Effects of calving interval of dairy cows on development, metabolism, and milk performance of their offspring

Extending the voluntary waiting period (VWP) for insemination in dairy cows is of interest as a strategy to reduce the frequency of calving events and inseminate at a moment with fewer fertility problems. Little is known about the calves born from dams with a different VWP followed by a different calving interval (CInt). The objective of the current study was to identify the effect of dam's CInt on body condition, metabolic status, and milk production of their offspring from birth until 100 DIM of the offspring's first lactation. Holstein-Friesian dairy cows (n = 154, 41 primiparous, 113 multiparous) were blocked according to parity, milk yield, and SCC and randomly assigned to a VWP of 50, 125, or 200 d. Female calves (n = 62) from cows with different CInt were monitored from birth until their first calving event as heifer. Certain dams were not successfully inseminated soon after the planned VWP, resulting in differences between the intended VWP and the actual CInt. Calves were regrouped according to their dam's actual CInt (CInt_1: 324-408 d; CInt_2: 409-468 d; CInt_3: 469-586 d). The dam's CInt did not affect calf birth weight. From birth to weaning, the calves born to dams in CInt_1 had a higher plasma nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) concentration (0.34 mmol/L; CI: 0.30, 0.37) than CInt_2 (0.28 mmol/L; CI: 0.26, 0.31) and CInt_3 (0.26 mmol/L; CI: 0.24, 0.29) calves. Calves born to dams with a shorter CInt (CInt_1) had greater IgG and IgM against keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) than CInt_3 (IgG: 6.05 ± 0.30 vs. 4.64 ± 0.30; IgM: 6.45 ± 0.17 vs. 5.89 ± 0.16, respectively; mean ± SE) before weaning. After weaning till calving, CInt_1 calves tended to have greater plasma NEFA concentration than CInt_3-calves. During the first 100 DIM, a longer CInt of the dams resulted in lower plasma IGF_1 (CInt_2), lower milk lactose (CInt_3), and lower fat- and protein-corrected milk (FPCM; CInt_2) in offspring, compared with shorter CInt of the dams (CInt_1). Collectively, a longer CInt in dams did not affect birth weight of their calves or BW during the weaning or rearing phase. From birth till weaning, a longer CInt in dams resulted in less anti-KLH IgG and lower plasma NEFA concentration in plasma of the calves. During the first lactation of their offspring, a longer CInt in dams can result in a lower plasma IGF_1 and FPCM during the first 100 DIM, although effects were not present in all CInt categories.

Dairy cow parity affects relationships among nutritional parameters in the blood of dams, umbilical cords, and calves and placental development at calving

Heifer growth and milk production in lactating cows may diminish the nutrient supply to the fetus. This study aimed to analyze the characteristics of the nutrient supply to the fetus in primiparous and multiparous cows. We investigated maternal, umbilical cord, and calf blood glucose and amino acid levels, as well as placental development in 28 primiparous (PP) and 30 multiparous (MP) Holstein cows. Although the total cotyledonary weight and surface area showed no significant differences, the MP group exhibited larger individual cotyledons (P < 0.01) and fewer medium-sized cotyledons (P < 0.05). Within the PP group, total cotyledonary weight and surface area positively correlated with blood glucose (r = 0.71-0.77; P < 0.01) and total essential amino acid (r = 0.55; P < 0.05) concentrations in the umbilical veins. However, no significant correlation was observed in the MP group. Blood glucose and amino acid concentrations in the umbilical vein, umbilical artery, and calf were significantly lower in the MP group (P < 0.05), although no difference was observed in the dams between the groups. In conclusion, the nutrient status of primiparous cows can alter fetal nutrient supply. Moreover, multiparous cows have larger individual cotyledons as an adaptive response to increased milk production during pregnancy. However, this adaptive response in multiparous cows did not completely restore nutrient supply to the fetus to the same extent as that in primiparous cows. Therefore, the nutritional management of multiparous cows during pregnancy must be reconsidered.

Small for Gestational Age Calves: Part I-Concept and Definition, Contributing Prenatal Factors and Neonatal Body Morphometrics in Holstein Friesian Calves

Low birth weight (BW) calves exhibit higher mortality rates, reduced body weights at parturition, lower first-lactation milk yields, and longer parturition to first insemination intervals. In human medicine, small for gestational age (SGA) births are associated with increased perinatal morbidity and long-term metabolic risks. This study aimed to define SGA in Holstein Friesian (HF) calves, evaluate their body measurements and proportions, and identify its prenatal risk factors. Four linear regression models were built with weight as a function for gestation length for bull and heifer calves born from nulli- or multiparous dams. Calves with a BW below the 10th percentile were classified as SGA. Differences in body measurements were analyzed using ANOVA, and logistic regression models identified prenatal risk factors to be born SGA. Gestation length, calf sex, and dam parity were crucial variables in defining SGA. SGA calves had significantly smaller body measurements (p < 0.001) and larger body proportions (p < 0.001) compared to average and large calves. For nulliparous dams, a higher 2nd trimester temperature-humidity index (p = 0.032) and older age at parturition (>26 months, p = 0.026) significantly increased the birth of SGA calves. For multiparous dams, both low (<5800 kg, p = 0.049) and high (6700-8600 kg, p = 0.027) milk yields during gestation lead to more SGA births, although very high-yielding dams (>8600 kg) did not birth more SGA calves. This study establishes SGA in HF calves, suggests SGA calves are asymmetrical with evidence of "brain sparing", and highlights the impact of prenatal factors on calf size at birth. Further research is needed to determine the long-term effects of being born SGA on growth, reproductive performance, and productivity.

The curse of the firstborn: Effects of dam primiparity on developmental programming in ruminant offspring

The first parity, or first pregnancy, of ruminant females has negative effects on offspring during fetal, perinatal, and pre-weaning periods which ultimately lead to diminished pre-weaning productivity. Offspring born to primiparous ruminant females can have decreased fetal and pre-weaning growth, resulting in lower body weights at birth and weaning in cattle, sheep, and goats. Moreover, mortality is greater during both neonatal and pre-weaning periods. Insults during these critical developmental windows likely also have long-term consequences on first-parity offspring through developmental programming, but less research has been done to investigate effects in the post-weaning period. Many potential physiological, metabolic, and behavioral mechanisms exist for the outcomes of dam primiparity. Although competition for nutrient partitioning between maternal and fetal growth or lactation is often cited as a major contributor, we hypothesize that the most important mechanism causing most first-parity outcomes is the relative physiological inexperience of reproductive tissues such as the uterus and mammary gland during the first pregnancy and lactation, or a "first use theory" of tissues. More research is necessary to explore these areas, as well as if primiparous dams respond differently to stressors than multiparous dams, and if stress during the first parity affects subsequent parities.

