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Jagannathan NS, Koh JYP, Lee Y, Sobota RM, Irving AT, Wang LF, Itahana Y, Itahana K, Tucker-Kellogg L. Multi-omic analysis of bat versus human fibroblasts reveals altered central metabolism. eLife 2024; 13:e94007. [PMID: 39037770 PMCID: PMC11262796 DOI: 10.7554/elife.94007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Bats have unique characteristics compared to other mammals, including increased longevity and higher resistance to cancer and infectious disease. While previous studies have analyzed the metabolic requirements for flight, it is still unclear how bat metabolism supports these unique features, and no study has integrated metabolomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics to characterize bat metabolism. In this work, we performed a multi-omics data analysis using a computational model of metabolic fluxes to identify fundamental differences in central metabolism between primary lung fibroblast cell lines from the black flying fox fruit bat (Pteropus alecto) and human. Bat cells showed higher expression levels of Complex I components of electron transport chain (ETC), but, remarkably, a lower rate of oxygen consumption. Computational modeling interpreted these results as indicating that Complex II activity may be low or reversed, similar to an ischemic state. An ischemic-like state of bats was also supported by decreased levels of central metabolites and increased ratios of succinate to fumarate in bat cells. Ischemic states tend to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), which would be incompatible with the longevity of bats. However, bat cells had higher antioxidant reservoirs (higher total glutathione and higher ratio of NADPH to NADP) despite higher mitochondrial ROS levels. In addition, bat cells were more resistant to glucose deprivation and had increased resistance to ferroptosis, one of the characteristics of which is oxidative stress. Thus, our studies revealed distinct differences in the ETC regulation and metabolic stress responses between human and bat cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Suhas Jagannathan
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Programme, Duke-NUS Medical SchoolSingaporeSingapore
- Centre for Computational Biology, Duke-NUS Medical SchoolSingaporeSingapore
| | - Javier Yu Peng Koh
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Programme, Duke-NUS Medical SchoolSingaporeSingapore
| | - Younghwan Lee
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Programme, Duke-NUS Medical SchoolSingaporeSingapore
| | - Radoslaw Mikolaj Sobota
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and ResearchSingaporeSingapore
| | - Aaron T Irving
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical SchoolSingaporeSingapore
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHainingChina
| | - Lin-fa Wang
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Global Health InstituteSingaporeSingapore
| | - Yoko Itahana
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Programme, Duke-NUS Medical SchoolSingaporeSingapore
| | - Koji Itahana
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Programme, Duke-NUS Medical SchoolSingaporeSingapore
| | - Lisa Tucker-Kellogg
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Programme, Duke-NUS Medical SchoolSingaporeSingapore
- Centre for Computational Biology, Duke-NUS Medical SchoolSingaporeSingapore
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2
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Pikula J, Brichta J, Seidlova V, Piacek V, Zukal J. Higher antibody titres against Pseudogymnoascus destructans are associated with less white-nose syndrome skin lesions in Palearctic bats. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1269526. [PMID: 38143741 PMCID: PMC10739372 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1269526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Serological tests can be used to test whether an animal has been exposed to an infectious agent, and whether its immune system has recognized and produced antibodies against it. Paired samples taken several weeks apart then document an ongoing infection and/or seroconversion. Methods In the absence of a commercial kit, we developed an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect the fungus-specific antibodies for Pseudogymnoascus destructans, the agent of white-nose syndrome in bats. Results and Discussion Samples collected from European Myotis myotis (n=35) and Asian Myotis dasycneme (n=11) in their hibernacula at the end of the hibernation period displayed 100% seroprevalence of antibodies against P. destructans, demonstrating a high rate of exposure. Our results showed that the higher the titre of antibodies against P. destructans, the lower the infection intensity, suggesting that a degree of protection is provided by this arm of adaptive immunity in Palearctic bats. Moreover, P. destructans infection appears to be a seasonally self-limiting disease of Palearctic bats showing seroconversion as the WNS skin lesions heal in the early post-hibernation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Pikula
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
- CEITEC: Central European Institute of Technology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jiri Brichta
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Veronika Seidlova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Vladimir Piacek
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jan Zukal
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
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3
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Costantini D, Schad J, Czirják GÁ, Voigt CC. Oxidative damage varies in response to bacterial, fungal and viral antigen challenges in bats. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb246332. [PMID: 37823235 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The immune system plays an important role in defending against pathogens and regulating physiological homeostasis, but the strength of the immune responses depends on the type of pathogen. The immune system of bats shows a high variability in responsiveness towards various pathogens; they can safely harbor certain pathogens that are highly lethal to other mammals. Oxidative stress may act as a pathophysiological cellular mechanism mediating the immunological function of bats because of its potentially detrimental effects on physiological homeostasis, fertility and longevity. By experimentally exposing greater mouse-eared bats (Myotis myotis) to three antigens, it was previously shown that animals reacted immunologically most strongly to bacterial and viral antigens, but not to fungal ones. As a follow up, in this study we observed that both bacterial and fungal antigens induced a significant increase of plasma oxidative damage, whereas viral antigens did not cause any increase of plasma oxidative damage at all albeit the mild immune response. Thus, experimental bats were able to avoid oxidative stress only in the face of a viral antigen, possibly by dampening inflammatory signalling. Bats may be able to handle viral infections and live well beyond expectations by reducing the detrimental effects of molecular oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Costantini
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, Tuscia University, Largo dell'Università snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Julia Schad
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Straße 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gábor Á Czirják
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Straße 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian C Voigt
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Straße 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
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4
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Pereira PDC, Diniz DG, da Costa ER, Magalhães NGDM, da Silva ADJF, Leite JGS, Almeida NIP, Cunha KDN, de Melo MAD, Vasconcelos PFDC, Diniz JAP, Brites D, Anthony DC, Diniz CWP, Guerreiro-Diniz C. Genes, inflammatory response, tolerance, and resistance to virus infections in migratory birds, bats, and rodents. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1239572. [PMID: 37711609 PMCID: PMC10497949 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1239572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Normally, the host immunological response to viral infection is coordinated to restore homeostasis and protect the individual from possible tissue damage. The two major approaches are adopted by the host to deal with the pathogen: resistance or tolerance. The nature of the responses often differs between species and between individuals of the same species. Resistance includes innate and adaptive immune responses to control virus replication. Disease tolerance relies on the immune response allowing the coexistence of infections in the host with minimal or no clinical signs, while maintaining sufficient viral replication for transmission. Here, we compared the virome of bats, rodents and migratory birds and the molecular mechanisms underlying symptomatic and asymptomatic disease progression. We also explore the influence of the host physiology and environmental influences on RNA virus expression and how it impacts on the whole brain transcriptome of seemingly healthy semipalmated sandpiper (Calidris pusilla) and spotted sandpiper (Actitis macularius). Three time points throughout the year were selected to understand the importance of longitudinal surveys in the characterization of the virome. We finally revisited evidence that upstream and downstream regulation of the inflammatory response is, respectively, associated with resistance and tolerance to viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Douglas Corrêa Pereira
- Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação, Bragança, Pará, Brazil
| | - Daniel Guerreiro Diniz
- Seção de Hepatologia, Laboratório de Microscopia Eletrônica, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belém, Pará, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Emanuel Ramos da Costa
- Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação, Bragança, Pará, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Nara Gyzely de Morais Magalhães
- Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação, Bragança, Pará, Brazil
| | - Anderson de Jesus Falcão da Silva
- Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação, Bragança, Pará, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Gizele Sousa Leite
- Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação, Bragança, Pará, Brazil
| | - Natan Ibraim Pires Almeida
- Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação, Bragança, Pará, Brazil
| | - Kelle de Nazaré Cunha
- Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação, Bragança, Pará, Brazil
| | - Mauro André Damasceno de Melo
- Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação, Bragança, Pará, Brazil
| | - Pedro Fernando da Costa Vasconcelos
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
- Seção de Arbovirologia e Febres Hemorrágicas, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - José Antonio Picanço Diniz
- Seção de Hepatologia, Laboratório de Microscopia Eletrônica, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Dora Brites
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Daniel Clive Anthony
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Experimental Neuropathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Cristovam Wanderley Picanço Diniz
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Cristovam Guerreiro-Diniz
- Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação, Bragança, Pará, Brazil
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5
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Zhang D, Irving AT. Antiviral effects of interferon-stimulated genes in bats. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1224532. [PMID: 37661999 PMCID: PMC10472940 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1224532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The interferon pathway is the first line of defense in viral infection in all mammals, and its induction stimulates broad expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). In mice and also humans, the antiviral function of ISGs has been extensively studied. As an important viral reservoir in nature, bats can coexist with a variety of pathogenic viruses without overt signs of disease, yet only limited data are available for the role of ISGs in bats. There are multiple species of bats and work has begun deciphering the differences and similarities between ISG function of human/mouse and different bat species. This review summarizes the current knowledge of conserved and bat-specific-ISGs and their known antiviral effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Haining, China
