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Yu X, Ma F, Dai H, Liu J, Hashem NM, Sun P. Effects of Different Galacto-Oligosaccharide Supplementation on Growth Performance, Immune Function, Serum Nutrients, and Appetite-Related Hormones in Holstein Calves. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3366. [PMID: 37958121 PMCID: PMC10649109 DOI: 10.3390/ani13213366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous study showed that early supplementation with 10 g/(d·head) of galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) in newborn Holstein dairy calves reduced the incidence of diarrhea and improved growth performance and mineral absorption. Since the dose of 10 g/(d·head) was the lowest by dose screening in our previous study, the present study was designed to investigate whether a lower amount of GOS has similar effects on growth performance, immune function, serum nutrients in newborn Holstein heifer calves, and to further investigate its effect on appetite-related hormones. Twenty-eight healthy newborn (1 day of age) Holstein heifers with similar average body weight (41.18 ± 1.90 kg) were randomly divided into four groups (n = 7): the control group (CON group), which received heated raw milk, and three experimental groups, which received heated raw milk supplemented with 2.5 (GOS2.5 group), 5 (GOS5 group), and 10 g/(d·head) (GOS10 group) GOS. All heifer calves were fed the same starter for 28 d. Supplementation with GOS linearly increased the final body weight, average daily gain, and feed efficiency in heifer calves (p < 0.01). Compared with the control group, the average daily gain and feed efficiency of heifer calves were significantly higher in the GOS5 and GOS10 groups than in the control group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, supplementation with GOS quadratically enhanced the starter and total average daily feed intake of the heifers (p < 0.01), especially in the GOS2.5 and GOS5 groups, (p < 0.05 vs. CON). The serum concentration of immunoglobulin A was linearly increased by GOS supplementation (p < 0.05), and the levels in the GOS5 and GOS10 groups were significantly higher than those in the CON group. Meanwhile, GOS linearly decreased serum interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 concentrations (p < 0.05). The serum concentration of triglycerides was also linearly decreased (p < 0.05), whereas total protein and blood urea nitrogen were linearly increased (p < 0.05). Supplementation with GOS linearly decreased the serum concentration of leptin (p < 0.05) but increased cholecystokinin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (p < 0.05). Increasing doses of GOS linearly improved serum calcium and copper concentrations (p < 0.01) and quadratically enhanced the concentration of magnesium, which peaked in the GOS5 group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, GOS supplementation reduced the incidence of diarrhea and improved the growth performance and immune function of Holstein heifer calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fengtao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Haonan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Junhao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Nesrein M. Hashem
- Department of Animal and Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21545, Egypt;
| | - Peng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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Time Spent in a Maternity Pen during Winter Influences Cow and Calf Behavior in Pasture-Based Dairy Systems. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12121506. [PMID: 35739845 PMCID: PMC9219470 DOI: 10.3390/ani12121506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary One of the major challenges of spring calving pasture-based systems in temperate regions is the exposure of periparturient dairy cows and their newborn calves to cold and wet winter conditions. We investigated whether moving precalving cows from an outdoor paddock to an indoor maternity pen affects the behavior of the cow and her newborn during winter and if this was influenced by the timing relative to calving. Our results indicated that cows housed in a maternity pen spent more time lying and ruminating compared with cows kept in an outdoor paddock. Moreover, newborn calf vitality improved when cows were moved to a maternity pen 3 weeks before calving when compared with those moved during the week before calving or those that remained in an outdoor paddock precalving. This information may aid in the design of calving management systems that can minimize any negative effects of inclement winter weather on cow and calf welfare in seasonal, year-round pasture-based systems. Abstract Our study compared the behavior of prepartum dairy cows that either remained in an outdoor paddock until calving (OP) during winter or were moved to an indoor maternity pen either early (EM) or late (LM) relative to calving. Forty-two multiparous Holstein cows were divided into three treatments (OP, EM, or LM) and monitored from 3 weeks before to 1.5 h after calving. Cows in EM and LM were moved to a maternity pen starting at week three and week one before the expected calving date, respectively. We assessed the cleanliness of the cows at calving, immunoglobulin G concentration in colostrum, and the behavior and vitality of calves across treatments. Cows spent more time lying in EM compared to OP and LM during the weeks −3 and −2 relative to calving, but lying time was increased in LM cows compared with OP cows during the week −1 relative to calving. Prepartum rumination time was lowest in OP cows but not different between EM or LM. Calves from OP cows spent more time lying and had lower vitality after calving than those from LM and EM cows, respectively; calves from EM and LM cows were intermediate for lying and vitality, respectively, but did not differ from either group. The cleanliness was greatest in cows that calved indoors (EM or LM); nevertheless, precalving management did not affect the IgG concentration in colostrum. Our study demonstrates that, in comparison with OP, EM and LM have positive implications for the welfare of the dam and its newborn calf during winter.
