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Bhide A, Eldeeb MA, Pali M, Muthukumar S, Prasad S. MEASURE: Multiplex Exhaled Breath Condensate - Scanning Using Rapid Electro-Analytics. ACS Sens 2023; 8:3408-3416. [PMID: 37643348 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Exhaled breath condensate is an emerging source of inflammatory biomarkers suitable for the noninvasive detection of respiratory disorders. Current gold standard methods are highly invasive and pose challenges in sample collection during airway inflammation monitoring. Cytokine biomarkers are detectable in EBC at increased or decreased concentrations. IL-6, IL-1β, IL-8, and hs-CRP are characteristic biomarkers identified in respiratory disorders. We have demonstrated the promising outcomes of a 16-plexed electrochemical platform - READ 2.0 for the multiplexed detection of characteristic biomarkers in EBC. The sensor demonstrates dynamic ranges of 1-243 pg/mL with a lower detection limit of 1 pg/mL for IL-6 and IL-1β, while the detection range and limit of detection for IL-8 and hs-CRP is 1-150 pg/mL and 3 pg/mL, respectively. The detection accuracies for the biomarkers are in the range of ∼85 ± 15% to ∼100 ± 10%. The sensor shows a nonspecific response to similar cross-reacting biomarkers. Analytical validation of the sensor with ELISA as the standard reference generated a correlation of R2 > 0.96 and mean biases of 10.9, 3.5, 17.4, and 3.9 pg/mL between the two methods for IL-6, IL-1β, IL-8, and hs-CRP, respectively. The precision of the sensor in detecting low biomarker concentrations yields a %CV of <7%. The variation in the sensor's response on repeat EBC sample measurements and within a 6 h duration is less than 10%. The READ 2.0 platform shows a promise that EBC-based biomarker detection can prove to be vital in predicting the severity and survival rates of respiratory disorders and serve as a reference point for monitoring EBC-based biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlesha Bhide
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Mohammed A Eldeeb
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Madhavi Pali
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Sriram Muthukumar
- EnLiSense LLC, 1813 Audubon Pond Way, Allen, Texas 75013, United States
| | - Shalini Prasad
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
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Jonker I, Visschedijk S, Rosmalen JG, Schenk HM, Van Ockenburg SL. Individual Heterogeneity in the Relations Between Sleep, Inflammation, and Somatic Symptoms. Psychosom Med 2023; 85:266-272. [PMID: 36825926 PMCID: PMC10082064 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000001175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Poor sleep is associated with the experience of more somatic symptoms and a proinflammatory state, whereas a proinflammatory state may also result in the experience of more somatic symptoms. However, existing studies ignore individual differences in these associations. We aimed to study relations between sleep, inflammatory markers, and somatic symptoms at a within-individual level. METHODS Time series of daily data on sleep, somatic symptoms, and inflammation markers in 10 healthy individuals (age, 19-58 years; three men) for 63 days were analyzed. Bidirectional lagged ( t - 1) and contemporaneous ( t ) relations between sleep duration, inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, interferon-α, interleukin 1RA), and somatic symptoms were analyzed using 24-hour urine and diary data. Unified structural equation modeling was used to analyze the association between sleep duration, the three inflammatory markers, and the amount of somatic symptoms at the individual level. RESULTS Associations were found between sleep and at least one of three inflammatory markers in four individuals, both positive (three associations) and negative (five associations) and contemporaneous (four associations) and lagged (four associations). Sleep was related to somatic symptoms in four individuals, both positive ( n = 2) and negative ( n = 2) and contemporaneous ( n = 3) and lagged ( n = 1). Inflammatory markers were associated with somatic symptoms in three individuals, both positive (three associations) and negative (one association) and contemporaneous (three associations) and lagged (one associations). Two individuals showed no associations between sleep, inflammatory markers, and somatic symptoms. CONCLUSIONS We observed a large variability in presence, strength, and direction of associations between sleep, inflammatory markers, and somatic symptoms.
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Bhide A, Pali M, Muthukumar S, Prasad S. EBC-SURE (exhaled breath condensate- scanning using rapid electro analytics): A non-faradaic and non-invasive electrochemical assay to screen for pro-inflammatory biomarkers in human breath condensate. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 206:114117. [PMID: 35247857 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The innovation of this work lies in the trace detection of inflammatory biomarkers (IL-6, hs-CRP) in human exhaled breath condensate on the developed EBC-SURE platform as a point-of-care aid for respiratory disorder diagnosis. The unique design of the EBC-SURE leverages non-faradaic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to capture target-specific biomolecular interactions for highly sensitive biomarker detection. For sensor calibration, EBC-SURE's performance is assessed to measure the response of the sensor to a known concentration by spike and recovery analysis with a recovery error of <20% and an extended dynamic range over 3-log orders. The lowest detection limits for IL-6 and hs-CRP detection in EBC were found to be 3.2 pg/mL and 4 pg/mL respectively. The intra-assay and inter-assay efficacy of EBC-SURE for its usage as a diagnostic device was established through repeatability and reproducibility (over 48 h s) performance testing. The percentage variations (<20%) met the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute standards (CLSI) indicating a highly stable performance for robust biomarker detection. EBC-SURE generated highly selective IL-6 and hs-CRP responses in the presence of other non-specific cytokines. Statistical validation methods- Correlation and Bland Altman analysis established the one-to-one agreement between EBC-SURE and the reference method. Correlation analysis generated a Pearson's R value of 0.99 for IL-6 and hs-CRP. Bland-Altman analysis indicated a good agreement between both the methods with all data points confined within the ±2SD limits. We have demonstrated EBC-SURE's ability in detecting inflammatory biomarkers in human breath condensate towards developing a non-invasive technology that can quantify biomarker levels associated with healthy and acute inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlesha Bhide
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Madhavi Pali
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | | | - Shalini Prasad
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA.