| | - Aaron T. Irving
- Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Centre for Infection, Immunity & Cancer, Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Haining, China
- BIMET - Biomedical and Health Translational Research Centre of Zhejiang Province, China
- College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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6
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Colella JP, Cobos ME, Salinas I, Cook JA. Advancing the central role of non-model biorepositories in predictive modeling of emerging pathogens. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011410. [PMID: 37319170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn P Colella
- University of Kansas Biodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Marlon E Cobos
- University of Kansas Biodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Irene Salinas
- University of New Mexico, Department of Biology, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Joseph A Cook
- University of New Mexico, Department of Biology, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
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7
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Déjosez M, Marin A, Hughes GM, Morales AE, Godoy-Parejo C, Gray JL, Qin Y, Singh AA, Xu H, Juste J, Ibáñez C, White KM, Rosales R, Francoeur NJ, Sebra RP, Alcock D, Volkert TL, Puechmaille SJ, Pastusiak A, Frost SDW, Hiller M, Young RA, Teeling EC, García-Sastre A, Zwaka TP. Bat pluripotent stem cells reveal unusual entanglement between host and viruses. Cell 2023; 186:957-974.e28. [PMID: 36812912 PMCID: PMC10085545 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Bats are distinctive among mammals due to their ability to fly, use laryngeal echolocation, and tolerate viruses. However, there are currently no reliable cellular models for studying bat biology or their response to viral infections. Here, we created induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from two species of bats: the wild greater horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum) and the greater mouse-eared bat (Myotis myotis). The iPSCs from both bat species showed similar characteristics and had a gene expression profile resembling that of cells attacked by viruses. They also had a high number of endogenous viral sequences, particularly retroviruses. These results suggest that bats have evolved mechanisms to tolerate a large load of viral sequences and may have a more intertwined relationship with viruses than previously thought. Further study of bat iPSCs and their differentiated progeny will provide insights into bat biology, virus host relationships, and the molecular basis of bats' special traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Déjosez
- Huffington Center for Cell-Based Research in Parkinson's disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10502, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, and Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10502, USA; Paratus Sciences, 430 East 29th Street, Suite 600, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Arturo Marin
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Graham M Hughes
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ariadna E Morales
- Senckenberg Research Institute, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany; Faculty of Biosciences, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Carlos Godoy-Parejo
- Huffington Center for Cell-Based Research in Parkinson's disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10502, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, and Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10502, USA
| | - Jonathan L Gray
- Huffington Center for Cell-Based Research in Parkinson's disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10502, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, and Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10502, USA
| | - Yiren Qin
- Huffington Center for Cell-Based Research in Parkinson's disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10502, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, and Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10502, USA
| | - Arun A Singh
- Huffington Center for Cell-Based Research in Parkinson's disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10502, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, and Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10502, USA
| | - Hui Xu
- Huffington Center for Cell-Based Research in Parkinson's disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10502, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, and Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10502, USA
| | - Javier Juste
- Estación biológica de doñana (CSIC), Avda. Américo Vespucio 26, Seville 41092, Spain; CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health, CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Ibáñez
- Estación biológica de doñana (CSIC), Avda. Américo Vespucio 26, Seville 41092, Spain
| | - Kris M White
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Romel Rosales
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | - Robert P Sebra
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Icahn Institute for Genomics, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dominic Alcock
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Thomas L Volkert
- Paratus Sciences, 430 East 29th Street, Suite 600, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | | | - Andrzej Pastusiak
- Microsoft Premonition, Microsoft Building 99, 14820 NE 36th Street, Redmond, WA 98052, USA
| | - Simon D W Frost
- Microsoft Premonition, Microsoft Building 99, 14820 NE 36th Street, Redmond, WA 98052, USA; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Michael Hiller
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany; Senckenberg Research Institute, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany; Faculty of Biosciences, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Richard A Young
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Emma C Teeling
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Thomas P Zwaka
- Huffington Center for Cell-Based Research in Parkinson's disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10502, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, and Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10502, USA; Paratus Sciences, 430 East 29th Street, Suite 600, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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8
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Moraga-Fernández A, Sánchez-Sánchez M, Queirós J, Lopes AM, Vicente J, Pardavila X, Sereno-Cadierno J, Alves PC, de la Fuente J, Fernández de Mera IG. A study of viral pathogens in bat species in the Iberian Peninsula: identification of new coronavirus genetic variants. Int J Vet Sci Med 2022; 10:100-110. [PMID: 36407496 PMCID: PMC9639555 DOI: 10.1080/23144599.2022.2139985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats have long been associated with multiple pathogens, including viruses affecting humans such as henipaviruses, filoviruses, bunyaviruses and coronaviruses. The alpha and beta coronaviruses genera can infect most mammalian species. Among them, betacoronavirus SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, which have caused the three major pandemics in the last two decades, have been proposed to originate in bats. In this study, 194 oral swabs from 22 bats species sampled in 19 locations of the Iberian Peninsula were analysed and characterized by three different PCR tests (coronavirus generic real-time RT-PCR, multiplex conventional PCR, and SARS-CoV-2 specific real-time RT-PCR) to detect bat coronaviruses. Screening with coronavirus generic PCR showed 102 positives out of 194 oral swabs analysed. Then, metabarcoding with multiplex PCR amplified 15 positive samples. Most of the coronaviruses detected in this study belong to alphacoronavirus (α-CoV) genus, with multiple alphacoronaviruses identified by up to five different genetic variants coexisting in the same bat. One of the positive samples identified in a Miniopterus schreibersii bat positive for the generic coronavirus PCR and the specific SARS-CoV-2 PCR was classified as betacoronavirus (-CoV) through phylogenetic analysis. These results support the rapid evolution of coronaviruses to generate new genomic potentially pathogenic variants likely through co-infection and recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Moraga-Fernández
- Institute for Game and Wildlife Research, IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), SaBio Research Group, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Marta Sánchez-Sánchez
- Institute for Game and Wildlife Research, IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), SaBio Research Group, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - João Queirós
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, Vairão, Portugal
- Estação Biológica de Mértola (EBM), CIBIO, Praça Luís de Camões, Mértola, Portugal
| | - Ana M. Lopes
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Joaquín Vicente
- Institute for Game and Wildlife Research, IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), SaBio Research Group, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Xosé Pardavila
- Sorex, Ecoloxía e Medio Ambiente S.L., Santiago de Compostela. A Coruña, Spain
| | - Jorge Sereno-Cadierno
- Institute for Game and Wildlife Research, IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), SaBio Research Group, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Paulo C. Alves
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, Vairão, Portugal
- Estação Biológica de Mértola (EBM), CIBIO, Praça Luís de Camões, Mértola, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José de la Fuente
- Institute for Game and Wildlife Research, IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), SaBio Research Group, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
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9
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Viola MF, Gerardo Herrera M L, da Cruz-Neto AP. The acute phase response in bats (Carollia perspicillata) varies with time and dose of the immune challenge. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:286160. [PMID: 36448935 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.244583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The acute phase response (APR) is a core component of the innate immune response and represents the first line of immune defense used in response to infections. Although several studies with vertebrates reported fever, a decrease in food intake and body mass, and an increase in neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and total white blood cell count after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inoculation, there was great variability in the magnitude of these responses. Some of these differences might reflect, to some extent, differences in the time of endotoxin inoculation (during active or rest periods) and dose. Therefore, our study tested the interplay between LPS dose and time of injection on selected physiological (fever and increase in total white blood cell count and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio) and behavioral (food intake) components of the APR using a Neotropical fruit-eating bat (Carollia perspicillata) as a model organism. We predicted that LPS would trigger a dose- and time-dependent response in APR components. APR components were assessed in rest and active periods after injection of three doses of LPS (5, 10 and 15 mg kg-1 LPS). The results indicate a more robust decrease in food intake at higher doses during the active period, while increased neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio was more robust during the active period regardless of dose. Furthermore, the skin temperature increase lasted longer at higher doses regardless of the timing of injections. Our study offers important insights into the dependence of time as well as the LPS dosage effect in the APR of bats, and how they deal with the magnitude of infections at different times of day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus F Viola
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Animal (LaFA), Departamento de Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, 13506-900 Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L Gerardo Herrera M
- Estación de Biología Chamela, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional, Autónoma de México, 48980 San Patricio, Jalisco, México
| | - Ariovaldo P da Cruz-Neto
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Animal (LaFA), Departamento de Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, 13506-900 Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
