positive tumors, and withstand the inhibitory effects of TGFß in solid TME. Moreover, TGFβ1 induction represents a novel, CAR-induced checkpoint in the solid TME, which can be circumvented by co-expressing the TGβRIIDN armor on T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tri Minh Tran
- Lentigen Technology Inc., a Miltenyi Biotec Company, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Jia-Jye Lee
- Lentigen Technology Inc., a Miltenyi Biotec Company, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Peirong Hu
- Lentigen Technology Inc., a Miltenyi Biotec Company, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Ngoc Q Tran
- Lentigen Technology Inc., a Miltenyi Biotec Company, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Brittany Steimle
- Lentigen Technology Inc., a Miltenyi Biotec Company, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Pradyot Dash
- Lentigen Technology Inc., a Miltenyi Biotec Company, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Dina Schneider
- Lentigen Technology Inc., a Miltenyi Biotec Company, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
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Troussard X, Maître E, Paillassa J. Hairy cell leukemia 2024: Update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and treatment-Annual updates in hematological malignancies. Am J Hematol 2024; 99:679-696. [PMID: 38440808 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.27240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
DISEASE OVERVIEW Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) and HCL-like disorders, including HCL variant (HCL-V) and splenic diffuse red pulp lymphoma (SDRPL), are a very heterogenous group of mature lymphoid B-cell disorders characterized by the identification of hairy cells, a specific genetic profile, a different clinical course and the need for appropriate treatment. DIAGNOSIS Diagnosis of HCL is based on morphological evidence of hairy cells, an HCL immunologic score of 3 or 4 based on the CD11c, CD103, CD123, and CD25 expression, the trephine biopsy which makes it possible to specify the degree of tumoral bone marrow infiltration and the presence of BRAFV600E somatic mutation. RISK STRATIFICATION Progression of patients with HCL is based on a large splenomegaly, leukocytosis, a high number of hairy cells in the peripheral blood, and the immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region gene mutational status. VH4-34 positive HCL cases are associated with a poor prognosis, as well as HCL with TP53 mutations and HCL-V. TREATMENT Patients should be treated only if HCL is symptomatic. Chemotherapy with risk-adapted therapy purine analogs (PNAs) are indicated in first-line HCL patients. The use of chemo-immunotherapy combining cladribine (CDA) and rituximab (R) represents an increasingly used therapeutic approach. Management of relapsed/refractory disease is based on the use of BRAF inhibitors (BRAFi) plus R, MEK inhibitors (MEKi), recombinant immunoconjugates targeting CD22, Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors (BTKi), and Bcl-2 inhibitors (Bcl-2i). However, the optimal sequence of the different treatments remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elsa Maître
- Laboratoire Hématologie, CHU Côte de Nacre, Caen Cedex, France
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Ghaderi A, Okhovat MA, Lehto J, De Petris L, Manouchehri Doulabi E, Kokhaei P, Zhong W, Rassidakis GZ, Drakos E, Moshfegh A, Schultz J, Olin T, Österborg A, Mellstedt H, Hojjat-Farsangi M. A Small Molecule Targeting the Intracellular Tyrosine Kinase Domain of ROR1 (KAN0441571C) Induced Significant Apoptosis of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Cells. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041148. [PMID: 37111634 PMCID: PMC10145660 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The ROR1 receptor tyrosine kinase is expressed in embryonic tissues but is absent in normal adult tissues. ROR1 is of importance in oncogenesis and is overexpressed in several cancers, such as NSCLC. In this study, we evaluated ROR1 expression in NSCLC patients (N = 287) and the cytotoxic effects of a small molecule ROR1 inhibitor (KAN0441571C) in NSCLC cell lines. ROR1 expression in tumor cells was more frequent in non-squamous (87%) than in squamous (57%) carcinomas patients, while 21% of neuroendocrine tumors expressed ROR1 (p = 0.0001). A significantly higher proportion of p53 negative patients in the ROR1+ group than in the p53 positive non-squamous NSCLC patients (p = 0.03) was noted. KAN0441571C dephosphorylated ROR1 and induced apoptosis (Annexin V/PI) in a time- and dose-dependent manner in five ROR1+ NSCLC cell lines and was superior compared to erlotinib (EGFR inhibitor). Apoptosis was confirmed by the downregulation of MCL-1 and BCL-2, as well as PARP and caspase 3 cleavage. The non-canonical Wnt pathway was involved. The combination of KAN0441571C and erlotinib showed a synergistic apoptotic effect. KAN0441571C also inhibited proliferative (cell cycle analyses, colony formation assay) and migratory (scratch wound healing assay) functions. Targeting NSCLC cells by a combination of ROR1 and EGFR inhibitors may represent a novel promising approach for the treatment of NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amineh Ghaderi
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, BioClinicum, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mohammad-Ali Okhovat
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, BioClinicum, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jemina Lehto
- Kancera AB, Nanna Svartz Väg 4, 171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Luigi De Petris
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, BioClinicum, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden
- Thoracic Oncology Center, Karolinska Comprehensive Cancer Center, 171 76 Solna, Sweden
| | - Ehsan Manouchehri Doulabi
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, BioClinicum, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Parviz Kokhaei
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, BioClinicum, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Immunology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak 3848170001, Iran
| | - Wen Zhong
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, BioClinicum, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Georgios Z. Rassidakis
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, BioClinicum, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elias Drakos
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, BioClinicum, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Crete, 700 13 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Ali Moshfegh
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, BioClinicum, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden
- Kancera AB, Nanna Svartz Väg 4, 171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Johan Schultz
- Kancera AB, Nanna Svartz Väg 4, 171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Thomas Olin
- Kancera AB, Nanna Svartz Väg 4, 171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Anders Österborg
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, BioClinicum, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 64 Solna, Sweden
| | - Håkan Mellstedt
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, BioClinicum, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mohammad Hojjat-Farsangi
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, BioClinicum, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden
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Maitre E, Paillassa J, Troussard X. Novel targeted treatments in hairy cell leukemia and other hairy cell-like disorders. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1068981. [PMID: 36620555 PMCID: PMC9815161 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1068981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the category of mature B-cell neoplasms, splenic B-cell lymphoma and leukemia were clearly identified and include four distinct entities: hairy cell leukemia (HCL), splenic marginal zone lymphoma (SMZL), splenic diffuse red pulp lymphoma (SDRPL) and the new entity named splenic B-cell lymphoma/leukemia with prominent nucleoli (SBLPN). The BRAFV600E mutation is detected in nearly all HCL cases and offers a possibility of targeted therapy. BRAF inhibitors (BRAFi) represent effective and promising therapeutic approaches in patients with relapsed/refractory HCL. Vemurafenib and dabrafenib were assessed in clinical trials. The BRAFV600E mutation is missing in SDRPL and SBLPN: mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAP2K1) mutations were found in 40% of SBLPN and VH4-34+ HCL patients, making possible to use MEK inhibitors (MEKi) such as trametinib, cobimetinib or binimetinib in monotherapy or associated with BRAFi. Other mutations may be associated and other signaling pathways involved, including the B-cell receptor signaling (BCR), cell cycle, epigenetic regulation and/or chromatin remodeling. In SDRPL, cyclin D3 (CCND3) mutations were found in 24% of patients, offering the possibility of using cell cycle inhibitors. Even if new emerging drugs, particularly those involved in the epigenetic regulation, have recently been added to the therapeutic armamentarium in HCL and HCL-like disorders, purine nucleoside analogs more and more associated with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies, are still used in the frontline setting. Thanks to the recent discoveries in genetics and signaling pathways in HCL and HCL-like disorders, new targeted therapies have been developed, have proven their efficacy and safety in several clinical trials and become essential in real life: BRAFi, MEKi, Bruton Tyrosine Kinase inhibitors (BTKi) and anti-CD22 immunotoxins. New other drugs emerged and have to be assessed in the future. In this article, we will discuss the main mutations identified in HCL and HCL-like disorders and the signaling pathways potentially involved in the pathogenesis of the different hairy cell disorders. We will discuss the results of the recent clinical trials, which will help us to propose an algorithm useful in clinical practice and we will highlight the different new drugs that may be used in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Maitre
- Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Caen Normandie, Avenue Côte de Nacre, Caen, France
| | - Jerome Paillassa
- Service des Maladies du Sang, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d’Angers, Angers, France
| | - Xavier Troussard
- Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Caen Normandie, Avenue Côte de Nacre, Caen, France,*Correspondence: Xavier Troussard,
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Abstract
Since its initial identification in 1992 as a possible class 1 cell-surface receptor without a known parent ligand, receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1) has stimulated research, which has made apparent its significance in embryonic development and cancer. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) was the first malignancy found to have distinctive expression of ROR1, which can help distinguish leukemia cells from most noncancer cells. Aside from its potential utility as a diagnostic marker or target for therapy, ROR1 also factors in the pathophysiology of CLL. This review is a report of the studies that have elucidated the expression, biology, and evolving strategies for targeting ROR1 that hold promise for improving the therapy of patients with CLL or other ROR1-expressing malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Kipps
- Center for Novel Therapeutics, Moores Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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Guarino SR, Di Bello A, Palamini M, Capillo MC, Forneris F. Crystal structure of the kringle domain of human receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 (hROR1). Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2022; 78:185-192. [PMID: 35506763 PMCID: PMC9067376 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x22003855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptors (RORs) are monotopic membrane proteins belonging to the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family. RTKs play a role in the control of most basic cellular processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, migration and metabolism. New emerging roles for RORs in cancer progression have recently been proposed: RORs have been shown to be overexpressed in various malignancies but not in normal tissues, and moreover an abnormal expression level of RORs on the cellular surface is correlated with high levels of cytotoxicity in primary cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies against the extracellular part of RTKs might be of importance to prevent tumor cell growth: targeting extracellular kringle domain molecules induces the internalization of RORs and decreases cell toxicity. Here, the recombinant production and crystallization of the isolated KRD of ROR1 and its high-resolution X-ray crystal structure in a P3121 crystal form at 1.4 Å resolution are reported. The crystal structure is compared with previously solved three-dimensional structures of kringle domains of human ROR1 and ROR2, their complexes with antibody fragments and structures of other kringle domains from homologous proteins.
