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Tsai YF, Chen CY, Yang SC, Syu YT, Hwang TL. Apremilast ameliorates acute respiratory distress syndrome by inhibiting neutrophil-induced oxidative stress. Biomed J 2023; 46:100560. [PMID: 36103985 PMCID: PMC10345255 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is attributed to the dysregulation of oxidative stress and neutrophil recruitment. We aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of apremilast on human neutrophils and assess its efficacy for treating ARDS. METHODS We analysed superoxide anion generation, integrin expression, and adhesion in activated human neutrophils using spectrophotometry, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence microscopy. Phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) was determined using immunoblotting. A murine lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ARDS model was used to evaluate the therapeutic effects of apremilast. RESULTS Apremilast significantly decreased superoxide anion production, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, cluster of differentiation (CD)11 b expression, and neutrophil adhesion in formyl-l-methionyl-l-leucyl-l-phenylalanine activated human neutrophils. Apremilast elevated cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and protein kinase A (PKA) activity in activated neutrophils. It reduced cellular cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity and selectively inhibited enzymatic PDE4 activity. The activated cAMP/PKA pathway suppressed the phosphorylation of ERK and JNK as well as Ca2+ mobilization in activated neutrophils. All inhibitory effects of apremilast on activated neutrophils were reversed by a PKA inhibitor. In vivo examinations indicated that apremilast alleviated lung neutrophil infiltration, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, pulmonary oedema, and alveolar damage in LPS-induced ARDS. CONCLUSION Apremilast inhibits inflammatory responses after neutrophil activation via cAMP/PKA-dependent inhibition of ERK and JNK activation. Our study revealed apremilast suppresses oxidative stress and chemotaxis by selectively inhibiting PDE4 in neutrophils and thus protects against endotoxin-induced ARDS in mice. Apremilast can be used as an alternative off-label drug in treating acute lung damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Fong Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Taoyuan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yu Chen
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Taoyuan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Chin Yang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Syu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Taoyuan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tsong-Long Hwang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Taoyuan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei, Taiwan.
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Baek JJ, Kline H, Deveau CM, Yamamoto BK. Roflumilast treatment during forced abstinence reduces relapse to methamphetamine seeking and taking. Addict Biol 2022; 27:e13082. [PMID: 34363284 PMCID: PMC8720055 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a psychostimulant with high abuse potential. Currently, there are no pharmacological treatments specific for METH abuse or stimulant use disorder generally. Although phosphodiesterase inhibitors have shown some promise, current animal models have not examined their use in abstinence from stimulant abuse. We employed a METH self-administration model in the rat followed by a forced abstinence period during which roflumilast, a phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, was administered. A detailed behavioral analysis of chronic treatment with roflumilast during 7 days of forced abstinence showed that roflumilast reduced METH seeking and METH taking upon subsequent relapse test. Roflumilast treatment during 7 days of forced abstinence did not affect sucrose seeking and sucrose taking behaviors. These data suggest that roflumilast may be a treatment for METH use disorder that is effective when administered only during abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Baek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Hannah Kline
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Carmen M Deveau
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Bryan K Yamamoto
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Roflumilast in Severely Ill Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease with Frequent Exacerbations: Risk of Pneumonia Hospitalization and Severe Exacerbations. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9051442. [PMID: 32408645 PMCID: PMC7291283 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9051442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Roflumilast is given as an add-on to inhalation medication in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and chronic bronchitis. Animal experiments have documented deleterious effects of roflumilast in bacterial infections, but trials have not reported the risk of bacterial infections in patients. The objective of this study is to determine, among outpatients with severe COPD in a two-year follow-up period, the risk of hospitalization-requiring pneumonia, severe acute exacerbation in COPD (AECOPD-hosp), and death. Patients with COPD using roflumilast (roflumilast users) were compared to a propensity score-matched COPD control group not using roflumilast (non-roflumilast users). Roflumilast users had an increased 2-year risk of hospitalization-requiring pneumonia (HR 1.5, 95% CI 1.3 to 1.8, p-value < 0.0001) compared to controls, and of AECOPD-Hosp (hazard ratio(HR) 1.6, 95%, confidence interval (CI) 1.5 to 1.8, p-value < 0.0001) and. When adding an active comparator (theophylline) as a matching variable, the signal was largely unchanged. In conclusion, roflumilast was associated with an increased number of hospitalizations for pneumonia and for AECOPD. Since trials have not reported risks of bacterial complications and data regarding severe exacerbations in roflumilast users are sparse and diverging, these data are concerning. Trials focused on the risk of pneumonia, AECOPD, and other bacterial infections in roflumilast users are needed urgently.
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Joshi R, Yan D, Hamed O, Mostafa MM, Joshi T, Newton R, Giembycz MA. Impact of Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibition on the Operational Efficacy, Response Maxima, and Kinetics of Indacaterol-Induced Gene Expression Changes in BEAS-2B Airway Epithelial Cells: A Global Transcriptomic Analysis. Mol Pharmacol 2019; 96:56-72. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.118.115311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Umejiego EN, Wang Y, Knepper MA, Chou CL. Roflumilast and aquaporin-2 regulation in rat renal inner medullary collecting duct. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:5/2/e13121. [PMID: 28108651 PMCID: PMC5269416 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Roflumilast is a cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor that is FDA‐approved for treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. With a view toward possible use for treatment of patients with X‐linked nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) due to hemizygous mutations in the V2 vasopressin receptor, this study sought to determine the effect of roflumilast on aquaporin‐2 (AQP2) phosphorylation, AQP2 trafficking, and water permeability in the rat inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD). In the presence of the vasopressin analog dDAVP (0.1 nmol/L), both roflumilast and its active metabolite roflumilast N‐oxide (RNO) significantly increased phosphorylation at S256, S264, and S269, and decreased phosphorylation at S261 (immunoblotting) in IMCD suspensions in a dose‐dependent manner (3–3000 nmol/L). Another commonly used phosphodiesterase inhibitor, IBMX, affected phosphorylation only at the highest concentration in this range. However, neither roflumilast nor RNO had an effect on AQP2 phosphorylation in the absence of vasopressin. Furthermore, roflumilast alone did not increase AQP2 trafficking to the plasma membrane (immunofluorescence) or increase water permeability in freshly microdissected perfused IMCD segments. We conclude that roflumilast can be used to enhance vasopressin's action on AQP2 activity in the renal collecting duct, but has no detectable effect in the absence of vasopressin. These findings suggest that roflumilast may not have a beneficial effect in X‐linked NDI, but could find useful application in acquired NDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezigbobiara N Umejiego