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10
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Unique Evolution of Antiviral Tetherin in Bats. J Virol 2022; 96:e0115222. [PMID: 36173189 PMCID: PMC9599465 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01152-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are recognized as important reservoirs of viruses deadly to other mammals, including humans. These infections are typically nonpathogenic in bats, raising questions about host response differences that might exist between bats and other mammals. Tetherin is a restriction factor which inhibits the release of a diverse range of viruses from host cells, including retroviruses, coronaviruses, filoviruses, and paramyxoviruses, some of which are deadly to humans and transmitted by bats. Here, we characterize the tetherin genes from 27 bat species, revealing that they have evolved under strong selective pressure, and that fruit bats and vesper bats express unique structural variants of the tetherin protein. Tetherin was widely and variably expressed across fruit bat tissue types and upregulated in spleen tissue when stimulated with Toll-like receptor agonists. The expression of two computationally predicted splice isoforms of fruit bat tetherin was verified. We identified an additional third unique splice isoform which includes a C-terminal region that is not homologous to known mammalian tetherin variants but was functionally capable of restricting the release of filoviral virus-like particles. We also report that vesper bats possess and express at least five tetherin genes, including structural variants, more than any other mammal reported to date. These findings support the hypothesis of differential antiviral gene evolution in bats relative to other mammals. IMPORTANCE Bats are an important host of various viruses which are deadly to humans and other mammals but do not cause outward signs of illness in bats. Furthering our understanding of the unique features of the immune system of bats will shed light on how they tolerate viral infections, potentially informing novel antiviral strategies in humans and other animals. This study examines the antiviral protein tetherin, which prevents viral particles from escaping their host cell. Analysis of tetherin from 27 bat species reveals that it is under strong evolutionary pressure, and we show that multiple bat species have evolved to possess more tetherin genes than other mammals, some of which encode structurally unique tetherins capable of activity against different viral particles. These data suggest that bat tetherin plays a potentially broad and important role in the management of viral infections in bats.
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11
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Differences in acute phase response to bacterial, fungal and viral antigens in greater mouse-eared bats (Myotis myotis). Sci Rep 2022; 12:15259. [PMID: 36088405 PMCID: PMC9464231 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18240-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The acute phase response (APR) is an evolutionarily well-conserved part of the innate immune defense against pathogens. However, recent studies in bats yielded surprisingly diverse results compared to previous APR studies on both vertebrate and invertebrate species. This is especially interesting due to the known role of bats as reservoirs for viruses and other intracellular pathogens, while being susceptible to extracellular microorganisms such as some bacteria and fungi. To better understand these discrepancies and the reservoir-competence of bats, we mimicked bacterial, viral and fungal infections in greater mouse-eared bats (Myotis myotis) and quantified different aspects of the APR over a two-day period. Individuals reacted most strongly to a viral (PolyI:C) and a bacterial (LPS) antigen, reflected by an increase of haptoglobin levels (LPS) and an increase of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte-ratio (PolyI:C and LPS). We did not detect fever, leukocytosis, body mass loss, or a change in the overall functioning of the innate immunity upon challenge with any antigen. We add evidence that bats respond selectively with APR to specific pathogens and that the activation of different parts of the immune system is species-specific.
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12
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Nemcova M, Seidlova V, Zukal J, Dundarova H, Zukalova K, Pikula J. Performance of bat-derived macrophages at different temperatures. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:978756. [PMID: 36157196 PMCID: PMC9500541 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.978756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterothermy, as a temperature-dependent physiological continuum, may affect host-pathogen interactions through modulation of immune responses. Here, we evaluated proliferation and functional performance of a macrophage cell line established from the greater mouse-eared (Myotis myotis) bat at 8, 17.5, and 37°C to simulate body temperatures during hibernation, daily torpor and euthermia. Macrophages were also frozen to -20°C and then examined for their ability to proliferate in the immediate post-thaw period. We show that bat macrophages can proliferate at lower temperatures, though their growth rate is significantly slower than at 37°C. The cells differed in their shape, size and ability to attach to the plate surface at both lower temperatures, being spheroidal and free in suspension at 8°C and epithelial-like, spindle-shaped and/or spheroidal at 17.5°C. While phagocytosis at temperatures of 8 and 17.5°C amounted to 85.8 and 83.1% of the activity observed at 37°C, respectively, full phagocytic activity was restored within minutes of translocation into a higher temperature. Bat-derived macrophages were also able to withstand temperatures of -20°C in a cryoprotectant-free cultivation medium and, in the immediate post-thaw period, became viable and were able to proliferate. Our in vitro data enhance understanding of macrophage biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Nemcova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Veronika Seidlova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jan Zukal
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Heliana Dundarova
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Katerina Zukalova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jiri Pikula
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
- CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
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13
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Wang T, Miao F, Lv S, Li L, Wei F, Hou L, Sun R, Li W, Zhang J, Zhang C, Yang G, Xiang H, Meng K, Wan Z, Wang B, Feng G, Zhao Z, Luo D, Li N, Tu C, Wang H, Xue X, Liu Y, Gao Y. Proteomic and Metabolomic Characterization of SARS-CoV-2-Infected Cynomolgus Macaque at Early Stage. Front Immunol 2022; 13:954121. [PMID: 35903092 PMCID: PMC9315341 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.954121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although tremendous effort has been exerted to elucidate the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19 cases, the detailed mechanism of moderate cases, which accounts for 90% of all patients, remains unclear yet, partly limited by lacking the biopsy tissues. Here, we established the COVID-19 infection model in cynomolgus macaques (CMs), monitored the clinical and pathological features, and analyzed underlying pathogenic mechanisms at early infection stage by performing proteomic and metabolomic profiling of lung tissues and sera samples from COVID-19 CMs models. Our data demonstrated that innate immune response, neutrophile and platelet activation were mainly dysregulated in COVID-19 CMs. The symptom of neutrophilia, lymphopenia and massive "cytokines storm", main features of severe COVID-19 patients, were greatly weakened in most of the challenged CMs, which are more semblable as moderate patients. Thus, COVID-19 model in CMs is rational to understand the pathogenesis of moderate COVID-19 and may be a candidate model to assess the safety and efficacy of therapeutics and vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiecheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Faming Miao
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shengnan Lv
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, Jilin University First Hospital, Changchun, China
| | - Liang Li
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Feng Wei
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, Jilin University First Hospital, Changchun, China
| | - Lihua Hou
- Vaccine and Antibody Engineering Laboratory, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Renren Sun
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of Ministry of Education, and National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Li
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, Jilin University First Hospital, Changchun, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Haiyang Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Keyin Meng
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Zhonghai Wan
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Busen Wang
- Vaccine and Antibody Engineering Laboratory, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Guodong Feng
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongpeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Deyan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Li
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Changchun Tu
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaochang Xue
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuwei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
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14
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Weinberg M, Yovel Y. Revising the paradigm: Are bats really pathogen reservoirs or do they possess an efficient immune system? iScience 2022; 25:104782. [PMID: 35982789 PMCID: PMC9379578 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While bats are often referred to as reservoirs of viral pathogens, a meta-analysis of the literature reveals many cases in which there is not enough evidence to claim so. In many cases, bats are able to confront viruses, recover, and remain immune by developing a potent titer of antibodies, often without becoming a reservoir. In other cases, bats might have carried an ancestral virus that at some time point might have mutated into a human pathogen. Moreover, bats exhibit a balanced immune response against viruses that have evolved over millions of years. Using genomic tools, it is now possible to obtain a deeper understanding of that unique immune system and its variability across the order Chiroptera. We conclude, that with the exception of a few viruses, bats pose little zoonotic danger to humans and that they operate a highly efficient anti-inflammatory response that we should strive to understand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Weinberg
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Corresponding author
| | - Yossi Yovel
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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15
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Lawrence P, Escudero-Pérez B. Henipavirus Immune Evasion and Pathogenesis Mechanisms: Lessons Learnt from Natural Infection and Animal Models. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050936. [PMID: 35632678 PMCID: PMC9146692 DOI: 10.3390/v14050936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah henipavirus (NiV) and Hendra henipavirus (HeV) are zoonotic emerging paramyxoviruses causing severe disease outbreaks in humans and livestock, mostly in Australia, India, Malaysia, Singapore and Bangladesh. Both are bat-borne viruses and in humans, their mortality rates can reach 60% in the case of HeV and 92% for NiV, thus being two of the deadliest viruses known for humans. Several factors, including a large cellular tropism and a wide zoonotic potential, con-tribute to their high pathogenicity. This review provides an overview of HeV and NiV pathogenicity mechanisms and provides a summary of their interactions with the immune systems of their different host species, including their natural hosts bats, spillover-hosts pigs, horses, and humans, as well as in experimental animal models. A better understanding of the interactions between henipaviruses and their hosts could facilitate the development of new therapeutic strategies and vaccine measures against these re-emerging viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Lawrence
- Science and Humanities Confluence Research Centre (EA 1598), Catholic University of Lyon (UCLy), 69002 Lyon, France
- Correspondence: (P.L.); (B.E.-P.)