Developmental programming of production and reproduction in dairy cows: IV. Association of maternal milk fat and protein percentage and milk fat to protein ratio with offspring's birth weight, survival, productive and reproductive performance and AMH concentration from birth to the first lactation period

Although the association of maternal milk production with developmental programming of offspring has been investigated, there is limited information available on the relationship of maternal milk components with productive and reproductive performance of the offspring. Therefore, the present study was conducted to analyze the association of maternal milk fat and protein percentage and milk fat to protein ratio with birth weight, survival, productive and reproductive performance and AMH concentration in the offspring. In study I, data of birth weight, milk yield and reproductive variables of offspring born to lactating dams (n = 14,582) and data associated with average maternal milk fat percentage (MFP), protein percentage (MPP) and fat to protein ratio (MFPR) during 305-day lactation were retrieved. Afterwards, offspring were classified in various categories of MFP, MPP and MFPR. In study II, blood samples (n = 339) were collected from offspring in various categories of MFP, MPP and MFPR for measurement of serum AMH. Maternal milk fat percentage was positively associated with birth weight and average percentage of milk fat (APMF) and protein (APMP) and milk fat to protein ratio (FPR) during the first lactation, but negatively associated with culling rate during nulliparity in the offspring (P < 0.05). Maternal milk protein percentage was positively associated with birth weight, APMF, APMP, FPR and culling rate, but negatively associated with milk yield and fertility in the offspring (P < 0.05). Maternal FPR was positively associated with APMF and FPR, but negatively associated with culling rate, APMP and fertility in the offspring (P < 0.05). However, concentration of AMH in the offspring was not associated with MFP, MPP and MFPR (P > 0.05). In conclusion, the present study revealed that maternal milk fat and protein percentage and their ratio were associated with birth weight, survival, production and reproduction of the offspring. Yet it was a preliminary research and further studies are required to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these associations.

The importance of developmental programming in the dairy industry

The concept of developmental programming suggests that environmental influences during pre- and early postnatal life that can have long-term effects on future health and performance. In dairy cattle, maternal body growth, age, parity and milk yield, as well as environmental factors during gestation, have the potential to create a suboptimal environment for the developing fetus. As a result, the calf's phenotype may undergo adaptations. Moreover, developmental programming can have long-term effects on subsequent birth weight, immunity and metabolism, as well as on postnatal growth, body composition, fertility, milk yield and even longevity of dairy cows. This review provides an overview of the impact of developmental programming on later health and performance in dairy cows.

Developmental programming of production and reproduction in dairy cows: III. Association of level of maternal milk production with offspring's birth weight, survival, productive and reproductive performance and AMH concentration from birth to the first lactation period

Although some studies investigated the relationship of dam milk production (DMP) with offspring birth weight and productive performance, limited information is available on the association of level of DMP with reproductive performance in dairy cows. Therefore, the present study was conducted to understand whether dams with various levels of milk production produce offspring with different fertility. In study I, offspring were classified based on the level of DMP into five categories, including DMP1 (dams with <10.00 × 103 kg of 305-day milk production), DMP2 (dams with ≥10.00 × 103 kg and <12.00 × 103 kg of 305-day milk production), DMP3 (dams with ≥12.00 × 103 kg and <14.00 × 103 kg of 305-day milk production), DMP4 (dams with ≥14.00 × 103 kg and <16.00 × 103 kg of 305-day milk production) and DMP5 (dams with ≥16.00 × 103 kg of 305-day milk production). In study I, data of birth weight, milk yield and reproductive variables of 14,536 offspring born to lactating dams and corresponding data of DMP were retrieved. In study II, blood samples (n = 339) were collected from offspring in various categories of DMP for measurement of serum AMH. Offspring were heavier at birth in DMP4 and DMP5 categories than DMP1 and DMP2 categories (P < 0.05). Milk yield of offspring increased as DMP elevated (P < 0.05); however, offspring in DMP1 and DMP2 categories produced higher milk as compared with their dams during primiparity (P < 0.05) whereas offspring in DMP3, DMP4 and DMP5 categories produced less milk as compared with their dams during primiparity (P < 0.05). Milk fat to protein ratio during the first month of lactation was greater in DMP4 and DMP5 categories than DMP1 category (P < 0.05). Offspring of DMP4 and DMP5 categories were inseminated and conceived at younger ages than offspring of DMP1 category during nulliparity (P < 0.05). Calving to conception interval was longer in DMP5 than DMP1 category in primiparous offspring (P < 0.05), but concentration of AMH did not differ among various categories of DMP (P > 0.05). In conclusion, dams with greater level of milk production produced heavier offspring with higher milk yield but worse transgenerational improvement in milk production and diminished reproductive performance, which were seemingly under higher pressure of negative energy balance during the first month of lactation.

Health assessment of Holstein calves born after in vitro fertilization, biopsy-based genotyping at the blastocyst stage and subsequent embryo transfer

Establishing methods for evaluating genomic estimated breeding values of bovine embryos can potentially increase the efficiency of breeding programs by transferring only embryos with a high genomic estimated breeding value. This may be achieved by analyzing DNA from trophectoderm biopsies. However, manipulation of bovine embryos is associated with a risk of impaired conceptus health. More knowledge on the health implications of embryonic handling procedures is required. In this study, we followed pregnancies after transfer of in vitro-produced (IVP) embryos and assessed the health of the offspring during the first 2 weeks of life. Three groups of calves were studied: i) freshly transferred non-biopsied embryos (39 transfers, 17 calves; Group B-/C-); ii) biopsied and freshly transferred IVP embryos (42 transfers, 21 calves; Group B+/C-); iii) biopsied and cryopreserved IVP embryos (17 transfers, 6 calves; Group B+/C+). Blood biochemical and hematologic values were compared between groups and to a control group of 13 calves produced by conventional artificial insemination. The pregnancy rate on day 50 and the calving rate did not differ among the groups, but the average gestation length of the B+/C+ group was significantly shorter and with wider variation than the two other groups. There was a tendency toward a higher average body weight at birth in group B+/C+ (45.1 kg) and the standard deviation in body weight was larger (11.7 kg) compared to the B-/C- (39.5 kg; 3.2 kg) and B+/C- (41.8 kg; 6 kg) groups. Body weight on day 14 was higher in the B+/C+ calves compared to the other groups. There was no difference in the biochemical and hematological values at birth between the groups and these were within the normal range. However, when compared to a group of calves produced by standard artificial insemination, significantly higher concentrations were found for the hepatic-related enzymes ALAT, ASAT, ALP, and GGT in group B-/C-and B+/C-, while only higher ALP concentrations were found in B+/C+ calves. The biochemical findings indicate higher heterogeneity in IVP calves compared to calves produced by artificial insemination. The more manipulated IVP embryos also showed increased heterogeneity in body weight at birth, with a shift toward heavier calves, which calls for closer attendance at parturition to handle dystocia in a timely manner and minimize fetal losses.