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4
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A novel temperature-controlled open source microcontroller based sampler for collection of exhaled breath condensate in point-of-care diagnostics. Talanta 2022; 237:122984. [PMID: 34736704 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is an attractive, non-invasive sample for clinical diagnostics. During EBC collection, its composition is influenced by the collection temperature, a factor that is often not thoroughly monitored and controlled. In this study, we assembled a novel, simple, portable, and inexpensive device for EBC collection, able to maintain a stable temperature at any value between -7 °C and +12 °C. The temperature was controlled using a microcontroller and a thermoelectric cooler that was employed to cool the aluminum block holding the glass tube or the polypropylene syringe. The performance of the novel sampler was compared with the passively cooled RTube™ and a simple EBC sampler, in which the temperature was steadily increasing during sampling. The developed sampler was able to maintain a stable temperature within ±1 °C. To investigate the influence of different sampling temperatures (i.e., +12, -7, -80 °C) on the analyte content in EBC, inorganic ions and organic acids were analyzed by capillary electrophoresis with a capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detector. It was shown that the concentration of metabolites decreased significantly with decreasing temperature. The portability and the ability to keep a stable temperature during EBC sampling makes the developed sampler suitable for point-of-care diagnostics.
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Hu S, McCartney MM, Arredondo J, Sankaran-Walters S, Borras E, Harper RW, Schivo M, Davis CE, Kenyon NJ, Dandekar S. Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 in clinical exhaled breath condensate samples for metabolomic analysis. J Breath Res 2021; 16:10.1088/1752-7163/ac3f24. [PMID: 34852327 PMCID: PMC9809239 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ac3f24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is routinely collected and analyzed in breath research. Because it contains aerosol droplets, EBC samples from SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals harbor the virus and pose the threat of infectious exposure. We report for the first time a safe and consistent method to fully inactivate SARS-CoV-2 in EBC samples and make EBC samples safe for processing and analysis. EBC samples containing infectious SARS-CoV-2 were treated with several concentrations of acetonitrile. The most commonly used 10% acetonitrile treatment for EBC processing failed to completely inactivate the virus in samples and viable virus was detected by the assay of SARS-CoV-2 infection of Vero E6 cells in a biosafety level 3 laboratory. Treatment with either 50% or 90% acetonitrile was effective to completely inactivate the virus, resulting in safe, non-infectious EBC samples that can be used for metabolomic analysis. Our study provides SARS-CoV-2 inactivation protocol for the collection and processing of EBC samples in the clinical setting and for advancing to metabolic assessments in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Hu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America
| | - Mitchell M McCartney
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America,UC Davis Lung Center, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America,VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA 95655, United States of America
| | - Juan Arredondo
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America
| | - Sumathi Sankaran-Walters
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America
| | - Eva Borras
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America,UC Davis Lung Center, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America
| | - Richart W Harper
- UC Davis Lung Center, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America,VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA 95655, United States of America,Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States of America
| | - Michael Schivo
- UC Davis Lung Center, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America,VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA 95655, United States of America,Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States of America
| | - Cristina E Davis
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America,UC Davis Lung Center, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America,VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA 95655, United States of America
| | - Nicholas J Kenyon
- UC Davis Lung Center, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America,VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA 95655, United States of America,Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States of America
| | - Satya Dandekar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America,Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed.
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Sabeti Z, Ansarin K, Seyedrezazadeh E, Jafarabadi MA, Zafari V, Dastgiri S, Shakerkhatibi M, Gholampour A, Khamnian Z, Sepehri M, Dahim M, Sharbafi J, Hakimi D. Acute responses of airway oxidative stress, inflammation, and hemodynamic markers to ambient PM 2.5 and their trace metal contents among healthy adolescences: A panel study in highly polluted versus low polluted regions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 288:117797. [PMID: 34329054 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Particulate air pollutants are known contributors to global cardiorespiratory mortality through several pathways. We examined the effects of varied exposure to PM2.5 and trace metals on biological markers of airway inflammation, oxidative stress, and hemodynamic function of young individuals living in two different exposure settings. We enrolled and followed a panel of 97 healthy nonsmoking participants aged 15-18 years living in a highly polluted metropolitan city of Tabriz (TBZ) and a much less polluted semi-urban town of Hadishahr (HDS). For five consecutive months, the subjects were examined by a physician, and fractional exhaled nitric oxide levels (FENO) were measured. Samples of exhaled breath condensation (EBC) were obtained for measuring interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and total nitric oxide (NOx). We measured daily outdoor PM2.5 mass concentration in a fixed station in each location for all this period. The PM-metal content was analyzed by ICP-MS. The linear mixed-effects regression models were applied for data analysis. The averages of PM2.5 mass and total metals in TBZ were nearly two and four times higher than in HDS, respectively. In TBZ, an increased IQR of PM2.5 mass during 0-5 days was -correlated with a significant rise in diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, TNF-α, FENO, and NOx and reduction of IL-6. Moreover, exposure to low PM2.5 concentration is significantly -correlated with an elevation in diastolic blood pressure in HDS. We also observed that exposure to metal constituents in the highly polluted region is correlated with increased TNF-α and IL-6 with 131.80% (95% CI: 56.01, 244.39) and 47.51% (95% CI: 33.01, 62.05) per IQR of Hg, respectively. This study suggests that exposure to ambient PM2.5 and their metal contents in highly polluted areas may incite significant changes in airway inflammation, oxidative stress, and hemodynamic parameters in healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Sabeti
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Khalil Ansarin
- Rahat Breath and Sleep Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ensiyeh Seyedrezazadeh
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi
- Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Center for the Development of Interdisciplinary Research in Islamic Sciences and Health Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Venus Zafari
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Dastgiri
- Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shakerkhatibi
- Health and Environment Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Akbar Gholampour
- Health and Environment Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zhila Khamnian
- Department of Community Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Sepehri
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Health Management and Safety Promotion Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahin Dahim
- East Azerbaijan Province Health Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jabraeil Sharbafi
- East Azerbaijan Province Health Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Daryoush Hakimi
- Health Office, Education Department of East Azerbaijan, Tabriz, Iran
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Bou Zerdan M, Moussa S, Atoui A, Assi HI. Mechanisms of Immunotoxicity: Stressors and Evaluators. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8242. [PMID: 34361007 PMCID: PMC8348050 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system defends the body against certain tumor cells and against foreign agents such as fungi, parasites, bacteria, and viruses. One of its main roles is to distinguish endogenous components from non-self-components. An unproperly functioning immune system is prone to primary immune deficiencies caused by either primary immune deficiencies such as genetic defects or secondary immune deficiencies such as physical, chemical, and in some instances, psychological stressors. In the manuscript, we will provide a brief overview of the immune system and immunotoxicology. We will also describe the biochemical mechanisms of immunotoxicants and how to evaluate immunotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maroun Bou Zerdan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Naef K. Basile Cancer Institute, American University of Beirut Medical Center, 1107 2020 Beirut, Lebanon; (M.B.Z.); (A.A.)
