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Ma J, Kok A, Burgers EEA, Bruckmaier RM, Goselink RMA, Gross JJ, Kemp B, Lam TJGM, Minuti A, Saccenti E, Trevisi E, Vossebeld F, Van Knegsel ATM. Time profiles of energy balance in dairy cows in association with metabolic status, inflammatory status, and disease. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00977-9. [PMID: 38969001 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-24680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
The early lactation period in dairy cows is characterized by complex interactions among energy balance (EB), disease, and alterations in metabolic and inflammatory status. The objective of this study was to cluster cows based on EB time profiles in early lactation and investigate the association between EB clusters and inflammatory status, metabolic status, oxidative stress, and disease. Holstein-Friesian dairy cows (n = 153) were selected and monitored for disease treatments during wk 1 to 6 in lactation. Weekly EB was calculated based on energy intake and energy requirements for maintenance and milk yield in wk 1 to 6 in lactation. Weekly plasma samples were analyzed for metabolic variables in wk 1 to 6, and inflammatory and oxidative stress variables in wk 1, 2, and 4 in lactation. Liver activity index (LAI) was computed from plasma albumin, cholesterol, and retino-binding protein concentration. First, cows were clustered based on time profiles of EB, resulting in 4 clusters (SP: stable positive; MN: mild negative; IN: intermediate negative; SN: severe negative). Cows in the SN cluster had higher plasma nonesterified fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations, compared with cows in the SP cluster, with the MN and IN cluster being intermediate. Cows in the SN cluster had a higher milk yield, lower dry matter intake in wk 1, lower insulin concentration compared with cows in the SP cluster, and lower glucose and IGF-1 concentration compared with cows in the SP and MN clusters. Energy balance clusters were not related with plasma haptoglobin, cholesterol, albumin, paraoxonase, and liver activity index (LAI). Second, cows were grouped based on health status [IHP: cows with treatment for inflammatory health problem (endometritis, fever, clinical mastitis, vaginal discharge or retained placenta); OHP: cows with no IHP but treatment for other health problem (milk fever, cystic ovaries, claw, and leg problems, rumen and intestine problems or other diseases); NHP: cows with no treatments, in the first 6 weeks after calving]. Energy balance was not different among health status groups. The IHP cows had lower nonesterified fatty acids and greater insulin concentration in plasma compared with OHP. The IHP cows had lower plasma albumin concentration, lower LAI and higher haptoglobin concentration compared with OHP and NHP. Overall, EB time profiles were associated with the metabolic status of dairy cows in early lactation, but were only limitedly related with markers of inflammation and oxidative stress status. Inflammatory and metabolic status were related to disease events in early lactation and caused prolonged effects on liver metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ma
- Adaptation Physiology group, Wageningen University & Research, the Netherlands
| | - A Kok
- Adaptation Physiology group, Wageningen University & Research, the Netherlands
| | - E E A Burgers
- Adaptation Physiology group, Wageningen University & Research, the Netherlands; Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, the Netherlands
| | - R M Bruckmaier
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - R M A Goselink
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, the Netherlands
| | - J J Gross
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - B Kemp
- Adaptation Physiology group, Wageningen University & Research, the Netherlands
| | - T J G M Lam
- Department Population Health Sciences, Utrecht University and Royal GD Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - A Minuti
- Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Science, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - E Saccenti
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, the Netherlands
| | - E Trevisi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Science, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - F Vossebeld
- Adaptation Physiology group, Wageningen University & Research, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, the Netherlands
| | - A T M Van Knegsel
- Adaptation Physiology group, Wageningen University & Research, the Netherlands.