Differences in daily milk production during early pregnancy alter placental characteristics and neonatal metabolic amino acid levels in dairy cows

We investigated the effects of differences in milk production during early pregnancy on placental characteristics at full term, calf birth weights, and their metabolic status. Thirty-four Holstein cows were categorized into three groups (Low, n = 9; Middle, n = 16; High, n = 9) based on the quartile of average daily 4% fat-corrected milk production during early pregnancy. The High group showed higher milk component production than the other groups (P < 0.05) during early and mid-pregnancy. Although most placental characteristics did not differ significantly among the groups, cows in the High group had larger individual cotyledons and fewer medium-sized cotyledons than those in the Low group (P < 0.05). Plasma amino acid concentrations of calves in the Low and High groups were significantly higher than those of calves in the Middle group, although calf birth weights were similar among the groups. Furthermore, cows in the Low group had longer dry periods than those in the High (P = 0.004) and Middle (P = 0.058) groups. This suggests that cows in the Low group may have provided more amino acids to the fetus because of low lactation and long dry periods. Conversely, cows in the High group required more energy for lactation during early pregnancy, which can reduce nutrient availability to the placenta and fetus; however, increasing individual cotyledonary sizes during late pregnancy may ensure that the same amounts of amino acids as those in cows in the Low group are supplied to the fetus, recovering the birth weights.

Developmental programming of production and reproduction in dairy cows: I. Association of maternal parity with offspring's birth weight, milk yield, reproductive performance and AMH concentration during the first lactation period

Multiparous dams have been reported to produce offspring with greater fertility and higher AMH concentration, as a marker of ovarian reserves, as compared with nulliparous and primiparous dams. Yet it has remained to be addressed whether this phenomenon can still be true for old multiparous cows which might experience some geriatric changes in their reproductive system. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the productive and reproductive performance of offspring with different maternal parity. To this end, offspring were classified based on their maternal parities into four categories, including offspring of nulliparous (no previous parity), primiparous (one previous parity), young multiparous (two to six previous parities) and old multiparous (seven or more previous parities) dams. In study I, data of birth weight, milk yield and reproductive variables of 11,788 offspring and data of their maternal parity were retrieved. In study II, blood samples (n = 521) were collected from offspring with various maternal parity for measurement of serum AMH. Birth weight was the lowest in the offspring of nulliparous dams (P < 0.0001) and it was lower in offspring of primiparous and old multiparous dams than offspring of young multiparous dams (P < 0.05). Milk production was the lowest in offspring of old multiparous dams (P < 0.01), and it was lower in offspring of young multiparous dams than offspring of nulliparous and primiparous dams (P < 0.0001). Offspring of old multiparous dams had greater first service conception rate, less services per conception and shorter calving to conception interval than offspring of nulliparous, primiparous and young multiparous dams (P < 0.05). Furthermore, AMH concentration was higher in offspring of old multiparous dams than offspring of nulliparous and primiparous dams (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the present study revealed greater milk production in offspring resulting from dams with lower parity, probably due to the genetic selection for improvement of milk production in dairy cows which imparts the younger generations greater genetic merits for milk production. Reproductive performance, however, was greater in offspring born to dams with higher parity, particularly those born to old multiparous dams, and this phenomenon might be related to their lower milk production and higher AMH concentration.

Prenatal environment impacts telomere length in newborn dairy heifers

Telomere length is associated with longevity and survival in multiple species. In human population-based studies, multiple prenatal factors have been described to be associated with a newborn's telomere length. In the present study, we measured relative leukocyte telomere length in 210 Holstein Friesian heifers, within the first ten days of life. The dam's age, parity, and milk production parameters, as well as environmental factors during gestation were assessed for their potential effect on telomere length. We found that for both primi- and multiparous dams, the telomere length was 1.16% shorter for each day increase in the calf's age at sampling (P = 0.017). The dam's age at parturition (P = 0.045), and the median temperature-humidity index (THI) during the third trimester of gestation (P = 0.006) were also negatively associated with the calves' TL. Investigating multiparous dams separately, only the calf's age at sampling was significantly and negatively associated with the calves' TL (P = 0.025). Results of the present study support the hypothesis that in cattle, early life telomere length is influenced by prenatal factors. Furthermore, the results suggest that selecting heifers born in winter out of young dams might contribute to increased longevity in dairy cattle.

Novel insights into genome-wide associations in Bos indicus reveal genetic linkages between fertility and growth

Bos indicus breed Sahiwal, famous for its optimum performance, has so far been genetically improved for performance traits based on phenotypic records and the genomic knowhow regarding genes, regions and biological processes underlying the complex quantitative traits is lacking. In this context, a Genome-wide Association Study was performed for fertility and growth traits in Sahiwal cattle to shed light on its genomic profile. A total of 46 SNPs were found associated with the traits at genome-wide suggestive threshold of P ≤ 10^-4. USP32, LRPPRC, PLA2G10, RRN3 and ASAP1 were identified as putative candidate genes for body weight at different ages. However, several genes mapped for growth traits like GREB1, PLA2G10, RAD51C, BIRC6, TEX14 and PEBP4 had significant physiological underpinnings in determining fertility of the animals. Moreover, Quantitative trait loci (QTL) identification revealed potential overlaps with the already reported QTLs for both fertility and growth for most of the traits. Further, candidate SNP enrichment analysis revealed an enriched biological process for birth weight with a significant reproductive role. Based on the findings, genetic linkages underlying fertility and growth could be discerned in Sahiwal population and may be utilized for improving fertility traits in future.

Developmental Programming of Fertility in Cattle-Is It a Cause for Concern?