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Iannello A, Deaglio S, Vaisitti T. Novel Approaches for the Treatment of Patients with Richter's Syndrome. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2022; 23:526-542. [PMID: 35294723 PMCID: PMC8989931 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-022-00973-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the last 10–15 years, the way to treat cancers has dramatically changed towards precision medicine approaches. These treatment options are mainly based on selective targeting against signaling pathways critical for or detrimentally activated in cancer cells in cancer cells, as well as exploiting molecules that are specifically expressed on neoplastic cells, also known as tumor-associated antigens. These considerations hold true also in the hematological field where a plethora of novel targeted agents have reached patients’ bedside, significantly improving clinical responses. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is an example of how targeted therapies, such as BTK, PI3K, or Bcl-2 inhibitors as well as anti-CD20 antibodies, have improved patients’ management, even when adopted as frontline treatment. However, these advancements do not apply to Richter’s syndrome (RS), the transformation of CLL into a very aggressive and fatal lymphoma, occurring in 2–10% of patients. RS is usually a fast-growing lymphoma of the diffuse large B cell or the Hodgkin’s variant, with a dismal prognosis. Despite advancements in depicting and understanding the genetic background of RS and its pathogenesis, no significant clinical results have been registered. In the last couple of years, several studies have started to investigate the impact of novel drugs or drug combinations and some of them have opened for clinical trials, currently in phase I or II, whose results will be soon available. This review will present an overview of current and most recent therapeutic options in RS, discussing also how results coming from xenograft models may help in designing and identifying novel treatment opportunities to overcome the lack of effective therapies.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/etiology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Prognosis
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Iannello
- Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Deaglio
- Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Tiziana Vaisitti
- Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy
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Wang ML, Barrientos JC, Furman RR, Mei M, Barr PM, Choi MY, de Vos S, Kallam A, Patel K, Kipps TJ, Rule S, Flanders K, Jessen KA, Ren H, Riebling PC, Graham P, King L, Thurston AW, Sun M, Schmidt EM, Lannutti BJ, Johnson DM, Miller LL, Spurgeon SE. Zilovertamab Vedotin Targeting of ROR1 as Therapy for Lymphoid Cancers. NEJM EVIDENCE 2022; 1:EVIDoa2100001. [PMID: 38319241 DOI: 10.1056/evidoa2100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1) is an oncofetal protein present on many cancers. Zilovertamab vedotin (ZV) is an antibody–drug conjugate comprising a monoclonal antibody recognizing extracellular ROR1, a cleavable linker, and the anti-microtubule cytotoxin monomethyl auristatin E. METHODS: In this phase 1, first-in-human, dose-escalation study, we accrued patients with previously treated lymphoid cancers to receive ZV every 3 weeks until the occurrence of cancer progression or unacceptable toxicity had occurred. RESULTS: We enrolled 32 patients with tumor histologies of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) (n=15), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (n=7), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) (n=5), follicular lymphoma (n=3), Richter transformation lymphoma (n=1), or marginal zone lymphoma (n=1). Patients had received a median of four previous drug and/or cellular therapies. Starting dose levels were 0.5 (n=1), 1.0 (n=3), 1.5 (n=3), 2.25 (n=11), and 2.5 (n=14) mg per kg of body weight (mg/kg). Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data documented systemic ZV exposure and exposure-dependent ZV targeting of ROR1 on circulating tumor cells. As expected with an monomethyl auristatin E-containing antibody–drug conjugate, adverse events (AEs) included acute neutropenia and cumulative neuropathy resulting in a recommended ZV dosing regimen of 2.5 mg/kg every 3 weeks. No clinically concerning AEs occurred to suggest ROR1-mediated toxicities or nonspecific ZV binding to normal tissues. ZV induced objective tumor responses in 7 of 15 patients with MCL (47%; 4 partial and 3 complete) and in 3 of 5 patients with DLBCL (60%; 1 partial and 2 complete); objective tumor responses were not observed among patients with other tumor types. CONCLUSIONS: In heavily pretreated patients, ZV demonstrated no unexpected toxicities and showed evidence of antitumor activity, providing clinical proof of concept for selective targeting of ROR1 as a potential new approach to cancer therapy. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03833180.)
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sven de Vos
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lydia King
- Catalyst Clinical Research, Wilmington, NC
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Sawalha Y. Relapsed/Refractory Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: A Look at the Approved and Emerging Therapies. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11121345. [PMID: 34945817 PMCID: PMC8708171 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11121345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 40% of patients with diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) do not respond or develop relapsed disease after first-line chemoimmunotherapy. A minority of these patients can be cured with autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHCT). Although chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have transformed the treatment paradigm of relapsed/refractory DLBCL, only 30–40% of patients achieve durable remissions. In addition, many patients with relapsed/refractory DLBCL are ineligible to receive treatment with CAR T cells due to comorbidities or logistical limitations. Since 2019, the following four non-CAR T-cell treatments have been approved in relapsed/refractory DLBCL: polatuzumab in combination with bendamustine and rituximab, selinexor, tafasitamab plus lenalidomide, and loncastuximab. In this article, I review the data behind these four approvals and discuss important considerations on their use in clinical practice. I also review emerging therapies that have shown promising early results in relapsed/refractory DLBCL including the bispecific antibodies, antibody–drug conjugates, Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors, BCL2 inhibitors, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and epigenetic modifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazeed Sawalha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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12
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Chavkin NW, Sano S, Wang Y, Oshima K, Ogawa H, Horitani K, Sano M, MacLauchlan S, Nelson A, Setia K, Vippa T, Watanabe Y, Saucerman JJ, Hirschi KK, Gokce N, Walsh K. The Cell Surface Receptors Ror1/2 Control Cardiac Myofibroblast Differentiation. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e019904. [PMID: 34155901 PMCID: PMC8403294 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.019904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background A hallmark of heart failure is cardiac fibrosis, which results from the injury-induced differentiation response of resident fibroblasts to myofibroblasts that deposit extracellular matrix. During myofibroblast differentiation, fibroblasts progress through polarization stages of early proinflammation, intermediate proliferation, and late maturation, but the regulators of this progression are poorly understood. Planar cell polarity receptors, receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 and 2 (Ror1/2), can function to promote cell differentiation and transformation. In this study, we investigated the role of the Ror1/2 in a model of heart failure with emphasis on myofibroblast differentiation. Methods and Results The role of Ror1/2 during cardiac myofibroblast differentiation was studied in cell culture models of primary murine cardiac fibroblast activation and in knockout mouse models that underwent transverse aortic constriction surgery to induce cardiac injury by pressure overload. Expression of Ror1 and Ror2 were robustly and exclusively induced in fibroblasts in hearts after transverse aortic constriction surgery, and both were rapidly upregulated after early activation of primary murine cardiac fibroblasts in culture. Cultured fibroblasts isolated from Ror1/2 knockout mice displayed a proinflammatory phenotype indicative of impaired myofibroblast differentiation. Although the combined ablation of Ror1/2 in mice did not result in a detectable baseline phenotype, transverse aortic constriction surgery led to the death of all mice by day 6 that was associated with myocardial hyperinflammation and vascular leakage. Conclusions Together, these results show that Ror1/2 are essential for the progression of myofibroblast differentiation and for the adaptive remodeling of the heart in response to pressure overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W. Chavkin
- Cardiovascular Research CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
- Department of Cell BiologySchool of MedicineUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
| | - Soichi Sano
- Cardiovascular Research CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
- Hematovascular Biology CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
- Molecular Cardiology/Whitaker Cardiovascular InstituteBoston University School of MedicineBostonMA
- Department of CardiologyGraduate School of MedicineOsaka City UniversityOsakaJapan
- Department of CardiologySchool of MedicineUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
| | - Ying Wang
- Cardiovascular Research CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
- Hematovascular Biology CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
- Molecular Cardiology/Whitaker Cardiovascular InstituteBoston University School of MedicineBostonMA
- Department of CardiologyXinqiao HospitalArmy Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Kosei Oshima
- Molecular Cardiology/Whitaker Cardiovascular InstituteBoston University School of MedicineBostonMA
| | - Hayato Ogawa
- Cardiovascular Research CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
- Department of CardiologyGraduate School of MedicineOsaka City UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Keita Horitani
- Cardiovascular Research CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
- Department of CardiologyGraduate School of MedicineOsaka City UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Miho Sano
- Cardiovascular Research CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
- Molecular Cardiology/Whitaker Cardiovascular InstituteBoston University School of MedicineBostonMA
- Department of CardiologyGraduate School of MedicineOsaka City UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Susan MacLauchlan
- Molecular Cardiology/Whitaker Cardiovascular InstituteBoston University School of MedicineBostonMA
| | - Anders Nelson
- Cardiovascular Research CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
| | - Karishma Setia
- Cardiovascular Research CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
| | - Tanvi Vippa
- Cardiovascular Research CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
| | - Yosuke Watanabe
- Vascular Biology/Whitaker Cardiovascular InstituteBoston University School of MedicineBostonMA
| | - Jeffrey J. Saucerman
- Cardiovascular Research CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
| | - Karen K. Hirschi
- Cardiovascular Research CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
- Department of Cell BiologySchool of MedicineUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
- Hematovascular Biology CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
- Cardiovascular Research CenterSchool of MedicineYale UniversityNew HavenCT
| | - Noyan Gokce
- Boston University School of MedicineBostonMA
| | - Kenneth Walsh
- Cardiovascular Research CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
- Hematovascular Biology CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
- Molecular Cardiology/Whitaker Cardiovascular InstituteBoston University School of MedicineBostonMA
- Department of CardiologySchool of MedicineUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
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13
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ROR1 targeting with the antibody-drug conjugate VLS-101 is effective in Richter syndrome patient-derived xenograft mouse models. Blood 2021; 137:3365-3377. [PMID: 33512452 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020008404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Richter syndrome (RS) represents the transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), typically to an aggressive lymphoma. Treatment options for RS are limited and the disease is often fatal. Receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1) is expressed on CLL cells and other cancers but not on healthy adult tissues, making it an attractive, tumor-specific therapeutic target. VLS-101 is being developed as an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) for therapy of ROR1-expressing (ROR1+) cancers. VLS-101 comprises UC-961 (a humanized immunoglobulin G1 monoclonal antibody that binds an extracellular epitope of human ROR1), a maleimidocaproyl-valine-citrulline-para-aminobenzoate linker, and the antimicrotubule cytotoxin monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE). VLS-101 binding to ROR1 results in rapid cellular internalization and delivery of MMAE to induce tumor cell death. We studied 4 RS patient-derived xenografts (RS-PDXs) with varying levels of ROR1 expression (11%, 32%, 85%, and 99% of cells). VLS-101 showed no efficacy in the lowest-expressing RS-PDX but induced complete remissions in those with higher levels of ROR1 expression. Responses were maintained during the posttherapy period, particularly after higher VLS-101 doses. In systemic ROR1+ RS-PDXs, VLS-101 dramatically decreased tumor burden in all RS-colonized tissues and significantly prolonged survival. Animals showed no adverse effects or weight loss. Our results confirm ROR1 as a target in RS and demonstrate the therapeutic potential of using an ADC directed toward ROR1 for the treatment of hematological cancers. A phase 1 clinical trial of VLS-101 (NCT03833180) is ongoing in patients with RS and other hematological malignancies.