| | - Beatriz Escudero-Pérez
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Correspondence: (P.L.); (B.E.-P.)
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16
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Heller IS, Guenther CA, Meireles AM, Talbot WS, Kingsley DM. Characterization of mouse Bmp5 regulatory injury element in zebrafish wound models. Bone 2022; 155:116263. [PMID: 34826632 PMCID: PMC9007314 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Many key signaling molecules used to build tissues during embryonic development are re-activated at injury sites to stimulate tissue regeneration and repair. Bone morphogenetic proteins provide a classic example, but the mechanisms that lead to reactivation of BMPs following injury are still unknown. Previous studies have mapped a large "injury response element" (IRE) in the mouse Bmp5 gene that drives gene expression following bone fractures and other types of injury. Here we show that the large mouse IRE region is also activated in both zebrafish tail resection and mechanosensory hair cell injury models. Using the ability to test multiple constructs and image temporal and spatial dynamics following injury responses, we have narrowed the original size of the mouse IRE region by over 100 fold and identified a small 142 bp minimal enhancer that is rapidly induced in both mesenchymal and epithelial tissues after injury. These studies identify a small sequence that responds to evolutionarily conserved local signals in wounded tissues and suggest candidate pathways that contribute to BMP reactivation after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian S Heller
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Catherine A Guenther
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, United States of America; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Ana M Meireles
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - William S Talbot
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - David M Kingsley
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, United States of America; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, United States of America.
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17
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Zoonotic disease and virome diversity in bats. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 52:192-202. [PMID: 34954661 PMCID: PMC8696223 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of zoonotic viral diseases in humans commonly reflects exposure to mammalian wildlife. Bats (order Chiroptera) are arguably the most important mammalian reservoir for zoonotic viruses, with notable examples including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronaviruses 1 and 2, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus, henipaviruses and lyssaviruses. Herein, we outline our current knowledge on the diversity of bat viromes, particularly through the lens of metagenomic next-generation sequencing and in the context of disease emergence. A key conclusion is that although bats harbour abundant virus diversity, the vast majority of bat viruses have not emerged to cause disease in new hosts such that bats are better regarded as critical but endangered components of global ecosystems.
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18
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Zhao Y, Seluanov A, Gorbunova V. Revelations About Aging and Disease from Unconventional Vertebrate Model Organisms. Annu Rev Genet 2021; 55:135-159. [PMID: 34416119 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-071719-021009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a major risk factor for multiple diseases. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of aging would help to delay and prevent age-associated diseases. Short-lived model organisms have been extensively used to study the mechanisms of aging. However, these short-lived species may be missing the longevity mechanisms that are needed to extend the lifespan of an already long-lived species such as humans. Unconventional long-lived animal species are an excellent resource to uncover novel mechanisms of longevity and disease resistance. Here, we review mechanisms that evolved in nonmodel vertebrate species to counteract age-associated diseases. Some antiaging mechanisms are conserved across species; however, various nonmodel species also evolved unique mechanisms to delay aging and prevent disease. This variety of antiaging mechanisms has evolved due to the remarkably diverse habitats and behaviors of these species. We propose that exploring a wider range of unconventional vertebrates will provide important resources to study antiaging mechanisms that are potentially applicable to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA; ,
| | - Andrei Seluanov
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA; ,
| | - Vera Gorbunova
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA; ,
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19
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Moreno Santillán DD, Lama TM, Gutierrez Guerrero YT, Brown AM, Donat P, Zhao H, Rossiter SJ, Yohe LR, Potter JH, Teeling EC, Vernes SC, Davies KTJ, Myers E, Hughes GM, Huang Z, Hoffmann F, Corthals AP, Ray DA, Dávalos LM. Large-scale genome sampling reveals unique immunity and metabolic adaptations in bats. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:6449-6467. [PMID: 34146369 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Comprising more than 1,400 species, bats possess adaptations unique among mammals including powered flight, unexpected longevity, and extraordinary immunity. Some of the molecular mechanisms underlying these unique adaptations includes DNA repair, metabolism and immunity. However, analyses have been limited to a few divergent lineages, reducing the scope of inferences on gene family evolution across the Order Chiroptera. We conducted an exhaustive comparative genomic study of 37 bat species, one generated in this study, encompassing a large number of lineages, with a particular emphasis on multi-gene family evolution across immune and metabolic genes. In agreement with previous analyses, we found lineage-specific expansions of the APOBEC3 and MHC-I gene families, and loss of the proinflammatory PYHIN gene family. We inferred more than 1,000 gene losses unique to bats, including genes involved in the regulation of inflammasome pathways such as epithelial defence receptors, the natural killer gene complex and the interferon-gamma induced pathway. Gene set enrichment analyses revealed genes lost in bats are involved in defence response against pathogen-associated molecular patterns and damage-associated molecular patterns. Gene family evolution and selection analyses indicate bats have evolved fundamental functional differences compared to other mammals in both innate and adaptive immune system, with the potential to enhance antiviral immune response while dampening inflammatory signalling. In addition, metabolic genes have experienced repeated expansions related to convergent shifts to plant-based diets. Our analyses support the hypothesis that, in tandem with flight, ancestral bats had evolved a unique set of immune adaptations whose functional implications remain to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tanya M Lama
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Yocelyn T Gutierrez Guerrero
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alexis M Brown
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Paul Donat
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Huabin Zhao
- Department of Ecology, Tibetan Centre for Ecology and Conservation at WHU-TU, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Stephen J Rossiter
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Laurel R Yohe
- Department of Earth & Planetary Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Joshua H Potter
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Emma C Teeling
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sonja C Vernes
- Neurogenetics of Vocal Communication Group, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,School of Biology, The University of St Andrews, Fife, UK
| | - Kalina T J Davies
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Eugene Myers
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Graham M Hughes
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Zixia Huang
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Federico Hoffmann
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Angelique P Corthals
- Department of Sciences, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York, New York, USA
| | - David A Ray
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Liliana M Dávalos
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA.,Consortium for Inter- Disciplinary Environmental Research, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
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20
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Fritze M, Puechmaille SJ, Costantini D, Fickel J, Voigt CC, Czirják GÁ. Determinants of defence strategies of a hibernating European bat species towards the fungal pathogen Pseudogymnoascus destructans. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 119:104017. [PMID: 33476670 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pseudogymnoascus destructans (Pd), the causative agent of white-nose syndrome in North America, has decimated bat populations within a decade. The fungus impacts bats during hibernation when physiological functions, including immune responses, are down-regulated. Studies have shown that Pd is native to Europe, where it is not associated with mass mortalities. Moreover, genomic and proteomic studies indicated that European bats may have evolved an effective immune defence, which is lacking in North American bats. However, it is still unclear which defence strategy enables European bats to cope with the pathogen. Here, we analyzed selected physiological and immunological parameters in torpid, Pd infected European greater mouse-eared bats (Myotis myotis) showing three different levels of infection (asymptomatic, mild and severe symptoms). From a subset of the studied bats we tracked skin temperatures during one month of hibernation. Contrasting North American bats, arousal patterns remained unaffected by Pd infections in M. myotis. In general, heavier M. myotis aroused more often from hibernation and showed less severe disease symptoms than lean individuals; most likely because heavy bats were capable of reducing the Pd load more effectively than lean individuals. In the blood of severely infected bats, we found higher gene expression levels of an inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β), but lower levels of an acute phase protein (haptoglobin), reactive oxygen metabolites (ROMs) and plasma non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity (OXY) compared to conspecifics with lower levels of infection. We conclude that M. myotis, and possibly also other European bat species, tolerate Pd infections during torpor by using selected acute phase response parameters at baseline levels, yet without arousing from torpor and without synthesizing additional immune molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Fritze
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sebastien J Puechmaille
- Institut des Sciences de L'Evolution, University of Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - David Costantini
- Unité Physiologie Moléculaire et Adaptation (PhyMA), Muséum National D'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, CP32, 57 Rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Jörns Fickel
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany; Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Christian C Voigt
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gábor Á Czirják
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany
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21