Cattle fertility remains sub-optimal despite recent improvements in genetic selection. The extent to which an individual heifer fulfils her genetic potential can be influenced by fetal programming during pregnancy. This paper reviews the evidence that a dam's age, milk yield, health, nutrition and environment during pregnancy may programme permanent structural and physiological modifications in the fetus. These can alter the morphology and body composition of the calf, postnatal growth rates, organ structure, metabolic function, endocrine function and immunity. Potentially important organs which can be affected include the ovaries, liver, pancreas, lungs, spleen and thymus. Insulin/glucose homeostasis, the somatotropic axis and the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis can all be permanently reprogrammed by the pre-natal environment. These changes may act directly at the level of the ovary to influence fertility, but most actions are indirect. For example, calf health, the timing of puberty, the age and body structure at first calving, and the ability to balance milk production with metabolic health and fertility after calving can all have an impact on reproductive potential. Definitive experiments to quantify the extent to which any of these effects do alter fertility are particularly challenging in cattle, as individual animals and their management are both very variable and lifetime fertility takes many years to assess. Nevertheless, the evidence is compelling that the fertility of some animals is compromised by events happening before they are born. Calf phenotype at birth and their conception data as a nulliparous heifer should therefore both be assessed to avoid such animals being used as herd replacements.

Calving Ease Risk Factors and Subsequent Survival, Fertility and Milk Production in Italian Holstein Cows

Simple Summary

Several studies have analyzed the potential risk factors for assisted calvings and the consequences of calving ease on cow performances. The present study used national data to focus on Italian Holstein cow herds. In summary, herd, number of calvings/herd/year, cow parity, gestation length, twinning, calf sex, previous calving-to-conception interval, dry period and close-up length, and calving season were identified as risk factors associated with calving ease. Regarding lactation performance, cows with assisted calving had higher 30 days in milk (DIM) culling risk, lower 150 DIM pregnancy risk and lower milk yield, measured as 60-d cumulative and as 305-d predicted milk yield. These results may be beneficial to focus attention on control, management and specific factors associated with calving ease in Italian Holstein herds and also to support adequate training and education of the personnel.

Abstract

The objectives of this study were to investigate the main risk factors associated with calving ease (CE) in Italian Holstein cow herds, and to estimate the association between CE and subsequent survival, fertility and milk production. Data obtained from Holstein cows in 40 Italian herds were retrospectively investigated. Calvings were surveilled and classified into two categories of CE, unassisted calving or assisted calving, based on the need for intervention. The following factors were analyzed as possible risk factor affecting CE: herd, number of calvings/herd/year, age at first calving (AFC), cow parity, gestation length, twinning, calf sex, previous calving-to-conception interval, previous milk yield, dry period and close-up length, and season of calving. The association between CE and culling risk within the first 30 days-in-milk (DIM), cumulative 60-d milk yield and predicted 305-d milk yield, and pregnancy risk within 150 DIM were also investigated. Of the 47,672 calvings, 37,892 (79.5%) were unassisted, while 9780 (20.5%) required some type of assistance. Among the risk factors, only the AFC was not correlated with CE, while for all the other risk factors an association with CE was detected. Assisted calvings were associated with an increased culling risk at 30 DIM, decreased 60-d milk yield, decreased 305-d milk yield and reduced pregnancy risk at 150 DIM. In conclusion, dairy herd management should aim at correcting/reducing the risk factors in order to limit the incidence of assisted calving, and possibly improve the quality of calving assistance; controlling CE within the herd is crucial to reducing culling risk, and achieving higher lactation and reproductive performance.

The effect of season of birth on the morphometrics of newborn Belgian Blue calves

Breed type and environmental factors such as breeding season may have a significant impact on neonatal morphometrics. We followed a total of 236 elective cesarean sections in Belgian Blue (BB) cows, from which neonatal calves were morphometrically assessed (in cm) within the first 72 h of delivery using a strictly standardized protocol. The effect of the season of birth on each calf measurement was analyzed using mixed linear regression models, including the farm of origin as a random effect. Calves born in spring had a longer diagonal length (69.7 ± 1.24; P = 0.05) than those born in autumn (66.9 ± 1.16). The tibial length of calves born in spring (35.8 ± 0.48) was longer (P < 0.02) than of those born in autumn (33.1 ± 0.57) or summer (34.1 ± 0.49). Calves born in autumn have a shorter head diameter (12.9 ± 0.23; P < 0.02) than those born in summer (12.6 ± 0.29) or winter (13.5 ± 0.22). For all other parameters, no differences were found (P > 0.08). Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the birth season influences the morphometrics of neonatal BB calves, with a tendency for spring to be associated with the largest body size. The latter is important to avoid dystocia when BB cattle are crossed with other breeds.

Age at First Gestation in Beef Heifers Affects Fetal and Postnatal Growth, Glucose Metabolism and IGF1 Concentration

Simple Summary

In cow-calf operations, replacement heifers are bred to calve at 2 years of age or older. However, as beef production has become more intensive during the last 20 years, an increasing number of farmers have lowered the age at first service. Numerous studies have focused on determining the optimum reproductive development of beef heifers to ensure a maximum pregnancy rate. Maternal age during gestation has been suggested to be an important influence on the nutritional environment for the embryo and fetal growth. No studies have been conducted to determine the possible effects of heifer age at first gestation on fetal and postnatal growth and development. This study aimed to determine the effects of age at first gestation on offspring growth performance, glucose metabolism and insulin-like growth factor 1 concentration from birth to weaning of calves from adult cows and heifers at 15 or 27 months of service. First-breed heifers produce lighter progeny at birth than mature cows, and calves from younger heifers were lighter at weaning than calves from older heifers. Milk production was similar between heifers and lower than that from adult cows. Age at first gestation may affect offspring postnatal growth performance, glucose metabolism and IGF1 concentration.

Abstract

This study aimed to determine the effects of age at first gestation on offspring growth performance, glucose metabolism, and IGF1 concentration. Heifers impregnated by AI from a single bull at 15 months of age (15 M, n = 20), or 27 months of age (27 M, n = 20), and multiparous cows (adult, n = 20) were used. Dams from all groups were managed in a single group during gestation and lactation. Gestational length was longer in the 15 M and 27 M than in adult dams (p = 0.009). Bodyweight at birth, at weaning and ADG during lactation were higher in calves from adult dams than in those from 27 M dams, and higher in calves from the latter than in 15 M calves (p < 0.001). Calves from 15 M dams had an increased head circumference/BW ratio compared to calves from 27 M dams, while calves from this latter group had an increased ratio compared to calves from adults (p = 0.005). Body mass index was greater in calves from adults than in those from 15 M and 27 M dams (p = 0.002). Milk production from 15 M and 27 M dams was similar but lower than that from adults (p = 0.03). Calves born from adult dams had greater blood glucose concentrations than those from 15 M and 27 M dams (p < 0.05). Serum IGF1 concentrations were higher in calves from adults than in calves from 15 M and 27 M dams (p = 0.01). This study showed that age at first gestation affects offspring postnatal growth performance, glucose metabolism and IGF1 concentration.