| | - Sara Moussa
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Balamand, 1100 Beirut, Lebanon;
| | - Ali Atoui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Naef K. Basile Cancer Institute, American University of Beirut Medical Center, 1107 2020 Beirut, Lebanon; (M.B.Z.); (A.A.)
| | - Hazem I. Assi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Naef K. Basile Cancer Institute, American University of Beirut Medical Center, 1107 2020 Beirut, Lebanon; (M.B.Z.); (A.A.)
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Davis MD, Winters BR, Madden MC, Pleil JD, Sessler CN, Wallace MAG, Ward-Caviness CK, Montpetit AJ. Exhaled breath condensate biomarkers in critically ill, mechanically ventilated patients. J Breath Res 2020; 15:016011. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/abc235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Nelson J, Chalbot MCG, Pavicevic Z, Kavouras IG. Characterization of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) non-exchangeable hydrogen functional types and lung function of wildland firefighters. J Breath Res 2020; 14:046010. [PMID: 32969351 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/abb761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Inhalation of smoke is shown to be associated with adverse respiratory outcomes in firefighters. Due to invasiveness of procedures to obtain airways lining fluid, the immediate responses of the target organ (i.e. lung) are secondarily assessed through biomarkers in blood and urine. The objective of this study was to identify changes in metabolic profile of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) and lung function of firefighters exposed to wildfires smoke. A total of 29 subjects were studied over 16 events; 14 of these subjects provided cross-shift EBC samples. The predominant types of non-exchangeable hydrogen in EBC were saturated oxygenated hydrogen, aliphatic alkyl and allylic. Non-exchangeable allylic and oxygenated hydrogen concentrations decreased in post-exposure EBC samples. Longer exposures were correlated with increased abundance of oxidized carbon in ketones, acids and esters. Post-exposure lung function declines (forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1): 0.08 l, forced vital capacity (FVC): 0.07 l, FEV1/FVC: 0.03 l, peak expiratory flow (PEF): 0.39 l s-1) indicated airways inflammation. They were related to exposure intensity (FEV1 and FVC) and exposure duration (PEF). This study showed that EBC characterization of non-exchangeable hydrogen types by NMR may provide insights on EBC molecular compositions in response to smoke inhalation and facilitate targeted analysis to identify specific biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Nelson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Ryals School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35219, United States of America
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Protti M, Mandrioli R, Mercolini L. Quantitative microsampling for bioanalytical applications related to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: Usefulness, benefits and pitfalls. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 191:113597. [PMID: 32927419 PMCID: PMC7456588 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 emergency sparks the need for diagnostic and therapeutic actions. Microsampling is emerging in as an attractive alternative to traditional sampling. Advantages and challenges of the main microsampling techniques are reported. Available microsampling applications of interest for SARS-CoV-2 are described. Most useful information for researchers and clinicians are gathered and provided.