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Management of Low Birth Weight in Canine and Feline Species: Breeder Profiling. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102953. [PMID: 34679974 PMCID: PMC8532740 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Mortality rate in puppies and kittens over the first two months of age is high, estimated at around 20%. Low birth weight has been identified as a major risk factor for neonatal mortality in these species. Using an online questionnaire, we explored perceptions and management practices of breeders regarding newborns at low birth weight. Three different profiles were identified among 649 breeders. The first one included mainly dog and cat breeders who weighed newborns and monitored their suckling by the dam (controlled suckling) but did not warm them. The second group consisted of breeders of both species who did not weigh puppies or kittens to identify low birth weight or to monitor their weight afterwards. The third and final group included mostly cat breeders who routinely weighed neonates as in the first group, but who used artificial feeding rather than controlled suckling. This better knowledge of the management of puppies and kittens at high risk of neonatal mortality in the field provides the basis to establish guidelines to increase their chances of survival. Abstract Low birth weight (LBW) has been identified as a major risk factor for neonatal mortality in many species. The aim of this survey was to determine the profiles of canine and feline breeders concerning their perceptions of, and management practices relating to, LBW individuals. An anonymous online survey was addressed to French cat and dog breeders in September 2019 via social networks. Multiple correspondence analysis and hierarchical clustering were used to explore breeders’ profiles. Three clusters were identified among the 649 breeders included in this analysis. Cluster 1 (49%) included dog and cat breeders who weighed newborns (and thus identified LBW) and controlled nursing by the dam (controlled suckling) but did not warm them up. Cluster 2 breeders (21%) of both species did not weigh puppies or kittens to identify LBW or to monitor the evolution of their weight afterwards. Cluster 3 (30%) including mostly cat breeders who weighed neonates routinely as in Cluster 1, but they practiced artificial feeding rather than controlled suckling. This survey provides a basis for better understanding of perceptions and practices regarding LBW puppies and kittens. It will be useful to provide guidelines for neonatal management to increase their chances of survival.
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Palczynski LJ, Bleach ECL, Brennan ML, Robinson PA. Stakeholder Perceptions of Disease Management for Dairy Calves: "It's Just Little Things That Make Such a Big Difference". Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102829. [PMID: 34679851 PMCID: PMC8532611 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Calf morbidity and mortality rates are often high in dairy herds, raising animal welfare concerns and negatively affecting farm economic efficiency and future performance. Disease prevention is critical to maintain calves in good health, but interventions are dependent upon the persons conducting them. This paper explores the perceptions of farmers, farm workers, veterinarians, and other advisors on the management of calfhood disease on dairy farms in England. Participants were recruited using purposive and "snowball" sampling, resulting in 40 in-depth, semi-structured interviews-26 with dairy farmers and 14 with advisors. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and thematically coded. Three major themes were derived on the basis of interview data: disease occurrence and treatments, management of calf environment, and the role of stockmanship and perceived control. Respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases in calves were those reported to be most problematic on dairy farms. Limited time and financial resources caused some farmers and advisors to experience a perceived inability to control calf health without antimicrobial treatments. Overall, the findings emphasise the importance of human influences on calf health and disease in the context of influencing the interactions among the host, pathogens, and the environment. Further research should investigate what "attention to detail" means within different farm contexts and practices, as this was believed to be important in the promotion of better husbandry standards and health. We recommend the use of supportive knowledge exchange processes, including facilitation, to empower farmers to promote continuous improvement in calf health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J. Palczynski
- Department of Animal Health, Behaviour and Welfare, Harper Adams University, Newport TF10 8NB, Shropshire, UK;
- Arthur Rank Centre, Livestock Department, Innovation for Agriculture, Stoneleigh Park, Stoneleigh CV8 2LZ, Warwickshire, UK
| | - Emma C. L. Bleach
- Department of Agriculture and Environment, Harper Adams University, Newport TF10 8NB, Shropshire, UK;
| | - Marnie L. Brennan
- Sutton Bonington Campus, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK;
| | - Philip A. Robinson
- Department of Animal Health, Behaviour and Welfare, Harper Adams University, Newport TF10 8NB, Shropshire, UK;
- Correspondence:
