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Dugré JR, Giguère CÉ, Potvin S. The company you keep: The neglected role of affiliating with delinquent friends in the development of the cannabis-violence link. Addict Behav 2024; 151:107939. [PMID: 38141319 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of research suggests a potential role of cannabis use on aggressive behaviors. In literature on adolescents, the lack of consideration of important confounders, such as adolescent's affiliation with delinquent peers, limits the possibility to determine whether there might be a direct or indirect link between cannabis use and aggression. Therefore, we sought to examine the effect of delinquent peers on the association between cannabis use and violence. We re-analyzed data from 850 ninth graders who were followed from mid-adolescence to early adulthood. Generalized Estimations Equations (GEE) were conducted to examine whether affiliation with delinquent peers may mediate the relationship between cannabis use and violence. Cross-Lagged Panel Models were also conducted to estimate the directionality of these relationships over time. We additionally tested whether similar relationships may be identifiable when examining rule-breaking behaviors and/or alcohol use. GEE models revealed that both cannabis use and affiliation with delinquent peers were statistically associated with aggressive behaviors. Cannabis use, alcohol use and delinquent peers also predicted rule-breaking behaviors. More precisely, cross-lagged models showed that affiliation with delinquent peers played a partially mediating role in the cannabis-aggression link, and that similar cross-lagged estimates were observed when examining rule-breaking behaviors instead of aggression. Our results indicate that cannabis use may be associated with aggression as well as rule-breaking behaviors, suggesting a broader effect on conduct problems. More importantly, our study highlights the non-negligible role of affiliating with delinquent peers during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules R Dugré
- School of Psychology and Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Charles-Édouard Giguère
- Research Center of the Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Stéphane Potvin
- Research Center of the Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada.
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2
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Lyons VH, Myers MG, Cunningham RM, Zimmerman MA, Carter PM, Walton MA, Goldstick J. Experiencing violence and other predictors of within-person same-day use of multiple substances in youth: a longitudinal study in emergency settings. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2024; 50:218-228. [PMID: 38563511 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2024.2307546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Background: Although experiencing violence is a risk factor for substance use among youth, its association with same-day use of multiple substances (a form of polysubstance use) and mitigating factors is less well understood.Objectives: To identify whether prosocial factors modified the effect of experiencing violence on the frequency of same-day use, and examine gender-specific risk/protective factors for same-day use.Methods: We analyzed longitudinal data from a cohort of youth who use drugs aged 14-24 (n = 599; 58% male) presenting to an urban emergency department between 2009-2011 and assessed biannually for two years. Using Poisson-generalized linear models with person-level fixed effects, we estimated within-person associations between self-reported experiencing violence and same-day use and analyzed gender and peer/parent support as effect modifiers. We adjusted for negative peer influence, parental drug and alcohol use, family conflict, anxiety and depression, and age.Results: Overall, positive parental support corresponded to lower rates of same-day use (rate ratio [RR]:0.93, 95% CI:0.87-0.99) and experiencing violence was associated with higher rates of same-day use (RR:1.25, 95% CI:1.10-1.41). Violence exposure was a risk factor among males (RR:1.42, 95% CI:1.21-1.66), while negative peer influences and parental substance use were risk factors among females (RR:1.63, 95% CI:1.36-1.97 and RR:1.58, 95% CI:1.35-1.83, respectively). Positive peer support reduced the association between violence exposure and same-day use among males (RR:0.69, 95% CI:0.57-0.84, p < .05).Conclusions: Tailored interventions may address gender differences in coping with experiencing violence - including interventions that promote parental support among males and reduce influence from parental substance use among females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian H Lyons
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Firearm Injury & Policy Research Program, Harborview Injury Prevention & Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Social Development Research Group, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Matthew G Myers
- Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rebecca M Cunningham
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Youth Violence Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Marc A Zimmerman
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Youth Violence Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Prevention Research Center of Michigan, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Patrick M Carter
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Youth Violence Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Maureen A Walton
- Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Addiction Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jason Goldstick
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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3
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van Amsterdam J, van den Brink W. Combined use of cocaine and alcohol: A violent cocktail? A systematic review. J Forensic Leg Med 2023; 100:102597. [PMID: 37832170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2023.102597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
It is generally believed that the use of alcohol and cocaine alone and especially in combination elicits aggression and violent behaviour. Though there is overwhelming proof that heavy alcohol use is associated with violence, this is not the case for cocaine. Still, in the popular press and by spokesmen of the police, cocaine use is seen as a cause of violent incidents. In the current systematic review, available data from human studies on the relation between cocaine and violent behaviour is presented. In particular, we present scientific data on the acute induction of violence by cocaine alone, as well as, that by the combination of cocaine and alcohol known to be frequently used simultaneously. RESULTS: show that there is only weak scientific evidence for the acute induction of violent behaviour by cocaine, either when used alone or in combination with alcohol. Based on these data we were also able to refute misconceptions about the relation between cocaine and violence published in the popular press and governmental reports, because it appeared that there was hardly any empirical support for this widely shared opinion. Probably, contextual factors, including cocaine use disorder and personality disorder, may better explain the assumed association between cocaine and violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan van Amsterdam
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, Research Program Compulsivity, Impulsivity & Attention, Amsterdam, P.O. Box 22660, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Wim van den Brink
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, Research Program Compulsivity, Impulsivity & Attention, Amsterdam, P.O. Box 22660, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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4
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Walton MA, Carter PM, Seewald L, Ngo Q, Battisti KA, Pearson C, Blow FC, Cunningham RM, Bourque C, Kidwell KM. Adaptive interventions for alcohol misuse and violent behaviors among adolescents and emerging adults in the emergency department: A sequential multiple assignment randomized controlled trial protocol. Contemp Clin Trials 2023; 130:107218. [PMID: 37148999 PMCID: PMC10947472 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2023.107218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol use and violent behaviors among youth are associated with morbidity and mortality. An emergency department (ED) visit provides an opportunity to initiate prevention efforts. Despite promising findings from our single session SafERteens brief intervention (BI), impact is limited by modest effect sizes, with data lacking on optimal boosters to enhance effects. This paper describes the protocol for a sequential, multiple assignment, randomized trial (SMART). Adolescents and emerging adults (ages 14-20) in the ED screening positive for alcohol use and violent behaviors (physical aggression) were randomly assigned to: 1) SafERteens BI + Text Messaging (TM), or 2) SafERteens BI + remote Health Coach (HC). Participants completed weekly surveys over 8 weeks after the ED visit to tailor intervention content and measure mechanisms of change. At one-month, intervention response/non-response is determined (e.g., binge drinking or violent behaviors). Responders are re-randomized to continued intervention condition (e.g., maintenance) or minimized condition (e.g., stepped down). Non-responders are re-randomized to continued condition (e.g., maintenance), or intensified condition (e.g., stepped up). Outcomes were measured at 4 and 8 months, including primary outcomes of alcohol consumption and violence, with secondary outcomes of alcohol consequences and violence consequences. Although the original goal was to enroll 700 participants, COVID-19 impacts on research diminished recruitment in this trial (enrolled n = 400). Nonetheless, the proposed SMART is highly innovative by blending real-time assessment methodologies with adaptive intervention delivery among teens with comorbid alcohol misuse and violent behaviors. Findings will inform the content and timing booster interventions to alter risk behavior trajectories. Trial Registration:ClinicalTrials.govNCT03344666. University of Michigan # HUM00109156.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen A Walton
- Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, 2800 Plymouth Rd. Building 10, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Addiction Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, 2800 Plymouth Rd. Building 16, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Patrick M Carter
- Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, 2800 Plymouth Rd. Building 10, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, 2800 Plymouth Rd Bldg 10-G080, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2800, USA
| | - Laura Seewald
- Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, 2800 Plymouth Rd. Building 10, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, 2800 Plymouth Rd Bldg 10-G080, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2800, USA
| | - Quyen Ngo
- Hazelden Betty Ford Foundation, 15251 Pleasant Valley Road, Center City, MN 55012, USA
| | - Katherine A Battisti
- Department of Pediatrics, Central Michigan University and Covenant Hospital, Saginaw, MI 48602, USA
| | - Claire Pearson
- Wayne State University, Department of Emergency Medicine, and St. John Hospital, Detroit, MI 48109, USA
| | - Frederic C Blow
- Addiction Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, 2800 Plymouth Rd. Building 16, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Rebecca M Cunningham
- Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, 2800 Plymouth Rd. Building 10, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, 2800 Plymouth Rd Bldg 10-G080, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2800, USA
| | - Carrie Bourque
- Addiction Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, 2800 Plymouth Rd. Building 16, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kelley M Kidwell
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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5
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Emezue C, Karnik NS, Reeder B, Schoeny M, Layfield R, Zarling A, Julion W. A Technology-Enhanced Intervention for Violence and Substance Use Prevention Among Young Black Men: Protocol for Adaptation and Pilot Testing. JMIR Res Protoc 2023; 12:e43842. [PMID: 37126388 PMCID: PMC10186193 DOI: 10.2196/43842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Black boys and men from disinvested communities are disproportionately survivors and perpetrators of youth violence. Those presenting to emergency departments with firearm-related injuries also report recent substance use. However, young Black men face several critical individual and systemic barriers to accessing trauma-focused prevention programs. These barriers contribute to service avoidance, the exacerbation of violence recidivism, substance use relapse, and a revolving-door approach to prevention. In addition, young Black men are known to be digital natives. Therefore, technology-enhanced interventions offer a pragmatic and promising opportunity to mitigate these barriers, provide vital life skills for self-led behavior change, and boost service engagement with vital community resources. OBJECTIVE The study aims to systematically adapt and pilot-test Boosting Violence-Related Outcomes Using Technology for Empowerment, Risk Reduction, and Life Skills Preparation in Youth Based on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (BrotherlyACT), a culturally congruent, trauma-focused digital psychoeducational and service-engagement tool tailored to young Black men aged 15-24 years. BrotherlyACT will incorporate microlearning modules, interactive safety planning tools for risk assessment, goal-setting, mindfulness practice, and a service-engagement conversational agent or chatbot to connect young Black men to relevant services. METHODS The development of BrotherlyACT will occur in 3 phases. In phase 1, we will qualitatively investigate barriers and facilitators influencing young Black men's willingness to use violence and substance use prevention services with 15-30 young Black men (aged 15-24 years) who report perpetrating violence and substance use in the past year and 10 service providers (aged >18 years; any gender; including health care providers, street outreach workers, social workers, violence interrupters, community advocates, and school staff). Both groups will be recruited from community and pediatric emergency settings. In phase 2, a steering group of topic experts (n=3-5) and a youth and community advisory board comprising young Black men (n=8-12) and service providers (n=5-10) will be involved in participatory design, alpha testing, and beta testing sessions to develop, refine, and adapt BrotherlyACT based on an existing skills-based program (Achieving Change Through Values-Based Behavior). We will use user-centered design principles and the Assessment, Decision, Administration, Production, Topical, Experts, Integration, Training, and Testing framework to guide this adaptation process (phase 2). In phase 3, a total of 60 young Black men will pilot-test the adapted BrotherlyACT over 10 weeks in a single-group, pretest-posttest design to determine its feasibility and implementation outcomes. RESULTS Phase 1 data collection began in September 2021. Phases 2 and 3 are scheduled to start in June 2023 and end in September 2024. CONCLUSIONS The development and testing of BrotherlyACT is a crucial first step in expanding an evidence-based psychoeducational and service-mediating intervention for young Black men involved in violence. This colocation of services shifts the current prevention strategy from telling them why to change to teaching them how. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) PRR1-10.2196/43842.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuka Emezue
- Department of Women, Children and Family Nursing, Rush University College of Nursing, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Niranjan S Karnik
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Juvenile Research, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Blaine Reeder
- Sinclair School of Nursing, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Michael Schoeny
- Department of Community, Systems and Mental Health Nursing, Rush University College of Nursing, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Rickey Layfield
- Urban Male Network, Vice President of Programming, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Amie Zarling
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Wrenetha Julion
- Department of Women, Children and Family Nursing, Rush University College of Nursing, Chicago, IL, United States
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Miller GF, Wilson L, Rice K, DePadilla L, Mercado-Crespo M, Jones SE. Injury Prevention Activities in US Schools, School Health Policies and Practices Survey 2014. THE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH 2022; 92:841-852. [PMID: 35411586 PMCID: PMC9483857 DOI: 10.1111/josh.13190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to injury and violence early in life increases the risk of experiencing injury and violence later in life. In 2019, the top 3 leading causes of death among 15- to 18-year-olds in the United States were unintentional injury, suicide, and homicide. This study examines the extent to which schools promote injury and violence prevention. METHODS This study examined injury- and violence-related school policies and practices using nationally representative data from the 2014 School Health Policies and Practices Study. The social ecological model served as the theoretical framework to identify level of impact. RESULTS For many injury-related topics, more than 75% of schools nationwide had relevant policies and practices to address those topics. However, this study showed differences in schools' injury-related policies and practices by urbanicity. CONCLUSIONS Understanding and identifying gaps in school policies and practices is essential for reducing and preventing the injury and violence children experience. Collecting data on school policies and practices allows for better monitoring and evaluation to determine which are efficacious and aligned with the best available evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle F. Miller
- Division of Injury Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lauren Wilson
- Division of Injury Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ketra Rice
- Division of Injury Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lara DePadilla
- Division of Overdose Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Melissa Mercado-Crespo
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sherry Everett Jones
- Division of Adolescent and School Health, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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7