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14
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Isomura H, Taguchi A, Kajino T, Asai N, Nakatochi M, Kato S, Suzuki K, Yanagisawa K, Suzuki M, Fujishita T, Yamaguchi T, Takahashi M, Takahashi T. Conditional Ror1 knockout reveals crucial involvement in lung adenocarcinoma development and identifies novel HIF-1α regulator. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:1614-1623. [PMID: 33506575 PMCID: PMC8019194 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that ROR1 is a crucial downstream gene for the TTF‐1/NKX2‐1 lineage‐survival oncogene in lung adenocarcinoma, while others have found altered expression of ROR1 in multiple cancer types. Accumulated evidence therefore indicates ROR1 as an attractive molecular target, though it has yet to be determined whether targeting Ror1 can inhibit tumor development and growth in vivo. To this end, genetically engineered mice carrying homozygously floxed Ror1 alleles and an SP‐C promoter–driven human mutant EGFR transgene were generated. Ror1 ablation resulted in marked retardation of tumor development and progression in association with reduced malignant characteristics and significantly better survival. Interestingly, gene set enrichment analysis identified a hypoxia‐induced gene set (HALLMARK_HYPOXIA) as most significantly downregulated by Ror1 ablation in vivo, which led to findings showing that ROR1 knockdown diminished HIF‐1α expression under normoxia and clearly hampered HIF‐1α induction in response to hypoxia in human lung adenocarcinoma cell lines. The present results directly demonstrate the importance of Ror1 for in vivo development and progression of lung adenocarcinoma, and also identify Ror1 as a novel regulator of Hif‐1α. Thus, a future study aimed at the development of a novel therapeutic targeting ROR1 for treatment of solid tumors such as seen in lung cancer, which are frequently accompanied with a hypoxic tumor microenvironment, is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisanori Isomura
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Molecular Diagnostics, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ayumu Taguchi
- Division of Molecular Diagnostics, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Advanced Cancer Diagnostics, Department of Cancer Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Taisuke Kajino
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Molecular Diagnostics, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Naoya Asai
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Pathology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakatochi
- Public Health Informatics Unit, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Seiichi Kato
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keiko Suzuki
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Yanagisawa
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Motoshi Suzuki
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Molecular Oncology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Teruaki Fujishita
- Division of Pathophysiology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomoya Yamaguchi
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Cancer Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masahide Takahashi
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takashi Takahashi
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya, Japan
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15
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Khaledian B, Taguchi A, Shin-Ya K, Kondo-Ida L, Kagaya N, Suzuki M, Kajino T, Yamaguchi T, Shimada Y, Takahashi T. Inhibition of heat shock protein 90 destabilizes receptor tyrosine kinase ROR1 in lung adenocarcinoma. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:1225-1234. [PMID: 33370472 PMCID: PMC7935804 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously identified receptor tyrosine kinase‐like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1) as a direct transcriptional target of TTF‐1/NKX2‐1, a lineage‐survival oncogene in lung adenocarcinoma. ROR1 sustains prosurvival signaling from multiple receptor tyrosine kinases including epidermal growth factor receptor, MET, and insulin‐like growth factor 1 receptor in part by maintaining the caveolae structure as a scaffold protein of cavin‐1 and caveolin‐1. In this study, a high throughput screening of the natural product library containing 2560 compounds was undertaken using a cell‐based FluoPPI assay detecting ROR1‐cavin‐1 interaction. As a result, geldanamycin (GA), a known inhibitor of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), was identified as a potential inhibitor of ROR1. Geldanamycin, as well as two GA derivatives tested in the clinic, 17‐allylamino‐17‐demethoxygeldanamycin (17‐AAG) and 17‐dimethylaminoethylamino‐17‐demethoxygeldanamycin (17‐DMAG), decreased ROR1 protein expression. We found that ROR1 physically interacted with HSP90α, but not with other HSP90 paralogs, HSP90β or GRP94. Geldanamycin in turn destabilized and degraded ROR1 protein in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner through the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway, resulting in a significant suppression of cell proliferation in lung adenocarcinoma cell lines, for which the kinase domain of ROR1, but not its kinase activity or N‐glycosylation, was required. Our findings indicate that HSP90 is required to sustain expression of ROR1 crucial for lung adenosarcoma survival, suggesting that inhibition of HSP90 could be a promising therapeutic strategy in ROR1‐positive lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnoush Khaledian
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Molecular Diagnostics, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Advanced Cancer Diagnostics, Department of Cancer Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ayumu Taguchi
- Division of Molecular Diagnostics, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Advanced Cancer Diagnostics, Department of Cancer Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuo Shin-Ya
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Lisa Kondo-Ida
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Noritaka Kagaya
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Motoshi Suzuki
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Molecular Oncology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Taisuke Kajino
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Molecular Diagnostics, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Advanced Cancer Diagnostics, Department of Cancer Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomoya Yamaguchi
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Priority Organization for Innovation and Excellence, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yukako Shimada
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Molecular Diagnostics, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Advanced Cancer Diagnostics, Department of Cancer Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takashi Takahashi
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya, Japan
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16
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Menck K, Heinrichs S, Baden C, Bleckmann A. The WNT/ROR Pathway in Cancer: From Signaling to Therapeutic Intervention. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010142. [PMID: 33445713 PMCID: PMC7828172 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The WNT pathway is one of the major signaling cascades frequently deregulated in human cancer. While research had initially focused on signal transduction centered on β-catenin as a key effector activating a pro-tumorigenic transcriptional response, nowadays it is known that WNT ligands can also induce a multitude of β-catenin-independent cellular pathways. Traditionally, these comprise WNT/planar cell polarity (PCP) and WNT/Ca2+ signaling. In addition, signaling via the receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptors (RORs) has gained increasing attention in cancer research due to their overexpression in a multitude of tumor entities. Active WNT/ROR signaling has been linked to processes driving tumor development and progression, such as cell proliferation, survival, invasion, or therapy resistance. In adult tissue, the RORs are largely absent, which has spiked the interest in them for targeted cancer therapy. Promising results in preclinical and initial clinical studies are beginning to unravel the great potential of such treatment approaches. In this review, we summarize seminal findings on the structure and expression of the RORs in cancer, their downstream signaling, and its output in regard to tumor cell function. Furthermore, we present the current clinical anti-ROR treatment strategies and discuss the state-of-the-art, as well as the challenges of the different approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Menck
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, and Pneumology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (K.M.); (S.H.); (C.B.)
- West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Saskia Heinrichs
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, and Pneumology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (K.M.); (S.H.); (C.B.)
- West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Cornelia Baden
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, and Pneumology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (K.M.); (S.H.); (C.B.)
- West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Annalen Bleckmann
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, and Pneumology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (K.M.); (S.H.); (C.B.)
- West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099 Göttingen, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-0251-8352712
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17
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Hojjat-Farsangi M, Moshfegh A, Schultz J, Norin M, Olin T, Österborg A, Mellstedt H. Targeting the Receptor Tyrosine Kinase ROR1 by Small Molecules. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2021; 269:75-99. [PMID: 34490515 DOI: 10.1007/164_2021_535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are frequently dysregulated in malignancies and important for the malignant characteristics of tumor cells. RTKs are attractive structures for drug targeting of cancer. The RTK ROR1 is of significance during embryogenesis but downregulated in post-partum tissues. However, ROR1 is overexpressed in several hematological and solid tumors and important for tumor cell proliferation, survival, migration, and metastasis. WNT5a is a main ligand for ROR1. Several clinical trials are ongoing using anti-ROR1 antibody based drugs directed against the external domain (monoclonal antibodies, BiTE, CAR-T). We have produced small molecules (KAN834/1571c) fitting to the ATP pocket of the intracellular tyrosine kinase (TK) domain of ROR1 (TK inhibitor, TKI). These inhibitors of ROR1 prevented ROR1 phosphorylation and inactivated the WNT/β-catenin independent as well as WNT/β-catenin dependent pathways. ROR1-TKI induced apoptosis of ROR1 positive fresh patient derived tumor cells and appropriate cell lines and a dose and time dependent tumor reduction in animal models. In combination with other clinically relevant targeting drugs as venetoclax a synergistic apoptotic effect was seen. Two other small molecules (ARI-1 and strictinin) bound also to ROR1 and inhibited tumor growth. Development of small molecule ROR1 inhibitors is warranted to include this novel therapeutic approach for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Moshfegh
- BioClinicum, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Schultz
- Kancera AB, Karolinska Institutet Science Park, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Norin
- Kancera AB, Karolinska Institutet Science Park, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Olin
- Kancera AB, Karolinska Institutet Science Park, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Österborg
- BioClinicum, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Håkan Mellstedt
- BioClinicum, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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18
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Janovská P, Normant E, Miskin H, Bryja V. Targeting Casein Kinase 1 (CK1) in Hematological Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9026. [PMID: 33261128 PMCID: PMC7730698 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The casein kinase 1 enzymes (CK1) form a family of serine/threonine kinases with seven CK1 isoforms identified in humans. The most important substrates of CK1 kinases are proteins that act in the regulatory nodes essential for tumorigenesis of hematological malignancies. Among those, the most important are the functions of CK1s in the regulation of Wnt pathways, cell proliferation, apoptosis and autophagy. In this review we summarize the recent developments in the understanding of biology and therapeutic potential of the inhibition of CK1 isoforms in the pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), other non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and multiple myeloma (MM). CK1δ/ε inhibitors block CLL development in preclinical models via inhibition of WNT-5A/ROR1-driven non-canonical Wnt pathway. While no selective CK1 inhibitors have reached clinical stage to date, one dual PI3Kδ and CK1ε inhibitor, umbralisib, is currently in clinical trials for CLL and NHL patients. In MDS, AML and MM, inhibition of CK1α, acting via activation of p53 pathway, showed promising preclinical activities and the first CK1α inhibitor has now entered the clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlína Janovská
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | | | - Hari Miskin
- TG Therapeutics, New York, NY 10014, USA; (E.N.); (H.M.)
