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El-Saadony MT, Yang T, Saad AM, Alkafaas SS, Elkafas SS, Eldeeb GS, Mohammed DM, Salem HM, Korma SA, Loutfy SA, Alshahran MY, Ahmed AE, Mosa WFA, Abd El-Mageed TA, Ahmed AF, Fahmy MA, El-Tarabily MK, Mahmoud RM, AbuQamar SF, El-Tarabily KA, Lorenzo JM. Polyphenols: Chemistry, bioavailability, bioactivity, nutritional aspects and human health benefits: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:134223. [PMID: 39084416 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Polyphenols, including phenolics, alkaloids, and terpenes, are secondary metabolites that are commonly found in fruits, vegetables, and beverages, such as tea, coffee, wine, chocolate, and beer. These compounds have gained considerable attention and market demand because of their potential health benefits. However, their application is limited due to their low absorption rates and reduced tissue distribution efficiency. Engineering polyphenol-protein complexes or conjugates can enhance the antioxidant properties, bioavailability, and stability of polyphenols and improve digestive enzyme hydrolysis, target-specific delivery, and overall biological functions. Complex polyphenols, such as melanin, tannins, and ellagitannins, can promote gut microbiota balance, bolster antioxidant defense, and improve overall human health. Despite these benefits, the safety of polyphenol complexes must be thoroughly evaluated before their use as functional food additives or supplements. This review provides a detailed overview of the types of macromolecular polyphenols, their chemical composition, and their role in food enrichment. The mechanisms by which complex polyphenols act as antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer agents have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed T El-Saadony
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Tao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China
| | - Ahmed M Saad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Samar Sami Alkafaas
- Molecular Cell Biology Unit, Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Sara Samy Elkafas
- Production Engineering and Mechanical Design Department, Faculty of Engineering, Menofia University, Shebin El Kom, 32511, Egypt; Faculty of Control System and Robotics, Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics (ITMO) University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Gehad S Eldeeb
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Dina Mostafa Mohammed
- Nutrition and Food Sciences Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Heba M Salem
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Sameh A Korma
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Samah A Loutfy
- Virology and Immunology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, 12211, Egypt
| | - Mohammad Y Alshahran
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, 9088, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Ezzat Ahmed
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Walid F A Mosa
- Plant Production Department (Horticulture-Pomology), Faculty of Agriculture, Saba Basha, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21531, Egypt
| | - Taia A Abd El-Mageed
- Soil and Water Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum, 63514, Egypt
| | - Atef F Ahmed
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A Fahmy
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | | | - Reda M Mahmoud
- Dr Nutrition Pharmaceuticals (DNP), Dubai, 48685, United Arab Emirates
| | - Synan F AbuQamar
- Department of Biology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 15551, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Khaled A El-Tarabily
- Department of Biology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 15551, United Arab Emirates; Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, 6150, W.A., Australia
| | - José M Lorenzo
- Centro Tecnologico´ de La Carne de Galicia, Rúa Galicia No. 4, Parque Tecnologico de Galicia, San Cibrao das Vinas, Ourense, 32900, Spain; Universidad de Vigo, Area´ de Tecnología de Los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias de Ourense, Ourense, 32004, Spain
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Maestri D. Groundnut and tree nuts: a comprehensive review on their lipid components, phytochemicals, and nutraceutical properties. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024; 64:7426-7450. [PMID: 39093582 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2185202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
The health benefits of nut consumption have been extensively demonstrated in observational studies and intervention trials. Besides the high nutritional value, countless evidences show that incorporating nuts into the diet may contribute to health promotion and prevention of certain diseases. Such benefits have been mostly and certainly attributed not only to their richness in healthy lipids (plentiful in unsaturated fatty acids), but also to the presence of a vast array of phytochemicals, such as polar lipids, squalene, phytosterols, tocochromanols, and polyphenolic compounds. Thus, many nut chemical compounds apply well to the designation "nutraceuticals," a broad umbrella term used to describe any food component that, in addition to the basic nutritional value, can contribute extra health benefits. This contribution analyses the general chemical profile of groundnut and common tree nuts (almond, walnut, cashew, hazelnut, pistachio, macadamia, pecan), focusing on lipid components and phytochemicals, with a view on their bioactive properties. Relevant scientific literature linking consumption of nuts, and/or some of their components, with ameliorative and/or preventive effects on selected diseases - such as cancer, cardiovascular, metabolic, and neurodegenerative pathologies - was also reviewed. In addition, the bioactive properties were analyzed in the light of known mechanistic frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damián Maestri