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2
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Salamone M, Adriaens I, Liseune A, Heirbaut S, Jing XP, Fievez V, Vandaele L, Opsomer G, Hostens M, Aernouts B. Milk yield residuals and their link with the metabolic status of dairy cows in the transition period. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:317-330. [PMID: 37678771 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The transition period is one of the most challenging periods in the lactation cycle of high-yielding dairy cows. It is commonly known to be associated with diminished animal welfare and economic performance of dairy farms. The development of data-driven health monitoring tools based on on-farm available milk yield development has shown potential in identifying health-perturbing events. As proof of principle, we explored the association of these milk yield residuals with the metabolic status of cows during the transition period. Over 2 yr, 117 transition periods from 99 multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows were monitored intensively. Pre- and postpartum dry matter intake was measured and blood samples were taken at regular intervals to determine β-hydroxybutyrate, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), insulin, glucose, fructosamine, and IGF1 concentrations. The expected milk yield in the current transition period was predicted with 2 previously developed models (nextMILK and SLMYP) using low-frequency test-day (TD) data and high-frequency milk meter (MM) data from the animal's previous lactation, respectively. The expected milk yield was subtracted from the actual production to calculate the milk yield residuals in the transition period (MRT) for both TD and MM data, yielding MRTTD and MRTMM. When the MRT is negative, the realized milk yield is lower than the predicted milk yield, in contrast, when positive, the realized milk yield exceeded the predicted milk yield. First, blood plasma analytes, dry matter intake, and MRT were compared between clinically diseased and nonclinically diseased transitions. MRTTD and MRTMM, postpartum dry matter intake and IGF1 were significantly lower for clinically diseased versus nonclinically diseased transitions, whereas β-hydroxybutyrate and NEFA concentrations were significantly higher. Next, linear models were used to link the MRTTD and MRTMM of the nonclinically diseased cows with the dry matter intake measurements and blood plasma analytes. After variable selection, a final model was constructed for MRTTD and MRTMM, resulting in an adjusted R2 of 0.47 and 0.73, respectively. While both final models were not identical the retained variables were similar and yielded comparable importance and direction. In summary, the most informative variables in these linear models were the dry matter intake postpartum and the lactation number. Moreover, in both models, lower and thus also more negative MRT were linked with lower dry matter intake and increasing lactation number. In the case of an increasing dry matter intake, MRTTD was positively associated with NEFA concentrations. Furthermore, IGF1, glucose, and insulin explained a significant part of the MRT. Results of the present study suggest that milk yield residuals at the start of a new lactation are indicative of the health and metabolic status of transitioning dairy cows in support of the development of a health monitoring tool. Future field studies including a higher number of cows from multiple herds are needed to validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Salamone
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Department of Biosystems, Division of Animal and Human Health Engineering, Campus Geel, KU Leuven, 2440 Geel, Belgium.
| | - I Adriaens
- Department of Biosystems, Division of Animal and Human Health Engineering, Campus Geel, KU Leuven, 2440 Geel, Belgium; KERMIT, Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical Modelling, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - A Liseune
- Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - S Heirbaut
- Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - X P Jing
- Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - V Fievez
- Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - L Vandaele
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - G Opsomer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - M Hostens
- Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Population Health Sciences, Division of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - B Aernouts
- Department of Biosystems, Division of Animal and Human Health Engineering, Campus Geel, KU Leuven, 2440 Geel, Belgium
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Zhang MQ, Heirbaut S, Jing XP, Stefańska B, Vandaele L, De Neve N, Fievez V. Transition cow clusters with distinctive antioxidant ability and their relation to performance and metabolic status in early lactation. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:5723-5739. [PMID: 37331874 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic and oxidative stress have been characterized as risk factors during the transition period from pregnancy to lactation. Although mutual relations between both types of stress have been suggested, they rarely have been studied concomitantly. For this, a total of 99 individual transition dairy cows (117 cases, 18 cows sampled during 2 consecutive lactations) were included in this experiment. Blood samples were taken at -7, 3, 6, 9, and 21 d relative to calving and concentrations of metabolic parameters (glucose, β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA), nonesterified fatty acids, insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1, and fructosamine) were determined. In the blood samples of d 21, biochemical profiles related to liver function and parameters related to oxidative status were determined. First, cases were allocated to 2 different BHBA groups (ketotic vs. nonketotic, N:n = 20:33) consisting of animals with an average postpartum BHBA concentration and at least 2 out of 4 postpartum sampling points exceeding 1.2 mmol/L or remaining below 0.8 mmol/L, respectively. Second, oxidative parameters [proportion of oxidized glutathione to total glutathione in red blood cells (%)], activity of glutathione peroxidase, and of superoxide dismutase, concentrations of malondialdehyde and oxygen radical absorbance capacity were used to perform a fuzzy C-means clustering. From this, 2 groups were obtained [i.e., lower antioxidant ability (LAA80%, n = 31) and higher antioxidant ability (HAA80%, n = 19)], with 80% referring to the cutoff value for cluster membership. Increased concentrations of malondialdehyde, decreased superoxide dismutase activity, and impaired oxygen radical absorbance capacity were observed in the ketotic group compared with the nonketotic group, and inversely, the LAA80% group showed increased concentrations of BHBA. In addition, the concentration of aspartate transaminase was higher in the LAA80% group compared with the HAA80% group. Both the ketotic and LAA80% groups showed lower dry matter intake. However, a lower milk yield was observed in the LAA80% group but not in the ketotic group. Only 1 out of 19 (5.3%) and 3 out of 31 (9.7%) cases from the HAA80% and LAA80% clusters belong to the ketotic and nonketotic group, respectively. These findings suggested that dairy cows vary in oxidative status at the beginning of the lactation, and fuzzy C-means clustering allows to classify observations with distinctive oxidative status. Dairy cows with higher antioxidant capacity in early lactation rarely develop ketosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Q Zhang
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - S Heirbaut
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - X P Jing
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium; State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-Ecosystems, International Centre for Tibetan Plateau Ecosystem Management, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - B Stefańska
- Department of Grassland and Natural Landscape Sciences, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-632 Poznań, Poland
| | - L Vandaele
- Animal Sciences Unit, ILVO, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - N De Neve
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - V Fievez
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
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Girma M, van Knegsel ATM, Heirbaut S, Vandaele L, Jing XP, Stefańska B, Fievez V. Prediction of metabolic status of dairy cows in early lactation using milk fatty acids and test-day variables. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:4275-4290. [PMID: 37164846 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Early lactation metabolic imbalance is an important physiological change affecting the health, production, and reproduction of dairy cows. The aims of this study were (1) to evaluate the potential of test-day (TD) variables with or without milk fatty acids (FA) content to classify metabolically imbalanced cows and (2) to evaluate the robustness of the metabolic classification with external data. A data set was compiled from 3 experiments containing plasma β-hydroxybutyrate, nonesterified FA, glucose, insulin-like growth factor-I, FA proportions in milk fat, and TD variables collected from 244 lactations in wk 2 after calving. Based on the plasma metabolites, 3 metabolic clusters were identified using fuzzy c-means clustering and the probabilistic membership value of each cow to the 3 clusters was determined. Comparing the mean concentration of the plasma metabolites, the clusters were differentiated into metabolically imbalanced, moderately impacted, and balanced. Following this, the 2 metabolic status groups identified were imbalanced cows (n = 42), which were separated from what we refer to as "others" (n = 202) based on the membership value of each cow for the imbalanced cluster using a threshold of 0.5. The following 2 FA data sets were composed: (1) FA (groups) having high prediction accuracy by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and, thus, have practical significance, and (2) FA (groups) formerly identified as associated with metabolic changes in early lactation. Metabolic status prediction models were built using FA alone or combined with TD variables as predictors of metabolic groups. Comparison was made among models and external evaluations were performed using an independent data set of 115 lactations. The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve of the models was between 75 and 91%, indicating their moderate to high accuracy as a diagnostic test for metabolic imbalance. The addition of FA groups to the TD models enhanced the accuracy of the models. Models with FA and TD variables showed high sensitivities (80-88%). Specificities of these models (73-79%) were also moderate and acceptable. The accuracy of the FA models on the external data set was high (area under the receiver operating characteristics curve between 76 and 84). The persistently good performance of models with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy-quantifiable FA on the external data set showed their robustness and potential for routine screening of metabolically imbalanced cows in early lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muluken Girma
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Gent, Belgium; Department of Animal Science, Wollo University, PO Box, 1145, Dessie, Ethiopia.