The multiple pathological effects of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, and its total novelty, mean that currently a lot of diagnostic and therapeutic tools, established and tentative alike, are needed to treat patients in a timely, effective way. In order to make these tools more reliable, faster and more feasible, biological fluid microsampling techniques could provide many advantages. In this review, the most important microsampling techniques are considered (dried matrix spots, volumetric absorptive microsampling, microfluidics and capillary microsampling, solid phase microextraction) and their respective advantages and disadvantages laid out. Moreover, currently available microsampling applications of interest for SARS-CoV-2 therapy are described, in order to make them as much widely known as possible, hopefully providing useful information to researchers and clinicians alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Protti
- Research Group of Pharmaco-Toxicological Analysis (PTA Lab), Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto Mandrioli
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Laura Mercolini
- Research Group of Pharmaco-Toxicological Analysis (PTA Lab), Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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Pleil JD, Wallace MAG, McCord J, Madden MC, Sobus J, Ferguson G. How do cancer-sniffing dogs sort biological samples? Exploring case-control samples with non-targeted LC-Orbitrap, GC-MS, and immunochemistry methods. J Breath Res 2019; 14:016006. [PMID: 31505485 PMCID: PMC8649743 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ab433a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Early identification of disease onset is regarded as an important factor for successful medical intervention. However, cancer and other long-term latency diseases are rare and may take years to manifest clinically. As such, there are no gold standards with which to immediately validate proposed preclinical screening methodologies. There is evidence that dogs can sort samples reproducibly into yes/no categories based on case-control training, but the basis of their decisions is unknown. Because dogs are sniffing air, the distinguishing chemicals must be either in the gas-phase or attached to aerosols and/or airborne particles. Recent biomonitoring research has shown how to extract and analyze semi- and non-volatile compounds from human breath in exhaled condensates and aerosols. Further research has shown that exhaled aerosols can be directly collected on standard hospital-style olefin polypropylene masks and that these masks can be used as a simple sampling scheme for canine screening. In this article, detailed liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HR-MS) with Orbitrap instrumentation and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses were performed on two sets of masks sorted by consensus of a four-dog cohort as either cancer or control. Specifically, after sorting by the dogs, sample masks were cut into multiple sections and extracted for LC-MS and GC-MS non-targeted analyses. Extracts were also analyzed for human cytokines, confirming the presence of human aerosol content above levels in blank masks. In preliminary evaluations, 345 and 44 high quality chemical features were detected by LC-MS and GC-MS analyses, respectively. These features were used to develop provisional orthogonal projection to latent structures-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) models to determine if the samples classified as cancer (case) or non-cancer (control) by the dogs could be separated into the same groups using analytical instrumentation. While the OPLS-DA model for the LC-HR-MS data was able to separate the two groups with statistical significance, although weak explanatory power, the GC-MS model was not found to be significant. These results suggest that the dogs may rely on the less volatile compounds from breath aerosol that were analyzed by LC-HR-MS than the more volatile compounds observed by GC-MS to sort mask samples into groups. These results provide justification for more expansive studies in the future that aim to characterize specific chemical features, and the role(s) of these features in maintaining homeostatic biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim D Pleil
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 109T. W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, United States of America
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Geer Wallace MA, Pleil JD, Madden MC. Identifying organic compounds in exhaled breath aerosol: Non-invasive sampling from respirator surfaces and disposable hospital masks. JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE 2019; 137:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2019.105444. [PMID: 34121762 PMCID: PMC8193830 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2019.105444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Exhaled breath aerosol (EBA) is an important non-invasive biological medium for detecting exogenous environmental contaminants and endogenous metabolites present in the pulmonary tract. Currently, EBA is typically captured as a constituent of the mainstream clinical tool referred to as exhaled breath condensate (EBC). This article describes a simpler, completely non-invasive method for collecting EBA directly from different forms of hard-surface plastic respirator masks and disposable hospital paper breathing masks without first collecting EBC. The new EBA methodology bypasses the complex EBC procedures that require specialized collection gear, dry ice or other coolant, in-field sample processing, and refrigerated transport to the laboratory. Herein, mask samples collected from different types of plastic respirators and paper hospital masks worn by volunteers in the laboratory were analyzed using high resolution-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HR-LC-MS) and immunochemistry. The results of immunochemistry analysis revealed that cytokines were collected above background on both plastic respirator surfaces and paper hospital masks, confirming the presence of human biological constituents. Non-targeted HR-LC-MS analyses demonstrated that larger exogenous molecules such as plasticizers, pesticides, and consumer product chemicals as well as endogenous biochemicals, including cytokines and fatty acids were also detected on mask surfaces. These results suggest that mask sampling is a viable technique for EBA collection to assess potential inhalation exposures and endogenous indicators of health state.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Ariel Geer Wallace
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
- Corresponding author: M. Ariel Geer Wallace, , 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA, (919) 541-7526
| | - Joachim D. Pleil
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Michael C. Madden
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Schenk HM, van Ockenburg SL, Nawijn MC, De Jonge P, Rosmalen JGM. Identification of inflammatory markers suitable for non-invasive, repeated measurement studies in biobehavioral research: A feasibility study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221993. [PMID: 31550260 PMCID: PMC6759186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Studying the role of the immune system in the interaction between mental and physical health is challenging. To study individuals with an intensive, longitudinal study design that requires repetitive sampling in their daily life, non-invasive sampling techniques are a necessity. Urine can be collected in a non-invasive way, but this may be demanding for participants and little is known about fluctuation of inflammatory markers in urine over time. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of non-invasive sampling, and to explore intra-individual differences in inflammatory markers in urine. Materials & methods Ten healthy individuals collected 24-hour urine for 63 consecutive days. In a pilot analysis, 39 inflammatory markers were examined for detectability in urine, stability over time and under storage conditions, and daily fluctuations. Multiplex analyses were used to quantify levels of eight selected markers: C-reactive protein (CRP), Fractalkine, Interleukin-1 receptor-antagonist (IL-1RA), interferon-α (IFNα), interferon-γ (IFNγ), Interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP10), Macrophage inflammatory protein-1β (MIP-1β), and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF). Cross-correlations were calculated between the overnight and 24-hour samples were calculated, to examine whether 24-hour urine could be replaced by the overnight portion for better feasibility. We examined intra- and interindividual differences in the levels of inflammatory markers in urine and the fluctuations thereof. Results This study showed that levels of selected inflammatory markers can be detected in urine. Cross-correlation analyses showed that correlations between levels of inflammatory markers in the night portion and the 24-hour urine sample varied widely between individuals. In addition, analyses of time series revealed striking inter- and intra-individual variation in levels of inflammatory markers and their fluctuations. Conclusion We show that the assessment of urinary inflammatory markers is feasible in an intensive day-to-day study in healthy individuals. However, 24-hour urine cannot be replaced by an overnight portion to alleviate the protocol burden. Levels of inflammatory markers show substantial variation between and within persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. M. Schenk