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center NHLBI National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892-1603
| | - Yanhua Wang
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322
| | - Mark A Knepper
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center NHLBI National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892-1603
| | - Chung-Lin Chou
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center NHLBI National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892-1603
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Tsai YF, Chu TC, Chang WY, Wu YC, Chang FR, Yang SC, Wu TY, Hsu YM, Chen CY, Chang SH, Hwang TL. 6-Hydroxy-5,7-dimethoxy-flavone suppresses the neutrophil respiratory burst via selective PDE4 inhibition to ameliorate acute lung injury. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 106:379-392. [PMID: 28263828 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Over-activated neutrophils produce enormous oxidative stress and play a key role in the development of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. 6-Hydroxy-5,7-dimethoxy-flavone (UFM24), a flavone isolated from the Annonaceae Uvaria flexuosa, showed inhibitory effects on human neutrophil activation and salutary effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in mice. UFM24 potently inhibited superoxide anion (O2•-) generation, reactive oxidants, and CD11b expression, but not elastase release, in N-formyl-l-methionyl-l-leucyl-l-phenylalanine (fMLF)-activated human neutrophils. However, UFM24 failed to scavenge O2•- and inhibit the activity of subcellular NADPH oxidase. fMLF-induced phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt) was inhibited by UFM24. Noticeably, UFM24 increased cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) concentration and protein kinase (PK) A activity in activated human neutrophils. PKA inhibitors significantly reversed the inhibitory effects of UFM24, suggesting that the effects of UFM24 were through cAMP/PKA-dependent inhibition of Akt activation. Additionally, activity of cAMP-related phosphodiesterase (PDE)4, but not PDE3 or PDE7, was significantly reduced by UFM24. Furthermore, UFM24 attenuated neutrophil infiltration, myeloperoxidase activity, and pulmonary edema in LPS-induced ALI in mice. In conclusion, our data demonstrated that UFM24 inhibits oxidative burst in human neutrophils through inhibition of PDE4 activity. UFM24 also exhibited significant protection against endotoxin-induced ALI in mice. UFM24 has potential as an anti-inflammatory agent for treating neutrophilic lung damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Fong Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Chi Chu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yi Chang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Chang Wu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan; Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Rong Chang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807 Taiwan
| | - Shun-Chin Yang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Ying Wu
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ming Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yu Chen
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsin Chang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Tsong-Long Hwang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
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Tsai YF, Yu HP, Chung PJ, Leu YL, Kuo LM, Chen CY, Hwang TL. Osthol attenuates neutrophilic oxidative stress and hemorrhagic shock-induced lung injury via inhibition of phosphodiesterase 4. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 89:387-400. [PMID: 26432981 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress caused by neutrophils is an important pathogenic factor in trauma/hemorrhagic (T/H)-induced acute lung injury (ALI). Osthol, a natural coumarin found in traditional medicinal plants, has therapeutic potential in various diseases. However, the pharmacological effects of osthol in human neutrophils and its molecular mechanism of action remain elusive. In this study, our data showed that osthol potently inhibited the production of superoxide anion (O2(•-)) and reactive oxidants derived therefrom as well as expression of CD11b in N-formylmethionylleucylphenylalanine (FMLP)-activated human neutrophils. However, osthol inhibited neutrophil degranulation only slightly and it failed to inhibit the activity of subcellular NADPH oxidase. FMLP-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and protein kinase B (Akt) was inhibited by osthol. Notably, osthol increased the cAMP concentration and protein kinase A (PKA) activity in activated neutrophils. PKA inhibitors reversed the inhibitory effects of osthol, suggesting that these are mediated through cAMP/PKA-dependent inhibition of ERK and Akt activation. Furthermore, the activity of cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE) 4, but not PDE3 or PDE7, was significantly reduced by osthol. In addition, osthol reduced myeloperoxidase activity and pulmonary edema in rats subjected to T/H shock. In conclusion, our data suggest that osthol has effective anti-inflammatory activity in human neutrophils through the suppression of PDE4 and protects significantly against T/H shock-induced ALI in rats. Osthol may have potential for future clinical application as a novel adjunct therapy to treat lung inflammation caused by adverse circulatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Fong Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Huang-Ping Yu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jen Chung
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Yann-Lii Leu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Mou Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yu Chen
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Tsong-Long Hwang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Department of Cosmetic Science and Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
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Chervinsky P, Meltzer EO, Busse W, Ohta K, Bardin P, Bredenbröker D, Bateman ED. Roflumilast for asthma: Safety findings from a pooled analysis of ten clinical studies. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2015; 35 Suppl:S28-34. [PMID: 26612545 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The safety profile of roflumilast, a phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, has been extensively researched in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Adverse events (AEs) including headache, diarrhoea and weight loss have been reported. Much less is known about the safety of roflumilast treatment in patients with bronchial asthma. AIM To evaluate the safety and tolerability of roflumilast using safety data from one open-label and ten pooled placebo-controlled phase II and III clinical studies completed between 1997 and 2005. SUBJECTS AND METHODS The studies were conducted at sites in Europe, North and South America, Africa, Australasia and Asia and study length varied from 4 to 40 weeks. Data for 5169 patients between 12 and 70 years of age, of whom 2851 received roflumilast at doses of 125, 250 and 500 μg, were analyzed. At randomization patients had a forced expiratory flow of 45-100%. RESULTS Headache was the most frequent AE with an incidence rate of 50 and 29.2 per 100 patient-years in the 500 μg roflumilast and placebo groups, respectively. Gastrointestinal AEs were common. Nausea and diarrhoea occurred in 28.7 and 28.3 per 100 patient-years in the 500 μg roflumilast and placebo groups, respectively. The extent of weight loss in roflumilast-treated patients was small. AEs reported in 465 patients in the 4-week open-label follow-up study reflected those of the pooled studies. CONCLUSIONS The severity and incidence of AEs reported from this pooled safety analysis confirm that roflumilast is generally well tolerated by patients with asthma. This reflects the general safety profile reported previously in patients with COPD. All studies were funded by Takeda. Trial registration numbers available on ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00073177, NCT00076076, NCT00163527.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Chervinsky
- Northeast Medical Research Associates, Dartmouth, MD, USA.
| | - E O Meltzer
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - W Busse
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - K Ohta
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Tokyo National Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - P Bardin
- Monash Lung & Sleep, Monash Medical Center and University, Victoria, Australia.