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Simon TR, Clayton HB, Dahlberg LL, David-Ferdon C, Kilmer G, Barbero C. Gun Carrying Among Youths, by Demographic Characteristics, Associated Violence Experiences, and Risk Behaviors — United States, 2017–2019. MMWR. MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT 2022; 71:953-957. [PMID: 35900931 PMCID: PMC9345176 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7130a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Violent Behaviours among Adolescents and Young Adults: Association with Psychoactive Substance Use and Parenting Styles. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19073756. [PMID: 35409439 PMCID: PMC8997707 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19073756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
This study extends existing research on the relationship between psychoactive substance use among young people and violent behaviour, by evaluating the possible effect of the modification of parenting in a nationally representative sample of 14,685 Italian students drawn from the 2019 wave of the ESPAD Italia survey (51% male; mean age about 17 years). Parental dimensions considered in the study were rule-setting, monitoring, and emotional support, as well as the possible absence of a parent. Relative risk ratios and binary logistic regressions were used to estimate the associations separately for adolescents (15–17) and young adults (18–19). Overall, parental rule-setting, perceived parental monitoring, and emotional support were protective factors for substance use, and the strength of this relationship increased with the frequency of use. Among adolescents, the absence of a parent represented a risk factor. In both age groups, the odds of engaging in violent behaviour was increased among those reporting alcohol intoxication and substance use and the greater the frequency of use, the greater the increase in the odds. As parental monitoring and emotional support decreased, the odds of engaging in violent behaviour increased (except in the case of lower parental support among young adults), while the opposite applies to parental rule-setting. The odds of engaging in violent behaviour were increased among those reporting the absence of a parent only in the adolescent age group. Parental rule-setting was found to have an effect only among adolescents, increasing the odds of violent behaviour among frequent drinkers. Our results might be helpful to signal adolescents who would be more prone to adopt violent behaviour in order to target prevention policies.
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9
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Goldstick JE, Bonar EE, Myers M, Bohnert ASB, Walton MA, Cunningham RM. Within-Person Predictors of Same-Day Alcohol and Nonmedical Prescription Drug Use Among Youth Presenting to an Urban Emergency Department. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2022; 83:85-90. [PMID: 35040763 PMCID: PMC8819893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Simultaneous alcohol and nonmedical prescription drug use (NMPDU) increases acute risks (e.g., overdose) associated with each; understanding social, substance use, and mental health predictors of same-day use may suggest intervention targets. METHOD At an urban emergency department, research assistants recruited youth ages 14-24 reporting past-6-month substance use (n = 599; 58.8% male). Participants self-administered validated measures of alcohol consumption, cannabis use severity (quantity and consequences), mental health symptoms, and social influences at baseline and at four biannual follow-ups. In addition, participants completed Timeline Followback calendars that assessed same-day use of alcohol and prescription drugs. We used negative binomial regression with person-level fixed effects to isolate within-person predictor effects on same-day use frequency. RESULTS Between 6.0% (baseline) and 8.6% (6-month follow-up) of youth reported same-day alcohol use and NMPDU across follow-ups. Within-person increases in alcohol consumption, cannabis use severity, and depression and anxiety symptoms all corresponded to greater same-day alcohol and NMPDU frequency, with consistent findings across genders. Increased positive peer behaviors corresponded to decreased same-day use frequency among males but not females. Decreased parental support and increased delinquent peer exposures corresponded to greater same-day use frequency among females but not males. CONCLUSIONS Substance use and mental health symptom escalation are robust predictors of greater same-day use frequency, whereas the roles of social factors appear gender-specific. Interrupting worsening trajectories of substance use and mental health symptoms, and enhancing social support and reducing delinquent peer exposures, may reduce same-day use frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason E. Goldstick
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Correspondence may be sent to Jason E. Goldstick at the Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, Suite B10-G080, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2800, or via email at:
| | - Erin E. Bonar
- Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Addiction Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Matthew Myers
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Amy S. B. Bohnert
- Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Maureen A. Walton
- Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Addiction Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Rebecca M. Cunningham
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Hurley Medical Center, Flint, Michigan
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10
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Rabin J, Lawlace M, Zhen-Duan J, Nuñez M, Jacquez F. A social interaction learning model approach to understand adverse childhood experiences and drug use among Latinx youth. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2021:1-15. [PMID: 34597244 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2021.1982804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Latinx youth, members of an ethnic minority group growing faster than the national growth rate, are at increased risk of experiencing adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) but it remains unclear how ACEs relate to externalizing behaviors, such as substance use and behaviors leading to injury and violence, in this population. In a sample of 100 Latinx youth, the current study examined how ACEs related to drug use and behaviors leading to injury and violence. Exposure to ACEs was associated with increased drug use, and that association was significantly moderated by behaviors leading to injury and violence for Latina adolescents. Given these findings, more attention needs to be diverted to screening for ACEs and externalizing behaviors in Latina girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Rabin
- Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Margaret Lawlace
- Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Jenny Zhen-Duan
- Disparities Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Miguel Nuñez
- Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Farrah Jacquez
- Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
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Khazaie H, Najafi F, Hamzeh B, Chehri A, Rahimi-Movaghar A, Amin-Esmaeili M, Moradi-Nazar M, Khazaie S, Zakiei A, Kamasi S, Pasdar Y. Cluster analysis of risky behaviors among the youth in Western Iran: Determining correlates and comparing clusters based on severity of disability and attitude toward mental health help-seeking. Indian J Psychiatry 2021; 63:424-432. [PMID: 34789929 PMCID: PMC8522610 DOI: 10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_1156_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The objectives of the study were (i) cluster analysis of risky behaviors; (ii) determining correlates; and (iii) comparing clusters with regard to the attitude toward mental health help seeking. METHODS The current cross-sectional study is a part of the first phase of the Persian Youth Cohort. From October 2014 to January 2017, 2990 individuals from Ravansar City in western Iran completed structured interviews and national and international standard questionnaires. The obtained data were analyzed using two-stage cluster analysis, multinomial logistic regression analysis, and Chi-square test. RESULTS This model provided three distinct clusters: (i) low-risk group with mild distress, (ii) high-risk group with high distress, and (iii) violent group with medium distress. Some sociodemographic and lifetime psychiatric disorders were the correlates of unhealthy clusters (P < 0.05). Compared to the reference cluster, a higher number of members in unhealthy clusters were suffering from medium to severe disability. Nevertheless, the participants in these clusters were less inclined to mental health help seeking. CONCLUSIONS More than half of the youth were suffering from suicidal and violent behaviors. Since high-risk participants are less inclined to mental health help seeking, the health policymakers can successfully utilize the results in planning general health programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habibolah Khazaie
- Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Farid Najafi
- Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Behrooz Hamzeh
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, School of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Azita Chehri
- Department of Psychology, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Amin-Esmaeili
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Moradi-Nazar
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, School of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Sepideh Khazaie
- Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ali Zakiei
- Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Saeed Kamasi