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Masmeijer C, Deprez P, van Leenen K, De Cremer L, Cox E, Devriendt B, Pardon B. Arrival cortisol measurement in veal calves and its association with body weight, protein fractions, animal health and performance. Prev Vet Med 2020; 187:105251. [PMID: 33418516 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Male dairy calves are exposed to an accumulation of transport, social and environmental stressors while transferred to fattening units. As a consequence, calves show high cortisol concentrations upon arrival at the veal facility. Whether cortisol levels as measured on arrival can be associated with animal health, welfare and production results is currently unknown. The first objective of this prospective cohort study was to determine possible associations of arrival serum cortisol concentration with health and production variables of veal calves and other arrival predictors like body weight and γ-globulin concentration. The second aim was to investigate potential clustering of arrival risk factors in veal calves for developing bovine respiratory disease (BRD) based on arrival body weight, serum cortisol concentration, total protein and protein fractions. In total, 105 male Holstein calves from two consecutive production cycles in a single, commercial white veal farm were blood sampled directly at arrival on the farm to determine serum cortisol, total protein and protein fractions. All calves were weighed the day after arrival and clinical signs, average daily weight gain (ADG) and carcass weight were collected. Also, all calves of both production cohorts were repeatedly examined by thoracic ultrasonography at the onset of group respiratory disease symptoms (2-3 weeks after arrival) and four weeks later. Linear and logistic mixed models together with k-means clustering were used for statistical analyses. Calves showed on average high, but individually variable serum cortisol concentrations (mean value = 96.6 ng/mL ± standard deviation (SD) = 48.8; Range (R) = 50.0-317 ng/mL). Arrival cortisol, body weight and γ-globulin content were not significantly associated. Serum cortisol and albumin concentrations at arrival were associated with chronic, unresponsive pneumonia. For each increase of serum cortisol concentration by 10 ng/mL, the odds for lung consolidation of ≥1 cm in depth at the second ultrasonography increased, odds ratio (OR) = 1.03 (95 % confidence interval (CI) = 1.01-1.06; P < 0.050). For every decrease in serum albumin concentration by 1g/L, the OR for developing pneumonia was 1.23 (95 % CI= 1.04-1.46; P < 0.015). Additionally, two clusters of calves were identified based upon arrival status: a low risk cluster with below average stress-induced cortisol values, above average body weight, no acute phase response (APR) and no failure of passive immune transfer (FPIT), and a high risk cluster with above average cortisol values, below average body weight, APR and FPIT. High risk calves had higher odds for developing clinical BRD (OR= 3.88 (95 % CI=1.20-12.53; P < 0.020)) and lung consolidation ≥1 cm in depth at week 6-7 after arrival (OR= 3.93 (95 % CI=1.34-11.53; P < 0.013)). Avoiding high cortisol levels upon arrival of calves is important for animal welfare, but also for reduction of the prevalence of chronic, unresponsive pneumonia and the associated need for (repeated) antimicrobial treatment and production losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christien Masmeijer
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium; Proviron Industries NV, Georges Gilliotstraat 60, Hemiksem, 2620, Belgium.
| | - Piet Deprez
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Katharina van Leenen
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lieze De Cremer
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Eric Cox
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, 9820, Belgium
| | - Bert Devriendt
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, 9820, Belgium
| | - Bart Pardon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Wilson DJ, Canning D, Giacomazzi T, Keels K, Lothrop R, Renaud DL, Sillett N, Taylor D, Van Huigenbos H, Wynands B, Zuest D, Fraser D. Hot topic: Health and welfare challenges in the marketing of male dairy calves-Findings and consensus of an expert consultation. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:11628-11635. [PMID: 33069400 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A diverse group of Canadian experts was convened for a focused 2-d discussion on potential health and welfare problems associated with the marketing (i.e., transportation and sale) of male dairy calves. Written notes and audio recording were used to summarize the information provided on transport times and marketing practices. Content analysis was used to develop a consensus statement on concerns, possible solutions, and recommendations to improve male dairy calf marketing. The group noted that calves across all Canadian regions are commonly transported at 3 to 7 d of age and undergo transport for 12 to 24 h or longer depending on the location of their dairy farm of origin. Calves in some regions are marketed almost exclusively through auction markets, whereas others have more direct sales. A need was identified for better criteria for calf fitness for transport, maintaining farm biosecurity, reducing the use of antimicrobial therapy in calf production, and improving education for farmers and veterinarians on the importance of neonatal care for male dairy calves before transportation. Experts noted that major changes in male dairy calf marketing will be required to comply with amendments to the federal Health of Animals Regulations (Part XII) on animal transportation; collaborative effort will be needed to safeguard animal health and welfare as this transition is made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon J Wilson
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z6.