| | - Vítězslav Bryja
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic;
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic
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19
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Schiavone G, Epistolio S, Martin V, Molinari F, Barizzi J, Mazzucchelli L, Frattini M, Wannesson L. Functional and clinical significance of ROR1 in lung adenocarcinoma. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:1085. [PMID: 33172431 PMCID: PMC7653802 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07587-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1) is normally detectable in embryonic tissues and absent in adult tissues. ROR1 was shown to inhibit apoptosis, potentiate EGFR signaling and reported to be overexpressed and associated with poor prognosis in several tumor models. This study aimed to assess the expression of ROR1 in lung adenocarcinoma (AC) patients. Methods We analyzed ROR1 expression by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) in 56 histologically confirmed lung AC, stage I to IV, in addition we evaluated its association with TTF-1 (thyroid transcription factor-1) expression and the main molecular alterations involved in lung cancerogenesis. Results ROR1 overexpression was observed in 28.6% of the entire cohort, using a cut-off of 1, or in 51.8% of the cases using the median value as threshold. Among patients without any genetic alteration, ROR1 overexpression was observed in 34.8% considering a cut-off of 1 and 52.2% considering the median value. The distribution of ROR1 was homogeneous among the different molecular categories: we found no association of ROR1 expression and the presence of gene mutations/rearrangements or the expression of TTF-1. Conclusions ROR1 overexpression could constitute a potential therapeutic target because altered in a consistent number of lung AC, especially in cases without druggable genetic alterations. ROR1 expression is independent of classical lung cancer molecular alterations and not correlated, in a Caucasian cohort, to TTF-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Schiavone
- Istituto Oncologico della Svizzera Italiana, Via Ospedale, 6500, Bellinzona, Switzerland.
| | - Samantha Epistolio
- Istituto Cantonale di Patologia, Via in Selva 24, 6600, Locarno, Switzerland
| | - Vittoria Martin
- Istituto Cantonale di Patologia, Via in Selva 24, 6600, Locarno, Switzerland
| | - Francesca Molinari
- Istituto Cantonale di Patologia, Via in Selva 24, 6600, Locarno, Switzerland
| | - Jessica Barizzi
- Istituto Cantonale di Patologia, Via in Selva 24, 6600, Locarno, Switzerland
| | - Luca Mazzucchelli
- Istituto Cantonale di Patologia, Via in Selva 24, 6600, Locarno, Switzerland
| | - Milo Frattini
- Istituto Cantonale di Patologia, Via in Selva 24, 6600, Locarno, Switzerland
| | - Luciano Wannesson
- Istituto Oncologico della Svizzera Italiana, Via Ospedale, 6500, Bellinzona, Switzerland
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20
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Structural Insights into Pseudokinase Domains of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases. Mol Cell 2020; 79:390-405.e7. [PMID: 32619402 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite their apparent lack of catalytic activity, pseudokinases are essential signaling molecules. Here, we describe the structural and dynamic properties of pseudokinase domains from the Wnt-binding receptor tyrosine kinases (PTK7, ROR1, ROR2, and RYK), which play important roles in development. We determined structures of all pseudokinase domains in this family and found that they share a conserved inactive conformation in their activation loop that resembles the autoinhibited insulin receptor kinase (IRK). They also have inaccessible ATP-binding pockets, occluded by aromatic residues that mimic a cofactor-bound state. Structural comparisons revealed significant domain plasticity and alternative interactions that substitute for absent conserved motifs. The pseudokinases also showed dynamic properties that were strikingly similar to those of IRK. Despite the inaccessible ATP site, screening identified ATP-competitive type-II inhibitors for ROR1. Our results set the stage for an emerging therapeutic modality of "conformational disruptors" to inhibit or modulate non-catalytic functions of pseudokinases deregulated in disease.
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De Propris MS, Intoppa S, Milani ML, Mariglia P, Nardacci MG, Peragine N, Foà R, Guarini A. ROR1 is an accurate and reliable marker of minimal residual disease in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2020; 190:e346-e349. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.16910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefania Intoppa
- Hematology Department of Translational and Precision Medicine “Sapienza” University Rome Italy
| | - Maria Laura Milani
- Hematology Department of Translational and Precision Medicine “Sapienza” University Rome Italy
| | - Paola Mariglia
- Hematology Department of Translational and Precision Medicine “Sapienza” University Rome Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Nardacci
- Hematology Department of Translational and Precision Medicine “Sapienza” University Rome Italy
| | - Nadia Peragine
- Hematology Department of Translational and Precision Medicine “Sapienza” University Rome Italy
| | - Robin Foà
- Hematology Department of Translational and Precision Medicine “Sapienza” University Rome Italy
| | - Anna Guarini
- Hematology Department of Translational and Precision Medicine “Sapienza” University Rome Italy
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Ghaderi A, Daneshmanesh AH, Moshfegh A, Kokhaei P, Vågberg J, Schultz J, Olin T, Harrysson S, Smedby KE, Drakos E, Rassidakis GZ, Österborg A, Mellstedt H, Hojjat-Farsangi M. ROR1 Is Expressed in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) and a Small Molecule Inhibitor of ROR1 (KAN0441571C) Induced Apoptosis of Lymphoma Cells. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8060170. [PMID: 32586008 PMCID: PMC7344684 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8060170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinase ROR1 is absent in most normal adult tissues, but overexpressed in several malignancies. In this study, we explored clinical and functional inhibitory aspects of ROR1 in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). ROR1 expression in tumor cells was more often observed in primary refractory DLBCL, Richter’s syndrome and transformed follicular lymphoma than in relapsed and non-relapsed DLBCL patients (p < 0.001). A survival effect of ROR1 expression was preliminarily observed in relapsed/refractory patients independent of gender and stage but not of age, cell of origin and international prognostic index. A second generation small molecule ROR1 inhibitor (KAN0441571C) induced apoptosis of ROR1+ DLBCL cell lines, similar to venetoclax (BCL-2 inhibitor) but superior to ibrutinib (BTK inhibitor). The combination of KAN0441571C and venetoclax at EC50 concentrations induced almost complete killing of DLBCL cell lines. Apoptosis was accompanied by the downregulation of BCL-2 and MCL-1 and confirmed by the cleavage of PARP and caspases 3, 8, 9. PI3Kδ/AKT/mTOR (non-canonical Wnt pathway) as well as β-catenin and CK1δ (canonical pathway) were inactivated. In zebra fishes transplanted with a ROR1+ DLBCL cell line, KAN0441571C induced a significant tumor reduction. New drugs with mechanisms of action other than those available for DLBCL are warranted. ROR1 inhibitors might represent a novel promising approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amineh Ghaderi
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, BioClinicum, Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institutet, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.G.); (A.H.D.); (A.M.); (P.K.); (E.D.); (G.Z.R.); (A.Ö.); (M.H.-F.)
| | - Amir Hossein Daneshmanesh
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, BioClinicum, Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institutet, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.G.); (A.H.D.); (A.M.); (P.K.); (E.D.); (G.Z.R.); (A.Ö.); (M.H.-F.)
| | - Ali Moshfegh
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, BioClinicum, Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institutet, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.G.); (A.H.D.); (A.M.); (P.K.); (E.D.); (G.Z.R.); (A.Ö.); (M.H.-F.)
- Kancera AB, Karolinska Institute Science Park, 171 48 Solna, Sweden; (J.V.); (J.S.); (T.O.)
| | - Parviz Kokhaei
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, BioClinicum, Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institutet, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.G.); (A.H.D.); (A.M.); (P.K.); (E.D.); (G.Z.R.); (A.Ö.); (M.H.-F.)
- Department of Immunology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 35147-99442, Iran
| | - Jan Vågberg
- Kancera AB, Karolinska Institute Science Park, 171 48 Solna, Sweden; (J.V.); (J.S.); (T.O.)
| | - Johan Schultz
- Kancera AB, Karolinska Institute Science Park, 171 48 Solna, Sweden; (J.V.); (J.S.); (T.O.)
| | - Thomas Olin
- Kancera AB, Karolinska Institute Science Park, 171 48 Solna, Sweden; (J.V.); (J.S.); (T.O.)
| | - Sara Harrysson
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; (S.H.); (K.E.S.)
- Department of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin E Smedby
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; (S.H.); (K.E.S.)
- Department of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elias Drakos
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, BioClinicum, Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institutet, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.G.); (A.H.D.); (A.M.); (P.K.); (E.D.); (G.Z.R.); (A.Ö.); (M.H.-F.)
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion Crete, Greece
| | - Georgios Z. Rassidakis
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, BioClinicum, Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institutet, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.G.); (A.H.D.); (A.M.); (P.K.); (E.D.); (G.Z.R.); (A.Ö.); (M.H.-F.)
| | - Anders Österborg
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, BioClinicum, Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institutet, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.G.); (A.H.D.); (A.M.); (P.K.); (E.D.); (G.Z.R.); (A.Ö.); (M.H.-F.)
- Department of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Håkan Mellstedt
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, BioClinicum, Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institutet, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.G.); (A.H.D.); (A.M.); (P.K.); (E.D.); (G.Z.R.); (A.Ö.); (M.H.-F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-70-658-9809
| | - Mohammad Hojjat-Farsangi
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, BioClinicum, Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institutet, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.G.); (A.H.D.); (A.M.); (P.K.); (E.D.); (G.Z.R.); (A.Ö.); (M.H.-F.)