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Saghazadeh A, Rezaei N. How COVID-19 Has Globalized: Unknown Origin, Rapid Transmission, and the Immune System Nourishment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1318:119-147. [PMID: 33973176 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-63761-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) profoundly influences T-cell immunity. The counts of total T cells and T-cell subsets, especially CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, are decreased in patients with COVID-19. Also, the function of these cells becomes less effective as the expression of immune inhibitory receptors, such as Tim3 and PD-1, increases over time during the disease. Kinetic analyses show that the T-cell profile changes dynamically, so does the COVID-19 stages. As COVID-19 continues to deteriorate and progresses to severe/critical condition, the lymphocyte count steadily decreases. Therefore, the ability of COVID-19 to escape the immune system might lie in its power to profoundly diminish T-cell effective function, which is necessary for the establishment of a robust antiviral immunity. Also, COVID-19 is associated with increased numbers of monocytes and macrophages, and as the disease progresses from a mild form to a severe/critical condition, the macrophage population becomes denser. Monitoring the expression of cytokines associated with macrophage activation, mainly interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10, indicates that the course of COVID-19 consists of two stages and the transition between disease stages occurs by the end of the first week after onset of symptoms. At the initial stage, the immune military recognizes the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as nonself and thus fires macrophages at the lungs against the virus. The first flame can control disease progression effectively. However, a trained immunocompetent system would maintain the fire of macrophages over an extended time. It lies in its immune memory in tissue-resident macrophages, especially alveolar macrophages, making a professionally trained immune system more likely to be feared by COVID-19 than an untrained immune system. In this manner, the trained immunocompetent system commits such a failure that causes the lungs to come down rapidly. The fact that younger age groups, including neonates and children, are less susceptible to COVID-19 than older age groups reflects that the natural affinities of the immune system that has not been trained thoroughly would be standard in combatting against COVID-19 whereas the higher affinities of the trained immune system for rapid activation of immune responses might raise faults - the lungs come down.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amene Saghazadeh
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
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22
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Faber E, Tshilwane SI, Kleef MV, Pretorius A. Virulent African horse sickness virus serotype 4 interferes with the innate immune response in horse peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 91:104836. [PMID: 33798756 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
African horse sickness (AHS) is caused by African horse sickness virus (AHSV), a double stranded RNA (dsRNA) virus of the genus Orbivirus, family Reoviridae. For the development of new generation AHS vaccines or antiviral treatments, it is crucial to understand the host immune response against the virus and the immune evasion strategies the virus employs. To achieve this, the current study used transcriptome analysis of RNA sequences to characterize and compare the innate immune responses activated during the attenuated AHSV serotype 4 (attAHSV4) (in vivo) and the virulent AHSV4 (virAHSV4) (in vitro) primary and secondary immune responses in horse peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) after 24 h. The pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine responses were negatively regulated by anti-inflammatory cytokines, whereas the parallel type I and type III IFN responses were maintained downstream of nucleic acid sensing pattern recognition receptor (PRR) signalling pathways during the attAHSV4 primary and secondary immune responses. It appeared that after translation, virAHSV4 proteins were able to interfere with the C-terminal IRF association domain (IAD)-type 1 (IAD1) containing IRFs, which inhibited the expression of type I and type III IFNs downstream of PRR signalling during the virAHSV4 primary and secondary immune responses. Viral interference resulted in an impaired innate immune response that was not able to eliminate virAHSV4-infected PBMC and gave rise to prolonged expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines during the virAHSV4 induced primary immune response. Indicating that virAHSV4 interference with the innate immune response may give rise to an excessive inflammatory response that causes immunopathology, which could be a major contributing factor to the pathogenesis of AHS in a naïve horse. Viral interference was overcome by the fast kinetics and increased effector responses of innate immune cells due to trained innate immunity and memory T cells and B cells during the virAHSV4 secondary immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Faber
- Agricultural Research Council - Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Department of Veterinary Tropical Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa.
| | - Selaelo Ivy Tshilwane
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Mirinda Van Kleef
- Agricultural Research Council - Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Department of Veterinary Tropical Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Alri Pretorius
- Agricultural Research Council - Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Department of Veterinary Tropical Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
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23
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Kacprzyk J, Locatelli AG, Hughes GM, Huang Z, Clarke M, Gorbunova V, Sacchi C, Stewart GS, Teeling EC. Evolution of mammalian longevity: age-related increase in autophagy in bats compared to other mammals. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:7998-8025. [PMID: 33744862 PMCID: PMC8034928 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy maintains cellular homeostasis and its dysfunction has been implicated in aging. Bats are the longest-lived mammals for their size, but the molecular mechanisms underlying their extended healthspan are not well understood. Here, drawing on >8 years of mark-recapture field studies, we report the first longitudinal analysis of autophagy regulation in bats. Mining of published population level aging blood transcriptomes (M. myotis, mouse and human) highlighted a unique increase of autophagy related transcripts with age in bats, but not in other mammals. This bat-specific increase in autophagy transcripts was recapitulated by the western blot determination of the autophagy marker, LC3II/I ratio, in skin primary fibroblasts (Myotis myotis,Pipistrellus kuhlii, mouse), that also showed an increase with age in both bat species. Further phylogenomic selection pressure analyses across eutherian mammals (n=70 taxa; 274 genes) uncovered 10 autophagy-associated genes under selective pressure in bat lineages. These molecular adaptations potentially mediate the exceptional age-related increase of autophagy signalling in bats, which may contribute to their longer healthspans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kacprzyk
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Andrea G. Locatelli
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Present Institutional Address: Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Fondazione Centro San Raffaele, Via Olgettina, Milano 6020132, Italy
| | - Graham M. Hughes
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Zixia Huang
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Michael Clarke
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Vera Gorbunova
- Departments of Biology and Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Carlotta Sacchi
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Gavin S. Stewart
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Emma C. Teeling
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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24
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Shankar EM, Che KF, Yong YK, Girija ASS, Velu V, Ansari AW, Larsson M. Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection: is it all about being refractile to innate immune sensing of viral spare-parts?-Clues from exotic animal reservoirs. Pathog Dis 2021; 79:ftaa076. [PMID: 33289808 PMCID: PMC7799061 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftaa076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A vast proportion of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) individuals remain asymptomatic and can shed severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV) type 2 virus to transmit the infection, which also explains the exponential increase in the number of COVID-19 cases globally. Furthermore, the rate of recovery from clinical COVID-19 in certain pockets of the globe is surprisingly high. Based on published reports and available literature, here, we speculated a few immunovirological mechanisms as to why a vast majority of individuals remain asymptomatic similar to exotic animal (bats and pangolins) reservoirs that remain refractile to disease development despite carrying a huge load of diverse insidious viral species, and whether such evolutionary advantage would unveil therapeutic strategies against COVID-19 infection in humans. Understanding the unique mechanisms that exotic animal species employ to achieve viral control, as well as inflammatory regulation, appears to hold key clues to the development of therapeutic versatility against COVID-19.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Exotic/virology
- Asymptomatic Diseases
- COVID-19/genetics
- COVID-19/immunology
- COVID-19/transmission
- COVID-19/virology
- Chiroptera/virology
- Cytokine Release Syndrome/genetics
- Cytokine Release Syndrome/immunology
- Cytokine Release Syndrome/prevention & control
- Cytokine Release Syndrome/virology
- Disease Reservoirs
- Eutheria/virology
- Gene Expression
- Host Specificity
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance
- Immunity, Innate
- Interferon-beta/deficiency
- Interferon-beta/genetics
- Interferon-beta/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/virology
- Monocytes/immunology
- Monocytes/virology
- NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/deficiency
- NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/genetics
- NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/immunology
- Receptors, KIR/deficiency
- Receptors, KIR/genetics
- Receptors, KIR/immunology
- Receptors, NK Cell Lectin-Like/deficiency
- Receptors, NK Cell Lectin-Like/genetics
- Receptors, NK Cell Lectin-Like/immunology
- SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/deficiency
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology
- Zoonoses/genetics
- Zoonoses/immunology
- Zoonoses/transmission
- Zoonoses/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Esaki M Shankar
- Infection Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Neelakudi, Thiruvarur 610005, India
| | - Karlhans F Che
- Unit for Lung and Airway Research, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yean K Yong
- Laboratory Centre, Xiamen University, Sepang, Malaysia
| | - A S Smiline Girija
- Department of Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, India
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Abdul W Ansari
- Sharjah Institute of Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Marie Larsson
- Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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25