| | - Derick Canning
- Canning Farm Ltd., 940 Southside Rd., Upper Stewiacke, NS, Canada B0N 2P0
| | - Terri Giacomazzi
- British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture, 1767 Angus Campbell Road, Abbotsford, BC, Canada V3G 2M3
| | - Kendra Keels
- Veal Farmers of Ontario/Canadian Veal Association, 12-449 Laird Road, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 4W1
| | - Reny Lothrop
- Canadian Association of Bovine Veterinarians, 226E Wheeler Street, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7P 0A9
| | - David L Renaud
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Nicole Sillett
- Dairy Farmers of Canada, 21 Florence Street, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K2P 0W6
| | - Dave Taylor
- Dairy Farmers of Canada, 21 Florence Street, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K2P 0W6
| | | | - Bob Wynands
- Veal Farmers of Ontario/Canadian Veal Association, 12-449 Laird Road, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 4W1
| | - Dave Zuest
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), 30585B Progressive Way, Abbotsford, BC, Canada V2T 6W3
| | - David Fraser
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z6
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BEEP: An advisory pig welfare assessment tool developed by farmers for farmers. Livest Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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8
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Mee JF. Denormalizing poor dairy youngstock management: dealing with "farm-blindness". J Anim Sci 2020; 98:S140-S149. [PMID: 32810251 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John F Mee
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Moorepark Research Centre, Teagasc, Ireland
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Abstract
In this Research Reflection we review management practices in small family farms with less than 100 cows. Small farms represent the majority of farms in the EU and the world, and they are of great importance for the economy of a country. On cattle farms, the welfare of calves is of primary importance for the profitability of the herd, and poor management is one of the main factors influencing calf health and survival. Data on the risk factors for calf welfare issues in small-scale farms are limited. For this purpose, the literature data from six world countries were presented and compared, including Serbia and Slovenia where a survey related to the issue was carried out within the COST Action FA1308, DairyCare. Some practices within the following areas in calf management were considered: calving management, care for new-born calves, use of painful procedures, colostrum management, cow-calf separation, calf feeding, weaning, calf housing, and general monitoring. In each of the countries, the health and welfare of calves are threatened by some omissions in rearing practices and the major are related to the new-born calf management, the feeding and watering management, and the application of hygienic measures. Many farmers are well aware of the importance of proper calf rearing; others would need more incentive to improve calf management. Each country should pay attention to the education of farmers about the most common deficiencies in calf management.
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Bittar CMM, Gallo MP, Silva JT, de Paula MR, Poczynek M, Mourão GB. Gradual weaning does not improve performance for calves with low starter intake at the beginning of the weaning process. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:4672-4680. [PMID: 32173018 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The weaning process may cause intense stress for dairy calves, even when low volumes of liquid diet are fed. Management tools that increase the intake of solid feeds, such as gradual weaning, can provide better physiological and metabolic conditions through better ruminal development, leading to better adaptation to ruminant metabolism and aiding in stress mitigation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of 2 weaning protocols and 2 levels of concentrate intake on the performance and physiological and behavioral variables related to stress in dairy calves. Thirty-six newborn male Holstein calves were used in a randomized block design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement: 2 weaning strategies, abrupt or gradual, and 2 levels of concentrate intake at 5 wk of age, high (>350 g/d) or low (≤350 g/d). Calves were equally managed until they were 5 wk of age and then grouped according to concentrate intake. Statistical analyzes were performed using the MIXED procedure of SAS software (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC), and no significant interaction was observed between studied factors (weaning method and starter intake level); therefore, we considered each factor separately and their interactions with age. The highest dry matter intake and concentration of β-hydroxybutyrate were recorded for animals with a high level of starter intake independent of the weaning method. Structural growth (cm/wk) and average daily gain were superior for calves with high starter intake, but weaning method had no effect. The gradual weaning protocol increased the time eating starter, regardless of the level of concentrate intake. Even animals with low concentrate intake that were weaned abruptly showed levels of cortisol and acid-soluble glycoprotein within normal physiological levels. Apparently, other factors besides the milk supply affect the starter intake level of calves in a conventional feeding program. The adoption of gradual weaning is not effective in improving performance when a calf has low intake 3 wk before weaning is complete, but it reduced vocalization on d 2 postweaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M M Bittar
- Department of Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418900 Brazil.