- Department of Neuroscience and Psychopathology Research, Mind GPS Institute, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Yahya Pasdar
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, School of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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12
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Zhang‐James Y, Chen Q, Kuja‐Halkola R, Lichtenstein P, Larsson H, Faraone SV. Machine-Learning prediction of comorbid substance use disorders in ADHD youth using Swedish registry data. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2020; 61:1370-1379. [PMID: 32237241 PMCID: PMC7754321 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have a high risk for substance use disorders (SUDs). Early identification of at-risk youth would help allocate scarce resources for prevention programs. METHODS Psychiatric and somatic diagnoses, family history of these disorders, measures of socioeconomic distress, and information about birth complications were obtained from the national registers in Sweden for 19,787 children with ADHD born between 1989 and 1993. We trained (a) a cross-sectional random forest (RF) model using data available by age 17 to predict SUD diagnosis between ages 18 and 19; and (b) a longitudinal recurrent neural network (RNN) model with the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) architecture to predict new diagnoses at each age. RESULTS The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was 0.73(95%CI 0.70-0.76) for the random forest model (RF). Removing prior diagnosis from the predictors, the RF model was still able to achieve significant AUCs when predicting all SUD diagnoses (0.69, 95%CI 0.66-0.72) or new diagnoses (0.67, 95%CI: 0.64, 0.71) during age 18-19. For the model predicting new diagnoses, model calibration was good with a low Brier score of 0.086. Longitudinal LSTM model was able to predict later SUD risks at as early as 2 years age, 10 years before the earliest diagnosis. The average AUC from longitudinal models predicting new diagnoses 1, 2, 5 and 10 years in the future was 0.63. CONCLUSIONS Population registry data can be used to predict at-risk comorbid SUDs in individuals with ADHD. Such predictions can be made many years prior to age of the onset, and their SUD risks can be monitored using longitudinal models over years during child development. Nevertheless, more work is needed to create prediction models based on electronic health records or linked population registers that are sufficiently accurate for use in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Zhang‐James
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesSUNY Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuseNYUSA
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Ralf Kuja‐Halkola
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Paul Lichtenstein
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Henrik Larsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- School of Medical SciencesÖrebro UniversityÖrebroSweden
| | - Stephen V. Faraone
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesSUNY Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuseNYUSA
- Department of Neuroscience and PhysiologySUNY Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuseNYUSA
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13
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Dellazizzo L, Potvin S, Dou BY, Beaudoin M, Luigi M, Giguère CÉ, Dumais A. Association Between the Use of Cannabis and Physical Violence in Youths: A Meta-Analytical Investigation. Am J Psychiatry 2020; 177:619-626. [PMID: 32456503 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.19101008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this meta-analysis was to investigate the extent to which cannabis use among youths is associated with the risk of perpetrating physical violence. METHODS Searches were conducted in PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for articles published from the inception of each database to July 2019. All studies that examined both cannabis use and the perpetration of physical violence in a sample of youths and young adults <30 years old were included. The meta-analysis was performed with a random-effects model. Risk of publication bias was assessed with Egger's test. Guidelines from the Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology were followed. RESULTS After screening 11,348 potential studies, 30 study arms were included, yielding a total of 296,815 adolescents and young adults. The odds ratio for the pooled studies was 2.11 (95% CI=1.64, 2.72). The pooled odds ratios were 2.15 (95% CI=1.58, 2.94) and 2.02 (95% CI=1.26, 3.23) for the cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, respectively. Preliminary evidence suggests that the risk of violence was higher for persistent heavy users (odds ratio=2.81, 95% CI=1.68, 4.74) compared with past-year users (odds ratio=2.05, 95% CI=1.5, 2.8) and lifetime users (odds ratio=1.94, 95% CI=1.29, 2.93). The odds ratio for unadjusted studies was 2.62 (95% CI=1.89, 3.62), and for studies using odds ratios adjusted for potential confounding factors, 2.01 (95% CI=1.57, 2.56). CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate a moderate association between cannabis use and physical violence, which remained significant regardless of study design and adjustment for confounding factors (i.e., socioeconomic factors, other substance use). Cannabis use in this population is a risk factor for violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Dellazizzo
- Research Center, Montreal University Institute of Mental Health, Montreal (Dellazizzo, Potvin, Dou, Beaudoin, Luigi, Giguère, Dumais); Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal (Dellazizzo, Potvin, Beaudoin, Luigi, Dumais); Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal (Dou [medical student]); and Philippe-Pinel National Institute of Legal Psychiatry, Montreal (Dumais)
| | - Stéphane Potvin
- Research Center, Montreal University Institute of Mental Health, Montreal (Dellazizzo, Potvin, Dou, Beaudoin, Luigi, Giguère, Dumais); Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal (Dellazizzo, Potvin, Beaudoin, Luigi, Dumais); Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal (Dou [medical student]); and Philippe-Pinel National Institute of Legal Psychiatry, Montreal (Dumais)
| | - Bo Yi Dou
- Research Center, Montreal University Institute of Mental Health, Montreal (Dellazizzo, Potvin, Dou, Beaudoin, Luigi, Giguère, Dumais); Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal (Dellazizzo, Potvin, Beaudoin, Luigi, Dumais); Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal (Dou [medical student]); and Philippe-Pinel National Institute of Legal Psychiatry, Montreal (Dumais)
| | - Mélissa Beaudoin
- Research Center, Montreal University Institute of Mental Health, Montreal (Dellazizzo, Potvin, Dou, Beaudoin, Luigi, Giguère, Dumais); Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal (Dellazizzo, Potvin, Beaudoin, Luigi, Dumais); Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal (Dou [medical student]); and Philippe-Pinel National Institute of Legal Psychiatry, Montreal (Dumais)
| | - Mimosa Luigi
- Research Center, Montreal University Institute of Mental Health, Montreal (Dellazizzo, Potvin, Dou, Beaudoin, Luigi, Giguère, Dumais); Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal (Dellazizzo, Potvin, Beaudoin, Luigi, Dumais); Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal (Dou [medical student]); and Philippe-Pinel National Institute of Legal Psychiatry, Montreal (Dumais)
| | - Charles-Édouard Giguère
- Research Center, Montreal University Institute of Mental Health, Montreal (Dellazizzo, Potvin, Dou, Beaudoin, Luigi, Giguère, Dumais); Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal (Dellazizzo, Potvin, Beaudoin, Luigi, Dumais); Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal (Dou [medical student]); and Philippe-Pinel National Institute of Legal Psychiatry, Montreal (Dumais)
| | - Alexandre Dumais
- Research Center, Montreal University Institute of Mental Health, Montreal (Dellazizzo, Potvin, Dou, Beaudoin, Luigi, Giguère, Dumais); Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal (Dellazizzo, Potvin, Beaudoin, Luigi, Dumais); Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal (Dou [medical student]); and Philippe-Pinel National Institute of Legal Psychiatry, Montreal (Dumais)
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14
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Stoddard SA, Meier-Austic E, Epstein-Ngo Q, Walton M, Carter PM, Heinze JE, Zimmerman MA, Cunningham R. Substance use and mental health predictors of patterns of non-partner youth violence among high-risk urban youth. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 213:108117. [PMID: 32585420 PMCID: PMC7736059 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the association between baseline substance use and mental health, and non-partner violence trajectories among youth presenting to an urban emergency department who screened positive for drug use. Non-partner violence is physically violent victimization or aggression involving someone other than a dating partner. METHODS Group-based trajectory modeling was used to identify longitudinal trajectories of non-partner violence in N = 599 youth (14-24 years old) at baseline, 6, 12, 18 and 24 month follow-ups. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were used to examine associations between baseline substance use and mental health conditions (i.e., anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder [PTSD]), and non-partner violence trajectories. RESULTS Six trajectory groups were identified for non-partner violence. Binge drinking and cannabis, illicit drug, nonmedical prescription stimulant, and polysubstance use in the 30 days leading up to their initial ED visit were associated with the likelihood of medium to high non-partner violence group membership during the two years following their ED visit. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression/anxiety at baseline were also associated with greater risk of belonging to medium to high non-partner violence trajectory groups. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight distinct trajectories of violent behavior, with roughly 60 % of young adults belonging to one of the non-partner violence groups. Although general trajectory trends were of decreasing violent behavior, the constellation of baseline risk factors differentially predicted group membership. These findings indicate that violence does not operate in a vacuum; interventions to reduce violence should also address previous trauma, substance use, and mental health issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Stoddard