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Ohmer MEB, Costantini D, Czirják GÁ, Downs CJ, Ferguson LV, Flies A, Franklin CE, Kayigwe AN, Knutie S, Richards-Zawacki CL, Cramp RL. Applied ecoimmunology: using immunological tools to improve conservation efforts in a changing world. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 9:coab074. [PMID: 34512994 PMCID: PMC8422949 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coab074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Ecoimmunology is a rapidly developing field that explores how the environment shapes immune function, which in turn influences host-parasite relationships and disease outcomes. Host immune defence is a key fitness determinant because it underlies the capacity of animals to resist or tolerate potential infections. Importantly, immune function can be suppressed, depressed, reconfigured or stimulated by exposure to rapidly changing environmental drivers like temperature, pollutants and food availability. Thus, hosts may experience trade-offs resulting from altered investment in immune function under environmental stressors. As such, approaches in ecoimmunology can provide powerful tools to assist in the conservation of wildlife. Here, we provide case studies that explore the diverse ways that ecoimmunology can inform and advance conservation efforts, from understanding how Galapagos finches will fare with introduced parasites, to using methods from human oncology to design vaccines against a transmissible cancer in Tasmanian devils. In addition, we discuss the future of ecoimmunology and present 10 questions that can help guide this emerging field to better inform conservation decisions and biodiversity protection. From better linking changes in immune function to disease outcomes under different environmental conditions, to understanding how individual variation contributes to disease dynamics in wild populations, there is immense potential for ecoimmunology to inform the conservation of imperilled hosts in the face of new and re-emerging pathogens, in addition to improving the detection and management of emerging potential zoonoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel E B Ohmer
- Living Earth Collaborative, Washington University in St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - David Costantini
- Unité Physiologie Moléculaire et Adaptation (PhyMA), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, 57 Rue Cuvier, CP32, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Gábor Á Czirják
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Cynthia J Downs
- Department of Environmental Biology, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Laura V Ferguson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Andy Flies
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Craig E Franklin
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ahab N Kayigwe
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Sarah Knutie
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268, USA
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268, USA
| | | | - Rebecca L Cramp
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Corresponding author: School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia.
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26
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Feuillet V, Canard B, Trautmann A. Combining Antivirals and Immunomodulators to Fight COVID-19. Trends Immunol 2020; 42:31-44. [PMID: 33281063 PMCID: PMC7664349 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The majority of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-infected individuals remain paucisymptomatic, contrasting with a minority of infected individuals in danger of death. Here, we speculate that the robust disease resistance of most individuals is due to a swift production of type I interferon (IFNα/β), presumably sufficient to lower the viremia. A minority of infected individuals with a preexisting chronic inflammatory state fail to mount this early efficient response, leading to a delayed harmful inflammatory response. To improve the epidemiological scenario, we propose combining: (i) the development of efficient antivirals administered early enough to assist in the production of endogenous IFNα/β; (ii) potentiating early IFN responses; (iii) administering anti-inflammatory treatments when needed, but not too early to interfere with endogenous antiviral responses. Although the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is exceptional, lessons may be learned from previous outbreaks (coronavirus, dengue, influenza viruses), especially when considering drug design and cytokine storms. We propose that efficient treatments for COVID-19 patients should combine antivirals and immunomodulators. This combination and, especially the use of immunomodulators, might be adapted according to the disease stage. Among the repurposed antiviral drugs currently being tested against COVID-19, none shows high potency. We posit that the innate type 1 interferon (IFNα/β)-dependent antiviral immune response against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection should be amplified. To this end, we propose two putative approaches: the inhibition of transforming growth factor (TGFβ) signaling, and perhaps, the administration of 1,8-cineole. We suggest that an early diagnosis during COVID-19 is essential when aiming to purposely combine antivirals with the use of an immunomodulator (e.g., a drug to potentiate IFNα/β), ideally early in the disease course to lower the risk of cytokine storm manifestation. When the disease becomes severe, the new combination should prioritize targeting of the cytokine storm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Feuillet
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France.
| | - Bruno Canard
- CNRS UMR 7257, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Alain Trautmann
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F-75014 Paris, France
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27
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Power ML, Power S, Bertelsen MF, Jones G, Teeling EC. Wing: A suitable nonlethal tissue type for repeatable and rapid telomere length estimates in bats. Mol Ecol Resour 2020; 21:421-432. [PMID: 33049101 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Telomeres are used increasingly in ecology and evolution as biomarkers for ageing and environmental stress, and are typically measured from DNA extracted from nonlethally sampled blood. However, obtaining blood is not always possible in field conditions and only limited amounts can be taken from small mammals, such as bats, which moreover lack nucleated red blood cells and hence yield relatively low amounts of DNA. As telomere length can vary within species according to age and tissue, it is important to determine which tissues serve best as a representation of the organism as a whole. Here, we investigated whether wing tissue biopsies, a rapid and relatively noninvasive tissue collection method, could serve as a proxy for other tissues when measuring relative telomere length (rTL) in the Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus). Telomeres were measured from blood, brain, heart, kidney, liver lung, muscle and wing, and multiple wing biopsies were taken from the same individuals to determine intra-individual repeatability of rTL measured by using qPCR. Wing rTL correlated with rTL estimates from most tissues apart from blood. Blood rTL was not significantly correlated with rTL from any other tissue. Blood and muscle rTLs were significantly longer compared with other tissues, while lung displayed the shortest rTLs. Individual repeatability of rTL measures from wing tissue was high (>70%). Here we show the relationships between tissue telomere dynamics for the first time in a bat, and our results provide support for the use of wing tissue for rTL measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Power
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Science Centre West, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sarahjane Power
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Science Centre West, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mads F Bertelsen
- Center for Zoo and Wild Animal Health, Copenhagen Zoo, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Gareth Jones
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Emma C Teeling
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Science Centre West, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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28
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Crespi B. Evolutionary medical insights into the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Evol Med Public Health 2020; 2020:314-322. [PMID: 33335737 PMCID: PMC7665492 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoaa036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The author apply concepts and tools from evolutionary medicine to understanding the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The pandemic represents a mismatched conflict, with dynamics and pathology apparently driven by three main factors: (i) bat immune systems that rely on low inflammation but high efficacy of interferon-based defenses; (ii) viral tactics that differentially target the human interferon system, leading to substantial asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic transmission; and (ii) high mortality caused by hyper-inflammatory and hyper-coagulatory phenotypes, that represent dysregulated tradeoffs whereby collateral immune-induced damage becomes systemic and severe. This framework can explain the association of mortality with age (which involves immune life-history shifts towards higher inflammation and coagulation and reduced adaptive immunity), and sex (since males senesce faster than females). Genetic-risk factors for COVID-19 mortality can be shown, from a phenome-wide association analysis of the relevant SNPs, to be associated with inflammation and coagulation; the phenome-wide association study also provides evidence, consistent with several previous studies, that the calcium channel blocking drug amlodipine mediates risk of mortality. Lay Summary: SARS-CoV-2 is a bat virus that jumped into humans. The virus is adapted to bat immune systems, where it evolved to suppress the immune defenses (interferons) that mammals use to tell that they are infected. In humans, the virus can apparently spread effectively in the body with a delay in the production of symptoms and the initiation of immune responses. This delay may then promote overactive immune responses, when the virus is detected, that damage the body as a side effect. Older people are more vulnerable to the virus because they are less adapted to novel infectious agents, and invest less in immune defense, compared to younger people. Genes that increase risk of mortality from SARS-CoV-2 are functionally associated with a drug called amlodipine, which may represent a useful treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Crespi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
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29
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Abstract
For centuries, people believed that bats possessed sinister powers. Bats are thought to be ancestral hosts to many deadly viruses affecting humans including Ebola, rabies, and most recently SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. However, bats themselves tolerate these viruses without ill effects. The second power that bats have is their longevity. Bats live much longer than similar-sized land mammals. Here we review how bats' ability to control inflammation may be contributing to their longevity. The underlying mechanisms may hold clues to developing new treatments for age-related diseases. Now may be the time to use science to exploit the secret powers of bats for human benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Gorbunova
- Departments of Biology and Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA.