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Center for Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - S. L. van Ockenburg
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Center for Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M. C. Nawijn
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, GRIAC Research Institute, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - P. De Jonge
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Center for Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J. G. M. Rosmalen
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Center for Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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14
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Wallace MAG, Pleil JD, Oliver KD, Whitaker DA, Mentese S, Fent KW, Horn GP. Targeted GC-MS analysis of firefighters' exhaled breath: Exploring biomarker response at the individual level. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2019; 16:355-366. [PMID: 30932751 PMCID: PMC7027924 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2019.1588973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Biomarker measurements can provide unambiguous evidence of environmental exposures as well as the resultant biological responses. Firefighters have a high rate of occupational cancer incidence, which has been proposed to be linked in part to their increased environmental exposure to byproducts of combustion and contaminants produced during fire responses. In this article, the uptake and elimination of targeted volatile organic compounds were investigated by collecting the exhaled breath of firefighters on sorbent tubes before and after controlled structure burns and analyzing samples using automated thermal desorption-gas chromatography (ATD-GC/MS). Volatile organic compounds exposure was assessed by grouping the data according to firefighting job positions as well as visualizing the data at the level of the individual firefighter to determine which individuals had expected exposure responses. When data were assessed at the group level, benzene concentrations were found to be elevated post-exposure in both fire attack, victim search, and outside ventilation firefighting positions. However, the results of the data analysis at the individual level indicate that certain firefighters may be more susceptible to post-exposure volatile organic compounds increases than others, and this should be considered when assessing the effectiveness of firefighting protective gear. Although this work focuses on firefighting activity, the results can be translated to potential human health and ecological effects from building and forest fires.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ariel Geer Wallace
- a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina
| | - Joachim D Pleil
- a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina
| | - Karen D Oliver
- a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina
| | - Donald A Whitaker
- a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina
| | - Sibel Mentese
- b Department of Environmental Engineering , Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University , Merkez/ Çanakkale , Turkey
| | - Kenneth W Fent
- c Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) , Cincinnati , Ohio
| | - Gavin P Horn
- d Illinois Fire Service Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Champaign , Illinois
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15
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Zhang J, Sun H, Chen Q, Gu J, Ding Z, Xu Y. Effects of individual ozone exposure on lung function in the elderly: a cross-sectional study in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:11690-11695. [PMID: 30806931 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04324-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the acute health effects of individual ozone (O3) exposure on the respiratory system in the elderly. A total of 40 non-smoking elderly volunteers completed personal 24 h of measurement for O3 and fine particulate matter (PM2.5). To assess health effects, we measured the pulmonary function and five inflammatory biomarkers in exhaled breath condensate (EBC), including interleukin-2 (IL-2), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and tumor necrosis factor α/β (TNFα/β). We used the generalized additive model to analyze the association between O3 and these health effects, after adjusting PM2.5, BMI, and sex as confounders. As a result, we found a negative correlation between O3 and forced vital capacity (FVC) or forced expiratory volume-one second (FEV1). With the increasing of O3 by 10 μg/m3, FVC and FEV1 decreased by 0.13 L (95% CI 0.01, 0.26) and 0.11 L (95% CI 0.02, 0.20), respectively. We found no statistical significance between O3 and biomarkers in EBC. The results suggested that individual 24-h O3 exposure was associated with decreased pulmonary function in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayao Zhang
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong Sun
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Gu
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhen Ding
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Xu
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China.
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Wallace MAG, Pleil JD. Evolution of clinical and environmental health applications of exhaled breath research: Review of methods and instrumentation for gas-phase, condensate, and aerosols. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1024:18-38. [PMID: 29776545 PMCID: PMC6082128 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.01.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human breath, along with urine and blood, has long been one of the three major biological media for assessing human health and environmental exposure. In fact, the detection of odor on human breath, as described by Hippocrates in 400 BC, is considered the first analytical health assessment tool. Although less common in comparison to contemporary bio-fluids analyses, breath has become an attractive diagnostic medium as sampling is non-invasive, unlimited in timing and volume, and does not require clinical personnel. Exhaled breath, exhaled breath condensate (EBC), and exhaled breath aerosol (EBA) are different types of breath matrices used to assess human health and disease state. Over the past 20 years, breath research has made many advances in assessing health state, overcoming many of its initial challenges related to sampling and analysis. The wide variety of sampling techniques and collection devices that have been developed for these media are discussed herein. The different types of sensors and mass spectrometry instruments currently available for breath analysis are evaluated as well as emerging breath research topics, such as cytokines, security and airport surveillance, cellular respiration, and canine olfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ariel Geer Wallace
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Joachim D Pleil
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA.
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17
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Rahimpour E, Khoubnasabjafari M, Jouyban-Gharamaleki V, Jouyban A. Non-volatile compounds in exhaled breath condensate: review of methodological aspects. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:6411-6440. [PMID: 30046867 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1259-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to bronchial and nasal lavages, the analysis of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is a promising, simple, non-invasive, repeatable, and diagnostic method for studying the composition of airway lining fluid with the potential to assess lung inflammation, exacerbations, and disease severity, and to monitor the effectiveness of treatment regimens. Recent investigations have revealed the potential applications of EBC analysis in systemic diseases. In this review, we highlight the analytical studies conducted on non-volatile compounds/biomarkers in EBC. In contrast to other related articles, this review is classified on the basis of analytical techniques and includes almost all the applied methods and their methodological limitations for quantification of non-volatile compounds in EBC samples, providing a guideline for further researches. The studies were identified by searching the SCOPUS database with the keywords "biomarkers," "non-volatile compounds," "determination method," and "EBC."