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV - CONICET). Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
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3
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Wang M, Mao H, Ke Z, Chen J, Qi L, Wang J. Chinese bayberry ( Myrica rubra Sieb. et Zucc.) leaves proanthocyanidins inhibit intestinal glucose transport in human Caco-2 cells. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1284268. [PMID: 38529186 PMCID: PMC10961338 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1284268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: The hypoglycemic effects of Chinese bayberry leaves proanthocyanidins (BLPs) have been demonstrated. It is unclear, nevertheless, whether BLPs reduced postprandial blood glucose levels by regulating glucose uptake and glucose transport. Method: This study investigated the effect of BLPs (25, 50, and 100 μg/mL) on glucose uptake and glucose transport in human intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2 cells). The uptake of 2-Deoxy-2-[(7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl) amino]-D-glucose (2-NBDG) and disaccharidases activity in Caco-2 cells were measured. The glucose transport ability across the cell membrane was determined using the established Caco-2 monolayer model. The transcript and protein levels of key glucose transporters were analyzed using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blotting, respectively. Results: The results showed that BLPs significantly decreased glucose uptake and disaccharidases activity (p < 0.05). Otherwise, BLPs treatment obviously inhibited glucose transport across the Caco-2 monolayer in both simulated-fast (5 mM glucose) and simulated-fed (25 mM glucose) conditions. It was attributed to the suppression of glucose transporter2 (GLUT2) and sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) by BLPs. BLPs were found to significantly downregulated the transcript level and protein expression of glucose transporters (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the mRNA expression of phospholipase C (PLC) and protein kinase C (PKC) involved in the signaling pathway associated with glucose transport were decreased by BLPs. Conclusion: These results suggested that BLPs inhibited intestinal glucose transport via inhibiting the expression of glucose transporters. It indicated that BLPs could be potentially used as a functional food in the diet to modulate postprandial hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Wang
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo, China
| | - Haiguang Mao
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo, China
| | - Zhijian Ke
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jianchu Chen
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lili Qi
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jinbo Wang
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo, China
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Takemori K, Akaho K, Iwase M, Okano M, Kometani T. Effects of Persimmon Fruit Polyphenols on Postprandial Plasma Glucose Elevation in Rats and Humans. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2022; 68:331-341. [PMID: 36047105 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.68.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Persimmon is a fruit rich in polyphenols (proanthocyanidins or condensed tannins). Using rats and humans, the effects of Kaki-tannin (Nara-type), persimmon polyphenols prepared using a new method, on postprandial plasma glucose levels were investigated in this study. Kaki-tannin (Nara-type) comprised mainly proanthocyanidins, composed of epicatechin : epicatechin gallate : epigallocatechin : epigallocatechin gallate in a ratio of 1 : 1 : 2 : 2 with a molecular weight of approximately 8,000 Da, with epicatechin gallate as a terminal unit. These polyphenols inhibited amylolytic enzymes, such as α-amylase, maltase, sucrase, and α-glucosidase in vitro, and sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 in Caco-2 cells. These results suggested that the polyphenols suppressed digestion and absorption in the intestinal tract. The ingestion of 250 mg/kg body weight of the polyphenols significantly suppressed increased blood glucose levels after carbohydrate (2 g/kg body weight of glucose or maltose) loading in rats. In a human trial, 1.88 g of Kaki-tannin (Nara-type) significantly delayed increased plasma glucose levels after carbohydrate (150 kcal of maltooligosaccharides) loading. Thus, Kaki-tannin (Nara-type) holds promise to be developed as a food material that potentially improve blood glucose elevation after meals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Takemori
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University.,Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University
| | - Keisuke Akaho
- Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University
| | - Mari Iwase
- Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University
| | - Minami Okano
- Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University
| | - Takashi Kometani
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University.,Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University
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5