| | - M P Gallo
- Department of Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418900 Brazil
| | - J T Silva
- Department of Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418900 Brazil
| | - M R de Paula
- Department of Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418900 Brazil
| | - M Poczynek
- Department of Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418900 Brazil
| | - G B Mourão
- Department of Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418900 Brazil
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Sumner C, von Keyserlingk M, Weary D. How benchmarking promotes farmer and veterinarian cooperation to improve calf welfare. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:702-713. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Risk factors for bobby calf mortality across the New Zealand dairy supply chain. Prev Vet Med 2019; 174:104836. [PMID: 31765960 PMCID: PMC7127677 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify risk factors for morbidity and mortality of bobby calves across the whole dairy supply chain in New Zealand. A case-control study was carried out in the 2016 spring calving season. A total of 194 bobby calves, comprising 38 cases (calves that died or were condemned for health or welfare reasons before the point of slaughter) and 156 controls (calves deemed acceptable and presented for slaughter) were included in the study. Case and control calves were selected by veterinarians located at 29 processing premises across New Zealand. Information regarding management of selected calves on-farm, during transport and at the processor was obtained retrospectively via questionnaires administered to supplying farmers, transport operators and processing premises personnel. Associations between management variables and calf mortality (death or condemnation) were examined using multivariable logistic regression models. Factors associated with an increased risk of calf mortality included time in the farm of origin's calving season, duration of travel from farm to the processor and processing slaughter schedule (same day or next day). Every additional week into the farm's calving season increased the odds of mortality by a factor of 1.2 (95%CI 1.06, 1.35). Similarly, each additional hour of travel time increased the odds of mortality by a factor of 1.45 (95% CI 1.18, 1.76). Risk of mortality was significantly greater for calves processed at premises with a next day slaughter schedule than those processed at premises with a same day slaughter schedule (OR 3.82, 95% CI 1.51, 9.67). However, when the data set was limited to those cases that died or were condemned in the yards (i.e. excluding calves that were dead or condemned on arrival) the effect of same day slaughter was not significant. In order to reduce bobby calf mortality and morbidity, transport duration should be kept as short as possible and a same day slaughter schedule applied. While these factors can be regulated, New Zealand's pastoral dairy system means that calves will inevitably be transported for slaughter across several months each spring. Although farm management factors did not apparently influence the risk of mortality in this study, the effect of time in farm's calving season suggests there may be farm-management related factors that change over the season. This requires further investigation.
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Ježek J, Grabnar P, Beci B, Klinkon M, Nemec M, Hodnik JJ, Starič J. Management Practices Affecting Calves Welfare on Farms in Slovenia. ACTA UNIVERSITATIS AGRICULTURAE ET SILVICULTURAE MENDELIANAE BRUNENSIS 2019. [DOI: 10.11118/actaun201967051147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Renaud DL, Kelton DF, LeBlanc SJ, Haley DB, Duffield TF. Calf management risk factors on dairy farms associated with male calf mortality on veal farms. J Dairy Sci 2017; 101:1785-1794. [PMID: 29248230 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this cross-sectional herd-level study was to assess the association of calf management practices on source dairy farms with mortality risk on veal farms. From April to October 2016, 52 source dairy farms supplying male calves to 2 veal operations were visited once. A questionnaire was administered that covered all areas of calf management, calves between 1 and 10 d of age were examined using a standardized health scoring system, and blood was taken to evaluate passive transfer of immunoglobulins. The mortality risk for calves from each dairy farm was calculated based on the number of male calves sold from the dairy farm and that died during 2016 at the veal operations. The mean mortality risk was calculated for both veal farms and, based on the veal facility-adjusted mortality risk, dairy farms were classified as high- or low-mortality source farms. Using the information gathered at the 52 source dairy farms, a logistic regression model was used to assess factors associated with being a high-mortality source farm. Suppliers to veal farm 1 had a mean mortality risk of 9.6% and suppliers to veal farm 2 had a mean mortality risk of 4.2%. The lower mortality risk at veal farm 2 was partially influenced by a shorter period of observation. Of the 182 calves examined during the single visit to the source dairy farms, 41% of male calves and 29% of female calves had at least one identifiable health abnormality. The risk of failure of passive transfer on source dairy farms was low, with only 13% of calves tested having <10 mg of IgG/mL of serum. The subset of calves examined at the source dairy farm was not followed prospectively to the veal farms. Using a tube feeder or pail to feed colostrum, bedding male calves on wood shavings or chopped straw at the source dairy farm, and the herd veterinarian not routinely and actively inquiring about the health and performance of calves during regular herd visits were significantly associated with the farm being classified as a high-mortality source dairy farm. Checking the calving pen at an interval of every 3 h or more during the day was associated with a lower probability of being classified as a high-mortality source dairy farm. The results of this study suggest that there are management practices on the source farm that contribute to the risk of mortality on veal farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Renaud