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Rahimpour
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Khoubnasabjafari
- Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vahid Jouyban-Gharamaleki
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abolghasem Jouyban
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. .,Kimia Idea Pardaz Azarbayjan (KIPA) Science Based Company, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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18
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Zamuruyev KO, Schmidt AJ, Borras E, McCartney MM, Schivo M, Kenyon NJ, Delplanque JP, Davis CE. Power-efficient self-cleaning hydrophilic condenser surface for portable exhaled breath condensate (EBC) metabolomic sampling. J Breath Res 2018; 12:036020. [PMID: 29771240 PMCID: PMC6015477 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/aac5a5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we present a hydrophilic self-cleaning condenser surface for the collection of biological and environmental aerosol samples. The condenser is installed in a battery-operated hand-held breath sampling device. The device performance is characterized by the collection and analysis of exhaled breath samples from a group of volunteers. The exhaled breath condensate is collected on a subcooled condenser surface, transferred into a storage vial, and its chemical content is analyzed using mass spectrometric methods. The engineered surface supports upon it a continuous condensation cycle, and this allows the collection of liquid samples exceeding the saturation mass/area limit of a plain hydrophilic surface. The condenser surface employs two constituent parameters: a low surface energy barrier to enhance nucleation and condensation efficiency, and a network of surface microstructures to create a self-cleaning mechanism for fluid aggregation into a reservoir. Removal of the liquid condensate from the condenser surface prevents the formation of a thick liquid layer, and thus maintains a continuous condensation cycle with a minimum decrease in heat transfer efficiency as condensation occurs on the surface. The self-cleaning condenser surfaces may have a number of applications in the collection of biological, chemical, or environmental aerosol samples. Sample phase conversion to liquid can facilitate sample manipulation and chemical analysis of matrices with low concentrations. Here, we demonstrate the use of a self-cleaning microcondenser for the collection of exhaled breath condensate with a hand-held portable device. All breath collections with the two devices were performed with the same group of volunteers under UC Davis IRB protocol 63701-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin O Zamuruyev
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States of America
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19
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Pleil JD, Wallace MAG, Madden MC. Exhaled breath aerosol (EBA): the simplest non-invasive medium for public health and occupational exposure biomonitoring. J Breath Res 2018; 12:027110. [PMID: 29104183 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/aa9855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joachim D Pleil
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States of America
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20
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Ladva CN, Golan R, Greenwald R, Yu T, Sarnat SE, Flanders WD, Uppal K, Walker DI, Tran V, Liang D, Jones DP, Sarnat JA. Metabolomic profiles of plasma, exhaled breath condensate, and saliva are correlated with potential for air toxics detection. J Breath Res 2017; 12:016008. [PMID: 28808178 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/aa863c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Advances in the development of high-resolution metabolomics (HRM) have provided new opportunities for their use in characterizing exposures to environmental air pollutants and air pollution-related disease etiologies. Exposure assessment studies have considered blood, breath, and saliva as biological matrices suitable for measuring responses to air pollution exposures. The current study examines comparability among these three matrices using HRM and explores their potential for measuring mobile-source air toxics. METHODS Four participants provided saliva, exhaled breath concentrate (EBC), and plasma before and after a 2 h road traffic exposure. Samples were analyzed on a Thermo Scientific QExactive MS system in positive electrospray ionization mode and resolution of 70 000 full-width at half-maximum with C18 chromatography. Data were processed using an apLCMS and xMSanalyzer on the R statistical platform. RESULTS The analysis yielded 7110, 6019, and 7747 reproducible features in plasma, EBC, and saliva, respectively. Correlations were moderate-to-strong (R = 0.41-0.80) across all pairwise comparisons of feature intensity within profiles, with the strongest between EBC and saliva. The associations of mean intensities between matrix pairs were positive and significant, controlling for subject and sampling time effects. Six out of 20 features shared in all three matrices putatively matched a list of known mobile-source air toxics. CONCLUSIONS Plasma, saliva, and EBC have largely comparable metabolic profiles measurable through HRM. These matrices have the potential to be used in identification and measurement of exposures to mobile-source air toxics, though further, targeted study is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandresh Nanji Ladva
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States of America
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21
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Zamuruyev KO, Aksenov AA, Pasamontes A, Brown JF, Pettit DR, Foutouhi S, Weimer BC, Schivo M, Kenyon NJ, Delplanque JP, Davis CE. Human breath metabolomics using an optimized non-invasive exhaled breath condensate sampler. J Breath Res 2016; 11:016001. [PMID: 28004639 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/11/1/016001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) analysis is a developing field with tremendous promise to advance personalized, non-invasive health diagnostics as new analytical instrumentation platforms and detection methods are developed. Multiple commercially-available and researcher-built experimental samplers are reported in the literature. However, there is very limited information available to determine an effective breath sampling approach, especially regarding the dependence of breath sample metabolomic content on the collection device design and sampling methodology. This lack of an optimal standard procedure results in a range of reported results that are sometimes contradictory. Here, we present a design of a portable human EBC sampler optimized for collection and preservation of the rich metabolomic content of breath. The performance of the engineered device is compared to two commercially available breath collection devices: the RTube™ and TurboDECCS. A number of design and performance parameters are considered, including: condenser temperature stability during sampling, collection efficiency, condenser material choice, and saliva contamination in the collected breath samples. The significance of the biological content of breath samples, collected with each device, is evaluated with a set of mass spectrometry methods and was the primary factor for evaluating device performance. The design includes an adjustable mass-size threshold for aerodynamic filtering of saliva droplets from the breath flow. Engineering an inexpensive device that allows efficient collection of metalomic-rich breath samples is intended to aid further advancement in the field of breath analysis for non-invasive health diagnostic. EBC sampling from human volunteers was performed under UC Davis IRB protocol 63701-3 (09/30/2014-07/07/2017).