| | - D Bredenbröker
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International GmbH, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - E D Bateman
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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BinMahfouz H, Borthakur B, Yan D, George T, Giembycz MA, Newton R. Superiority of combined phosphodiesterase PDE3/PDE4 inhibition over PDE4 inhibition alone on glucocorticoid- and long-acting β2-adrenoceptor agonist-induced gene expression in human airway epithelial cells. Mol Pharmacol 2014; 87:64-76. [PMID: 25324049 DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.093393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids, also known as corticosteroids, induce effector gene transcription as a part of their anti-inflammatory mechanisms of action. Such genomic effects can be significantly enhanced by long-acting β2-adrenoceptor agonists (LABAs) and may contribute to the clinical superiority of inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)/LABA combinations in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) over ICSs alone. Using models of cAMP- and glucocorticoid-induced transcription in human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells, we show that combining inhibitors of phosphodiesterase (PDE) 3 and PDE4 provides greater benefits compared with inhibiting either PDE alone. In respect to cAMP-dependent transcription, inhibitors of PDE3 (siguazodan, cilostazol) and PDE4 (rolipram, GSK256066, roflumilast N-oxide) each sensitized to the LABA, formoterol. This effect was magnified by dual PDE3 and PDE4 inhibition. Siguazodan plus rolipram was also more effective at inducing cAMP-dependent transcription than either inhibitor alone. Conversely, the concentration-response curve describing the enhancement of dexamethasone-induced, glucocorticoid response element-dependent transcription by formoterol was displaced to the left by PDE4, but not PDE3, inhibition. Overall, similar effects were described for bona fide genes, including RGS2, CD200, and CRISPLD2. Importantly, the combination of siguazodan plus rolipram prolonged the duration of gene expression induced by formoterol, dexamethasone, or dexamethasone plus formoterol. This was most apparent for RGS2, a bronchoprotective gene that may also reduce the proinflammatory effects of constrictor mediators. Collectively, these data provide a rationale for the use of PDE3 and PDE4 inhibitors in the treatment of COPD and asthma where they may enhance, sensitize, and prolong the effects of LABA/ICS combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hawazen BinMahfouz
- Airways Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bibhusana Borthakur
- Airways Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dong Yan
- Airways Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tresa George
- Airways Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mark A Giembycz
- Airways Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Robert Newton
- Airways Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Abstract
The elderly patient (65 years and older) with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can be a challenge to the clinician. This begins with the correct and early diagnosis, the assessment of disease severity, recognizing complicating comorbidities, determining the burden of symptoms, and monitoring the frequency of acute exacerbations. Comprehensive management of COPD in the elderly patient should improve health-related quality of life, lung function, reduce exacerbations, and promote patient compliance with treatment plans. Only smoking cessation and oxygen therapy in COPD patients with hypoxemia reduce mortality. Bronchodilators, corticosteroids, methylxanthines, phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors, macrolide antibiotics, mucolytics, and pulmonary rehabilitation improve some outcome measures such as spirometry measures and the frequency of COPD exacerbations without improving mortality. International treatment guidelines to reduce symptoms and reduce the risk of acute exacerbations exist. Relief of dyspnea and control of anxiety are important. The approach to each patient is best individualized. Earlier use of palliative care should be considered when traditional pharmacotherapy fails to achieve outcome measures and before consideration of end-of-life issues.
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Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor roflumilast improves the bronchodilative effect of sevoflurane in sensitized airways. Anesthesiology 2014; 120:1152-9. [PMID: 24503814 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000000160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors and the volatile anesthetic sevoflurane are known to have independent bronchodilator properties, the combined administration of these two agents may have the potential to exert an additive or synergistic bronchodilator effect. The authors tested this hypothesis and investigated the common site of this combined relaxation effect in a model of airway hyperresponsiveness with ovalbumin-sensitized guinea pigs. METHODS Ovalbumin-sensitized animals (n = 138) were randomized into six groups: sensitized, sevoflurane, rolipram1.0, roflumilast1.0, sevoflurane/rolipram1.0, and sevoflurane/roflumilast1.0. Total lung resistance in vivo, airway smooth muscle tension in vitro, and intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels were measured to evaluate the relaxation effect. RESULTS Among the six sensitized groups, total lung resistance was higher in the order of sensitized > sevoflurane > rolipram 1.0 > roflumilast1.0 > sevoflurane/rolipram1.0 > sevoflurane/roflumilast1.0, with an increase in acetylcholine concentration. Compared with the other five groups, the muscle tensions in the sevoflurane/roflumilast1.0 group were significantly lower at carbacholine doses of 10, 10, and 10 M; the cyclic adenosine monophosphate concentrations (means ± SD) in the sevoflurane/rolipram1.0 (1.61 ± 0.34) and sevoflurane/roflumilast1.0 (1.50 ± 0.20) groups were higher than that in the sensitized (0.52 ± 0.15) and sevoflurane (1.12 ± 0.32) groups. CONCLUSIONS The combined use of phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors with the volatile anesthetic sevoflurane had an additive bronchodilator effect in ovalbumin-sensitized guinea pigs. The concurrent increase in cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels in sensitized airway smooth muscle might be a mechanism of this combined relaxation effect.
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Yamashita Y, Tanaka KI, Asano T, Yamakawa N, Kobayashi D, Ishihara T, Hanaya K, Shoji M, Sugai T, Wada M, Mashimo T, Fukunishi Y, Mizushima T. Synthesis and biological comparison of enantiomers of mepenzolate bromide, a muscarinic receptor antagonist with bronchodilatory and anti-inflammatory activities. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:3488-97. [PMID: 24844758 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by abnormal inflammatory responses and airflow limitations. We recently proposed that the muscarinic antagonist mepenzolate bromide (mepenzolate) would be therapeutically effective against COPD due to its muscarinic receptor-dependent bronchodilatory activity as well as anti-inflammatory properties. Mepenzolate has an asymmetric carbon atom, thus providing us with the opportunity to synthesize both of its enantiomers ((R)- and (S)-mepenzolate) and to examine their biochemical and pharmacological activities. (R)- or (S)-mepenzolate was synthesized by condensation of benzilic acid with (R)- or (S)-alcohol, respectively, followed by quaternization of the tertiary amine. As predicted by computational simulation, a filter-binding assay in vitro revealed that (R)-mepenzolate showed a higher affinity for the muscarinic M3 receptor than (S)-mepenzolate. In vivo, the bronchodilatory activity of (R)-mepenzolate was superior to that of (S)-mepenzolate, whereas anti-inflammatory activity was indistinguishable between the two enantiomers. We confirmed that each mepenzolate maintained its original stereochemistry in the lung when administered intratracheally. These results suggest that (R)-mepenzolate may have superior properties to (S)-mepenzolate as a drug to treat COPD patients given that the former has more potent bronchodilatory activity than the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Teita Asano
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Naoki Yamakawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | | | | | - Kengo Hanaya
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Shoji
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sugai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Mitsuhito Wada
- Technology Research Association for Next Generation Natural Products Chemistry, 2-3-26, Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan; Biochemical Information Project, Fujitsu Limited, 1-9-3, Nakase, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-8588, Japan
| | - Tadaaki Mashimo
- Technology Research Association for Next Generation Natural Products Chemistry, 2-3-26, Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan; Information and Mathematical Science and Bioinformatics Co., Ltd, Owl Tower, 4-21-1, Higashi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 170-0013, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Fukunishi
- Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery (molprof), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Tohru Mizushima
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan.