- School of Nursing, University of Michigan, 400 N Ingalls Room 4341, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109,University of Michigan Injury Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109,Department of Health Behavior & Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights 3790A SPH I, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
| | - Elizabeth Meier-Austic
- University of Michigan Injury Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
| | - Quyen Epstein-Ngo
- University of Michigan Injury Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109,Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48105
| | - Maureen Walton
- University of Michigan Injury Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109,Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48105,University of Michigan Addiction Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 4250 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
| | - Patrick M. Carter
- University of Michigan Injury Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109,Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109,Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48105,Hurley Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, 1 Hurley Plaza, Flint, Michigan, 48503
| | - Justin E, Heinze
- Department of Health Behavior & Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights 3790A SPH I, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109,Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
| | - Marc A. Zimmerman
- University of Michigan Injury Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109,Department of Health Behavior & Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights 3790A SPH I, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109,Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
| | - Rebecca Cunningham
- University of Michigan Injury Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109,Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109,Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48105,Hurley Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, 1 Hurley Plaza, Flint, Michigan, 48503
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15
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Al-Gburi K, Al-Murshedi R, Abd Alridha AM, Baiee H. A cross-sectional study of epidemiological factors associated with drug use among secondary school students. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2020.1736664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hasan Baiee
- College of Medicine of Hamorabi, University of Babylon, Babel, Iraq
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16
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Carter PM, Cranford JA, Buu A, Walton MA, Zimmerman MA, Goldstick J, Ngo Q, Cunningham RM. Daily patterns of substance use and violence among a high-risk urban emerging adult sample: Results from the Flint Youth Injury Study. Addict Behav 2020; 101:106127. [PMID: 31645000 PMCID: PMC6999833 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interpersonal violence is a significant public health problem, with substance use a key risk factor. Intensive longitudinal methods (ILMs) provide data on daily patterns/relationships between substance use and violence, informing prevention. Prior daily research has not focused on these relationships among urban minority samples. METHODS Within an RCT comparing ILM assessment/schedule methods, 162-participants completed daily IVR (n = 81) or SMS (n = 81) assessments measuring 19 substance use and violence (partner/non-partner) behaviors daily for 90-days. GLMMs characterized between- and within-person predictors of daily violence. RESULTS Participants [48.7%-female; age = 24.4; 62.3%-African-American; 66.7%-public assistance] completed an average of 46.5 daily reports [SD = 26.7]. Across 90-days, alcohol was characterized by episodic weekend use (average = 10 days-of-use, 34.4% drinking-days involved binge-drinking), while marijuana use was continuous (average = 27 days-of-use; 1.7 times/day), with no weekend differences. Among 118-violent conflicts, 52.5% occurred on weekends; 57.6% were with non-partners/peers; 61.0% involved perpetration/57.6% victimization; and 52.5% involved severe violence. For violence conflicts, 27.1% were preceded by alcohol/22.9% preceded by drug use. Between-person predictors of daily violence included retaliatory attitudes (AOR = 3.2) and anxiety (AOR = 1.1). Within-person predictors included weekends (AOR = 1.6), binge drinking (AOR = 1.9), non-medical prescription opioid use (AOR = 3.5) and illicit drug use (AOR = 8.1). CONCLUSION Among a high-risk urban minority sample, we found that higher baseline retaliatory attitudes and anxiety, as well as same-day binge drinking, non-medical prescription opioid use, and illicit drug use were associated with daily violence, likely reflecting both pharmacological and socio-contextual factors. Addressing substance use and retaliatory violence with tailored prevention efforts may aid in decreasing negative interpersonal violence outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M. Carter
- University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America,Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States of America,Youth Violence Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America,Corresponding author at: Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States of America. (P.M. Carter)
| | - James A. Cranford
- University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America,Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States of America,University of Michigan Addiction Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 4250 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America,Hurley Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, 1 Hurley Plaza, Flint, MI 48503, United States of America
| | - Anne Buu
- Department of Health Behavior & Biological Sciences, University of Michigan, 400 North Ingalls Building, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5482, United States of America
| | - Maureen A. Walton
- University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America,University of Michigan Addiction Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 4250 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
| | - Marc A. Zimmerman
- University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America,Youth Violence Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America,Department of Health Behavior & Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights 3790A SPH I, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
| | - Jason Goldstick
- University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America,Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States of America
| | - Quyen Ngo
- University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America,Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States of America
| | - Rebecca M. Cunningham
- University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America,Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States of America,Youth Violence Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America,Hurley Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, 1 Hurley Plaza, Flint, MI 48503, United States of America
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17
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Goldstick JE, Heinze JE, Stoddard SA, Cunningham RM, Zimmerman MA. Age-Specific Associations Between Violence Exposure and Past 30-Day Marijuana and Alcohol Use. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2019; 29:480-492. [PMID: 29683238 PMCID: PMC6201281 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Using data from a cohort study of students at risk for high school dropout, we examined associations between violence exposure and past 30-day alcohol and marijuana use. We used varying-coefficient regression with person-level fixed effects to estimate how those associations changed within-person across ages approximately 14-23. Generally, violence perpetration was most strongly associated with substance use, within-person. Substance use became increasingly associated with both observed violence and violence perpetration during early/middle adolescence; this increase continued longer into development (age 18+) for alcohol use. Across most of the age range studied here, violence victimization was minimally associated with within-person changes in substance use. Results indicate age-specific associations between violence exposure and alcohol and other drug use, which may be useful for informing prevention strategies.