Calf and dam characteristics and calf transport age affect immunoglobulin titers and hematological parameters of veal calves

This study aimed to investigate effects of transport age of calves (14 vs. 28 d), and of calf and dam characteristics, on immunoglobulin titers and hematological variables of veal calves. Calves (n = 683) were transported to a veal farm at 14 or 28 d of age. Natural antibodies N-IgG, N-IgM, and N-IgA against phosphorylcholine conjugated to bovine serum albumin (PC-BSA) were measured in serum of the dams 1 wk before calving and in first colostrum. These antibodies were also measured in serum of calves 1 wk after birth, 1 d before transport, and in wk 2 and 10 posttransport at the veal farm. Hematological variables were assessed in calves 1 d before transport and in wk 2 posttransport. One day before transport, titers of N-IgG, N-IgM, N-IgA, and neutrophil counts were higher, and lymphocyte counts were lower in 14-d-old calves compared with 28-d-old calves. In wk 2 at the veal farm, calves transported at 14 d of age had higher N-IgG titers and neutrophil counts, but lower N-IgM and N-IgA titers, and lymphocyte counts than calves transported at 28 d. In wk 1 and 1 d before transport, N-Ig in calves were positively related to N-Ig in colostrum. In wk 2 and 10 at the veal farm, N-IgG in calves was positively related to N-IgG in colostrum. The N-IgG titers in calves at the dairy farm were negatively related to the likelihood of being individually treated with antibiotics or other medicines at the veal farm. Our results suggest that calves transported to the veal farm at 28 d of age showed a more advanced development of their adaptive immunity than calves transported at 14 d of age. Quality of colostrum might have long-term consequences for N-IgG titers and immunity in veal calves.

Factors affecting placental size in beef cattle: Maternal and fetal influences

Our objectives were to determine the effects of dam body condition score (BCS), age of dam, and calf sex on placental size and the relationships between dam body weight (BW) and calf size with placental size. Expelled placentas and calf size at birth were collected from crossbred beef heifers and cows during four experiments (n = 22 to 39/experiment). Placentas deemed complete by visual inspection were dissected; dry weights were determined for cotyledonary and intercotyledonary tissues. Mixed linear models were used to individually determine main effects of peripartum BCS category [Thin (<5), Moderate (=5), or Fleshy (≥6)], age of dam category [Primiparous (2 yr), Young (3-4 yr), or Mature (≥5 yr)], and calf sex on placental measures. Correlations were determined for placental characteristics with prepartum dam BW, gestation length, and calf size. Thin BCS dams had lower (P ≤ 0.05) cotyledonary, total placental, and average cotyledon weights and greater placental efficiency (calf birth BW/placental weight) than moderate and fleshy dams. Intercotyledonary weight was lower (P < 0.01) in thin BCS dams compared with fleshy dams. Thin and moderate BCS dams had smaller (P ≤ 0.04) calf birth BW than fleshy dams. Primiparous dams had lower (P ≤ 0.05) total placental and average cotyledon weights than young and mature dams, yet calf birth BW was unaffected (P = 0.17). Male calves were heavier (P = 0.01) than females, yet there were no differences (P ≥ 0.59) in placental weights. Calf birth BW and heart girth had moderate positive correlations (P < 0.01) and shoulder to rump length and abdominal girth had weak positive correlations (P < 0.01) with all placental weights. Dam prepartum BW and calf flank girth had moderate positive correlations (P < 0.01) with total placental weights and weak positive correlations (P < 0.01) with cotyledonary and average cotyledon weights. Intercotyledonary weight had moderate positive correlations (P < 0.01) with gestation length and calf flank girth and a weak positive correlation (P < 0.01) with dam prepartum BW. Gestation length had a weak positive correlation (P = 0.02) with total placental weight. Number of cotyledons was not correlated (P ≥ 0.28) with any dam or offspring characteristics. In conclusion, these data suggest that both maternal age and BCS affected placental size. Calf size at birth and placental weight were positively correlated, but it is still unknown which controls and signals for the growth of the other.

ADSA Foundation Scholar Award: New frontiers in calf and heifer nutrition-From conception to puberty

Dairy calf nutrition is traditionally one of the most overlooked aspects of dairy management, despite its large effect on the efficiency and profitability of dairy operations. Unfortunately, among all animals on the dairy farm, calves suffer from the highest rates of morbidity and mortality. These challenges have catalyzed calf nutrition research over the past decade to mitigate high incidences of disease and death, and improve animal health, growth, welfare, and industry sustainability. However, major knowledge gaps remain in several crucial stages of development. The purpose of this review is to summarize the key concepts of nutritional physiology and programming from conception to puberty and their subsequent effects on development of the calf, and ultimately, future performance. During fetal development, developmental plasticity is highest. At this time, maternal energy and protein consumption can influence fetal development, likely playing a critical role in calf and heifer development and, importantly, future production. After birth, the calf's first meal of colostrum is crucial for the transfer of immunoglobulin to support calf health and survival. However, colostrum also contains numerous bioactive proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates that may play key roles in calf growth and health. Extending the delivery of these bioactive compounds to the calf through a gradual transition from colostrum to milk (i.e., extended colostrum or transition milk feeding) may confer benefits in the first days and weeks of life to prepare the calf for the preweaning period. Similarly, optimal nutrition during the preweaning period is vital. Preweaning calves are highly susceptible to health challenges, and improved calf growth and health can positively influence future milk production. Throughout the world, the majority of dairy calves rely on milk replacer to supply adequate nutrition. Recent research has started to re-evaluate traditional formulations of milk replacers, which can differ significantly in composition compared with whole milk. Transitioning from a milk-based diet to solid feed is critical in the development of mature ruminants. Delaying weaning age and providing long and gradual step-down protocols have become common to avoid production and health challenges. Yet, determining how to appropriately balance the amount of energy and protein supplied in both liquid and solid feeds based on preweaning milk allowances, and further acknowledging their interactions, shows great promise in improving growth and health during weaning. After weaning and during the onset of puberty, heifers are traditionally offered high-forage diets. However, recent work suggests that an early switch to a high-forage diet will depress intake and development during the time when solid feed efficiency is greatest. It has become increasingly clear that there are great opportunities to advance our knowledge of calf nutrition; yet, a more concentrated and rigorous approach to research that encompasses the long-term consequences of nutritional regimens at each stage of life is required to ensure the sustainability and efficiency of the global dairy industry.