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Superiority of pulmonary administration of mepenzolate bromide over other routes as treatment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4510. [PMID: 24676126 PMCID: PMC3968453 DOI: 10.1038/srep04510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently proposed that mepenzolate bromide (mepenzolate) would be therapeutically effective against chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) due to its both anti-inflammatory and bronchodilatory activities. In this study, we examined the benefits and adverse effects associated with different routes of mepenzolate administration in mice. Oral administration of mepenzolate caused not only bronchodilation but also decreased the severity of elastase-induced pulmonary emphysema; however, compared with the intratracheal route of administration, about 5000 times higher dose was required to achieve this effect. Intravenously or intrarectally administered mepenzolate also showed these pharmacological effects. The intratracheal route of mepenzolate administration, but not other routes, resulted in protective effects against elastase-induced pulmonary damage and bronchodilation at a much lower dose than that which affected defecation and heart rate. These results suggest that the pulmonary route of mepenzolate administration may be superior to other routes (oral, intravenous or intrarectal) to treat COPD patients.
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Ikari J, Michalski JM, Iwasawa S, Gunji Y, Nogel S, Park JH, Nelson AJ, Farid M, Wang X, Schulte N, Basma H, Toews ML, Feghali-Bostwick C, Tenor H, Liu X, Rennard SI. Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibition augments human lung fibroblast vascular endothelial growth factor production induced by prostaglandin E2. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 49:571-81. [PMID: 23656623 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0004oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung fibroblasts are believed to be a major source of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which supports the survival of lung endothelial cells and modulates the maintenance of the pulmonary microvasculature. VEGF has been related to the pathogenesis of lung diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) stimulates VEGF production from lung fibroblasts via the E-prostanoid (EP)-2 receptor. The EP2 signaling pathway uses cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) as a second messenger, and cAMP is degraded by phosphodiesterases (PDEs). This study investigates whether phosphodiesterase inhibition modulates the human lung fibroblast VEGF production induced by PGE2. Human fetal lung fibroblasts were cultured with PGE2 and PDE inhibitors. The PDE4 inhibitors roflumilast, roflumilast N-oxide, and rolipram with PGE2 increased VEGF release, as quantified in supernatant media by ELISA. In contrast, PDE3, PDE5, and PDE7 inhibitors did not affect VEGF release. Roflumilast increased VEGF release with either an EP2 or an EP4 agonist. Roflumilast augmented the cytosolic cAMP levels induced by PGE2 and VEGF release with other agents that use the cAMP signaling pathway. Roflumilast-augmented VEGF release was completely inhibited by a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor. Roflumilast with PGE2 increased VEGF mRNA levels, and the blockade of mRNA synthesis inhibited the augmented VEGF release. The stimulatory effect of roflumilast on VEGF release was replicated using primary healthy and COPD lung fibroblasts. These findings demonstrate that PDE4 inhibition can modulate human lung fibroblast VEGF release by PGE2 acting through the EP2 and EP4 receptor-cAMP/PKA signaling pathway. Through this action, PDE4 inhibitors such as roflumilast could contribute to the survival of lung endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ikari
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy Medicine, and
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Giembycz MA, Newton R. How Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitors Work in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease of the Severe, Bronchitic, Frequent Exacerbator Phenotype. Clin Chest Med 2014; 35:203-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Tannheimer SL, Sorensen EA, Cui ZH, Kim M, Patel L, Baker WR, Phillips GB, Wright CD, Salmon M. The In Vitro Pharmacology of GS-5759, A Novel Bifunctional Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitor and Long Acting β2-Adrenoceptor Agonist. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 349:85-93. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.210997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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17
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Victoni T, Gleonnec F, Lanzetti M, Tenor H, Valença S, Porto LC, Lagente V, Boichot E. Roflumilast N-oxide prevents cytokine secretion induced by cigarette smoke combined with LPS through JAK/STAT and ERK1/2 inhibition in airway epithelial cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85243. [PMID: 24416369 PMCID: PMC3885699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke is a major cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Airway epithelial cells and macrophages are the first defense cells against cigarette smoke and these cells are an important source of pro-inflammatory cytokines. These cytokines play a role in progressive airflow limitation and chronic airways inflammation. Furthermore, the chronic colonization of airways by Gram-negative bacteria, contributes to the persistent airways inflammation and progression of COPD. The current study addressed the effects of cigarette smoke along with lipolysaccharide (LPS) in airway epithelial cells as a representative in vitro model of COPD exacerbations. Furthermore, we evaluated the effects of PDE4 inhibitor, the roflumilast N-oxide (RNO), in this experimental model. A549 cells were stimulated with cigarette smoke extract (CSE) alone (0.4% to 10%) or in combination with a low concentration of LPS (0.1 µg/ml) for 2 h or 24 h for measurement of chemokine protein and mRNAs and 5-120 min for protein phosphorylation. Cells were also pre-incubated with MAP kinases inhibitors and Prostaglandin E2 alone or combined with RNO, before the addition of CSE+LPS. Production of cytokines was determined by ELISA and protein phosphorylation by western blotting and phospho-kinase array. CSE did not induce production of IL-8/CXCL8 and Gro-α/CXCL1 from A549 cells, but increase production of CCL2/MCP-1. However the combination of LPS 0.1 µg/ml with CSE 2% or 4% induced an important production of these chemokines, that appears to be dependent of ERK1/2 and JAK/STAT pathways but did not require JNK and p38 pathways. Moreover, RNO associated with PGE2 reduced CSE+LPS-induced cytokine release, which can happen by occur through of ERK1/2 and JAK/STAT pathways. We report here an in vitro model that can reflect what happen in airway epithelial cells in COPD exacerbation. We also showed a new pathway where CSE+LPS can induce cytokine release from A549 cells, which is reduced by RNO.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Manuella Lanzetti
- Laboratório de Reparo Tecidual, DHE/IBRAG/UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | | | - Samuel Valença
- Laboratório de Reparo Tecidual, DHE/IBRAG/UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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Mepenzolate bromide displays beneficial effects in a mouse model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Nat Commun 2013; 4:2686. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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PGE 2 desensitizes β -agonist effect on human lung fibroblast-mediated collagen gel contraction through upregulating PDE4. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:145197. [PMID: 24227907 PMCID: PMC3817676 DOI: 10.1155/2013/145197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current study, we investigated the effect of a long-acting β-agonist (salmeterol) and a phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor (cilomilast) on human lung fibroblast-mediated collagen gel contraction. Higher concentrations of salmeterol (10−7 and 10−6 M) inhibited fibroblast-mediated collagen gel contraction. No effect was observed with cilomilast alone (up to 10−5 M). In the presence of 10−8 M salmeterol, however, cilomilast could significantly inhibit fibroblast-mediated collagen gel contraction in a concentration-dependent manner (10−7~10−5 M). Blockade of endogenous PGE2 by indomethacin further potentiated the inhibitory effect of salmeterol on fibroblast-mediated collagen gel contraction, but it did not affect cilomilast's effect. Pretreatment with PGE2 abolished the inhibitory effect of salmeterol, but it potentiated the inhibitory effect of cilomilast on fibroblast-mediated collagen gel contraction. Finally, indomethacin slightly inhibited PDE4C expression, while PGE2 stimulated the expression of PDE4A and -4C in human lung fibroblasts. These findings suggest that long-acting β-agonist and PDE4 inhibitor have a synergistic effect in regulating fibroblast tissue repair functions and that PGE2 can modulate the effect of β-agonist and PDE4 inhibitor at least in part through the mechanism of regulating PDE4 expression.