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Shin JH, Yoon HJ, Kim SM, Lee JH, Myoung H. Analyzing the factors that influence occult metastasis in oral tongue cancer. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg 2020; 46:99-107. [PMID: 32364349 PMCID: PMC7222618 DOI: 10.5125/jkaoms.2020.46.2.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives We accessed the various clinico-histopathological factors, and their association with occult metastasis (OM) in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC). Materials and Methods One hundred-nine patients with OTSCC were divided into the elective neck dissection (END) group and the watchful waiting (WW) group. Age, sex, T-stage, depth of invasion and differentiation were evaluated to determine the correlation between clinico-histopathological factors and OM. For immunohistochemical analysis, paraffin-embedded blocks of 41 OTSCC specimens were examined with antibodies (VEGF-c, c-Met, and ROR1). Results The group with tumor thickness of oral tongue cancer ≥3 mm had higher incidence of OM than those with a thickness of <3 mm. The depth of invasion was statistically correlated with OM (P=0.022). Immunohistochemical analysis showed that high expression of VEGF-c (P=0.043), c-Met (P=0.009), and ROR-1 (P=0.003) were statistically correlated with OM. Conclusion The analysis of these clinico-histopathological and immunohistochemical factors can help to determine neck dissection in clinically negative (cN0) patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hyun Shin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dankook University Jukjeon Dental Hospital, Yongin, Korea
| | - Hye-Jung Yoon
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soung-Min Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Ho Lee
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hoon Myoung
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Ulep TH, Zenhausern R, Gonzales A, Knoff DS, Lengerke Diaz PA, Castro JE, Yoon JY. Smartphone based on-chip fluorescence imaging and capillary flow velocity measurement for detecting ROR1+ cancer cells from buffy coat blood samples on dual-layer paper microfluidic chip. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 153:112042. [PMID: 32056660 PMCID: PMC7047888 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosis of hematological cancer requires complete white blood cell count, followed by flow cytometry with multiple markers, and cytology. It requires substantial time and specialized training. A dual-layer paper microfluidic chip was developed as a quicker, low-cost, and field-deployable alternative to detect ROR1+ (receptor tyrosine-like orphan receptor one) cancer cells from the undiluted and untreated buffy coat blood samples. The first capture layer consisted of a GF/D glass fiber substrate, preloaded with cancer specific anti-ROR1 conjugated fluorescent particles to its center for cancer cell capture and direct smartphone fluorescence imaging. The second flow layer was comprised of a grade 1 cellulose chromatography paper with wax-printed four channels for wicking and capillary flow-based detection. The flow velocity was used as measure of antigen concentration in the buffy coat sample. In this manner, intact cells and their antigens were separated and independently analyzed by both imaging and flow velocity analyses. A custom-made smartphone-based fluorescence microscope and automated image processing and particle counter software were developed to enumerate particles on paper, with the limit of detection of 1 cell/μL. Flow velocity analysis showed even greater sensitivity, with the limit of detection of 0.1 cells/μL in the first 6 s of assay. Comparison with capillary flow model revealed great alignment with experimental data and greater correlation to viscosity than interfacial tension. Our proposed device is able to capture and on-chip image ROR1+ cancer cells within a complex sample matrix (buffy coat) while simultaneously quantifying cell concentration in a point-of-care manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany-Heather Ulep
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, United States
| | - Ryan Zenhausern
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, United States
| | - Alana Gonzales
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, United States
| | - David S Knoff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, United States
| | | | - Januario E Castro
- Hematology Oncology Division, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, 85054, United States
| | - Jeong-Yeol Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, United States.
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Kulkarni S, Pandey A, Mutalik S. Heterogeneous surface-modified nanoplatforms for the targeted therapy of haematological malignancies. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:160-167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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26
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A fully chimeric IgG antibody for ROR1 suppresses ovarian cancer growth in vitro and in vivo. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 119:109420. [PMID: 31536932 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over-expression of Receptor-tyrosine-kinase-like Orphan Receptor 1 (ROR1) in cancer cells has been reported in the context of several tumors (including ovarian cancer) and is associated with poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to construct a fully chimeric anti-ROR1 IgG antibody (ROR1-IgG) and investigate its antitumor activity against ovarian cancer cells, bothin vitro and in vivo. METHODS A fully chimeric anti-ROR1 IgG antibody (ROR1-IgG) eukaryotic expression vector was constructed and ROR1-IgG antibody was expressed in CHO cells. The characteristics of ROR1-IgG were investigated by ELISA, SPR, Western blotting, FACS and fluorescence staining analyses. CCK8 and wound healing assays were performed to determine inhibition and migration capacity of ovarian cancer cells after treatment with ROR1-IgGin vitro. Further, the antitumor activity of ROR1-IgG was assessed in vivo using tumor-mice xenograft model. RESULTS The results showed that ROR1-IgG could specifically bind to ROR1-positive cells (HO8910 and A2780) with a high affinity. Functional studies revealed that ROR1-IgG inhibited the malignant behavior of ROR1-positive cells (HO8910 and A2780) in a time- and dose-dependent manner. These effects were not observed in ROR1-negative lose386 cells. The tumor inhibition rates following treatment with low, medium, and high concentrations of ROR1-IgG were approximately 47.72%, 53.79%, and 60.51%, respectively. In addition, the expression of Bcl-2 was obviously reduced while that of Bax was distinctly elevated in xenografts. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our findings suggest that ROR1-IgG may be a novel therapeutic agent for patients with ROR1-positive ovarian cancer.
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Mao Y, Xu L, Wang J, Zhang L, Hou N, Xu J, Wang L, Yang S, Chen Y, Xiong L, Zhu J, Fan W, Xu J. ROR1 associates unfavorable prognosis and promotes lymphoma growth in DLBCL by affecting PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Biofactors 2019; 45:416-426. [PMID: 30801854 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The receptor-tyrosine-kinase (RTK)-like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1) is a transmembrane glycoprotein regarded as a tumor-associated antigen. ROR1 plays an important role in cancer development, but the detailed function of ROR1 in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) remains unclear. In this study, we first detected ROR1 expression and evaluated the relationship between ROR1 expression and the clinicopathological characteristics of DLBCL patients. Next we employed shRNA-mediated knockdown of ROR1 in DLBCL cell line to explore the characteristics of ROR1 in DLBCL development both in vitro and in vivo. The results showed a significantly higher level of ROR1 in DLBCL tissues than in lymphatic hyperplasia tissues. High ROR1 expression was correlated with unfavorable prognosis in DLBCL patients. Furthermore, ROR1 knockdown inhibited the growth and induced the apoptosis in DLBCL cells and xenografts. In addition, shROR1 inhibited activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, both in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, our results suggest that ROR1 is a novel prognostic marker for DLBCL survival and ROR1 significantly promotes DLBCL tumorigenesis by regulating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Targeting ROR1 may provide a promising strategy for DLBCL treatment. © 2019 BioFactors, 45(3):416-426, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Mao
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Geriatric Lung Cancer Laboratory, Geriatric Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Geriatric Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Pathology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Geriatric Lung Cancer Laboratory, Geriatric Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Geriatric Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Louqian Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nan Hou
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Geriatric Lung Cancer Laboratory, Geriatric Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Geriatric Hospital, Nanjing, China
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Juqing Xu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Geriatric Lung Cancer Laboratory, Geriatric Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Geriatric Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Geriatric Lung Cancer Laboratory, Geriatric Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Geriatric Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Shu Yang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Geriatric Lung Cancer Laboratory, Geriatric Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Geriatric Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Pathology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin Xiong
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jin Zhu
- Huadong Medical Institute of Biotechniques, Nanjing, China
| | - Weifei Fan
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Geriatric Lung Cancer Laboratory, Geriatric Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Geriatric Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaren Xu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Geriatric Lung Cancer Laboratory, Geriatric Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Geriatric Hospital, Nanjing, China
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Pavlidis ET, Pavlidis TE. A Review of Primary Thyroid Lymphoma: Molecular Factors, Diagnosis and Management. J INVEST SURG 2019; 32:137-142. [PMID: 29058491 DOI: 10.1080/08941939.2017.1383536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Purpose/aim: To focus on current aspects of primary thyroid lymphoma (PTL), which is a rare clinical entity usually manifested by a rapidly growing mass in the neck that can cause pressure symptoms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Relevant papers in PubMed published through June 2017 were selected to track updated information about PTL with an emphasis on diagnosis and novel therapeutic management. RESULTS The most frequent cases include non-Hodgkin lymphoma derived from B-cells, mainly diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) followed by mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma or a mixed type. Other subtypes are less common. Lymphomas derived from T-cells and Hodgkin lymphomas are extremely rare. Hashimoto's autoimmune thyroiditis has been implicated as a risk factor for lymphoma. At the molecular level, the Wnt5a protein and its receptor Ror2 are involved in the course of the disease. Ultrasonography, fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy, and core or open biopsy combined with new diagnostic facilities contribute to an accurate diagnosis. An increased potential exists for a cure without the need for a radical surgical procedure. Modern chemoradiation therapy plus the monoclonal antibody rituximab, which acts against CD20, have limited the need for surgical interventions and provide an excellent outcome in most cases. However, some cases have resulted in treatment failure or recurrence. CONCLUSIONS A multidisciplinary approach must be used to define the management policy in each case. Future efforts by researchers are likely to be focused on the molecular level.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Biopsy
- Chemoradiotherapy/methods
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Disease-Free Survival
- Humans
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/diagnosis
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/mortality
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/therapy
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/diagnosis
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/mortality
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/therapy
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/epidemiology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/prevention & control
- Patient Care Team
- Prognosis
- Receptor Tyrosine Kinase-like Orphan Receptors/metabolism
- Rituximab/therapeutic use
- Thyroid Gland/diagnostic imaging
- Thyroid Gland/pathology
- Thyroid Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Thyroid Neoplasms/mortality
- Thyroid Neoplasms/therapy
- Thyroidectomy
- Wnt-5a Protein/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstathios T Pavlidis
- a Second Surgical Propedeutic Department , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Medical School, Prof. Theodoros E Pavlidis (Department Head), Hippocration Hospital , Konstantinoupoleos 49, Thessaloniki , Greece
| | - Theodoros E Pavlidis
- a Second Surgical Propedeutic Department , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Medical School, Prof. Theodoros E Pavlidis (Department Head), Hippocration Hospital , Konstantinoupoleos 49, Thessaloniki , Greece
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29
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Analysis of ROR1 Protein Expression in Mice with Reconstituted Human Immune System Components. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:2480931. [PMID: 29850623 PMCID: PMC5932492 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2480931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1) is an oncofetal antigen expressed on multiple tumors and has no significant expression on normal human tissues. ROR1 is highly upregulated in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) B cells. NOD-scid IL2rg−/− (NSG) mice engrafted with human CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells (huNSG) achieved multilineage human immune cell reconstitution including B cells, T cells, NK cells, and DCs. Like the CLL patients, huNSG mice have abnormally high percentage of CD5-expressing B cells in the periphery. In light of this, we aim to determine whether ROR1 is expressed on huNSG B cells. Using flow cytometry analysis, we found that ROR1 was highly expressed in a proportion of bone marrow, spleen, and blood B cells, which were mostly immature B cells. Transplantation of the oncogene TCL-1-transduced CD34+ cells in neonatal NSG mice did not increase the frequency of ROR1-expressing B cells, but the mouse with the highest engraftment of transduced cells developed a tumor-like lump consisting of a high percentage of ROR1-expressing B cells. This study highlights the potential use of huNSG mice to study B cell malignant diseases and to evaluate immunotherapeutics targeting ROR1.