| | - A T M van Knegsel
- Adaptation Physiology group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - S Heirbaut
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - L Vandaele
- ILVO, Scheldeweg 68, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - X P Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-Ecosystems, International Centre for Tibetan Plateau Ecosystem Management, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - B Stefańska
- Department of Grassland and Natural Landscape Sciences, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11 Street, 60-632 Poznań, Poland
| | - V Fievez
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Gent, Belgium
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Dairy Cows Are Limited in Their Ability to Increase Glucose Availability for Immune Function during Disease. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13061034. [PMID: 36978575 PMCID: PMC10044555 DOI: 10.3390/ani13061034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Shortages of energy and glucose have been hypothesized to play a key role in the development of and responses to production diseases in dairy cows during early lactation. Given the importance of glucose for immune functions, we used a recently established method for the estimation of glucose balance (GB) to evaluate glucose availability during disease phases. A dataset comprising ration analyses as well as individual daily milk yields (MY), dry matter intake (DMI), body weights, and health records of 417 lactations (298 cows) was used to calculate individual daily GB and energy balance (EB). The magnitude and dynamics of MY, DMI, GB, and EB were evaluated in the weeks before, at, and after diagnoses of inflammatory diseases in different stages of early lactation from week in milk 1 to 15. Diagnoses were categorized as mastitis, claw and leg diseases, and other inflammatory diseases. Mixed linear models with a random intercept and slope term for each lactation were used to evaluate the effect of diagnosis on MY, DMI, GB, and EB while accounting for the background effects of week in milk, parity, season, and year. When unaffected by disease, in general, the GB of cows was close to zero in the first weeks of lactation and increased as lactation progressed. Weekly means of EB were negative throughout all lactation stages investigated. Disease decreased both the input of glucose precursors due to a reduced DMI as well as the output of glucose via milk due to a reduced MY. On average, the decrease in DMI was −1.5 (−1.9 to −1.1) kg and was proportionally higher than the decrease in MY, which averaged −1.0 (−1.4 to −0.6) kg. Mastitis reduced yield less than claw and leg disease or other diseases. On average, GB and EB were reduced by −3.8 (−5.6 to −2.1) mol C and −7.5 (−10.2 to −4.9) MJ in the week of diagnosis. This indicates the need to investigate strategies to increase the availability of glucogenic carbon for immune function during disease in dairy cows.
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Abstract
A herd-based approach and interpretative perspective is necessary in using metabolic profile testing in contrast to individual animal disease diagnostics. Metabolic profile testing requires formulating a question to be answered, followed by the appropriate selection of animals for testing. A range of blood analytes and nutrients can be determined with newer biomarkers being developed. Sample collection and handling and herd-based reference criteria adjusted to time relative to parturition are critical for interpretation. The objective of this article is to review the concepts and practical applications of metabolic profile testing in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Van Saun
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, 108 C Animal, Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Building, University Park, PA 16802-3500, USA.
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Ghaffari MH, Sadri H, Sauerwein H. Invited review: Assessment of body condition score and body fat reserves in relation to insulin sensitivity and metabolic phenotyping in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:807-821. [PMID: 36460514 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to review body condition scoring and the role of body fat reserves in relation to insulin sensitivity and metabolic phenotyping. This article summarizes body condition scoring assessment methods and the differences between subcutaneous and visceral fat depots in dairy cows. The mass of subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue (AT) changes significantly during the transition period; however, metabolism and intensity of lipolysis differ between subcutaneous and visceral AT depots of dairy cows. The majority of studies on AT have focused on subcutaneous AT, and few have explored visceral AT using noninvasive methods. In this systematic review, we summarize the relationship between body fat reserves and insulin sensitivity and integrate omics research (e.g., metabolomics, proteomics, lipidomics) for metabolic phenotyping of cows, particularly overconditioned cows. Several studies have shown that AT insulin resistance develops during the prepartum period, especially in overconditioned cows. We discuss the role of AT lipolysis, fatty acid oxidation, mitochondrial function, acylcarnitines, and lipid insulin antagonists, including ceramide and glycerophospholipids, in cows with different body condition scoring. Nonoptimal body conditions (under- or overconditioned cows) exhibit marked abnormalities in metabolic and endocrine function. Overall, reducing the number of cows with nonoptimal body conditions in herds seems to be the most practical solution to improve profitability, and dairy farmers should adjust their management practices accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Ghaffari
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology Unit, University of Bonn, 53111 Bonn, Germany.