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin O Zamuruyev
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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22
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Rolla G, Fusaro E, Nicola S, Bucca C, Peroni C, Parisi S, Cassinis MC, Ferraris A, Angelino F, Heffler E, Boita M, Brussino L. Th-17 cytokines and interstitial lung involvement in systemic sclerosis. J Breath Res 2016; 10:046013. [PMID: 27869103 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/10/4/046013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The two phenotypes of both limited and diffuse systemic sclerosis (SSc) have different forms of pulmonary involvement: pulmonary arterial hypertension (limited phenotype) or interstitial lung disease (ILD) (diffuse phenotype). We aimed to investigate whether Th17-related cytokines, as measured in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) and in serum were connected to ILD in diffuse SSc patients. We found that for both limited and diffuse SSc, the EBC levels of all cytokines and most of the cytokine serum levels were significantly higher in patients than in controls, while, the EBC levels of Th-17 cytokines and the serum levels of IL-10 and TNF-α were significantly higher in diffuse than in limited SSc. Moreover, the thoracic CT-scan score of ILD was significantly associated with the EBC levels of IL-1 beta and with the serum IL-23, TNF-α and IL-10 levels, whereas lung carbon monoxide diffusing capacity was negatively related to the EBC levels of IL-1 beta, IL-17 and serum IL-10. Serum IL-23 was also inversely correlated with vital capacity. In conclusion, in diffuse SSc patients our results show a clear link between Th-17 cytokines measured both in EBC and in serum with interstitial lung involvement. This highlights how important it is to target Th-17 cytokines when developing new treatments for lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rolla
- Medical Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Pleil JD. Imputing defensible values for left-censored 'below level of quantitation' (LoQ) biomarker measurements. J Breath Res 2016; 10:045001. [PMID: 27753432 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/10/4/045001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Biomarker datasets often include entries 'below the level of quantitation' (LoQ) wherein the instrumentation is no longer able to provide values that meet required analytical quality standards, a phenomenon referred to as 'left-censored' data. Generally, some form of imputation for missing values is required to allow calculating distributions and summary statistics for comparing datasets to each other. This article discusses the available options for imputing (modeling) left-censored data, presents the methods for implementing different procedures, and provides examples and guidelines using realistic data to assess relative performance. Ultimately, multiple ordered value imputation is identified as the best method; therein, the overall distribution of actual measures is used in conjunction with an estimate of relative order of the missing values to provide the most likely estimates below the LoQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim D Pleil
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
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Pleil JD. Breath biomarkers in toxicology. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:2669-2682. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1817-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Hayes SA, Haefliger S, Harris B, Pavlakis N, Clarke SJ, Molloy MP, Howell VM. Exhaled breath condensate for lung cancer protein analysis: a review of methods and biomarkers. J Breath Res 2016; 10:034001. [PMID: 27380020 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/10/3/034001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, and is considered one of the most aggressive human cancers, with a 5 year overall survival of 10-15%. Early diagnosis of lung cancer is ideal; however, it is still uncertain as to what technique will prove successful in the systematic screening of high-risk populations, with the strongest evidence currently supporting low dose computed tomography (LDCT). Analysis of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) has recently been proposed as an alternative low risk and non-invasive screening method to investigate early-stage neoplastic processes in the airways. However, there still remains a relative paucity of lung cancer research involving EBC, particularly in the measurement of lung proteins that are centrally linked to pathogenesis. Considering the ease and safety associated with EBC collection, and advances in the area of mass spectrometry based profiling, this technology has potential for use in screening for the early diagnosis of lung cancer. This review will examine proteomics as a method of detecting markers of neoplasia in patient EBC with a particular emphasis on LC, as well as discussing methodological challenges involving in proteomic analysis of EBC specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Hayes
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia. Sydney Medical School Northern, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Stiegel MA, Pleil JD, Sobus JR, Madden MC. Inflammatory Cytokines and White Blood Cell Counts Response to Environmental Levels of Diesel Exhaust and Ozone Inhalation Exposures. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152458. [PMID: 27058360 PMCID: PMC4825980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological observations of urban inhalation exposures to diesel exhaust (DE) and ozone (O3) have shown pre-clinical cardiopulmonary responses in humans. Identifying the key biological mechanisms that initiate these health bioindicators is difficult due to variability in environmental exposure in time and from person to person. Previously, environmentally controlled human exposure chambers have been used to study DE and O3 dose-response patterns separately, but investigation of co-exposures has not been performed under controlled conditions. Because a mixture is a more realistic exposure scenario for the general public, in this study we investigate the relationships of urban levels of urban-level DE exposure (300 μg/m3), O3 (0.3 ppm), DE + O3 co-exposure, and innate immune system responses. Fifteen healthy human volunteers were studied for changes in ten inflammatory cytokines (interleukins 1β, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 12p70 and 13, IFN-γ, and TNF-α) and counts of three white blood cell types (lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils) following controlled exposures to DE, O3, and DE+O3. The results show subtle cytokines responses to the diesel-only and ozone-only exposures, and that a more complex (possibly synergistic) relationship exists in the combination of these two exposures with suppression of IL-5, IL-12p70, IFN-γ, and TNF-α that persists up to 22-hours for IFN-γ and TNF-α. The white blood cell differential counts showed significant monocyte and lymphocyte decreases and neutrophil increases following the DE + O3 exposure; lymphocytes and neutrophils changes also persist for at least 22-hours. Because human studies must be conducted under strict safety protocols at environmental levels, these effects are subtle and are generally only seen with detailed statistical analysis. This study indicates that the observed associations between environmental exposures and cardiopulmonary effects are possibly mediated by inflammatory response mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Stiegel
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Occupational and Environmental Safety, Division of Occupational Hygiene and Safety, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Joachim D. Pleil
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Lab, Human Exposure and Atmospheric Sciences Division, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jon R. Sobus