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Zhu W, Oteiza PI. Proanthocyanidins at the gastrointestinal tract: mechanisms involved in their capacity to mitigate obesity-associated metabolic disorders. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:220-240. [PMID: 35943169 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2105802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of overweight and obesity is continually increasing worldwide. Obesity is a major public health concern given the multiple associated comorbidities. Finding dietary approaches to prevent/mitigate these conditions is of critical relevance. Proanthocyanidins (PACs), oligomers or polymers of flavan-3-ols that are extensively distributed in nature, represent a major part of total dietary polyphenols. Although current evidence supports the capacity of PACs to mitigate obesity-associated comorbidities, the underlying mechanisms remain speculative due to the complexity of PACs' structure. Given their limited bioavailability, the major site of the biological actions of intact PACs is the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. This review discusses the actions of PACs at the GI tract which could underlie their anti-obesity effects. These mechanisms include: i) inhibition of digestive enzymes at the GI lumen, including pancreatic lipase, α-amylase, α-glucosidase; ii) modification of gut microbiota composition; iii) modulation of inflammation- and oxidative stress-triggered signaling pathways, e.g. NF-κB and MAPKs; iv) protection of the GI barrier integrity. Further understanding of the mechanisms and biological activities of PACs at the GI tract can contribute to develop nutritional and pharmacological strategies oriented to mitigate the serious comorbidities of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhu
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Patricia I Oteiza
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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6
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Extraction and identification of proanthocyanidins from the leaves of persimmon and loquat. Food Chem 2022; 372:130780. [PMID: 34624778 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins is flavan-3-ol polymers with many activities which attracted a lot of attention. However, most of the proanthocyanidins come from fruits and seeds, resulting in higher costs. The extraction of proanthocyanidins from leaves that were trimmed as wastes from fruit trees is of good economic benefits. The proanthocyanidins in persimmon leaves and loquat leaves were extracted and purified. The purity of persimmon and loquat leaves were 85.33 ± 0.11% and 88.45 ± 0.96% with yield of 3.40% and 2.37% respectively. Detailed structure information was analyzed. Persimmon leaves proanthocyanidins mainly consist of catechin with B-type link along with a small portion of gallocatechin, catechin gallate and A-type link. Loquat leaves proanthocyanidins consist of catechin, gallocatechin, gallocatechin gallate and afzelechin with B-type link along with a small portion of A-type link. The α-amylase inhibition effect of the two leaves was analyzed. Persimmon leaves proanthocyanidins and loquat leaves proanthocyanidins were two mixed-type inhibitors to α-amylase.
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Bodoira R, Cecilia Cittadini M, Velez A, Rossi Y, Montenegro M, Martínez M, Maestri D. An overview on extraction, composition, bioactivity and food applications of peanut phenolics. Food Chem 2022; 381:132250. [PMID: 35121321 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Peanuts contain a diverse and vast array of phenolic compounds having important biological properties. They are allocated mostly in the seed coat (skin), an industrial waste with minor and undervalued applications. In the last few years, a considerable amount of scientific knowledge about extraction, composition, bioactivities and health benefits of peanut skin phenolics has been generated. The present review was focused on four main aspects: a) extraction methods and technologies for obtaining peanut skin phenolics with an emphasis on green-solvent extraction processes; b) variations in chemical profiles including those due to genetic variability, extraction methodologies and process-related issues; c) bioactive properties, especially antioxidant activities in food and biological systems; d) update of promising food applications. The revision was also aimed at identifying areas where knowledge is insufficient and to set priorities for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Bodoira
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos Córdoba (ICYTAC - CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Argentina
| | - M Cecilia Cittadini
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV - CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Argentina
| | - Alexis Velez
- Instituto de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ingeniería de Procesos y Química Aplicada (IPQA - CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Argentina
| | - Yanina Rossi
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigación y Transferencia Agroalimentaria y Biotecnológica (IMITAB - CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Villa María (UNVM), Argentina
| | - Mariana Montenegro
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigación y Transferencia Agroalimentaria y Biotecnológica (IMITAB - CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Villa María (UNVM), Argentina
| | - Marcela Martínez
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV - CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Argentina
| | - Damián Maestri
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV - CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Argentina.