| | - H Sadri
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, 5166616471 Tabriz, Iran
| | - H Sauerwein
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology Unit, University of Bonn, 53111 Bonn, Germany
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Salamone M, Adriaens I, Vervaet A, Opsomer G, Atashi H, Fievez V, Aernouts B, Hostens M. Prediction of first test day milk yield using historical records in dairy cows. Animal 2022; 16:100658. [DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2022.100658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Heirbaut S, Jing X, Stefańska B, Pruszyńska-Oszmałek E, Buysse L, Lutakome P, Zhang M, Thys M, Vandaele L, Fievez V. Diagnostic milk biomarkers for predicting the metabolic health status of dairy cattle during early lactation. J Dairy Sci 2022; 106:690-702. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Orquera-Arguero KG, Villalba D, Blanco M, Ferrer J, Casasús I. Modelling beef cows' individual response to short nutrient restriction in different lactation stages. Animal 2022; 16:100619. [PMID: 35964479 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2022.100619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-term nutrient restrictions can occur naturally in extensive beef cattle production systems due to low feed quality or availability. The aims of the study were to (1) model the curves of milk yield, plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) contents of beef cows in response to short nutritional challenges throughout lactation; (2) identify clusters of cows with different response profiles; (3) quantify differences in cows' response between the clusters and lactation stages. Data of BW, body condition score (BCS), milk yield, NEFA, and BHB plasma concentration from 31 adult beef cows (626 ± 48 kg at calving) were used to study the effect of 4-day feed restriction repeated over months 2, 3 and 4 of lactation. On each month, all cows received a single diet calculated to meet the requirements of the average cow: 100 % requirements for 4 days (d-4 to d-1, basal period), 55 % requirements on the next 4 days (d0 to d3, restriction period) and 100 % requirements for 4 days (d4 to d7, refeeding period). Natural cubic splines were used to model the response of milk yield, NEFA and BHB to restriction and refeeding in the 3 months. The new response variables [baseline value, peak value, days to peak and to regain baseline, and areas under the curve (AUC) during restriction and refeeding] were used to cluster cows according to their metabolic response (MR) into two groups: Low MR and High MR. The month of lactation affected all the traits, and basal values decreased as lactation advanced. Cows from both clusters had similar BW and BCS values, but those in the High MR cluster had higher basal milk yield, NEFA and BHB contents, and responded more intensely to restriction, with more marked peaks and AUCs. Reaction times were similar, and baseline values recovered during refeeding in both clusters. Our results suggest that the response was driven by cows' milk potential rather than size or body reserves, and despite high-responding cattle's higher milk yield, they were able to activate metabolic pathways to respond to and recover from the challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G Orquera-Arguero
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avda. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - D Villalba
- Departament de Ciència Animal, Universitat de Lleida, Avinguda Alcalde Rovira Roure 191,25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - M Blanco
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avda. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - J Ferrer
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avda. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - I Casasús
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avda. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain.
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Franceschini S, Grelet C, Leblois J, Gengler N, Soyeurt H. Can unsupervised learning methods applied to milk recording big data provide new insights into dairy cow health? J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:6760-6772. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-21975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Vossebeld F, van Knegsel A, Saccenti E. Phenotyping metabolic status of dairy cows using clustering of time profiles of energy balance peripartum. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:4565-4580. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Danesh Mesgaran M, Kargar H, Danesh Mesgaran S, Javadmanesh A. Peripartal Rumen-Protected L-Carnitine Manipulates the Productive and Blood Metabolic Responses in High-Producing Holstein Dairy Cows. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:769837. [PMID: 35004923 PMCID: PMC8739927 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.769837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to monitor the effect of including rumen-protected L-carnitine (Carneon 20 Rumin-Pro, Kaesler Nutrition GmbH, Cuxhaven, Germany) in the transition diet on the productive and metabolic responses of multiparous high-producing Holstein dairy cows. Thirty-two multiparous cows were allocated in a completely randomized design to receive the same diet plus 60 g fat prill containing 85% palmitic acid (control, n = 16) or 100 g rumen-protected L-carnitine (RLC, n = 16); at 28 days before expected calving until 28 days in milk (DIM). Fat prill was included in the control diet to balance the palmitic acid content of both experimental diets. Milk production over the 28 DIM for the control and RLC groups was 46.5 and 47.7 kg, respectively. Milk fat content tended to increase upon rumen-protected L-carnitine inclusion (p = 0.1). Cows fed rumen-protected L-carnitine had higher fat- and energy-corrected milk compared with the control group. Pre- and post-partum administration of L-carnitine decreased both high- and low-density lipoprotein concentrations in peripheral blood of post-partum cows. The results of this study indicated that the concentration of triglycerides and beta-hydroxybutyrate was not significantly different between the groups, whereas the blood non-esterified fatty acid concentration was markedly decreased in cows supplemented with L-carnitine. Animals in the RLC group had a significant (p < 0.05) lower blood haptoglobin concentration at 7 and 14 DIM than the control. Animals in the RLC group had a lower concentration of blood enzymes than those of the control group. The mRNA abundance of Toll-like receptors 4, cluster of differentiation 14, and myeloid differential protein 2 did not significantly change upon the supplementation of L-carnitine in the transition diet. In summary, the dietary inclusion of RLC improved dairy cow's performance during the early lactation period. Greater production, at least in part, is driven by improved energy utilization efficiency and enhanced metabolic status in animals during the periparturient period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Danesh Mesgaran
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hassan Kargar
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Ali Javadmanesh
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.,Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Research Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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Changes in the Spectrum of Free Fatty Acids in Blood Serum of Dairy Cows during a Prolonged Summer Heat Wave. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123391. [PMID: 34944168 PMCID: PMC8698168 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Heat stress leads to poor welfare, decreased productivity, and poor product quality. It is known that the content of fatty acids in the blood can reflect the physiological state of the body under normal and pathological conditions. They can be biomarkers for the state of biomembranes associated with inflammation and indicate the state of energy imbalance during chronic heat stress. They perform various functions in the body; therefore, the determination of the spectrum of free fatty acids can be used as biomarkers of these processes. The changes in the spectrum of free fatty acids in the blood serum of dairy cows revealed in our study will make it possible to better understand the physiological state of the organism and possibly indicate ways to maintain the health and milk productivity of animals under conditions of prolonged hyperthermia. Abstract This experiment was conducted to study the effect of a prolonged hot period on the fatty acid (FA) composition in blood serum of dairy cows. Eighteen multiparous Holstein cows were randomly assigned to the hyperthermia group (HYP, n = 8) in August (summer season) and the control group (CON, n = 10) in October (autumn season). Blood from animals of the HYP group was collected in one heat wave, which was preceded by a long period of heat stress (HS, temperature-humidity index (THI ≥ 72)). Blood from cows of the CON group was collected under thermal comfort conditions (THI < 68). The spectrum of free fatty acids (FFA) in the blood serum was analyzed by gas chromatography. The concentration of FFA increased, including saturated FAs and monounsaturated FAs, in the blood serum of cows under conditions of prolonged HS. This was associated with the mobilization of FA into the bloodstream from adipose tissue, as a consequence of negative energy balance. An increase in the ratio of n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated FAs may indicate biomembrane dysfunction and adversely affect dairy cows. This study showed that prolonged periods of heat can affect the FA composition of blood. How much this leads to changes in the FA composition of milk and the quality of food products remains to be seen in further research.