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Daneshmanesh AH, Hojjat-Farsangi M, Ghaderi A, Moshfegh A, Hansson L, Schultz J, Vågberg J, Byström S, Olsson E, Olin T, Österborg A, Mellstedt H. A receptor tyrosine kinase ROR1 inhibitor (KAN0439834) induced significant apoptosis of pancreatic cells which was enhanced by erlotinib and ibrutinib. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198038. [PMID: 29856777 PMCID: PMC5983484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a great unmet medical need in pancreatic carcinoma (PC) for novel drugs with other mechanisms of action than existing. PC cells express the onco-fetal RTK ROR1, absent on most normal post-partem cells. ROR1 is involved in proliferation, survival, EMT and metastasis of tumor cells in various malignancies. A small molecule inhibitor (KAN0439834) (530 Da) targeting the TK domain of ROR1 was developed and the activity in ROR1 expressing human PC cell lines (n = 8) evaluated. The effects were compared to a murine mAb against the external part of ROR1, gemcitabine, erlotinib and ibrutinib. KAN0439834 induced significant apoptosis of the tumor cells. EC50 values for KAN0439834 varied between 250–650 nM depending on the cell line. The corresponding values for erlotinib and ibrutinib were 10–40 folds higher. KAN0439834 was much more effective in inducing tumor cell death than the ROR1 mAb although both inhibited ROR1 phosphorylation and downstream non-canonical Wnt pathway molecules. Combination of KAN0439834 with erlotinib or ibrutinib had significant additive effects on tumor cell death. A first-in-class small molecule ROR1 inhibitor (KAN0439834) showed promising in vitro activity against a number of human PC cell lines. Interesting is the additive effects of erlotinib and ibrutinib which warrants further studies as both these agents are in clinical trials for pancreatic carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hossein Daneshmanesh
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Immune and Gene therapy Lab, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mohammad Hojjat-Farsangi
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Immune and Gene therapy Lab, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amineh Ghaderi
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Immune and Gene therapy Lab, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ali Moshfegh
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Immune and Gene therapy Lab, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lotta Hansson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Immune and Gene therapy Lab, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Schultz
- Kancera AB, Karolinska Institutet Science Park, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Vågberg
- Kancera AB, Karolinska Institutet Science Park, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Elisabeth Olsson
- Kancera AB, Karolinska Institutet Science Park, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Olin
- Kancera AB, Karolinska Institutet Science Park, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Österborg
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Immune and Gene therapy Lab, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Håkan Mellstedt
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Immune and Gene therapy Lab, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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31
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Casein kinase 1 is a therapeutic target in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2018; 131:1206-1218. [PMID: 29317454 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-05-786947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Casein kinase 1δ/ε (CK1δ/ε) is a key component of noncanonical Wnt signaling pathways, which were shown previously to drive pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). In this study, we investigated thoroughly the effects of CK1δ/ε inhibition on the primary CLL cells and analyzed the therapeutic potential in vivo using 2 murine model systems based on the Eµ-TCL1-induced leukemia (syngeneic adoptive transfer model and spontaneous disease development), which resembles closely human CLL. We can demonstrate that the CK1δ/ε inhibitor PF-670462 significantly blocks microenvironmental interactions (chemotaxis, invasion and communication with stromal cells) in primary CLL cells in all major subtypes of CLL. In the mouse models, CK1 inhibition slows down accumulation of leukemic cells in the peripheral blood and spleen and prevents onset of anemia. As a consequence, PF-670462 treatment results in a significantly longer overall survival. Importantly, CK1 inhibition has synergistic effects to the B-cell receptor (BCR) inhibitors such as ibrutinib in vitro and significantly improves ibrutinib effects in vivo. Mice treated with a combination of PF-670462 and ibrutinib show the slowest progression of disease and survive significantly longer compared with ibrutinib-only treatment when the therapy is discontinued. In summary, this preclinical testing of CK1δ/ε inhibitor PF-670462 demonstrates that CK1 may serve as a novel therapeutic target in CLL, acting in synergy with BCR inhibitors. Our work provides evidence that targeting CK1 can represent an alternative or addition to the therapeutic strategies based on BCR signaling and antiapoptotic signaling (BCL-2) inhibition.
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32
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Janovská P, Bryja V. Wnt signalling pathways in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and B-cell lymphomas. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:4701-4715. [PMID: 28703283 PMCID: PMC5727250 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we discuss the intricate roles of the Wnt signalling network in the development and progression of mature B-cell-derived haematological malignancies, with a focus on chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and related B-cell lymphomas. We review the current literature and highlight the differences between the β-catenin-dependent and -independent branches of Wnt signalling. Special attention is paid to the role of the non-canonical Wnt/planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway, mediated by the Wnt-5-receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor (ROR1)-Dishevelled signalling axis in CLL. This is mainly because the Wnt/PCP co-receptor ROR1 was found to be overexpressed in CLL and the Wnt/PCP pathway contributes to numerous aspects of CLL pathogenesis. We also discuss the possibilities of therapeutically targeting the Wnt signalling pathways as an approach to disrupt the crucial interaction between malignant cells and their micro-environment. We also advocate the need for research in this direction for other lymphomas, namely, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma and follicular lymphoma where the Wnt signalling pathway probably plays a similar role. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on WNT Signalling: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.24/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlína Janovská
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of ScienceMasaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Vítězslav Bryja
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of ScienceMasaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
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33
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Covell DG. A data mining approach for identifying pathway-gene biomarkers for predicting clinical outcome: A case study of erlotinib and sorafenib. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181991. [PMID: 28792525 PMCID: PMC5549706 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel data mining procedure is proposed for identifying potential pathway-gene biomarkers from preclinical drug sensitivity data for predicting clinical responses to erlotinib or sorafenib. The analysis applies linear ridge regression modeling to generate a small (N~1000) set of baseline gene expressions that jointly yield quality predictions of preclinical drug sensitivity data and clinical responses. Standard clustering of the pathway-gene combinations from gene set enrichment analysis of this initial gene set, according to their shared appearance in molecular function pathways, yields a reduced (N~300) set of potential pathway-gene biomarkers. A modified method for quantifying pathway fitness is used to determine smaller numbers of over and under expressed genes that correspond with favorable and unfavorable clinical responses. Detailed literature-based evidence is provided in support of the roles of these under and over expressed genes in compound efficacy. RandomForest analysis of potential pathway-gene biomarkers finds average treatment prediction errors of 10% and 22%, respectively, for patients receiving erlotinib or sorafenib that had a favorable clinical response. Higher errors were found for both compounds when predicting an unfavorable clinical response. Collectively these results suggest complementary roles for biomarker genes and biomarker pathways when predicting clinical responses from preclinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G. Covell
- Information Technology Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States of America
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34
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Vezzalini M, Mafficini A, Tomasello L, Lorenzetto E, Moratti E, Fiorini Z, Holyoake TL, Pellicano F, Krampera M, Tecchio C, Yassin M, Al-Dewik N, Ismail MA, Al Sayab A, Monne M, Sorio C. A new monoclonal antibody detects downregulation of protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type γ in chronic myeloid leukemia patients. J Hematol Oncol 2017. [PMID: 28637510 PMCID: PMC5479035 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-017-0494-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor gamma (PTPRG) is a ubiquitously expressed member of the protein tyrosine phosphatase family known to act as a tumor suppressor gene in many different neoplasms with mechanisms of inactivation including mutations and methylation of CpG islands in the promoter region. Although a critical role in human hematopoiesis and an oncosuppressor role in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) have been reported, only one polyclonal antibody (named chPTPRG) has been described as capable of recognizing the native antigen of this phosphatase by flow cytometry. Protein biomarkers of CML have not yet found applications in the clinic, and in this study, we have analyzed a group of newly diagnosed CML patients before and after treatment. The aim of this work was to characterize and exploit a newly developed murine monoclonal antibody specific for the PTPRG extracellular domain (named TPγ B9-2) to better define PTPRG protein downregulation in CML patients. METHODS TPγ B9-2 specifically recognizes PTPRG (both human and murine) by flow cytometry, western blotting, immunoprecipitation, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Co-localization experiments performed with both anti-PTPRG antibodies identified the presence of isoforms and confirmed protein downregulation at diagnosis in the Philadelphia-positive myeloid lineage (including CD34+/CD38bright/dim cells). After effective tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) treatment, its expression recovered in tandem with the return of Philadelphia-negative hematopoiesis. Of note, PTPRG mRNA levels remain unchanged in tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) non-responder patients, confirming that downregulation selectively occurs in primary CML cells. CONCLUSIONS The availability of this unique antibody permits its evaluation for clinical application including the support for diagnosis and follow-up of these disorders. Evaluation of PTPRG as a potential therapeutic target is also facilitated by the availability of a specific reagent capable to specifically detect its target in various experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Vezzalini
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Andrea Mafficini
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, 37134, Verona, Italy.,ARC-Net Research Centre, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Luisa Tomasello
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, 37134, Verona, Italy.,Present address: The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center Biomedical Research Tower, 460W 12th Avenue, room 1070, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Erika Lorenzetto
- Section of Physiology, Department of Neurological, Neuropsychological, Morphological and Motor Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Moratti
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Zeno Fiorini
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Tessa L Holyoake
- Paul O'Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Francesca Pellicano
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, Scotland, UK
| | - Mauro Krampera
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Cristina Tecchio
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Mohamed Yassin
- National Center for Cancer Care and Research (NCCCR), Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | - Nader Al-Dewik
- Qatar Medical Genetics Center, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohamed A Ismail
- Interim Translational Research Institute (iTRI), Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ali Al Sayab
- National Center for Cancer Care and Research (NCCCR), Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | - Maria Monne
- Centro di Diagnostica Biomolecolare e Citogenetica Emato-Oncologica, "San Francesco" Hospital, ASL3, Nuoro, 08100, Italy
| | - Claudio Sorio
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, 37134, Verona, Italy.