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Ancochea J, Miravitlles M, García-Río F, Muñoz L, Sánchez G, Sobradillo V, Duran-Tauleria E, Soriano JB. Underdiagnosis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Women: Quantification of the Problem, Determinants and Proposed Actions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arbr.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Reid DJ, Pham NT. Emerging Therapeutic Options for the Management of COPD. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-CIRCULATORY RESPIRATORY AND PULMONARY MEDICINE 2013; 7:7-15. [PMID: 23641160 PMCID: PMC3629926 DOI: 10.4137/ccrpm.s8140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the fourth leading cause of death worldwide and is projected to be the third by 2020. COPD is characterized by chronic airflow limitation caused by airway inflammation and parenchymal destruction that is usually progressive. Inhaled bronchodilators continue to be the mainstay of the current management of COPD. Safety and efficacy data of the recently approved medications including aclidinium, glycopyrronium, roflumilast, and indacaterol are reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra J Reid
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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22
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Moodley T, Wilson SM, Joshi T, Rider CF, Sharma P, Yan D, Newton R, Giembycz MA. Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitors Augment the Ability of Formoterol to Enhance Glucocorticoid-Dependent Gene Transcription in Human Airway Epithelial Cells: A Novel Mechanism for the Clinical Efficacy of Roflumilast in Severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Mol Pharmacol 2013; 83:894-906. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.112.083493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Gross N. The COPD Pipeline XX. COPD 2013; 10:104-6. [DOI: 10.3109/15412555.2013.766103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Underdiagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in women: quantification of the problem, determinants and proposed actions. Arch Bronconeumol 2013; 49:223-9. [PMID: 23317767 DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2012.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The distribution of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in women, and its underdiagnosis and determinants in the general population, have not been well described. The EPI-SCAN study is an epidemiologic, observational study conducted at 11 Spanish centers on the general population aged 40 to 80. PATIENTS AND METHOD This paper describes the rates and extrapolates the population burden from the 3,802 participants of the EPI-SCAN study. RESULTS With 2,005 female and 1,797 male participants, there was a lower prevalence of COPD in women (5.7%; 95%CI, 4.7-6.7) than in men (15.1%; 95%CI, 13.5-16.8; P<.05). Among the 386 participants with COPD, 114 (29.5%) were women, who were younger, currently smoked less and had lower tobacco smoke exposure, while reporting a lower level of education (P<.05). As for the respiratory symptoms, there were no differences between sexes for cough, dyspnea or wheezing, but the women with COPD reported sputum less frequently (P<.05). There were no differences in the spirometric severity of COPD between women and men. Overall, 73% of the patients with a spirometric COPD criteria were underdiagnosed, and this percentage is unevenly distributed by sex, being 1.27 times more frequent in women (86.0%) than in men (67.6%) (P<.05). By extrapolating the rates of prevalence and underdiagnosis of COPD to the general population, we estimate that there are 628,102 Spanish women between the ages of 40 and 80 with COPD, 540,168 of whom still have not been diagnosed. CONCLUSIONS There is a greater underdiagnosis of COPD in women than in men in Spain.
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Oldenburger A, Maarsingh H, Schmidt M. Multiple facets of cAMP signalling and physiological impact: cAMP compartmentalization in the lung. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2012; 5:1291-331. [PMID: 24281338 PMCID: PMC3816672 DOI: 10.3390/ph5121291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapies involving elevation of the endogenous suppressor cyclic AMP (cAMP) are currently used in the treatment of several chronic inflammatory disorders, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Characteristics of COPD are airway obstruction, airway inflammation and airway remodelling, processes encompassed by increased airway smooth muscle mass, epithelial changes, goblet cell and submucosal gland hyperplasia. In addition to inflammatory cells, airway smooth muscle cells and (myo)fibroblasts, epithelial cells underpin a variety of key responses in the airways such as inflammatory cytokine release, airway remodelling, mucus hypersecretion and airway barrier function. Cigarette smoke, being next to environmental pollution the main cause of COPD, is believed to cause epithelial hyperpermeability by disrupting the barrier function. Here we will focus on the most recent progress on compartmentalized signalling by cAMP. In addition to G protein-coupled receptors, adenylyl cyclases, cAMP-specific phospho-diesterases (PDEs) maintain compartmentalized cAMP signalling. Intriguingly, spatially discrete cAMP-sensing signalling complexes seem also to involve distinct members of the A-kinase anchoring (AKAP) superfamily and IQ motif containing GTPase activating protein (IQGAPs). In this review, we will highlight the interaction between cAMP and the epithelial barrier to retain proper lung function and to alleviate COPD symptoms and focus on the possible molecular mechanisms involved in this process. Future studies should include the development of cAMP-sensing multiprotein complex specific disruptors and/or stabilizers to orchestrate cellular functions. Compartmentalized cAMP signalling regulates important cellular processes in the lung and may serve as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk Oldenburger
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Can we find better bronchodilators to relieve asthma symptoms? J Allergy (Cairo) 2012; 2012:321949. [PMID: 23091500 PMCID: PMC3467860 DOI: 10.1155/2012/321949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Bronchodilators are the first line therapy during acute asthmatic exacerbations to reverse airway obstruction primarily by relaxing airway smooth muscle. Only three categories of bronchodilators exist in clinical practice: β-adrenergic agonists, anticholinergics, and methylxanthines. Each of these categories have specific drugs dating back to the early 20th century, raising the question of whether or not we can find better bronchodilators. While caffeine, theophylline, atropine, and epinephrine were the first generations of therapeutics in each of these drug classes, there is no question that improvements have been made in the bronchodilators in each of these classes. In the following editorial, we will briefly describe new classes of potential bronchodilators including: novel PDE inhibitors, natural phytotherapeutics, bitter taste receptor ligands, and chloride channel modulators, which have the potential to be used alone or in combination with existing bronchodilators to reverse acute airway obstruction in the future.