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18
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White HR, Conway FN, Ward JH. Comorbidity of Substance Use and Violence. HANDBOOKS OF SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-20779-3_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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19
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Eisman AB, Ngo QM, Kusunoki YY, Bonar EE, Zimmerman MA, Cunningham RM, Walton MA. Sexual Violence Victimization Among Youth Presenting to an Urban Emergency Department: The Role of Violence Exposure in Predicting Risk. HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR 2018; 45:625-634. [PMID: 29199476 PMCID: PMC6551613 DOI: 10.1177/1090198117741941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sexual violence (SV) is a widespread public health problem among adolescents and emerging adults with significant short- and long-term consequences. Young people living in urban, disadvantaged communities with high rates of violence may be especially at risk for SV victimization. Understanding interconnections between different forms of violence is critical to reducing SV risk among youth. Participants were youth ( N = 599) ages 14 to 24 years ( M = 20.05, SD = 2.42) presenting to an urban emergency department with a Level 1 trauma designation as part of a prospective cohort study and followed-up for 24 months. We used logistic regression to examine the probability of reporting SV during the 24-month follow-up based on baseline reports of community and peer violence exposure, accounting for previous SV victimization, substance use, and sociodemographic characteristics. Among youth presenting to an urban emergency department, 22% of youth not seeking care for a sexual assault reported any lifetime SV (forced and/or substance-induced sexual intercourse) at baseline. During the 24-month follow-up, 12% reported SV victimization. We found high community violence exposure (odds ratio [OR] = 2.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.01, 8.68]) and peer violence exposure (OR = 1.58, 95% CI [1.19, 2.08]) were associated with increased odds of reporting SV during follow-up in addition to previous SV victimization (OR = 2.71, 95% CI [1.45, 5.09]). Sex, age, parent education, and alcohol or other drug use at baseline were not associated with odds of SV during follow-up. Investigating interconnections between SV victimization and other forms of violence across socioecological levels provides an opportunity to advance SV research and identify promising avenues for prevention based on other violence prevention research. Future strategies for SV prevention that incorporate community and peer components as well as SV-specific content may help reduce SV victimization among youth living in urban, disadvantaged communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andria B. Eisman
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School
of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Quyen M. Ngo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan
Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yasamin Y. Kusunoki
- Department of Systems, Populations and Leadership,
University of Michigan School of Nursing, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Erin E. Bonar
- Addiction Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of
Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Marc A. Zimmerman
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School
of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA,University of Michigan Injury Center, Ann Arbor, MI,
USA,Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, Ann Arbor, MI,
USA
| | - Rebecca M. Cunningham
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School
of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA,Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan
Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,University of Michigan Injury Center, Ann Arbor, MI,
USA,Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, Ann Arbor, MI,
USA,Department of Emergency Medicine, Hurley Medical Center,
Flint, MI, USA
| | - Maureen A. Walton
- Addiction Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of
Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,University of Michigan Injury Center, Ann Arbor, MI,
USA
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20
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Lee Y, Lee KS. Associations between History of Hospitalization for Violence Victimization and Substance-Use Patterns among Adolescents: A 2017 Korean National Representative Survey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E1543. [PMID: 30037050 PMCID: PMC6068931 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15071543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Violence victimization can adversely affect adolescents' long-term health. Existing research has mainly focused on the link between victimization and substance use; however, the evidence obtained to date has been inconsistent. This study, using a Korean national representative sample, examined the association between violence victimization and substance-use patterns (including tobacco, alcohol, and drug use) in terms of sex and number of violence victimization experiences. We analyzed secondary data from the 2017 Korean Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey. Chi-squared test analyses and logistic regression analysis were used to examine substance use in terms of violence victimization; additionally, p-values for trends were calculated to reveal the dose-response relationship per number of violence victimization experiences. We consequently found that participants' rates of tobacco, alcohol, and drug use were higher among those who experienced violence victimization than among those who did not. For each substance-use-related variable, the greater the violence victimization experience, the higher the odds of substance use (p for trend < 0.001). Early intervention may help prevent the development of substance use, especially among adolescents who have experienced violence victimization. Prevention efforts regarding substance abuse and violence prevention should be included in school curricula to effectively prevent adverse health consequences among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeji Lee
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, Korea.
| | - Kang-Sook Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, Korea.