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35
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Xu Y, Ma YH, Pang YX, Zhao Z, Lu JJ, Mao HL, Liu PS. Ectopic repression of receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 inhibits malignant transformation of ovarian cancer cells by reversing epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317701627. [PMID: 28475014 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317701627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 is an enzyme-linked receptor which specifically modulates WNT5A signaling and plays an important role in tumorigenesis, invasion, and metastasis; however, the precise role of receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 in cancer is controversial. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression and role of receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 in ovarian carcinoma and clarify the biological functions and interactions of receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 with non-canonical Wnt pathways in ovarian cancer. The result of the human ovary tissue microarray revealed that the receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2-positive rate increased in malignant epithelial ovarian cancers and was extremely higher in the metastatic tumor tissues, which was also higher than that in the malignant ovarian tumor tissues. In addition, high expression of receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 was closely related with ovarian cancer grading. The expression of receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 protein was higher in SKOV3 and A2780 cells than OVCAR3 and 3AO cells. Knockdown of receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 inhibited ovarian cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and induced morphologic as well as digestive state alterations in stably transfected SKOV3 cells. Detailed study further revealed that silencing of receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 reversed the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and inhibited non-canonical Wnt signaling. Our findings suggest that receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 may be an important regulator of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, primarily regulated the non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway in ovarian cancer cells, and may display a promising therapeutic target for ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yan-Hui Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ying-Xin Pang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhe Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jing-Jing Lu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hong-Luan Mao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Pei-Shu Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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36
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Targeting ROR1 identifies new treatment strategies in hematological cancers. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 45:457-464. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20160272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1) is a member of the ROR receptor family consisting of two closely related type I transmembrane proteins ROR1 and ROR2. Owing to mutations in their canonical motifs required for proper kinase activity, RORs are classified as pseudokinases lacking detectable catalytic activity. ROR1 stands out for its selective and high expression in numerous blood and solid malignancies compared with a minimal expression in healthy adult tissues, suggesting high potential for this molecule as a drug target for cancer therapy. Current understanding attributes a survival role for ROR1 in cancer cells; however, its oncogenic function is cancer-type-specific and involves various signaling pathways. High interest in ROR1-targeted therapies resulted in the development of ROR1 monoclonal antibodies such as cirmtuzumab, currently in a phase I clinical trial for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Despite these advances in translational studies, the molecular mechanism employed by ROR1 in different cancers is not yet fully understood; therefore, more insights into the oncogenic role of ROR1 signaling are crucial in order to optimize the use of targeted drugs. Recent studies provided evidence that targeting ROR1 simultaneously with inhibition of B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling is more effective in killing ROR1-positive leukemia cells, suggesting a synergistic correlation between co-targeting ROR1 and BCR pathways. Although this synergy has been previously reported for B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the molecular mechanism appears rather different. These results provide more insights into ROR1–BCR combinatorial treatment strategies in hematological malignancies, which could benefit in tailoring more effective targeted therapies in other ROR1-positive cancers.
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37
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Aghebati-Maleki L, Younesi V, Jadidi-Niaragh F, Baradaran B, Majidi J, Yousefi M. Isolation and characterization of anti ROR1 single chain fragment variable antibodies using phage display technique. Hum Antibodies 2017; 25:57-63. [PMID: 28128766 DOI: 10.3233/hab-170310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor (ROR1) belongs to one of the families of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). RTKs are involved in the various physiologic cellular functions including proliferation, migration, survival, signaling and differentiation. Several RTKs are deregulated in various cancers implying the targeting potential of these molecules in cancer therapy. ROR1 has recently been shown to be expressed in various types of cancer cells but not in normal adult cells. Hence a molecular inhibitor of extracellular domain of ROR1 that inhibits ROR1-cell surface interaction is of great therapeutic importance. In an attempt to develop molecular inhibitors of ROR1, we screened single chain variable fragment (scFv) phage display libraries, Tomlinson I + J, against one specific synthetic oligopeptide from extracellular domain of ROR1 and selected scFvs were characterized using various immunological techniques. Several ROR1 specific scFvs were selected following five rounds of panning procedure. The scFvs showed specific binding to ROR1 using immunological techniques. Our results demonstrate successful isolation and characterization of specific ROR1 scFvs that may have great therapeutic potential in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leili Aghebati-Maleki
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vahid Younesi
- Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.,Pishtaz Teb Zaman Diagnostics, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jafar Majidi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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38
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Aghebati-Maleki L, Shabani M, Baradaran B, Motallebnezhad M, Majidi J, Yousefi M. Receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 (ROR-1): An emerging target for diagnosis and therapy of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 88:814-822. [PMID: 28160756 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.01.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by reposition of malignant B cells in the blood, bone marrow, spleen and lymph nodes. It remains the most common leukemia in the Western world. Within the recent years, major breakthroughs have been made to prolong the survival and improve the health of patients. Despite these advances, CLL is still recognized as a disease without definitive cure. New treatment approaches, based on unique targets and novel drugs, are highly desired for CLL therapy. The Identification and subsequent targeting of molecules that are overexpressed uniquely in malignant cells not normal ones play critical roles in the success of anticancer therapeutic strategies. In this regard, ROR family proteins are known as a subgroup of protein kinases which have gained huge popularity in the scientific community for the diagnosis and treatment of different cancer types. ROR1 as an antigen exclusively expressed on the surface of tumor cells can be a target for immunotherapy. ROR-1 targeting using different approaches such as siRNA, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, cell therapy and antibody induces tumor growth suppression in cancer cells. In the current review, we aim to present an overview of the efforts and scientific achievements in targeting ROR family, particularly ROR-1, for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leili Aghebati-Maleki
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Shabani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Morteza Motallebnezhad
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jafar Majidi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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39
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Aghebati-Maleki L, Younesi V, Baradaran B, Abdolalizadeh J, Motallebnezhad M, Nickho H, Shanehbandi D, Majidi J, Yousefi M. Antiproliferative and Apoptotic Effects of Novel Anti-ROR1 Single-Chain Antibodies in Hematological Malignancies. SLAS DISCOVERY 2017; 22:408-417. [PMID: 28328317 DOI: 10.1177/2472555216689659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor (ROR) proteins are a conserved family of tyrosine kinase receptors that function in developmental processes including cell survival, differentiation, cell migration, cell communication, cell polarity, proliferation, metabolism, and angiogenesis. ROR1 has recently been shown to be expressed in various types of cancer cells but not normal cells. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of single-chain Fragment variable (scFv) antibodies provide potential therapeutic advantages over whole antibody molecules. In the present study, scFvs against a specific peptide from the extracellular domain of ROR1 were selected using phage display technology. The selected scFvs were further characterized using polyclonal and monoclonal phage enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), soluble monoclonal ELISA, colony PCR, and sequencing. Antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of selected scFv antibodies were also evaluated in lymphoma and myeloma cancer cell lines using MTT and annexin V/PI assays. The results of ELISA indicated specific reactions of the isolated scFvs against the ROR1 peptide. Colony PCR confirmed the presence of full-length VH and Vκ inserts. The percentages of cell growth after 24 h of treatment of cells with individual scFv revealed that the scFv significantly inhibited the growth of the RPMI8226 and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells in comparison with the untreated cells ( p < 0.05). Interestingly, 24-h treatment with specific scFv induced apoptosis cell death in the RPMI8226 and CLL cells. Taken together, our results demonstrate that targeting of ROR1 using peptide-specific scFv can be an effective immunotherapy strategy in hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leili Aghebati-Maleki
- 1 Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,2 Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,3 Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,4 Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vahid Younesi
- 5 Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.,6 Pishtaz Teb Zaman Diagnostics, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- 1 Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,4 Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jalal Abdolalizadeh
- 1 Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Morteza Motallebnezhad
- 1 Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,2 Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,4 Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamid Nickho
- 1 Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,2 Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,4 Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Dariush Shanehbandi
- 1 Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jafar Majidi
- 1 Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,4 Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- 2 Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,4 Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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40
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A ROR1-HER3-lncRNA signalling axis modulates the Hippo-YAP pathway to regulate bone metastasis. Nat Cell Biol 2017; 19:106-119. [PMID: 28114269 PMCID: PMC5336186 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bone metastases remain as a serious health concern because of limited therapeutic options. Here, we report that crosstalk between ROR1-HER3 and the Hippo-YAP pathway promotes breast cancer bone metastasis in a long noncoding RNA-dependent fashion. Mechanistically, the orphan receptor tyrosine kinase ROR1 phosphorylates HER3 at a previously unidentified site Tyr1307, upon neuregulin stimulation, independently of other ErbB family members. p-HER3 Tyr1307 recruits the LLGL2-MAYA-NSUN6 RNA-protein complex to methylate Hippo/MST1 at Lys59. This methylation leads to MST1 inactivation and activation of YAP target genes in tumor cells, which elicits osteoclast differentiation and bone metastasis. Furthermore, increased ROR1, p-HER3 Tyr1307 and MAYA levels correlate with tumor metastasis and unfavorable outcomes. Our data provide insights into the mechanistic regulation and linkage of the ROR1-HER3 and Hippo-YAP pathway in cancer-specific context, and also imply valuable therapeutic targets for bone metastasis and possible therapy-resistant tumors.