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8
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Lu LW, Silvestre MP, Sequeira IR, Plank LD, Foster M, Middleditch N, Acevedo-Fani A, Hollingsworth KG, Poppitt SD. A higher-protein nut-based snack product suppresses glycaemia and decreases glycaemic response to co-ingested carbohydrate in an overweight prediabetic Asian Chinese cohort: the Tū Ora postprandial RCT. J Nutr Sci 2021; 10:e30. [PMID: 34094511 PMCID: PMC8141680 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2021.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nut-based products may aid low-glycaemic dietary strategies that are important for diabetes prevention in populations at increased risk of dysglycaemia, such as Asian Chinese. This randomised cross-over trial assessed the postprandial glycaemic response (0-120 min) of a higher-protein nut-based (HP-NB) snack formulation, in bar format (1009 kJ, Nutrient Profiling Score, NPS, -2), when compared with an iso-energetic higher-carbohydrate (CHO) cereal-based bar (HC-CB, 985 kJ, NPS +3). It also assessed the ability to suppress glucose response to a typical CHO-rich food (white bread, WB), when co-ingested. Ten overweight prediabetic Chinese adults (mean, sd: age 47⋅9, 15⋅7 years; BMI 25⋅5, 1⋅6 kg/m2), with total body fat plus ectopic pancreas and liver fat quantified using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy, received the five meal treatments in random order: HP-NB, HC-CB, HP-NB + WB (50 g available CHO), HC-CB + WB and WB only. Compared with HC-CB, HP-NB induced a significantly lower 30-120 min glucose response (P < 0⋅05), with an approximately 10-fold lower incremental area under the glucose curve (iAUC0-120; P < 0⋅001). HP-NB also attenuated glucose response by approximately 25 % when co-ingested with WB (P < 0⋅05). Half of the cohort had elevated pancreas and/or liver fat, with 13-21 % greater suppression of iAUC0-120 glucose in the low v. high organ fat subgroups across all five treatments. A nut-based snack product may be a healthier alternative to an energy equivalent cereal-based product with evidence of both a lower postprandial glycaemic response and modulation of CHO-induced hyperglycaemia even in high-risk, overweight, pre-diabetic adults.
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Key Words
- AUC, area under the curve
- BF, body fat
- BMI, body mass index
- CHO, carbohydrate
- DXA, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
- Dried fruits
- GI, glycaemic index
- MRI
- MRI, magnetic resonance imaging
- MRS, magnetic resonance spectroscopy
- Nuts
- Postprandial glycaemia
- Prediabetes
- SAT, subcutaneous adipose tissue
- T2D, type 2 diabetes
- VAS, visual analogue scales
- VAT, visceral adipose tissue
- WB, white bread
- iAUC, incremental area under the curve
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise W. Lu
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Marta P. Silvestre
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ivana R. Sequeira
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lindsay D. Plank
- Department of Surgery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Meika Foster
- Edible Research Ltd, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Nikki Middleditch
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Alejandra Acevedo-Fani
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Kieren G. Hollingsworth
- Newcastle Magnetic Resonance Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Sally D. Poppitt
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
- Riddet Centre of Research Excellence (CoRE) for Food and Nutrition, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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9
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Extracts of Peanut Skins as a Source of Bioactive Compounds: Methodology and Applications. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10238546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Peanut skins are a waste product of the peanut processing industry with little commercial value. They are also significant sources of the polyphenolic compounds that are noted for their bioactivity. The extraction procedures for these compounds range from simple single solvent extracts to sophisticated separation schemes to isolate and identify the large range of compounds present. To take advantage of the bioactivities attributed to the polyphenols present, a range of products both edible and nonedible containing peanut skin extracts have been developed. This review presents the range of studies to date that are dedicated to extracting these compounds from peanut skins and their various applications.