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21
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Brown WC, Wang W, Testa M. Alcohol and Marijuana use in Undergraduate Males: Between- and Within-Person Associations with Interpersonal Conflict. CANNABIS (ALBUQUERQUE, N.M.) 2018; 1:48-59. [PMID: 30298142 PMCID: PMC6173484 DOI: 10.26828/cannabis.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among college students, interpersonal conflict with others is a common, yet stressful negative interpersonal experience. Research suggests that drinking episodes may contribute to the occurrence of conflict. Marijuana use, independently or in conjunction with alcohol, may also influence the likelihood of subsequent conflict. OBJECTIVES We considered the temporal effects of independent and simultaneous alcohol and marijuana use episodes on the occurrence of interpersonal conflict. Use of multilevel modeling allowed us to distinguish the within-person effects of substance use from between-person differences in frequency of use. METHODS Within a sample of 427 college freshman males over 56 days of daily reports, we examined the independent and interactive effects of episodes of alcohol and marijuana on the odds of conflict within the next 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4 hours. RESULTS Multilevel modeling analyses showed that drinking episodes increased the likelihood of conflict occurring within the next 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours. Marijuana had weaker positive effects, significant only within the 2 hour window. There were no alcohol by marijuana interaction effects in any analysis. CONCLUSIONS/IMPORTANCE Both marijuana and alcohol independently increased the likelihood of interpersonal conflict; however, the marijuana effect appeared less robust. As marijuana use becomes more normative and accessible for college students, it is important to understand the extent to which marijuana use results in negative consequences and the contexts under which these effects unfold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney C Brown
- Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York
| | - Weijun Wang
- Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York
| | - Maria Testa
- Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York
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Stein MD, Kenney SR, Anderson BJ, Bailey GL. Loaded: Gun involvement among opioid users. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 187:205-211. [PMID: 29680676 PMCID: PMC5959793 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite ample research examining how alcohol use relates to gun involvement, little is known about the relationship between opioids and gun involvement. In the current study, we examined correlates of gun possession, accessibility, and related behaviors in an opioid dependent sample. METHODS Between October 2016 and April 2017, we surveyed persons entering a brief, inpatient opioid detoxification (n = 386) and 51 contemporaneous persons seeking alcohol detoxification at the same facility in Massachusetts and recorded their lifetime experiences with gun involvement. RESULTS Participants averaged 33 years of age, 74% were male, 83% were White, and 64% had a history of incarceration. Opioid users had significantly higher rates of gun involvement than persons in alcohol detoxification; for example, 31.3% (vs. 3.9%) had carried a gun for protection, 45.1% (vs. 25.5%) had been threatened with a gun, and 13.8% (vs. 2.0%) had shot at another person. Among persons misusing opioids, male and non-White respondents, and those with a history of incarceration or poorer self-control reported greater gun involvement. CONCLUSIONS Opioid users, both men and women, lead gun-involved lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Stein
- Behavioral Medicine and Addictions Research, Butler Hospital, 345 Blackstone Blvd., Providence, RI 02906, USA; Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany St., Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Shannon R Kenney
- Behavioral Medicine and Addictions Research, Butler Hospital, 345 Blackstone Blvd., Providence, RI 02906, USA; Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany St., Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Bradley J Anderson
- Behavioral Medicine and Addictions Research, Butler Hospital, 345 Blackstone Blvd., Providence, RI 02906, USA
| | - Genie L Bailey
- Stanley Street Treatment and Resources, Inc., Fall River, MA 02720, USA; Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 222 Richmond St., Providence, RI 02912, USA
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Goldstick JE, Heinze J, Ngo Q, Hsieh HF, Walton MA, Cunningham RM, Zimmerman MA. Perceived Peer Behavior and Parental Support as Correlates of Marijuana Use: The Role of Age and Gender. Subst Use Misuse 2018; 53:521-531. [PMID: 28857637 PMCID: PMC5766400 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2017.1342660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Parental support and perceptions of peer behavior on substance use are well-studied, but precisely how their associations vary as a function of age, and how those age-specific patterns vary by gender, remain unknown components of the developmental process underlying substance use. METHODS Using data from an 18-year longitudinal study of predominantly African-American students at high-risk for high school dropout in Flint, Michigan (baseline average age = 14.8 years), we examined longitudinal associations between past 30-day marijuana use and three self-reported variables: perceived friend drug use, perceived friend aggression, parental support. We used varying-coefficient regression models to semiparametrically estimate how covariate effects on past 30-day marijuana use vary smoothly as a function of age; gender differences in these age-specific coefficient trajectories were also tested. RESULTS In the unadjusted tests, the risk-enhancing effect of perceived friend drug use decreased with age in both genders, but the effect of perceived friend aggression varied only in females; in both cases, gender differences were not significant. In males, parental support had protective effects that decreased with age. The effect of both parental support differed in females, with less protective baseline effects and no evidence of age-variation. Adjusted models simultaneously including both friend and parental variables produced qualitatively similar results. CONCLUSIONS Prevention strategies focusing on social exposures may be more effective if they are age- and gender-specific. In particular, interventions focusing on perceived peer behaviors may be more appropriate during adolescence, and those involving parental relationships may be more appropriate for males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason E. Goldstick
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Injury Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Justin Heinze
- University of Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Quyen Ngo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Injury Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Institute for Research on Women and Gender, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Hsing-Fang Hsieh
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Maureen A. Walton
- Injury Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- University of Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Addiction Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Rebecca M. Cunningham
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- University of Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Marc A. Zimmerman
- Injury Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Carter PM, Walton MA, Goldstick J, Epstein-Ngo QM, Zimmerman MA, Mercado MC, Williams AG, Cunningham RM. Violent firearm-related conflicts among high-risk youth: An event-level and daily calendar analysis. Prev Med 2017; 102:112-119. [PMID: 28729199 PMCID: PMC5774663 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Firearm homicide is the leading cause of violence-related youth mortality. To inform prevention efforts, we analyzed event-level data to identify unique precursors to firearm conflicts. Youth (ages:14-24) seeking Emergency Department (ED) treatment for assault or for other reasons and reporting past 6-month drug use were enrolled in a 2-year longitudinal study. Time-line follow-back substance use/aggression modules were administered at baseline and each 6-month follow-up. Violent non-partner conflicts were combined across time-points. Regression analyzed: a)antecedents of firearm-related conflicts (i.e., threats/use) as compared to non-firearm conflicts; and b)substance use on conflict (vs. non-conflict) days for those engaged in firearm conflict. During the 24-months, we found that 421-youth reported involvement in violent non-partner conflict (n=829-conflicts;197-firearm/632-non-firearm). Among firearm conflicts, 24.9% involved aggression and 92.9% involved victimization. Retaliation was the most common motivation for firearm-aggression (51.0%), while "shot for no reason" (29.5%) and conflicts motivated by arguments over "personal belongings" (24.0%) were most common for firearm-victimization. Male sex (AOR=5.14), Black race (AOR=2.75), a ED visit for assault (AOR=3.46), marijuana use before the conflict (AOR=2.02), and conflicts motivated by retaliation (AOR=4.57) or personal belongings (AOR=2.28) increased the odds that a conflict involved firearms. Alcohol (AOR=2.80), marijuana (AOR=1.63), and prescription drugs (AOR=4.06) had a higher association with conflict (vs. non-conflict) days among youth reporting firearm conflict. Overall, we found that firearm conflicts are differentially associated with substance use and violence motivations. Addressing substance use, interrupting the cycle of retaliatory violence, and developing conflict resolution strategies that address escalation over infringement on personal belongings may aid in decreasing and preventing adolescent firearm violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Carter