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Seehase S, Lauenstein HD, Schlumbohm C, Switalla S, Neuhaus V, Förster C, Fieguth HG, Pfennig O, Fuchs E, Kaup FJ, Bleyer M, Hohlfeld JM, Braun A, Sewald K, Knauf S. LPS-induced lung inflammation in marmoset monkeys - an acute model for anti-inflammatory drug testing. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43709. [PMID: 22952743 PMCID: PMC3429492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing incidence and substantial morbidity and mortality of respiratory diseases requires the development of new human-specific anti-inflammatory and disease-modifying therapeutics. Therefore, new predictive animal models that closely reflect human lung pathology are needed. In the current study, a tiered acute lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation model was established in marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus) to reflect crucial features of inflammatory lung diseases. Firstly, in an ex vivo approach marmoset and, for the purposes of comparison, human precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) were stimulated with LPS in the presence or absence of the phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitor roflumilast. Pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 beta (MIP-1β) were measured. The corticosteroid dexamethasone was used as treatment control. Secondly, in an in vivo approach marmosets were pre-treated with roflumilast or dexamethasone and unilaterally challenged with LPS. Ipsilateral bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was conducted 18 hours after LPS challenge. BAL fluid was processed and analyzed for neutrophils, TNF-α, and MIP-1β. TNF-α release in marmoset PCLS correlated significantly with human PCLS. Roflumilast treatment significantly reduced TNF-α secretion ex vivo in both species, with comparable half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC(50)). LPS instillation into marmoset lungs caused a profound inflammation as shown by neutrophilic influx and increased TNF-α and MIP-1β levels in BAL fluid. This inflammatory response was significantly suppressed by roflumilast and dexamethasone. The close similarity of marmoset and human lungs regarding LPS-induced inflammation and the significant anti-inflammatory effect of approved pharmaceuticals assess the suitability of marmoset monkeys to serve as a promising model for studying anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Seehase
- Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- Pathology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz-Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Lauenstein
- Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- Pathology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz-Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Simone Switalla
- Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Vanessa Neuhaus
- Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christine Förster
- Institute of Pathology, Klinikum Region Hannover Klinikum Nordstadt, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hans-Gerd Fieguth
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Klinikum Region Hannover Klinikum Oststadt-Heidehaus, Hannover, Germany
| | - Olaf Pfennig
- Institute of Pathology, Klinikum Region Hannover Klinikum Nordstadt, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Franz-Josef Kaup
- Pathology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz-Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martina Bleyer
- Pathology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz-Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jens M. Hohlfeld
- Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Armin Braun
- Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katherina Sewald
- Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sascha Knauf
- Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- Pathology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz-Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
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Tanaka KI, Sato K, Aoshiba K, Azuma A, Mizushima T. Superiority of PC-SOD to other anti-COPD drugs for elastase-induced emphysema and alteration in lung mechanics and respiratory function in mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2012; 302:L1250-61. [PMID: 22505669 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00019.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchodilators (such as ipratropium bromide), steroids (such as fluticasone propionate), and newly developed anti-inflammatory drugs (such as roflumilast) are used for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We recently reported that lecithinized superoxide dismutase (PC-SOD) confers a protective effect in mouse models of COPD. We here examined the therapeutic effect of the combined administration of PC-SOD with ipratropium bromide on pulmonary emphysema and compared the effect of PC-SOD to other types of drugs. The severity of emphysema in mice was assessed by various criteria. Lung mechanics (elastance) and respiratory function (ratio of forced expiratory volume in the first 0.05 s to forced vital capacity) were assessed. Administration of PC-SOD by inhalation suppressed elastase-induced pulmonary emphysema, alteration of lung mechanics, and respiratory dysfunction. The concomitant intratracheal administration of ipratropium bromide did not alter the ameliorating effects of PC-SOD. Administration of ipratropium bromide, fluticasone propionate, or roflumilast alone did not suppress the elastase-induced increase in the pulmonary level of superoxide anion, pulmonary inflammatory response, pulmonary emphysema, alteration of lung mechanics, or respiratory dysfunction as effectively as did PC-SOD. PC-SOD, but not the other drugs, showed a therapeutic effect even when the drug was administered after the development of emphysema. PC-SOD also suppressed the cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary inflammatory response and increase in airway resistance. Based on these results, we consider that the inhalation of PC-SOD would be therapeutically beneficial for COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichiro Tanaka
- Dept. of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio Univ., 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
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Hwang TL, Tang MC, Kuo LM, Chang WD, Chung PJ, Chang YW, Fang YC. YC-1 potentiates cAMP-induced CREB activation and nitric oxide production in alveolar macrophages. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 260:193-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Reid DJ, Pham NT. Roflumilast: A Novel Treatment for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Ann Pharmacother 2012; 46:521-9. [DOI: 10.1345/aph.1q646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of roflumilast, approved by the Food and Drug Administration in February 2011 as a treatment to reduce the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations in patients with severe COPD associated with chronic bronchitis and a history of exacerbations. Data Sources: Literature was retrieved through MEDLINE (1977-December 2011), using the terms roflumilast and COPD. In addition, US government Web sites, including clinicaltrials.gov and fda.gov, were reviewed for pertinent information. Lastly, reference citations from publications identified were reviewed. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All articles published in English identified from the data sources were evaluated. For the evaluation of clinical efficacy and safety, only Phase 3 studies were included. Data Synthesis: Limited treatment options are available for patients with moderate-to-severe COPD and repeated exacerbations. In 6 published Phase 3 trials to date, roflumilast 500 μg daily exhibited modest improvements in lung function, measured by pre- and postbronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 second, and reduced rates of moderate and severe exacerbations. Roflumilast was generally well tolerated, with diarrhea, nausea, and headache the most common adverse events seen in clinical trials, although it has also been associated with an increased risk of neuropsychiatric abnormalities and dose-limiting weight loss. The greatest benefit seen with roflumilast was among patients with moderate-to-severe COPD associated with chronic bronchitis along with a recent history of exacerbations. The benefits were demonstrated with monotherapy and in combination with long-acting β2-agonists or anticholinergic agents. Conclusions: Despite its only modest benefits in improving lung function and reducing exacerbation rates, roflumilast serves as a safe and effective option in the treatment of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra J Reid