| | - Andrei Seluanov
- Departments of Biology and Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Brian K Kennedy
- Departments of Biochemistry and Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117596, Singapore; Centre for Healthy Longevity, National University Health System, Singapore 117609, Singapore; Singapore Institute of Clinical Sciences, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 117609, Singapore.
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30
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Pikula J, Heger T, Bandouchova H, Kovacova V, Nemcova M, Papezikova I, Piacek V, Zajíčková R, Zukal J. Phagocyte activity reflects mammalian homeo- and hetero-thermic physiological states. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:232. [PMID: 32631329 PMCID: PMC7339577 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02450-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emergence of both viral zoonoses from bats and diseases that threaten bat populations has highlighted the necessity for greater insights into the functioning of the bat immune system. Particularly when considering hibernating temperate bat species, it is important to understand the seasonal dynamics associated with immune response. Body temperature is one of the factors that modulates immune functions and defence mechanisms against pathogenic agents in vertebrates. To better understand innate immunity mediated by phagocytes in bats, we measured respiratory burst and haematology and blood chemistry parameters in heterothermic greater mouse-eared bats (Myotis myotis) and noctules (Nyctalus noctula) and homeothermic laboratory mice (Mus musculus). RESULTS Bats displayed similar electrolyte levels and time-related parameters of phagocyte activity, but differed in blood profile parameters related to metabolism and red blood cell count. Greater mouse-eared bats differed from mice in all phagocyte activity parameters and had the lowest phagocytic activity overall, while noctules had the same quantitative phagocytic values as mice. Homeothermic mice were clustered separately in a high phagocyte activity group, while both heterothermic bat species were mixed in two lower phagocyte activity clusters. Stepwise regression identified glucose, white blood cell count, haemoglobin, total dissolved carbon dioxide and chloride variables as the best predictors of phagocyte activity. White blood cell counts, representing phagocyte numbers available for respiratory burst, were the best predictors of both time-related and quantitative parameters of phagocyte activity. Haemoglobin, as a proxy variable for oxygen available for uptake by phagocytes, was important for the onset of phagocytosis. CONCLUSIONS Our comparative data indicate that phagocyte activity reflects the physiological state and blood metabolic and cellular characteristics of homeothermic and heterothermic mammals. However, further studies elucidating trade-offs between immune defence, seasonal lifestyle physiology, hibernation behaviour, roosting ecology and geographic patterns of immunity of heterothermic bat species will be necessary. An improved understanding of bat immune responses will have positive ramifications for wildlife and conservation medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Pikula
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého třída 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic.
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomas Heger
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého třída 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Hana Bandouchova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého třída 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Kovacova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého třída 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Nemcova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého třída 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Papezikova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého třída 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Piacek
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého třída 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Renata Zajíčková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Masaryk University, Kamenice 3, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Zukal
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Květná 8, 603 65, Brno, Czech Republic
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Brook CE, Boots M, Chandran K, Dobson AP, Drosten C, Graham AL, Grenfell BT, Müller MA, Ng M, Wang LF, van Leeuwen A. Accelerated viral dynamics in bat cell lines, with implications for zoonotic emergence. eLife 2020; 9:48401. [PMID: 32011232 PMCID: PMC7064339 DOI: 10.7554/elife.48401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Bats host virulent zoonotic viruses without experiencing disease. A mechanistic understanding of the impact of bats’ virus hosting capacities, including uniquely constitutive immune pathways, on cellular-scale viral dynamics is needed to elucidate zoonotic emergence. We carried out virus infectivity assays on bat cell lines expressing induced and constitutive immune phenotypes, then developed a theoretical model of our in vitro system, which we fit to empirical data. Best fit models recapitulated expected immune phenotypes for representative cell lines, supporting robust antiviral defenses in bat cells that correlated with higher estimates for within-host viral propagation rates. In general, heightened immune responses limit pathogen-induced cellular morbidity, which can facilitate the establishment of rapidly-propagating persistent infections within-host. Rapidly-transmitting viruses that have evolved with bat immune systems will likely cause enhanced virulence following emergence into secondary hosts with immune systems that diverge from those unique to bats. Bats can carry viruses that are deadly to other mammals without themselves showing serious symptoms. In fact, bats are natural reservoirs for viruses that have some of the highest fatality rates of any viruses that people acquire from wild animals – including rabies, Ebola and the SARS coronavirus. Bats have a suite of antiviral defenses that keep the amount of virus in check. For example, some bats have an antiviral immune response called the interferon pathway perpetually switched on. In most other mammals, having such a hyper-vigilant immune response would cause harmful inflammation. Bats, however, have adapted anti-inflammatory traits that protect them from such harm, include the loss of certain genes that normally promote inflammation. However, no one has previously explored how these unique antiviral defenses of bats impact the viruses themselves. Now, Brook et al. have studied this exact question using bat cells grown in the laboratory. The experiments made use of cells from one bat species – the black flying fox – in which the interferon pathway is always on, and another – the Egyptian fruit bat – in which this pathway is only activated during an infection. The bat cells were infected with three different viruses, and then Brook et al. observed how the interferon pathway helped keep the infections in check, before creating a computer model of this response. The experiments and model helped reveal that the bats’ defenses may have a potential downside for other animals, including humans. In both bat species, the strongest antiviral responses were countered by the virus spreading more quickly from cell to cell. This suggests that bat immune defenses may drive the evolution of faster transmitting viruses, and while bats are well protected from the harmful effects of their own prolific viruses, other creatures like humans are not. The findings may help to explain why bats are often the source for viruses that are deadly in humans. Learning more about bats' antiviral defenses and how they drive virus evolution may help scientists develop better ways to predict, prevent or limit the spread of viruses from bats to humans. More studies are needed in bats to help these efforts. In the meantime, the experiments highlight the importance of warning people to avoid direct contact with wild bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara E Brook
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
| | - Mike Boots
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, United States
| | - Andrew P Dobson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
| | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea L Graham
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
| | - Bryan T Grenfell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, United States.,Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Marcel A Müller
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Melinda Ng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, United States
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anieke van Leeuwen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, United States.,Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Coastal Systems, and Utrecht University, Den Burg, Netherlands
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32
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Banerjee A, Baker ML, Kulcsar K, Misra V, Plowright R, Mossman K. Novel Insights Into Immune Systems of Bats. Front Immunol 2020; 11:26. [PMID: 32117225 PMCID: PMC7025585 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, viruses similar to those that cause serious disease in humans and other mammals have been detected in apparently healthy bats. These include filoviruses, paramyxoviruses, and coronaviruses that cause severe diseases such as Ebola virus disease, Marburg haemorrhagic fever and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in humans. The evolution of flight in bats seem to have selected for a unique set of antiviral immune responses that control virus propagation, while limiting self-damaging inflammatory responses. Here, we summarize our current understanding of antiviral immune responses in bats and discuss their ability to co-exist with emerging viruses that cause serious disease in other mammals. We highlight how this knowledge may help us to predict viral spillovers into new hosts and discuss future directions for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arinjay Banerjee
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Michael DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Michelle L Baker
- Health and Biosecurity Business Unit, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Kirsten Kulcsar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Vikram Misra
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Raina Plowright
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Karen Mossman
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Michael DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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33