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - D F Kelton
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - S J LeBlanc
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - D B Haley
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - T F Duffield
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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15
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An empirical analysis of the cost of rearing dairy heifers from birth to first calving and the time taken to repay these costs. Animal 2017; 11:1372-1380. [PMID: 28173887 PMCID: PMC5523732 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731117000064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rearing quality dairy heifers is essential to maintain herds by replacing culled cows. Information on the key factors influencing the cost of rearing under different management systems is, however, limited and many farmers are unaware of their true costs. This study determined the cost of rearing heifers from birth to first calving in Great Britain including the cost of mortality, investigated the main factors influencing these costs across differing farming systems and estimated how long it took heifers to repay the cost of rearing on individual farms. Primary data on heifer management from birth to calving was collected through a survey of 101 dairy farms during 2013. Univariate followed by multivariable linear regression was used to analyse the influence of farm factors and key rearing events on costs. An Excel spreadsheet model was developed to determine the time it took for heifers to repay the rearing cost. The mean±SD ages at weaning, conception and calving were 62±13, 509±60 and 784±60 days. The mean total cost of rearing was £1819±387/heifer with a mean daily cost of £2.31±0.41. This included the opportunity cost of the heifer and the mean cost of mortality, which ranged from £103.49 to £146.19/surviving heifer. The multivariable model predicted an increase in mean cost of rearing of £2.87 for each extra day of age at first calving and a decrease in mean cost of £6.06 for each percentile increase in time spent at grass. The model also predicted a decrease in the mean cost of rearing in autumn and spring calving herds of £273.20 and £288.56, respectively, compared with that in all-year-round calving herds. Farms with herd sizes⩾100 had lower mean costs of between £301.75 and £407.83 compared with farms with <100 milking cows. The mean gross margin per heifer was £441.66±304.56 (range £367.63 to £1120.08), with 11 farms experiencing negative gross margins. Most farms repaid the cost of heifer rearing in the first two lactations (range 1 to 6 lactations) with a mean time from first calving until breaking even of 530±293 days. The results of the economic analysis suggest that management decisions on key reproduction events and grazing policy significantly influence the cost of rearing and the time it takes for heifers to start making a profit for the farm.
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16
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Silva LP, Sant'Anna AC, Silva LCM, Paranhos da Costa MJR. Long-term effects of good handling practices during the pre-weaning period of crossbred dairy heifer calves. Trop Anim Health Prod 2016; 49:153-162. [PMID: 27785765 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-016-1174-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether applying good practices of handling during the pre-weaning period have long-term effects on behavioral and physiological indicators, health status, and average daily gain (ADG) of crossbred Bos taurus × Bos indicus heifer calves. During the pre-weaning period, 98 crossbred of Holstein × Gir heifer calves were allotted into three treatments: (1) good practices of handling + brushing (GPB; n = 25), (2) good practices of handling (GP; n = 25), and (3) control (n = 48). Every 2 months, four evaluation periods (EV1 to EV4) were conducted to record data. Behavioral indicators comprised time to drive (TD), flight speed (FS), flight distance (FD), and composite reactivity score (CRS). Physiological indicators of acute stress during handling comprised respiratory and heart rates. Health status comprised data regarding occurrence of most common diseases (i.e., pneumonia and anaplasmosis). Collected data were analyzed by using a linear mixed model for repeated measures, Tukey's test, and chi-squared procedures. Treatment influenced (P < 0.05) TD, FS, and FD but not CRS (P = 0.78). From EV1 to EV3, the control calves had the lowest TD. The GPB group had lower FS than the control but did not differ from GP. The GPB group had lower FD means than the other two groups in EV2, EV3, and EV4. No differences (P > 0.05) due to treatment were observed on heart and respiratory rates, ADG, or occurrence of pneumonia and anaplasmosis. It was concluded that adoption of good practices of handling during pre-weaning period may lead to long-term positive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Pontes Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia, FCAV-UNESP, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.,Grupo de Estudos e Pesquisas em Etologia e Ecologia Animal (Grupo ETCO), Departamento de Zootecnia, FCAV-UNESP, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline Cristina Sant'Anna
- Grupo de Estudos e Pesquisas em Etologia e Ecologia Animal (Grupo ETCO), Departamento de Zootecnia, FCAV-UNESP, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.,Departamento de Zoologia, ICB-UFJF, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Lívia Carolina Magalhães Silva
- Grupo de Estudos e Pesquisas em Etologia e Ecologia Animal (Grupo ETCO), Departamento de Zootecnia, FCAV-UNESP, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Mateus José Rodrigues Paranhos da Costa
- Grupo de Estudos e Pesquisas em Etologia e Ecologia Animal (Grupo ETCO), Departamento de Zootecnia, FCAV-UNESP, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil. .,Pesquisador CNPq, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
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17