Association between heat stress during intrauterine development and the calving-to-conception and calving-to-first-service intervals in Holstein cows

Heat stress has been widely studied in relation to its effects on the production and reproduction of dairy cattle. However, the long-term effects of heat stress during intrauterine development on adult cows have been scarcely considered. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate possible changes in the reproductive performance of Holstein cows gestated under different values of the Temperature-Humidity Index (THI) during their intrauterine development. Data collected from a database of reproductive and productive records of 10,790 Holstein cows from the central region of Argentina and the THI data from the agrometeorological station of the Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) EEA Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina, were used. The gestation of the cows evaluated was divided into trimesters, in which the highest THI cycles (sum of three or more consecutive days of exposure to a THI ≥72 during each trimester) and number of days with a THI ≥ 72 were calculated. The calving-to-conception and calving-to-first-service intervals of the cows evaluated were considered as reproductive variables associated with their first lactation. Generalized Linear Mixed Models were used, considering the cow's dairy farm as a random factor within the model. The exposure of the animals to environments with a THI ≥72 during the first trimester of gestation had a negative impact on the reproductive efficiency parameters analyzed. The results obtained indicate that the exposure of pregnant females to high THI values has a long-term impact on their daughters, which may contribute to a decrease in their reproductive performance, possibly through inherited epigenetic characteristics that remain in later generations through fetal programming.

Association between age at first calving and lactation performance, lactation curve, calving interval, calf birth weight, and dystocia in Holstein dairy cows

In the present study, records on 115,291 heifers distributed in 113 herds were used to investigate the association between age at the first calving (AFC) and lactation performance, lactation curve, the length of the first calving interval (CI), calf birth weight (CBW), and the incidence of dystocia in Holstein heifers in Iran. Based on the AFC, the heifers were classified into eight classes: AFC of 541 to 690 d, 691 to 720 d, 721 to 750 d, 751 to 780 d, 781 to 810 d, 811 to 840 d, 841 to 900 d, and 901 to 1200 d (AFC1 to AFC8, respectively). Multiple regression mixed models were used to investigate the association between AFC and lactation curve parameters, partial and 305-d lactation performance, 100- and 305-d SCS, and the length of the first calving (CI) interval. The mean (SD) and median AFC across all heifers was 760.2 (74.01) and 750 d, respectively. Of 115,291 heifers included, 28,192 and 7,602 heifers were, respectively, ≤ 720 and > 900 d when calving for the first time. More than 44% of the heifers were at 691 to 750 d (23 to 25 months) of age when calving for the first time. An increased AFC was associated with increased partial and 305-d lactation performance, 100- and 305-d SCS, initial milk yield, milk production at the peak of lactation, upward and downward slopes of the lactation curve. The 305-d fat percentage was associated with AFC; however, there was no association between AFC and 305-d protein percentage. An increased AFC was also associated with decreased milk production persistency, delayed peak time, longer CI, and higher calf birth weight. Compared to heifers calving for the first time between 691 to 780 d (23 to 26 months) of age, both increasing and decreasing AFC were associated with increased risk of dystocia. Controlling AFC is an important management factor in achieving a lower risk of dystocia, higher lactation performance, lower SCS, and shorter length of the calving interval.

Transcriptional Profiles of Long Non-coding RNA and mRNA in Sheep Mammary Gland During Lactation Period

Sheep milk and related products have been growing in popularity around the world in recent years. However, the sheep milk industry is limited by low milk yield, and the molecular regulators of ovine lactation remain largely unknown. To investigate the transcriptomic basis of sheep lactation, RNA-Sequencing was used to explore the expression profiles of lncRNA and mRNA of the mammary gland in Hu sheep at three key time points during the lactation stage: 5 days before the expected date of parturition perinatal period (PP), 6 days after parturition early lactation (EL), and 25 days after parturition peak lactation (PL). A total of 1111, 688, and 54 differentially expressed (DE) lncRNAs as well as 1360, 660, and 17 DE mRNAs were detected in the EL vs PP, PL vs PP, and PL vs EL comparisons, respectively. Several prominent mRNAs (e.g., CSN1S1, CSN1S2, PAEP, CSN2, CSN3, and COL3A1) and lncRNAs (e.g., LNC_018483, LNC_005678, LNC_012936, and LNC_004856) were identified. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that several DE mRNAs and target genes of DE lncRNAs were involved in lactation-related pathways, such as MAPK, PPAR, and ECM-receptor interaction. This study enhances our understanding of how transcriptomic profiles change during the lactation period and pave the way for future studies examining sheep lactation.

Associations between maternal characteristics and health, survival, and performance of dairy heifers from birth through first lactation

The objective of this study was to investigate whether health, survival, and performance of dairy heifers from birth through first lactation are associated with parity and health status of their dams. Holstein heifers (n = 1,811) derived from artificial insemination were categorized as (1) daughters of primiparous cows that, consequently, were nonlactating heifers during gestation (Prim-NoL; n = 787); (2) daughters of multiparous cows that did not have any clinical diseases in the previous lactation (Mult-NoCD; n = 638); and (3) daughters of multiparous cows that had at least one clinical disease in the previous lactation (Mult-CD; n = 386). Clinical diseases of the multiparous dams included retained placenta, metritis, mastitis, lameness, and digestive and respiratory problems. Data collected for evaluation of daughters included genotypic and phenotypic characteristics at birth, morbidity, reproductive performance, and culling from birth through 305 d in milk of first lactation. Orthogonal contrasts were used to evaluate the effect of the parity of the dam (Prim-NoL vs. Mult-NoCD + Mult-CD) and the effect of clinical disease occurrence in the previous lactation among multiparous dams (Mult-NoCD vs. Mult-CD). Compared with daughters of multiparous cows, daughters of Prim-NoL were lighter at birth (36 vs. 41 kg), had greater genetic merit for production traits (e.g., genomic estimated breeding value for milk yield: 875 vs. 746 kg), were less likely to leave the herd (17 vs. 28%) and to lose pregnancy as a heifer (9 vs. 14%), calved earlier (703 vs. 711 d old), were less likely to have clinical diseases as a first lactation cow (30 vs. 37%), and had reduced performance in the first lactation when considering their genetic merit (e.g., 305-d yield of energy-corrected milk: 11,270 vs. 11,539 kg). Compared with daughters of Mult-NoCD, daughters of Mult-CD were less likely to have digestive problems as a heifer (17 vs. 27%) and clinical disease as a first lactation cow (32 vs. 42%), but were also more likely to leave the herd as a heifer (32 vs. 25%) even though genetic merit for production traits were similar (e.g., genomic estimated breeding value for milk: 744 vs. 749 kg). In conclusion, both parity and health status of the dam in the previous lactation were associated with morbidity, survival, and performance of their daughters from birth through 305 d in milk of the first lactation and might represent factors affecting developmental programming of dairy heifers in utero.