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA
| | - Nga T Pham
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University
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Tannheimer SL, Sorensen EA, Haran AC, Mansfield CN, Wright CD, Salmon M. Additive anti-inflammatory effects of beta 2 adrenoceptor agonists or glucocorticosteroid with roflumilast in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2012; 25:178-84. [PMID: 22306235 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor (PDE4i) roflumilast has been approved in the US and EU for treatment of GOLD stage 3 and 4 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Inhaled β2 adrenoceptor agonist bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory glucocorticosteroids are also used as standard of care in COPD. We investigated the anti-inflammatory interaction of roflumilast in combination with long-acting β2 agonists (LABA), salmeterol or formoterol, or a glucocorticosteroid, dexamethasone, on cytokine production from LPS-stimulated human primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Salmeterol or formoterol caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) secretion with an IC50 of 0.33 pM (C.I. 0.006-19) and 34 pM (C.I. 13-87), respectively. When roflumilast was evaluated, the addition of salmeterol (1 nM) to roflumilast caused the IC50 for roflumilast to shift from 1.8 nM (C.I. 0.8-4) to 4.1 pM (C.I.0.3-69) (p < 0.01), and maximal inhibition increased from 72.5 ± 3.2% to 90.9 ± 3.1%. Addition of formoterol to roflumilast also produced an increased TNFα inhibition more than either drug alone (p < 0.05). The inhibition of TNFα production with salmeterol was both β2 adrenoceptor- and protein kinase A-dependent. Addition of roflumilast (10 nM) in the presence of dexamethasone increased the inhibition of LPS-induced TNFα and CCL3. Roflumilast in combination with salmeterol, formoterol, or dexamethasone increased the inhibition of LPS-induced TNFα from human PBMC, in an additive manner. Addition of roflumilast to either a β2 adrenoceptor agonist or a glucocorticosteroid may provide superior anti-inflammatory activity and greater efficacy in COPD patients and be dose sparing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey L Tannheimer
- Respiratory Research, Gilead Sciences Inc., 199 East Blaine St., Seattle, WA 98102, USA.
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Cada DJ, Levien TL, Baker DE. Roflumilast. Hosp Pharm 2011. [DOI: 10.1310/hpj4608-597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Each month, subscribers to The Formulary Monograph Service receive 5 to 6 well-documented monographs on drugs that are newly released or are in late phase 3 trials. The monographs are targeted to Pharmacy & Therapeutics Committees. Subscribers also receive monthly 1-page summary monographs on agents that are useful for agendas and pharmacy/nursing in-services. A comprehensive target drug utilization evaluation/medication use evaluation (DUE/MUE) is also provided each month. With a subscription, the monographs are sent in print and are also available on-line. Monographs can be customized to meet the needs of a facility. Subscribers to The Formulary Monograph Service also receive access to a pharmacy bulletin board, The Formulary Information Exchange (The F.I.X.). All topics pertinent to clinical and hospital pharmacy are discussed on The F.I.X. Through the cooperation of The Formulary, Hospital Pharmacy publishes selected reviews in this column. For more information about The Formulary Monograph Service or The F.I.X., call The Formulary at 800-322-4349. The August 2011 monograph topics are on fidaxomicin, boceprevir, telaprevir, rilpivirine hydrochloride, and gabapentin enacarbil. The DUE/MUE is on fidaxomicin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Terri L. Levien
- Drug Information Center, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Danial E. Baker
- Drug Information Center, and College of Pharmacy, Washington State University Spokane, PO Box 1495, Spokane, Washington 99210-1495
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Yu HP, Hsieh PW, Chang YJ, Chung PJ, Kuo LM, Hwang TL. 2-(2-Fluorobenzamido)benzoate ethyl ester (EFB-1) inhibits superoxide production by human neutrophils and attenuates hemorrhagic shock-induced organ dysfunction in rats. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:1737-48. [PMID: 21457779 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil activation after trauma-hemorrhagic shock (T/H) has been implicated in the development of multiple organ dysfunction (MOD). In this study, we report that a small chemical compound, 2-(2-fluorobenzamido)benzoic acid ethyl ester (EFB-1), exhibited a potent inhibitory effect on the formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine (FMLP)-induced superoxide anion (O2•-) release and CD11b expression by human neutrophils. Additionally, administration of EFB-1 in rats subjected to T/H caused a significant improvement in MOD. EFB-1 treatment induced an increase in cAMP formation and protein kinase (PK) A activity in FMLP-activated neutrophils, which occurred through the selective inhibition of cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity but not an increase in adenylate cyclase function or cGMP-specific PDE activity. FMLP-induced phosphorylation of protein kinase B (AKT), but not calcium mobilization, was reduced by EFB-1. The inhibitory effects of EFB-1 on O(2•-) production, CD11b expression, and AKT phosphorylation were reversed by PKA inhibitors (H89 and KT5720). Significantly, administration of EFB-1 (1 mg/kg body wt) attenuated the myeloperoxidase activity of the intestines, lungs, and liver and reduced the wet/dry weight ratio of the intestines and lungs and plasma alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels in Sprague-Dawley rats after T/H. Therefore, EFB-1 is a new inhibitor of cAMP-specific PDE that potently suppresses O(2•-) release and CD11b expression by human neutrophils and attenuates T/H-induced MOD in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang-Ping Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
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Larocca NE, Moreno D, Garmendia JV, De Sanctis JB. New pharmacological treatments for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2011; 155:43-50. [PMID: 21475377 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2011.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a preventable and treatable disease characterized mainly by pulmonary airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. The airflow limitation is usually progressive and associated with abnormal inflammatory response of the lung to noxious particles or gasses. New different pharmacological approaches to decrease inflammation of the airways and consequently disease progression and increase airway obstruction reversibility have been developed. METHODS AND RESULTS A literature search using PubMed, Science Direct, EBSCO and free patents on line for the years 2000-2010. CONCLUSIONS Recent discoveries in the physiology and pathology of airways diseases have served to generate potential new drugs for the treatment of COPD patients. Several substances that block or activate specific pathways and receptors the aim of which is to decrease inflammation and increase airway obstruction reversibility are being used in different clinical protocols and hopefully will be available for patients in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Elizabeth Larocca
- Department of Pathology and Physiopathology, Experimental Medicine Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Venezuela