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Peli A, Pietra M, Giacometti F, Mazzi A, Scacco G, Serraino A, Scagliarini L. Survey on Animal Welfare in Nine Hundred and Forty Three Italian Dairy Farms. Ital J Food Saf 2016; 5:5832. [PMID: 27800437 PMCID: PMC5076713 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2016.5832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The final results of a survey on welfare of dairy cows in 7 Italian Regions are presented. The study has been performed on 943 farms in southern and central Italy to highlight critical and strong points concerning animal welfare in dairy systems, by using direct and indirect criteria. To assess animal welfare, a checklist based on 303 parameters has been used; indirect criteria have been organised in 5 general areas concerning Farm management, Farming and housing systems, Environment, Feeding, Health and hygiene; other resource-based criteria were considered in 5 specific areas for the different productive categories (lactating cows, dry cows, pregnant heifers, cows comeback, calves up to 8 weeks and calves between 8 weeks and 6 months); finally, an Indicators section focused on animal based criteria. Parameters have been valued as conforming or not conforming on the basis of the current lesgislation on animal welfare, and in the other cases by the use of a semi-quantitative scale such as poor, satisfactory, good or very good referring to scientific literature and reports by the Animal Health and Animal Welfare panel of the European Food Safety Authority. Among the 249 examined parameters (54 criteria have been valued as descriptive), 15 showed a failure prevalence inferior to 1%; for the remaining parameters, the overall non-compliance prevalence on the whole sample ranged from a maximum of 67% to a minimum of 2%, showing an inverse proportionality correlation with the herd size. One hundred and ten parameters were judged as poor (96) or not in compliance with the rules in force (14) in more than 10% of the examined herds. The most common non-compliance aspects detected in the different areas concern calves management, staff training and prophylaxis programmes; staff training levels were inversely related to failure prevalences in almost all areas. The combination of direct and indirect criteria has allowed to fully embrace recommendations on the use of animal based measures for the assessment of animal welfare, as accepted into the strategic Plan for the EU animal welfare for 2012-2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Peli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna , Ozzano Emilia (BO)
| | - Marco Pietra
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna , Ozzano Emilia (BO)
| | - Federica Giacometti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna , Ozzano Emilia (BO)
| | | | - Gianluca Scacco
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna , Ozzano Emilia (BO)
| | - Andrea Serraino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna , Ozzano Emilia (BO)
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18
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Boulton AC, Rushton J, Wathes DC. The Management and Associated Costs of Rearing Heifers on UK Dairy Farms from Weaning to Conception. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/ojas.2015.53034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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Vasseur E, Gibbons J, Rushen J, Pellerin D, Pajor E, Lefebvre D, de Passillé AM. An assessment tool to help producers improve cow comfort on their farms. J Dairy Sci 2014; 98:698-708. [PMID: 25465625 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Effective management and an appropriate environment are essential for dairy cattle health and welfare. Codes of practice provide dairy producers with best practice guidance for the care and handling of their cattle. New Canadian recommendations have been established for the dairy industry. The objectives of this study were to develop an on-farm assessment tool that helps producers assess how well they are meeting their code of practice and that identifies management and environment modifications that could improve dairy cow comfort on their farms. The assessment tool addressed critical areas of dairy cow comfort, including accommodation and housing (stall design, space allowance, stall management, pen management, milking parlor, and transfer alleys), feed and water (body condition scoring, nutrition), and health and welfare (lameness, claw health, and hoof-trimming). Targets of good practices were identified from the requirements and recommendations of the code of practice. Each farm received a score for each target, ranging from 0 (target not reached) to 100 (target reached). One hundred tiestall and 110 freestall farms were surveyed in 3 provinces of Canada (Quebec, Ontario, and Alberta). The duration of the assessment, in 2 visits lasting, on average, 8 and 9h (range between freestall and tiestall farms) and 4 and 4.1h, was beyond the targeted 3 to 4h due mainly to the animal-based measures; strategies to reduce the duration of the assessment were discussed. Standard operating procedures were developed to ensure consistency in measuring and recording data. Periodical checks were conducted by trainers to ensure all 15 assessors remained above target agreement of weighted kappa ≥0.6. Average scores for all critical areas ranged from 25 to 89% for freestall farms and from 48 to 95% for tiestall farms. These scores need to be considered with caution when comparing farms because scores could not always be calculated the same way between housing systems. An evaluation report was provided and discussed with each producer, identifying strengths and areas for improvement that could benefit dairy cow comfort on their farms. The producers were convinced of the effectiveness of our tool for assessing cow comfort (freestall: 86%; tiestall: 95%) and in assisting them to make decisions for improvements (freestall: 83%; tiestall: 93%). Our cow comfort assessment tool served as background material for the Dairy Farmers of Canada animal care assessment program.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Vasseur
- Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agassiz, British Columbia, Canada, V0M 1A0.