- University of Michigan Injury Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States; Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
| | - Maureen A Walton
- University of Michigan Injury Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; University of Michigan Addiction Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 4250 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Jason Goldstick
- University of Michigan Injury Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States; Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Quyen M Epstein-Ngo
- University of Michigan Injury Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States; Institute for Research on Women and Gender, University of Michigan, 204 S. State Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Marc A Zimmerman
- University of Michigan Injury Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Department of Health Behavior & Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights 3790A SPH I, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Melissa C Mercado
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Mailstop F-64, Atlanta, GA 30341-3717, United States
| | - Amanda Garcia Williams
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Mailstop F-64, Atlanta, GA 30341-3717, United States; Epidemic Intelligence Service, Epidemiology Workforce Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop E-92, Atlanta, GA 30329-4027, United States
| | - Rebecca M Cunningham
- University of Michigan Injury Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States; Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Department of Health Behavior & Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights 3790A SPH I, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Hurley Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, 1 Hurley Plaza, Flint, MI 48503, United States
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Koh PK, Peh CX, Cheok C, Guo S. Violence, Delinquent Behaviors, and Drug Use Disorders Among Adolescents From an Addiction-Treatment Sample. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/1067828x.2017.1354792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Puay-Kee Koh
- National Addictions Management Service, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore
| | - Chao-Xu Peh
- National Addictions Management Service, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore
| | - Christopher Cheok
- National Addictions Management Service, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore
| | - Song Guo
- National Addictions Management Service, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore
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Salas-Wright CP, Vaughn MG, Reingle Gonzalez JM, Fu Q, Clark Goings T. Attacks Intended to Seriously Harm and Co-occurring Drug Use Among Youth in the United States. Subst Use Misuse 2016; 51:1681-92. [PMID: 27487557 PMCID: PMC5022042 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2016.1191516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While it is known that substance use and violence co-occur, less is understood in terms of how this relationship might vary based on the degree of youth involvement in violence. OBJECTIVES This study sought to examine the prevalence and degree that substance use disorders (SUD) and related intrapersonal and contextual factors were associated with violent attacks. METHOD Repeated cross-sectional data from a population-based study (National Survey on Drug Use and Health) of youth ages 12-17 (n = 216,852) in the United States between 2002 and 2013 were pooled to increase the analytic sample size. Survey multinomial regression was used to examine psychosocial and substance use differences between youth reporting episodic (1-2 times, n = 13,091; 5.84%) and repeated violent attacks (3+ times, n = 1,819; 0.83%) in contrast with youth reporting no attacks. Additional analyses examined the association of sociodemographic, intrapersonal, and contextual factors with SUD among youth reporting violent attacks. RESULTS The prevalence of SUD among youth with no attacks was 6% compared to 22% among episodic and 36% among repeatedly violent youth. Violence-involved youth were substantially more likely to experience elevated sensation-seeking, easy drug access, and recent drug offers and less likely to benefit from religiosity and protective substance use beliefs. CONCLUSIONS/IMPORTANCE Findings highlight the importance of distinguishing between the various gradations of violence among youth in understanding the relationship between substance use and violence, and shed light on the intrapersonal and contextual factors that can help identify violent youth at greatest risk for substance use problems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael G Vaughn
- b School of Social Work , Saint Louis University , St. Louis , Missouri , USA
| | | | - Qiang Fu
- d Department of Biostatistics , Saint Louis University , St. Louis , Missouri , USA
| | - Trenette Clark Goings
- e School of Social Work , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina , USA
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Age-related changes in the relationship between alcohol use and violence from early adolescence to young adulthood. Addict Behav Rep 2016; 4:13-17. [PMID: 29511718 PMCID: PMC5836518 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the accumulation of studies examining the link between alcohol use and violence, no studies to our knowledge have systematically set out to detect age-related differences in these relationships. This limitation inhibits important insights into the stability of the relationship between alcohol use and violence among youth across varying ages. Method Study findings are based on repeated, cross-sectional data collected annually as part of the National Survey on Drug Use and Health between 2002 and 2013. We combined a series of nationally representative cross-sections to provide a multi-year string of data that, in effect, reflects a nationally representative non-traditional cohort. We conducted logistic regression analyses to examine the cross-sectional association between non-binge and binge drinking and violent attacks among youth between ages 12 (2002) and 24/25 (2013). Results With respect to the association between non-binge alcohol use and violence, the only significant relationship identified—while controlling for sociodemographic and drug use factors—was for youth at age 13 (2003; OR = 1.97, 95% CI = 1.04–3.72). For binge drinking, we identified a distinct pattern of results. Controlling for sociodemographic, drug use factors, and school enrollment, binge drinking was significantly associated with violence between ages 13 (2003) and 20 (2010) with the largest odds ratios observed during the early adolescent period. Conclusions Non-binge drinking is associated with violent behavior at age 13. Binge drinking was found to be associated with violence among youth through age 20; however, the relationship dissipates when youth arrive at the legal drinking age of 21.
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28
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Evans CBR, Cotter KL, Rose RA, Smokowski PR. Substance use in rural adolescents: The impact of social capital, anti-social capital, and social capital deprivation. J Addict Dis 2016; 35:244-257. [PMID: 27049453 DOI: 10.1080/10550887.2016.1171671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Middle- and high-school substance use is a pressing public health problem in the United States. Despite similar or, in some cases, elevated rates of substance use among rural youth, much of the extant research on adolescent substance use has focused on urban areas. The current study aims to uncover forms of social capital (e.g., ethnic identity), social capital deprivation (e.g., parent-child conflict), and anti-social capital (e.g., delinquent friends) that impact the use of alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana in a sample of middle- and high-school students from the rural south. It was hypothesized that social capital factors would be associated with decreased substance use while social capital deprivation and anti-social capital factors would be associated with increased substance use. The hypotheses were tested using logistic regression models with generalized estimating equations. The findings indicated that for middle school youth, anti-social capital in the form of aggression and delinquent friends was significantly associated with an increased likelihood of using alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana. For high school students, anti-social capital in the form of aggression and delinquent friends and social capital deprivation in the form of neighborhood crime were significantly associated with an increased likelihood of using alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana. Violent behavior was also significantly associated with an increased likelihood of using marijuana. Females reported less substance use in both middle and high school; reports of use increased with age. Implications are discussed. Given the salience of social capital deprivation, substance use programs should emphasize the skills necessary to avoid or disengage from antisocial relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline B R Evans
- a University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, North Carolina Academic Center for Excellence in Youth Violence Prevention , Chapel Hill , North Carolina , USA.,b University of Kansas , Lawrence , Kansas , USA
| | | | - Roderick A Rose
- a University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, North Carolina Academic Center for Excellence in Youth Violence Prevention , Chapel Hill , North Carolina , USA
| | - Paul R Smokowski
- a University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, North Carolina Academic Center for Excellence in Youth Violence Prevention , Chapel Hill , North Carolina , USA.,b University of Kansas , Lawrence , Kansas , USA
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