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10
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Quaresma DMO, Justino AB, Sousa RMF, Munoz RAA, de Aquino FJT, Martins MM, Goulart LR, Pivatto M, Espindola FS, de Oliveira A. Antioxidant compounds from Banisteriopsis argyrophylla leaves as α-amylase, α-glucosidase, lipase, and glycation inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2020; 105:104335. [PMID: 33074116 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Banisteriopsis argyrophylla belongs to the Malpighiaceae family, which is a species from Cerrado, also known as "cipó-prata" or "cipó-folha-de-prata." Several species of this family present biological potential. This work reports the chemical identification of the ethanol extract (EE) and its fractions from B. argyrophylla leaves and shows the analysis of the antioxidant activity and inhibitory effects on activities of α-amylase, α-glucosidase and lipase, and non-enzymatic glycation. The ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) and n-butanol fraction (BF) showed antioxidant activity, with IC50 values of 4.1 ± 0.1 and 4.8 ± 0.1 μg mL-1, respectively, by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method, and IC50 values of 6046.3 ± 174.2 and 6264.2 ± 32.2 µmol Trolox eq g-1 by the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) method. Furthermore, the DPPH method with these fractions presented electroactive species with antioxidant potential, as shown by the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) method. The inhibitory effects of the EAF and BF were demonstrated by the following results: IC50 of 5.1 ± 0.3 and 2.5 ± 0.2 μg mL-1 for α-amylase, IC50 of 1093.5 ± 26.0 and 1250.8 ± 21.9 μg mL-1 for α-glucosidase, IC50 of 8.3 ± 4.1 and 4.4 ± 1.0 μg mL-1 for lipase, and IC50 of 1.3 ± 0.1 and 0.9 ± 0.1 μg mL-1 for glycation. Some bioactive compounds were identified by (-)-ESI-MS/MS, such as catechin, procyanidins, glycosylated flavonoids, kaempferol, and megastigmane glucosides. The antidiabetic activity of B.argyrophylla has been reported for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiane M O Quaresma
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. João Naves de Ávila, 2121. Campus Santa Mônica, Uberlândia-MG, CEP 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Allisson B Justino
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. Pará, 1720. Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia-MG, CEP 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Raquel M F Sousa
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. João Naves de Ávila, 2121. Campus Santa Mônica, Uberlândia-MG, CEP 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A A Munoz
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. João Naves de Ávila, 2121. Campus Santa Mônica, Uberlândia-MG, CEP 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Francisco J T de Aquino
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. João Naves de Ávila, 2121. Campus Santa Mônica, Uberlândia-MG, CEP 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Mário M Martins
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. Pará, 1720. Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia-MG, CEP 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Luiz R Goulart
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. Pará, 1720. Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia-MG, CEP 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Marcos Pivatto
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. João Naves de Ávila, 2121. Campus Santa Mônica, Uberlândia-MG, CEP 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Foued S Espindola
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. Pará, 1720. Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia-MG, CEP 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Alberto de Oliveira
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. João Naves de Ávila, 2121. Campus Santa Mônica, Uberlândia-MG, CEP 38400-902, Brazil.