| | - J Gibbons
- Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agassiz, British Columbia, Canada, V0M 1A0
| | - J Rushen
- Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agassiz, British Columbia, Canada, V0M 1A0
| | - D Pellerin
- Animal Science Department, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada, G1K 7P4
| | - E Pajor
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 1N4
| | - D Lefebvre
- Valacta Inc., Dairy Production Centre of Expertise Quebec-Atlantics, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada, H9X 3R4
| | - A M de Passillé
- Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agassiz, British Columbia, Canada, V0M 1A0
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20
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Mee JF. Why Do So Many Calves Die on Modern Dairy Farms and What Can We Do about Calf Welfare in the Future? Animals (Basel) 2013; 3:1036-57. [PMID: 26479751 PMCID: PMC4494359 DOI: 10.3390/ani3041036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor bovine neonatal survival rates are an international animal welfare issue. The key modifiable risk factors associated with such loss are age at first calving in primiparae, calf breed, gender and gestation length and calving management. The primary causes of mortality in the perinatal period are calving problems, in particular dystocia, defined as both difficult and abnormal calvings. Calf loss rates are rising on modern dairy farms in many countries internationally. High calf loss rates are often not recognised at national or at farm-level; recording needs to be improved. Improving bovine neonatal survival requires re-prioritization of this issue. Stakeholders need to be made cognisant of this prioritization. Actions to effect change need to occur at both national and farm-levels. National-level actions need firstly to address raising awareness of the issue. Farm-level actions need to focus on identifiable problem farms through targeted surveillance. Application of existing knowledge to alter modifiable risk factors is the key to improving calf welfare in the future. Research also has a role to play in filling knowledge gaps in particular about the 'unexplained stillbirth'.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Mee
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland.
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21
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Pre-Calving and Calving Management Practices in Dairy Herds with a History of High or Low Bovine Perinatal Mortality. Animals (Basel) 2013; 3:866-81. [PMID: 26479538 PMCID: PMC4494440 DOI: 10.3390/ani3030866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Mortality of full-term calves at calving is an increasing problem in dairy industries internationally. Multiple herd management factors contribute to such losses. This case-control study identified factors which differed between herds with high and low calf mortality. These included breeding, dietary, health and calving factors. It was concluded that calving, not pre-calving, management appears to be the most important area of concern in herds with high perinatal mortality. This indicates that farmers and their veterinarians need to focus on calving management when investigating such problems and when attempting to reduce losses in herds with high rates of bovine perinatal mortality. Abstract Bovine perinatal mortality is an increasing problem in dairy industries internationally. The objective of this study was to determine the risk factors associated with high and low herd-level calf mortality. Thirty herds with a history of either high (case) or low (control) calf mortality were recruited. A herd-level questionnaire was used to gather information on management practices likely to impact bovine perinatal mortality. The questionnaire was divided into four subsections dealing with pre-calving (breeding, diet and body condition score, endemic infectious diseases) and calving factors. Most of the significant differences between case and control herds were found in calving management. For example, in case herds, pregnant cattle were less likely to be moved to the calving unit two or more days and more likely to be moved less than 12 hours pre-calving, they were also less likely to calve in group-calving facilities and their calves were more likely to receive intranasal or hypothermal resuscitation. These management procedures may cause social isolation and periparturient psychogenic uterine atony leading to dystocia, more weak calves requiring resuscitation and high perinatal calf mortality. The key finding is that calving, not pre-calving, management appears to be the most important area of concern in herds with high perinatal mortality.
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22
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Rushen J, Butterworth A, Swanson JC. Animal behavior and well-being symposium: Farm animal welfare assurance: science and application. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:1219-28. [PMID: 21216980 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Public and consumer pressure for assurances that farm animals are raised humanely has led to a range of private and public animal welfare standards, and for methods to assess compliance with these standards. The standards usually claim to be science based, but even though researchers have developed measures of animal welfare and have tested the effects of housing and management variables on welfare within controlled laboratory settings, there are challenges in extending this research to develop on-site animal welfare standards. The standards need to be validated against a definition of welfare that has broad support and which is amenable to scientific investigation. Ensuring that such standards acknowledge scientific uncertainty is also challenging, and balanced input from all scientific disciplines dealing with animal welfare is needed. Agencies providing animal welfare audit services need to integrate these scientific standards and legal requirements into successful programs that effectively measure and objectively report compliance. On-farm assessment of animal welfare requires a combination of animal-based measures to assess the actual state of welfare and resource-based measures to identify risk factors. We illustrate this by referring to a method of assessing welfare in broiler flocks. Compliance with animal welfare standards requires buy-in from all stakeholders, and this will be best achieved by a process of inclusion in the development of pragmatic assessment methods and the development of audit programs verifying the conditions and continuous improvement of farm animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rushen
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agassiz, British Columbia, Canada.
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