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Milara J, Navarro A, Almudéver P, Lluch J, Morcillo EJ, Cortijo J. Oxidative stress-induced glucocorticoid resistance is prevented by dual PDE3/PDE4 inhibition in human alveolar macrophages. Clin Exp Allergy 2011; 41:535-46. [PMID: 21395877 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03715.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress is present in airway diseases such as severe asthma or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and contributes to the low response to glucocorticoids through the down-regulation of histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity. OBJECTIVE To study the effects of the phosphodiesterase (PDE)-3 and 4 inhibitors and their combination vs. glucocorticoids in a model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytokine release in alveolar macrophages under oxidative stress conditions. METHODS Differentiated U937 or human alveolar macrophages were stimulated with H(2) O(2) (10-1000 μM) or cigarette smoke extract (CSE, 0-15%) for 4 h before LPS (0.5 μg/mL, 24 h) addition. In other experiments, cells were pre-treated with dexamethasone or budesonide (10(-9) -10(-6) M), with the PDE4 inhibitor rolipram (10(-9) -10(-5) M), PDE3 inhibitor motapizone (10 μM), 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate enhancer PGE(2) (10 nM), or with the combination of rolipram (10(-6) M)+PGE(2) (10 nM)+motapizone (10 μM) 15 min before oxidants. IL-8 and TNF-α were measured by ELISA and HDAC activity by a colorimetric assay. RESULTS Budesonide and dexamethasone produced a concentration-dependent inhibition of the LPS-induced IL-8 and TNF-α secretion with an E(max) about 90% of inhibition, which was reduced by approximately 30% in the presence of H(2)O(2) or CSE. Pre-treatment with rolipram, motapizone or PGE2 only reached about 20% of inhibition but was not affected by oxidative stress. In contrast, PDE4/PDE3 combination in presence of PGE2 effectively inhibited the LPS-induced cytokine secretion by about 90% and was not affected by oxidative stress. Combined PDE4 and PDE3 inhibition reversed glucocorticoid resistance under oxidative stress conditions. HDAC activity was reduced in the presence of oxidative stress, and in contrast to glucocorticoids, pre-treatment with PDE4/PDE3 combination was able to prevent HDAC inactivity. CONCLUSIONS & CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study shows that the combination of the PDE3/PDE4 inhibitors prevents alveolar macrophage activation in those situations of glucocorticoid resistance, which may be of potential interest to develop new effective anti-inflammatory drugs in airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Milara
- Research Unit, University General Hospital Consortium, Valencia, Spain.
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AKHABIR LOUBNA, SANDFORD ANDREWJ. Genome-wide association studies for discovery of genes involved in asthma. Respirology 2011; 16:396-406. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.01939.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) constitutes a worldwide health problem. There is currently an urgent and unmet need for the development of small molecule therapeutics capable of blocking and/or reversing the progression of the disorder. Recent studies have greatly illuminated our understanding of the multiple pathogenic processes associated with COPD. Of paramount importance is the key role played by proteases, oxidative stress, apoptosis and inflammation. Insights gained from these studies have made possible the exploration of new therapeutic approaches. AREAS COVERED An overview of major developments in COPD research with emphasis on low-molecular mass neutrophil elastase inhibitors is described in this review. EXPERT OPINION Great strides have been made toward our understanding of the biochemical and cellular events associated with COPD. However, our knowledge regarding the inter-relationships among the multiple pathogenic mechanisms and their mediators involved is still limited. The problem is further compounded by the unavailability of suitable validated biomarkers for assessing the efficacy of potential therapeutic interventions. The complexity of COPD suggests that effective therapeutic interventions may require the administration of more than one agent such as a human neutrophil elastase or MMP-12 inhibitor with an anti-inflammatory agent such as a PDE4 inhibitor or a dual function agent capable of disrupting the cycle of proteolysis, apoptosis, inflammation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Groutas
- Wichita State University, Department of Chemistry, Wichita, KS 67260, USA.
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Diamant Z, Spina D. PDE4-inhibitors: a novel, targeted therapy for obstructive airways disease. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2011; 24:353-60. [PMID: 21255672 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2010.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2010] [Revised: 12/05/2010] [Accepted: 12/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Roflumilast is a selective once daily, oral phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor that has recently been registered in all European Union countries as novel targeted therapy for COPD, while FDA approval for the USA market is expected in 2011. In several phase III trials in patients with moderate to (very) severe COPD and in patients with symptoms of chronic bronchitis and recurrent exacerbations, roflumilast showed sustained clinical efficacy by improving lung function and by reducing exacerbation rates. These beneficial effects have also been demonstrated when added to long-acting bronchodilators (both LABA and LAMA), underscoring the anti-inflammatory activity of roflumilast in COPD. Pooled data analysis showed overall mild to moderate, mostly self-limiting adverse events, mainly consisting of nausea, diarrhea and weight loss. In this review we discuss the results of the 4 registration studies showing promising effects of roflumilast in COPD and provide an overview of the topics that still need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Diamant
- Erasmus Medical Center, Dept of Allergology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Giembycz MA, Newton R. Harnessing the clinical efficacy of phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors in inflammatory lung diseases: dual-selective phosphodiesterase inhibitors and novel combination therapies. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2011:415-446. [PMID: 21695651 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-17969-3_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase (PDE) 4 inhibitors have been in development as a novel anti-inflammatory therapy for more than 20 years, with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) being primary indications. Despite initial optimism, only one selective PDE4 inhibitor, roflumilast (Daxas (®)), has been approved for use in humans and available in Canada and the European Union in 2011 for the treatment of a specific population of patients with severe COPD. In many other cases, the development of PDE4 inhibitors of various structural classes has been discontinued due to lack of efficacy and/or dose-limiting adverse events. Indeed, for many of these compounds, it is likely that the maximum tolerated dose is either subtherapeutic or at the very bottom of the efficacy dose-response curve. Thus, a significant ongoing challenge that faces the pharmaceutical industry is to synthesize compounds with therapeutic ratios that are superior to roflumilast. Several strategies are being considered, but clinically effective compounds with an optimal pharmacophore have not, thus far, been reported. In this chapter, alternative means of harnessing the clinical efficacy of PDE4 inhibitors are described. These concepts are based on the assumption that additive or synergistic anti-inflammatory effects can be produced with inhibitors that target either two or more PDE families or with a PDE4 inhibitor in combination with other anti-inflammatory drugs such as a glucocorticoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Giembycz
- Airways Inflammation Research Group, Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
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Breunung L, Roberts M. Peripheral muscle dysfunction and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Br J Hosp Med (Lond) 2011; 72:17-8, 20-1. [DOI: 10.12968/hmed.2011.72.1.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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