Pattern of milk yield and immunoglobulin concentration and factors associated with colostrum quality at the quarter level in dairy cows after parturition

First colostrum yield and constituents as well as milk yield during established lactation vary considerably among mammary quarters in dairy cows. However, data on the development of milk yield, IgG concentration, and their distribution per quarter within cows during the first milkings after calving are scarce. We analyzed milk production and IgG concentration at the individual quarter level in 29 multiparous Holstein cows during the first 5 milkings after calving. Cow- and calf-related factors (time interval between calving and first milking, parity number, previous lactation yield, gestation length, dry period length, sex, and birth weight of the calf) potentially affecting first colostrum quality and quantity were assessed. Milking of first colostrum was carried out between 30 and 180 min after parturition. Further milkings were performed twice daily. Quarter milk yield varied between 0.1 and 5.5 kg at the first milking and between 1.4 and 5.1 kg at the fifth milking relative to parturition. Quarter IgG concentration ranged between 18.8 and 106.0 mg/mL at the first milking and between 0.8 and 46.1 mg/mL at the fifth milking. Distribution of milk yield and IgG concentration among quarters was not entirely repeatable during the first 5 successive milkings after parturition; that is, the ranking of quarters changed (intraclass correlation coefficients for quarter milk yield and IgG concentration: 0.64 and 0.79, respectively). The average hourly milk production increased in all quarters, ranging from 0.02 to 0.26 kg/h between the first 2 milkings up to 0.11 to 0.45 kg/h between the fourth and fifth milkings. First colostrum yield was not affected by any of the evaluated cow- and calf-related factors. Quarter colostrum IgG concentration was higher in cows with a higher previous lactation yield, whereas a lower colostrum IgG content was observed in cows with a longer gestation period and consequently heavier calves. In conclusion, milk yield and IgG concentration of individual quarters varied considerably, and their distribution among quarters within cows was moderately repeatable in consecutive milkings and changed partially over time. The decline of IgG concentration was independent of the concomitant increase in milk secretion, with changes occurring at different rates in individual quarters. Our results confirm the independence of the single mammary quarters at the onset of lactation despite an identical exposure to endocrine stimuli.

Maternal Metabolic Demands Caused by Pregnancy and Lactation: Association with Productivity and Offspring Phenotype in High-Yielding Dairy Ewes

Simple Summary

This study assessed the effects of metabolic load imposed by pregnancy and lactation on productivity and offspring performance in high-yielding dairy sheep. Productivity was assessed in terms of offspring and maternal milk yield, metabolic profile, and body condition. Our results show that maternal productivity and lamb body weight and growth are not compromised by pregnancy and lactation because dairy sheep, when appropriately managed, seem to be able to cover metabolic demands of pregnancy and high milk production without losing productivity.

Abstract

Pregnancy and lactation, especially when concurrent, create a rather metabolically demanding situation in dairy ruminants, but little is known about their effects on offspring phenotype and milk yield. Here, we evaluated the impact of pregnancy and lactation on the metabolic traits and productive performance of Lacaune dairy sheep and their offspring. Productive performance was measured in terms of milk yield, body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), and size. Productivity was assessed during mid-pregnancy (75 ± 5 d) and late pregnancy (142 ± 4 d) and at 52 ± 5 d in the postpartum period. During pregnancy, high-yielding ewes had higher BW, BCS, plasma glucose, cholesterol, β-OHB, and NEFA than low-yielding ewes, but lower levels of lactate and urea. High-yielding animals had lower BCS after lambing, but their lambs showed greater growth. Productivity during lactation was affected by ewe age and parity: Mature ewes (but not maiden sheep) whose BCS increased steeply during pregnancy yielded more milk in the subsequent lactation than those whose BCS did not increase. Lamb BW and size were positively associated with milk yield in the subsequent lactation. Mature ewes had higher yields than maiden sheep, and mature ewes with multiple pregnancies produced more milk than those with singleton pregnancies. Ewes with male singleton pregnancies also showed higher yield than those with female singletons. These results demonstrate that high-yielding dairy sheep, when appropriately fed and managed, can adequately cover the metabolic demands of pregnancy and high milk production (even when concurrent) without losing productivity.

Effects of intrauterine infusion of seminal plasma at artificial insemination on fertility of lactating Holstein cows

An inflammatory response is induced in the reproductive tract by deposition of semen during natural mating. This response might facilitate establishment and maintenance of pregnancy and alter the phenotype of the offspring by modifying the microenvironment of the reproductive tract. Here, we hypothesized that intrauterine infusion of 0.5 mL of seminal plasma at the time of artificial insemination (AI) in first-service lactating Holstein cows will improve pregnancy success after insemination. Cows were inseminated (511 primiparous cows inseminated with X-sorted semen, 554 multiparous cows inseminated with X-sorted semen, and 627 multiparous cows inseminated with conventional semen) using the Double-Ovsynch protocol. Cows were randomly assigned to receive intrauterine infusion of either 0.5 mL of seminal plasma or saline immediately after AI. There was no overall effect of seminal plasma infusion on the percentage of inseminated cows diagnosed pregnant at d 32 or 60 after AI, pregnancy loss, or percent of inseminated cows calving. If cows were inseminated with conventional semen, seminal plasma reduced pregnancies at d 32 and tended to reduce calvings. There was no effect of seminal plasma if cows were inseminated with X-sorted semen. Seminal plasma infusion increased the birth weight of heifer calves born using X-sorted semen but not conventional semen. These results do not support a beneficial effect of seminal plasma on pregnancy success after AI, but exposure to seminal plasma may program fetal development to affect phenotype at birth.