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Wang M, Chen J, Ye X, Liu D. In vitro inhibitory effects of Chinese bayberry (Myrica rubra Sieb. et Zucc.) leaves proanthocyanidins on pancreatic α-amylase and their interaction. Bioorg Chem 2020; 101:104029. [PMID: 32615466 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Chinese bayberry leaves proanthocyanidins (BLPs) belongs to the prodelphinidin category with potent EGCG unit, whose inhibition effect on α-amylase and their interaction were investigated by in vitro digestion and enzyme kinetic analysis, multi fluorescence spectroscopies (fluorescence quenching, synchronous fluorescence, and three-dimensional fluorescence), circular dichroism spectra, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and in silico modelling. The results revealed that BLPs was a mixed inhibitor to α-amylase with the IC50 value of 3.075 ± 0.073 μg/mL. BLPs could lead to a static fluorescence quenching of α-amylase, mainly by means of interacting with amino acids (mainly Try and Tyr residues) in one site on α-amylase molecule under the action of hydrogen bonding and/or Van der Waals force. This interaction further induced the change of secondary conformational structure, functional group structure and hydrophobicity of α-amylase, thus resulting in lowering activity. Molecular docking simulated that this binding occurred in a cavity on the surface of the α-amylase molecule, and BLPs trimer showed a relatively high binding energy. The present study provided a new insight of BLPs as an α-amylase inhibitor, which could be considered in anti-diabetic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Wang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang R&D Center for Food Technology and Equipment, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianchu Chen
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang R&D Center for Food Technology and Equipment, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xingqian Ye
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang R&D Center for Food Technology and Equipment, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China.
| | - Donghong Liu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang R&D Center for Food Technology and Equipment, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, 315100, People's Republic of China.
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de Oliveira Raphaelli C, Dos Santos Pereira E, Camargo TM, Vinholes J, Rombaldi CV, Vizzotto M, Nora L. Apple Phenolic Extracts Strongly Inhibit α-Glucosidase Activity. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 74:430-435. [PMID: 31302831 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-019-00757-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The beneficial health effects of apple consumption are well known, however, little is known about the potential of its phenolic fractions to inhibit α-glucosidases and thereafter to treat diseases related to the carbohydrate metabolism, such as postprandial hyperglycemia and diabetes. In the present study, the α-glucosidase inhibition and antioxidant activity of different phenolic fractions of apple were evaluated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. Moreover, the phenolic fractions were chemically characterized by LC-MS in order to identify the compounds responsible for the biological properties. The purified extract (not fractionated) had the highest α-glucosidase and hydroxyl radical inhibitions. The purified extract and fractions III and IV were more active against the enzyme activity than the positive control acarbose, the drug used by diabetic patients to treat postprandial hyperglycaemia. Our results show that apple phenolic extracts strongly inhibit α-glucosidase acitivity, validating their potential to be used in the management of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirle de Oliveira Raphaelli
- Department of Agroindustrial Science and Technology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, 96010-900, Brazil.
| | - Elisa Dos Santos Pereira
- Department of Agroindustrial Science and Technology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Taiane Mota Camargo
- Department of Agroindustrial Science and Technology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, 96010-900, Brazil
| | | | - Cesar Valmor Rombaldi
- Department of Agroindustrial Science and Technology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, 96010-900, Brazil
| | | | - Leonardo Nora
- Department of Agroindustrial Science and Technology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, 96010-900, Brazil
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Peanut skin phenolic extract attenuates hyperglycemic responses in vivo and in vitro. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214591. [PMID: 30917157 PMCID: PMC6436756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes affects at least 285 million people globally, and this number continues to increase. Clinical complications include impaired glucose metabolism, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Evidence has shown that natural phenolics play a protective effect on both the development and management of type 2 diabetes. This study evaluated effects of the extract from peanut skins containing polyphenols on induced- hyperglycemia using in vivo and in vitro methods. A human hepatocellular liver carcinoma cell line (HepG2) was used to investigate the effect of the peanut skin extract on cell viability after exposure to high glucose concentrations. In vivo, the effect of peanut skin extract on an oral glucose tolerance was investigated in human subjects. Fifteen participants aged 21–32 underwent an oral glucose tolerance test with five treatments: 1) 50-gram glucose solution (reference); 2). 50-gram glucose solution, followed by 12 mg of vegi-capsulated maltodextrin; 3) 50-gram glucose solution, followed by 120 mg of vegi-capsulated maltodextrin-encapsulated peanut skin extract; 4). 50-gram glucose solution, followed by 28 grams of unfortified coated peanuts; 5) 50-gram glucose solution, followed by 28 grams of chili lime coated peanuts fortified with encapsulated peanut skin extract. Glucose levels were measured using a continuous monitor. Peanut skin extract was found to attenuate the decrease in cell viability in high glucose treated HepG2 cells, showing a protective effect against hyperglycemia induced cell death. No difference in the glycemic response area under the curve between any treatments using the tolerance test, but the treatment of the peanut skin extract with the glucose reference resulted in a significantly lower peak blood glucose response at 45 minutes, indicating that it was effective at reducing the glycemic response. The present study shows that the phenolic extract of peanut skins has an antidiabetic effect, further confirming their value as a functional food ingredient.