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41
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High-level ROR1 associates with accelerated disease progression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2016; 128:2931-2940. [PMID: 27815263 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-04-712562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
ROR1 is an oncoembryonic orphan receptor found on chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) B cells, but not on normal postpartum tissues. ROR1 is a receptor for Wnt5a that may complex with TCL1, a coactivator of AKT that is able to promote development of CLL. We found the CLL cells of a few patients expressed negligible ROR1 (ROR1Neg), but expressed TCL1A at levels comparable to those of samples that expressed ROR1 (ROR1Pos). Transcriptome analyses revealed that ROR1Neg cases generally could be distinguished from those that were ROR1Pos in unsupervised gene-expression clustering analysis. Gene-set enrichment analyses demonstrated that ROR1Neg CLL had lower expression and activation of AKT signaling pathways relative to ROR1Pos CLL, similar to what was noted for leukemia that respectively developed in TCL1 vs ROR1xTCL1 transgenic mice. In contrast to its effect on ROR1Pos CLL, Wnt5a did not enhance the proliferation, chemotaxis, or survival of ROR1Neg CLL. We examined the CLL cells from 1568 patients, which we randomly assigned to a training or validation set of 797 or 771 cases, respectively. Using recursive partitioning, we defined a threshold for ROR1 surface expression that could segregate samples of the training set into ROR1-Hi vs ROR1-Lo subgroups that differed significantly in their median treatment-free survival (TFS). Using this threshold, we found that ROR1-Hi cases had a significantly shorter median TFS and overall survival than ROR1-Lo cases in the validation set. These data demonstrate that expression of ROR1 may promote leukemia-cell activation and survival and enhance disease progression in patients with CLL.
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Zhang XY, Zhang PY. Receptor tyrosine kinases in carcinogenesis. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:3679-3682. [PMID: 27900053 PMCID: PMC5104145 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are cell surface glycoproteins with enzymatic activity involved in the regulation of various important functions. In all-important physiological functions including differentiation, cell-cell interactions, survival, proliferation, metabolism, migration and signaling these receptors are the key players of regulation. Additionally, mutations of RTKs or their overexpression have been described in many human cancers and are being explored as a novel avenue for a new therapeutic approach. Some of the deregulated RTKs observed to be significantly affected in cancers included vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, epidermal growth factor receptor, fibroblast growth factor receptor, RTK-like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1) and the platelet-derived growth factor receptor. These deregulated RTKs offer attractive possibilities for the new anticancer therapeutic approach involving specific targeting by monoclonal antibodies as well as kinase. The present review aimed to highlight recent perspectives of RTK ROR1 in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ying Zhang
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Information Institute, Nanjing, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
| | - Pei-Ying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, The Affiliated Xuzhou Hospital of Medical College of Southeast University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
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Lu C, Wang X, Zhu H, Feng J, Ni S, Huang J. Over-expression of ROR2 and Wnt5a cooperatively correlates with unfavorable prognosis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:24912-21. [PMID: 26305508 PMCID: PMC4694803 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the expression of receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor (ROR) 2 and Wnt5a and their prognostic significance in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Tissue microarray-based immunohistochemical analysis was performed to determine the expression of ROR2 and Wnt5a in 219 patients. mRNA expression of ROR2 and Wnt5a was examined in 20 pairs of NSCLC and matched adjacent normal tissues by real-time PCR. Compared with non-tumorous tissues, both mRNA expression and protein product of ROR2 and Wnt5a genes were significantly increased in NSCLC. c2 analysis revealed that high ROR2 or Wnt5a expression in NSCLC was significantly associated with advanced TNM stage. High expression of both ROR2 and Wnt5a was also related to advanced TNM stage. Multivariate analyses suggested that ROR2, Wnt5a and TNM stage were independent prognostic factors in NSCLC. Our clinical findings suggest that high ROR2 or Wnt5a expression is associated with poor prognosis in NSCLC, and combined detection of ROR2 and Wnt5a is helpful in predicting the prognosis of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenlin Lu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xudong Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huijun Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Feng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Songshi Ni
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianfei Huang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
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44
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Mechanisms of tumor cell resistance to the current targeted-therapy agents. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:10021-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5059-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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45
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Raval SH, Singh RD, Joshi DV, Patel HB, Mody SK. Recent developments in receptor tyrosine kinases targeted anticancer therapy. Vet World 2016; 9:80-90. [PMID: 27051190 PMCID: PMC4819356 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.80-90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel concepts and understanding of receptors lead to discoveries and optimization of many small molecules and antibodies as anti-cancerous drugs. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are such a promising class of receptors under the investigation in past three decades. RTKs are one of the essential mediators of cell signaling mechanism for various cellular processes. Transformations such as overexpression, dysregulation, or mutations of RTKs may result into malignancy, and thus are an important target for anticancer therapy. Numerous subfamilies of RTKs, such as epidermal growth factor receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, fibroblast growth factor receptors, insulin-like growth factor receptor, and hepatocyte growth factor receptor, have been being investigated in recent years as target for anticancer therapy. The present review focuses several small molecules drugs as well as monoclonal antibodies targeting aforesaid subfamilies either approved or under investigation to treat the various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir H. Raval
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar, Banaskantha - 385 506, Gujarat, India
| | - Ratn D. Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar, Banaskantha - 385 506, Gujarat, India
| | - Dilip V. Joshi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar, Banaskantha - 385 506, Gujarat, India
| | - Hitesh B. Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar, Banaskantha - 385 506, Gujarat, India
| | - Shailesh K. Mody
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar, Banaskantha - 385 506, Gujarat, India
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Kutsch N, Marks R, Ratei R, Held TK, Schmidt-Hieber M. Role of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Indolent and Other Mature B-Cell Neoplasms. Biomark Insights 2015; 10:15-23. [PMID: 26327780 PMCID: PMC4539014 DOI: 10.4137/bmi.s22434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting tyrosine kinases represents a highly specific treatment approach for different malignancies. This also includes non-Hodgkin lymphoma since it is well known that these enzymes are frequently involved in the lymphomagenesis. Hereby, tyrosine kinases might either be dysregulated intrinsically or be activated within signal transduction pathways leading to tumor survival and growth. Among others, Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) is of particular interest as a potential therapeutic target. Btk is stimulated by B-cell receptor signaling and activates different transcription factors such as nuclear factor κB. The Btk inhibitor ibrutinib has been approved for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and mantle-cell lymphoma recently. Numerous clinical trials evaluating this agent in different combinations (eg, with rituximab or classical chemotherapeutic agents) as a treatment option for aggressive and indolent lymphoma are under way. Here, we summarize the role of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the treatment of indolent and other non-Hodgkin lymphomas (eg, mantle-cell lymphoma).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Kutsch
- Department I of Internal Medicine and Center of Integrated Oncology Cologne Bonn, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Reinhard Marks
- Clinic for Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Richard Ratei
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, HELIOS Clinic Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas K Held
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, HELIOS Clinic Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Schmidt-Hieber
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, HELIOS Clinic Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany
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Hojjat-Farsangi M. Targeting non-receptor tyrosine kinases using small molecule inhibitors: an overview of recent advances. J Drug Target 2015. [DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2015.1068319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hojjat-Farsangi
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Immune and Gene Therapy Lab, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden and
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
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48
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Chang H, Jung WY, Kang Y, Lee H, Kim A, Kim BH. Expression of ROR1, pAkt, and pCREB in gastric adenocarcinoma. Ann Diagn Pathol 2015; 19:330-4. [PMID: 26245996 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1) is a transmembrane protein of receptor tyrosine kinase family. High expression of ROR1 is reported in many types of malignancies and is thought to be involved in tumor growth, apoptosis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. In this study, we examined the expression of ROR1, pAkt, and pCREB in gastric adenocarcinoma and analyzed with clinicopathologic factors and tumor proliferation. Tissue microarray blocks containing 424 gastric adenocarcinomas were used for immunohistochemical staining. Ki-67 labeling index was used for tumor proliferation activity. High expression of ROR1 (63%), pAkt (36%), and pCREB (20%) was observed in gastric adenocarcinomas, and expression of these proteins was well intercorrelated. ROR1 and pCREB expression was associated with Ki-67 labeling index (P < .001). Expression of pAkt and pCREB group showed longer survival in univariate analysis (P = .007 and P < .001, respectively). This is the first study that analyzed ROR1 expression in gastric adenocarcinoma tissue samples. We revealed that gastric adenocarcinomas highly express ROR1 and related proteins and its prognostic significance. ROR1 in gastric adenocarcinoma could be possible candidate of therapeutic target, and more comprehensive study is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeyoon Chang
- Department of Pathology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woon Yong Jung
- Department of Pathology, Catholic Kwandong University International St Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngran Kang
- Department of Pathology, Green Cross Laboratories, Yongin, Kyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjoo Lee
- Department of Pathology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Aeree Kim
- Department of Pathology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Baek-hui Kim
- Department of Pathology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Liu Y, Yang H, Chen T, Luo Y, Xu Z, Li Y, Yang J. Silencing of Receptor Tyrosine Kinase ROR1 Inhibits Tumor-Cell Proliferation via PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway in Lung Adenocarcinoma. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127092. [PMID: 25978653 PMCID: PMC4433279 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinase ROR1, an embryonic protein involved in organogenesis, is expressed in certain hematological malignancies and solid tumors, but is generally absent in adult tissues. This makes the protein an ideal drug target for cancer therapy. In order to assess the suitability of ROR1 as a cell surface antigen for targeted therapy of lung adenocarcinoma, we carried out a comprehensive analysis of ROR1 protein expression in human lung adenocarcinoma tissues and cell lines. Our data show that ROR1 protein is selectively expressed on lung adenocarcinoma cells, but do not support the hypothesis that expression levels of ROR1 are associated with aggressive disease. However silencing of ROR1 via siRNA treatment significantly down-regulates the activity of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. This is associated with significant apoptosis and anti-proliferation of tumor cells. We found ROR1 protein expressed in lung adenocarcinoma but almost absent in tumor-adjacent tissues of the patients. The finding of ROR1-mediated proliferation signals in both tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI)-sensitive and -resistant tumor cells provides encouragement to develop ROR1-directed targeted therapy in lung adenocarcinoma, especially those with TKI resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Pathology, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Tianxing Chen
- Department of Pathology, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yongbin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zheyuan Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Pathology, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jiahui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- * E-mail:
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50
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Shabani M, Naseri J, Shokri F. Receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1: a novel target for cancer immunotherapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 19:941-55. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2015.1025753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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