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Lab, Human Exposure and Atmospheric Sciences Division, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michael C. Madden
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Lab, Environmental Public Health Division, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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Pleil JD. Cellular respiration: replicating in vivo systems biology for in vitro exploration of human exposome, microbiome, and disease pathogenesis biomarkers. J Breath Res 2016; 10:010201. [PMID: 26954510 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/10/1/010201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joachim D Pleil
- Exposure Methods and Measurements Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Pleil JD. Comparing biomarker measurements to a normal range: when to use standard error of the mean (SEM) or standard deviation (SD) confidence intervals tests. Biomarkers 2016; 21:195-9. [DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2015.1134666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Angrish MM, Pleil JD, Stiegel MA, Madden MC, Moser VC, Herr DW. Taxonomic applicability of inflammatory cytokines in adverse outcome pathway (AOP) development. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2016; 79:184-96. [PMID: 26914248 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2016.1138923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines, low-molecular-weight messenger proteins that act as intercellular immunomodulatory signals, have become a mainstream preclinical marker for assessing the systemic inflammatory response to external stressors. The challenge is to quantitate from healthy subjects cytokine levels that are below or at baseline and relate those dynamic and complex cytokine signatures of exposures with the inflammatory and repair pathways. Thus, highly sensitive, specific, and precise analytical and statistical methods are critically important. Investigators at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) have implemented advanced technologies and developed statistics for evaluating panels of inflammatory cytokines in human blood, exhaled breath condensate, urine samples, and murine biological media. Advanced multiplex, bead-based, and automated analytical platforms provided sufficient sensitivity, precision, and accuracy over the traditional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Thus, baseline cytokine levels can be quantified from healthy human subjects and animals and compared to an in vivo exposure response from an environmental chemical. Specifically, patterns of cytokine responses in humans exposed to environmental levels of ozone and diesel exhaust, and in rodents exposed to selected pesticides (such as fipronil and carbaryl), were used as case studies to generally assess the taxonomic applicability of cytokine responses. The findings in this study may aid in the application of measureable cytokine markers in future adverse outcome pathway (AOP)-based toxicity testing. Data from human and animal studies were coalesced and the possibility of using cytokines as key events (KE) to bridge species responses to external stressors in an AOP-based framework was explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Angrish
- a Integrated Sciences and Toxicology Division, NHEERL/ORD , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , North Carolina , USA
| | - Joachim D Pleil
- b Human Exposure and Atmospheric Sciences Division, NERL/ORD , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , North Carolina , USA
| | - Matthew A Stiegel
- c ORISE, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina , USA
| | - Michael C Madden
- d Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL/ORD , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Chapel Hill , North Carolina , USA
| | - Virginia C Moser
- e Neurotoxicology Branch/Toxicity Assessment Division NHEERL/ORD , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , North Carolina , USA
| | - David W Herr
- f Toxicity Assessment Division, NHEERL/ORD , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , North Carolina , USA
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Wallace MAG, Kormos TM, Pleil JD. Blood-borne biomarkers and bioindicators for linking exposure to health effects in environmental health science. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2016; 19:380-409. [PMID: 27759495 PMCID: PMC6147038 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2016.1215772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Environmental health science aims to link environmental pollution sources to adverse health outcomes to develop effective exposure intervention strategies that reduce long-term disease risks. Over the past few decades, the public health community recognized that health risk is driven by interaction between the human genome and external environment. Now that the human genetic code has been sequenced, establishing this "G × E" (gene-environment) interaction requires a similar effort to decode the human exposome, which is the accumulation of an individual's environmental exposures and metabolic responses throughout the person's lifetime. The exposome is composed of endogenous and exogenous chemicals, many of which are measurable as biomarkers in blood, breath, and urine. Exposure to pollutants is assessed by analyzing biofluids for the pollutant itself or its metabolic products. New methods are being developed to use a subset of biomarkers, termed bioindicators, to demonstrate biological changes indicative of future adverse health effects. Typically, environmental biomarkers are assessed using noninvasive (excreted) media, such as breath and urine. Blood is often avoided for biomonitoring due to practical reasons such as medical personnel, infectious waste, or clinical setting, despite the fact that blood represents the central compartment that interacts with every living cell and is the most relevant biofluid for certain applications and analyses. The aims of this study were to (1) review the current use of blood samples in environmental health research, (2) briefly contrast blood with other biological media, and (3) propose additional applications for blood analysis in human exposure research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ariel Geer Wallace
- a Exposure Methods and Measurement Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina , USA
| | | | - Joachim D Pleil
- a Exposure Methods and Measurement Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina , USA
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Pleil JD, Angrish MM, Madden MC. Immunochemistry for high-throughput screening of human exhaled breath condensate (EBC) media: implementation of automated quanterix SIMOA instrumentation. J Breath Res 2015; 9:047108. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/9/4/047108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Stiegel MA, Pleil JD, Sobus JR, Angrish MM, Morgan MK. Kidney injury biomarkers and urinary creatinine variability in nominally healthy adults. Biomarkers 2015; 20:436-52. [DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2015.1094136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Stiegel
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA,
- ORISE, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA, and
| | - J. D. Pleil
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - J. R. Sobus
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - M. K. Morgan
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Pleil JD. Understanding new “exploratory” biomarker data: a first look at observed concentrations and associated detection limits. Biomarkers 2015; 20:168-9. [DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2015.1040841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joachim D. Pleil
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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