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Li K, Yao F, Du J, Deng X, Li C. Persimmon Tannin Decreased the Glycemic Response through Decreasing the Digestibility of Starch and Inhibiting α-Amylase, α-Glucosidase, and Intestinal Glucose Uptake. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:1629-1637. [PMID: 29388426 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of postprandial blood glucose levels is an effective therapeutic proposal for type 2 diabetes treatment. In this study, the effect of persimmon tannin on starch digestion with different amylose levels was investigated both in vitro and in vivo. Oral administration of persimmon tannin-starch complexes significantly suppressed the increase of blood glucose levels and the area under the curve (AUC) in a dose-dependent manner compared with starch treatment alone in an in vivo rat model. Further study proved that persimmon tannin could not only interact with starch directly but also inhibit α-amylase and α-glucosidase strongly, with IC50 values of 0.35 and 0.24 mg/mL, separately. In addition, 20 μg/mL of persimmon tannin significantly decreased glucose uptake and transport in Caco-2 cells model. Overall, our data suggested that persimmon tannin may alleviate postprandial hyperglycemia through limiting the digestion of starch as well as inhibiting the uptake and transport of glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaikai Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Fen Yao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jing Du
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiangyi Deng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chunmei Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Food Science, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan, 430070, China
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Tamura T, Ozawa M, Tanaka N, Arai S, Mura K. Bacillus cereus Response to a Proanthocyanidin Trimer, a Transcriptional and Functional Analysis. Curr Microbiol 2016; 73:115-23. [PMID: 27061585 PMCID: PMC4899491 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-016-1032-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins are abundant in peanut skin, and in this study, the antibacterial effects of a peanut skin extract (PSE) against food-borne bacteria were investigated to find its minimum inhibitory concentration. Food-borne gram-positive bacteria, and in particular Bacillus cereus, was more sensitive to PSE. In particular, the inhibitory activity of epicatechin-(4β → 6)-epicatechin-(2β → O→7, 4β → 8)-catechin (EEC), a proanthocyanidin trimer from peanut skin, against B. cereus was stronger than that of procyanidin A1, a proanthocyanidin dimer. DNA microarray analysis of B. cereus treated with EEC was carried out, with a finding that 597 genes were significantly up-regulated. Analysis of the up-regulated genes suggested that EEC disrupted the normal condition of the cell membrane and wall of B. cereus and alter its usual nutritional metabolism. Moreover, treatment of B. cereus with EEC inhibited glucose uptake, suggesting that EEC affects the cell-surface adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Tamura
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan.
| | - Megumi Ozawa
- Advantec.Co., Ltd, 2-7-1 Nishisinjuku, Sinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 163-0703, Japan
| | - Naoto Tanaka
- Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Nodai Culture Collection Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan
| | - Soichi Arai
- Nodai Research Institute, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Mura
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan
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