Epidemiological evidence for metabolic programming in dairy cattle

In humans, there is evidence that metabolic diseases occurring in later life arise in utero as a result of programming of key endocrine systems during suboptimal intrauterine conditions. The process by which prenatal insults lead to permanent changes in tissue structure and function, and finally to low birthweight (BW), is known as developmental programming. Poor nutrition, environmental temperature, oxygen availability and overnutrition all have been shown to significantly affect intrauterine development. Because the placenta is the organ for communication between mother and fetus, placental insufficiency invariably affects embryonic development and health in later life. In order to optimise their income, dairy farmers inseminate their nulliparous heifers at adolescent age, and subsequently strive for calving intervals not longer than 380 days. Hence, heifers are still growing and multiparous animals are still yielding large quantities of milk while pregnant. Dairy cows heavily selected for milk yield have specific endocrinological characteristics, like low peripheral insulin levels and low peripheral insulin sensitivity, both contributing to safeguard glucose for milk production. The reverse of this advanced selection is the high incidence of a wide range of metabolic diseases. Evidence from epidemiological studies is now available demonstrating that milk yield during gestation and environmental factors, such as season of pregnancy and parturition, affect both the size and the intermediary metabolism of the neonatal calf. The latter suggests that further optimisation in terms of production, reproduction, general health and longevity in the dairy sector may be feasible by taking into account environmental factors occurring during pregnancy.

Lactational challenges in transition dairy cows

Lactation evolved to be the core functional system of providing maternal care in mammalian species. The mammary gland provides an ideally composed nutrient source for the newborn. In addition, colostrum provides passive immunisation after birth, and each suckling process supports the establishment and maintenance of a close mother–offspring bonding. The importance of lactation for the survival of the offspring is represented by a high metabolic priority of the mammary gland within the organism of the lactating animal. Therefore, animal breeding for high milk production has been quite successful, and modern breeding methods have allowed an enormous increase in the performance within only few generations of cows. Mainly in early lactation, most of the available nutrients are directed to the mammary gland, both those from feed, and those mobilised from body tissue. Therefore, milk production can be maintained at a high level despite a negative energy balance. However, the high metabolic load and mobilisation of body tissue requires adequate endocrine and metabolic regulation, which can be successful or less successful in individual animals, i.e. the dairy cow population consists of both metabolically robust and metabolically vulnerable dairy cows. While robust animals adapt adequately, vulnerable cows show often high plasma concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate, and are prone to various production-related diseases. In pasture- or forage-based feeding systems, an additional challenge is a limited availability of nutrients for milk production. Forage feeding without complementary concentrate leads to enormous metabolic disorders in high-yielding cows, but is tolerated in dairy cows with a moderate genetic-performance level.

Environmental and maternal factors associated with gross placental morphology in dairy cattle

This article reports on a study of gross placental morphology of 282 expelled placentas from 89 primi- and 193 multiparous Holstein dams immediately after calving and examines associations with environmental factors such as typical herd features and season of calving, and maternal factors such as age at calving, level of milk yield at conception and cumulative amount of milk produced during gestation. The highest correlation between calf measurements and placental characteristics was found between the weight of the calf and the total cotyledonary surface (r = .643; p < .001), confirming the high importance of the cotyledonary surface available for nutrient transfer to the developing foetus. Younger age in adolescent and smaller heart girth in multiparous dams were associated with a higher cotyledon number, suggesting placental compensation in dams with lower capacities in terms of dry matter intake. No significant association between milk yield during gestation in multiparous animals and gross placental morphometrics could be detected, indicating that factors such as the amount of milk produced during gestation affect placental development less than foetal weight close to term. Therefore, placental growth may be sustained at the expense of other tissues in an attempt to maintain pregnancy and minimize the adverse consequences for the foetus. This study offers evidence concerning factors affecting the placental surface size for nutrient transfer from dam to calf in dairy cattle based on gross morphometrics, but needs confirmation from studies in which this surface size is more profoundly assessed by measuring the branches present in the cotyledonary villi.

Risk factors associated with dystocia in a tie stall dairy herd

The aims of the study were to: (1) investigate factors affecting calf birth weight (CBW) and gestation length (GL); and (2) determine risk factors associated with dystocia in 1019 Holstein heifers and cows in a tie stall dairy herd. Calf sex (CS), sire, and GL were related to CBW in primiparous and multiparous cows, with no significant effect of season, age of primiparous cows (AGE) or days in milk (DIM) of multiparous cows at conception. Gestation length was affected by CS in primiparous, with a shorter GL for female versus male calves (275.7 ± 0.5 vs. 278.3 ± 0.4; P < 0.001). Also, GL was shorter in multiparous cows that calved during the cold season compared to those that calved in mild or warm seasons. Primiparous cows had a higher prevalence of dystocia compared to multiparous cows (32.1 vs. 8.5%; P < 0.001), but it was highly variable depending on sire (24.4%–60.0% for primiparous and 0%–21.1% for multiparous). In conclusion, CS, sire, and GL were related to CBW, whereas GL was affected by CS in primiparous and season in multiparous. The CBW was the major factor affecting dystocia in primiparous cows, whereas sire and twin pregnancies were factors related to dystocia in both primiparous and multiparous cows.

Influence of selected feed supplements on the growth and health of calves depending on the sex, season of birth, and number of the dam’s lactations

The aim of this study was to prove the hypothesis that the growth and health of calves are dependent on feed supplements with an antidiarrhoeic effect, in relation to sex, season of birth, and number of the dam’s lactations. A total of 186 calves were included in the experiment. After birth the calves were divided into three treatment groups:Ascophyllum nodosum(brown seaweed hydrolyzate, prebiotics),Lactobacillus sporogenes(probiotics), and the control group. All calves were weighed within two h after birth. The growth and health were investigated from the birth to the fourth week of age. Compared to the control, a significant effect of applied feed supplements was found in theLactobacillus sporogenesgroup in the body weight at 28 days of life (P< 0.01) and in the average daily gains (P< 0.001). Differences between sexes were found in the body weight at birth (P< 0.001) and in the body weight at 28 days of life (P< 0.01). The effect of the season of birth was recorded in the average daily gains (P< 0.01). The effect of the number of the dam’s lactations on calf was proved in body weights at birth and 28 days of life (P< 0.01). The interaction between treatment and sex (P< 0.05), and between treatment and season of birth (P< 0.01) were calculated in the average daily gains. We concluded from the analysis that only the use ofLactobacillus sporogeneshad a positive influence on increasing the growth. Neither of the two supplements had a positive impact on the health of calves.