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Fritze M, Costantini D, Fickel J, Wehner D, Czirják GÁ, Voigt CC. Immune response of hibernating European bats to a fungal challenge. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio.046078. [PMID: 31649120 PMCID: PMC6826279 DOI: 10.1242/bio.046078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological responses of hibernating mammals are suppressed at low body temperatures, a possible explanation for the devastating effect of the white-nose syndrome on hibernating North American bats. However, European bats seem to cope well with the fungal causative agent of the disease. To better understand the immune response of hibernating bats, especially against fungal pathogens, we challenged European greater mouse-eared bats (Myotis myotis) by inoculating the fungal antigen zymosan. We monitored torpor patterns, immune gene expressions, different aspects of the acute phase response and plasma oxidative status markers, and compared them with sham-injected control animals at 30 min, 48 h and 96 h after inoculation. Torpor patterns, body temperatures, body masses, white blood cell counts, expression of immune genes, reactive oxygen metabolites and non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity did not differ between groups during the experiment. However, zymosan injected bats had significantly higher levels of haptoglobin than the control animals. Our results indicate that hibernating greater mouse-eared bats mount an inflammatory response to a fungal challenge, with only mild to negligible consequences for the energy budget of hibernation. Our study gives a first hint that hibernating European bats may have evolved a hibernation-adjusted immune response in order to balance the trade-off between competent pathogen elimination and a prudent energy-saving regime. Summary: Our experimental immunological study on European bats provides new information on the functionality of the immune system in hibernation. For this we challenged bats with a fungal antigen and measured different immunological parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Fritze
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany .,Institute of Biology, Free University of Berlin, Takustr. 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - David Costantini
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany.,Unité Physiologie moléculaire et adaptation (PhyMA), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS; CP32, 57 rue Cuvier 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jörns Fickel
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany.,University of Potsdam, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Dana Wehner
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Free University of Berlin, Takustr. 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gábor Á Czirják
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian C Voigt
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Free University of Berlin, Takustr. 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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34
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The acute phase response elicited by a viral-like molecular pattern increases energy expenditure in Artibeus lituratus. Biologia (Bratisl) 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-019-00204-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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35
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Longitudinal comparative transcriptomics reveals unique mechanisms underlying extended healthspan in bats. Nat Ecol Evol 2019; 3:1110-1120. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-019-0913-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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36
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Becker DJ, Czirják GÁ, Rynda-Apple A, Plowright RK. Handling Stress and Sample Storage Are Associated with Weaker Complement-Mediated Bactericidal Ability in Birds but Not Bats. Physiol Biochem Zool 2019; 92:37-48. [PMID: 30481115 DOI: 10.1086/701069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Variation in immune defense influences infectious disease dynamics within and among species. Understanding how variation in immunity drives pathogen transmission among species is especially important for animals that are reservoir hosts for zoonotic pathogens. Bats, in particular, have a propensity to host serious viral zoonoses without developing clinical disease themselves. The immunological adaptations that allow bats to host viruses without disease may be related to their adaptations for flight (e.g., in metabolism and mediation of oxidative stress). A number of analyses report greater richness of zoonotic pathogens in bats than in other taxa, such as birds (i.e., mostly volant vertebrates) and rodents (i.e., nonvolant small mammals), but immunological comparisons between bats and these other taxa are rare. To examine interspecific differences in bacterial killing ability (BKA), a functional measure of overall constitutive innate immunity, we use a phylogenetic meta-analysis to compare how BKA responds to the acute stress of capture and to storage time of frozen samples across the orders Aves and Chiroptera. After adjusting for host phylogeny, sample size, and total microbe colony-forming units, we find preliminary evidence that the constitutive innate immune defense of bats may be more resilient to handling stress and storage time than that of birds. This pattern was also similar when we analyzed the proportion of nonnegative and positive effect sizes per species, using phylogenetic comparative methods. We discuss potential physiological and evolutionary mechanisms by which complement proteins may differ between species orders and suggest future avenues for comparative field studies of immunity between sympatric bats, birds, and rodents in particular.
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37
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Mandl JN, Schneider C, Schneider DS, Baker ML. Going to Bat(s) for Studies of Disease Tolerance. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2112. [PMID: 30294323 PMCID: PMC6158362 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A majority of viruses that have caused recent epidemics with high lethality rates in people, are zoonoses originating from wildlife. Among them are filoviruses (e.g., Marburg, Ebola), coronaviruses (e.g., SARS, MERS), henipaviruses (e.g., Hendra, Nipah) which share the common features that they are all RNA viruses, and that a dysregulated immune response is an important contributor to the tissue damage and hence pathogenicity that results from infection in humans. Intriguingly, these viruses also all originate from bat reservoirs. Bats have been shown to have a greater mean viral richness than predicted by their phylogenetic distance from humans, their geographic range, or their presence in urban areas, suggesting other traits must explain why bats harbor a greater number of zoonotic viruses than other mammals. Bats are highly unusual among mammals in other ways as well. Not only are they the only mammals capable of powered flight, they have extraordinarily long life spans, with little detectable increases in mortality or senescence until high ages. Their physiology likely impacted their history of pathogen exposure and necessitated adaptations that may have also affected immune signaling pathways. Do our life history traits make us susceptible to generating damaging immune responses to RNA viruses or does the physiology of bats make them particularly tolerant or resistant? Understanding what immune mechanisms enable bats to coexist with RNA viruses may provide critical fundamental insights into how to achieve greater resilience in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith N. Mandl
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill Research Center for Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Caitlin Schneider
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill Research Center for Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - David S. Schneider
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Michelle L. Baker
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Health and Biosecurity Business Unit, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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Teeling EC, Vernes SC, Dávalos LM, Ray DA, Gilbert MTP, Myers E. Bat Biology, Genomes, and the Bat1K Project: To Generate Chromosome-Level Genomes for All Living Bat Species. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2017; 6:23-46. [PMID: 29166127 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-022516-022811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bats are unique among mammals, possessing some of the rarest mammalian adaptations, including true self-powered flight, laryngeal echolocation, exceptional longevity, unique immunity, contracted genomes, and vocal learning. They provide key ecosystem services, pollinating tropical plants, dispersing seeds, and controlling insect pest populations, thus driving healthy ecosystems. They account for more than 20% of all living mammalian diversity, and their crown-group evolutionary history dates back to the Eocene. Despite their great numbers and diversity, many species are threatened and endangered. Here we announce Bat1K, an initiative to sequence the genomes of all living bat species (n∼1,300) to chromosome-level assembly. The Bat1K genome consortium unites bat biologists (>148 members as of writing), computational scientists, conservation organizations, genome technologists, and any interested individuals committed to a better understanding of the genetic and evolutionary mechanisms that underlie the unique adaptations of bats. Our aim is to catalog the unique genetic diversity present in all living bats to better understand the molecular basis of their unique adaptations; uncover their evolutionary history; link genotype with phenotype; and ultimately better understand, promote, and conserve bats. Here we review the unique adaptations of bats and highlight how chromosome-level genome assemblies can uncover the molecular basis of these traits. We present a novel sequencing and assembly strategy and review the striking societal and scientific benefits that will result from the Bat1K initiative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma C Teeling
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland;
| | - Sonja C Vernes
- Neurogenetics of Vocal Communication Group, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, 6500 AH, The Netherlands.,Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Nijmegen, 6525 EN, The Netherlands
| | - Liliana M Dávalos
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5245, USA
| | - David A Ray
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
| | - M Thomas P Gilbert
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark.,University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Eugene Myers
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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- *Full list of Bat1K Consortium members in Supplemental Appendix
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