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Mollo A, Agazzi A, Prandi A, Fusi J, De Amicis I, Probo M. Metabolic and production parameters of dairy cows with different dry period lengths and parities. Acta Vet Hung 2021; 69:354-362. [PMID: 34792484 DOI: 10.1556/004.2021.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To assess the effects of dry period (DP) length on metabolic, reproductive, and productive parameters, second- (SP) and third- (TP) parity cows were assigned to a traditional (9 weeks, T) or short (5 weeks, S) DP, obtaining four subgroups: second-parity cows with traditional (SPT = 8) and short (SPS = 8) DP, third-parity cows with traditional (TPT = 8) and short (TPS = 10) DP. Plasma insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels were assessed from 5 weeks before to 14 weeks after parturition. IGF-I concentrations were affected by parity (P < 0.05) and by the interaction of time and DP length (P < 0.01). NEFA levels were affected only by time (P < 0.01). S DP cows showed a shorter interval between calving and ovarian cyclicity resumption (P < 0.01) and a higher milk yield (P < 0.01) and fat and protein corrected milk (P < 0.01) compared with T DP cows. Decreased milk protein content was found in the SPS group compared to the SPT (P < 0.05) and the TPS (P < 0.05) group. In conclusion, a short DP length does not affect reproductive performances, except for hastening the resumption of ovarian cyclicity. A short DP appears to increase milk production and is associated with higher IGF-I levels both in the prepartum and the postpartum period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Mollo
- 1 Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Alessandro Agazzi
- 2 Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety 'Carlo Cantoni', Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Alberto Prandi
- 3 Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Jasmine Fusi
- 4 Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | | | - Monica Probo
- 4 Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
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Revisiting the Relationships between Fat-to-Protein Ratio in Milk and Energy Balance in Dairy Cows of Different Parities, and at Different Stages of Lactation. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113256. [PMID: 34827986 PMCID: PMC8614280 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Data from 840 Holstein-Friesian cows (1321 lactations) were used to evaluate trends in fat-to-protein ratios in milk (FPR), and the use of FPR as an indicator of energy balance (EB). The fat-to-protein ratio was negatively related to EB, and this relationship became more negative with increased parity. Regression slopes describing linear relationships between FPR and EB differed over time, although trends were inconsistent. Similarly, ‘High’ FPR scores in milk (≥1.5) were consistently associated with a greater negative energy balance, milk yields, body weight loss, and plasma non-esterified fatty acid concentrations; however, their relationships with dry matter intake did not follow a clear trend. Although FPR can provide an indication of EB at a herd level, this analysis suggests that FPR cannot accurately predict the EB of individual cows. Abstract A statistical re-assessment of aggregated individual cow data was conducted to examine trends in fat-to-protein ratio in milk (FPR), and relationships between FPR and energy balance (EB, MJ of ME/day) in Holstein-Friesian dairy cows of different parities, and at different stages of lactation. The data were collected from 27 long-term production trials conducted between 1996 and 2016 at the Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI) in Hillsborough, Northern Ireland. In total, 1321 lactations (1 to 20 weeks in milk; WIM), derived from 840 individual cows fed mainly grass silage-based diets, were included in the analysis. The energy balance was calculated daily and then averaged weekly for statistical analyses. Data were further split in 4 wk. intervals, namely, 1–4, 5–8, 9–12, 13–16, and 17–20 WIM, and both partial correlations and linear regressions (mixed models) established between the mean FPR and EB during these periods. Three FPR score categories (‘Low’ FPR, <1.0; ‘Normal’ FPR, 1.0–1.5; ‘High’ FPR, >1.5) were adopted and the performance and EB indicators within each category were compared. As expected, multiparous cows experienced a greater negative EB compared to primiparous cows, due to their higher milk production relative to DMI. Relatively minor differences in milk fat and protein content resulted in large differences in FPR curves. Second lactation cows displayed the lowest weekly FPR, and this trend was aligned with smaller BW losses and lower concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) until at least 8 WIM. Partial correlations between FPR and EB were negative, and ‘greatest’ in early lactation (1–4 WIM; r = −0.38 on average), and gradually decreased as lactation progressed across all parities (17–20 WIM; r = −0.14 on average). With increasing parity, daily EB values tended to become more negative per unit of FPR. In primiparous cows, regression slopes between FPR and EB differed between 1–4 and 5–8 WIM (−54.6 vs. −47.5 MJ of ME/day), while differences in second lactation cows tended towards significance (−57.2 vs. −64.4 MJ of ME/day). Irrespective of the lactation number, after 9–12 WIM, there was a consistent trend for the slope of the linear relationships between FPR and EB to decrease as lactation progressed, with this likely reflecting the decreasing milk nutrient demands of the growing calf. The incidence of ‘High’ FPR scores was greatest during 1–4 WIM, and decreased as lactation progressed. ‘High’ FPR scores were associated with increased energy-corrected milk (ECM) yields across all parities and stages of lactation, and with smaller BW gains and increasing concentrations (log transformed) of blood metabolites (non-esterified fatty acid, NEFA; beta-hydroxybutyrate, BHB) until 8 WIM. Results from the present study highlight the strong relationships between FPR in milk, physiological changes, and EB profiles during early lactation. However, while FPR can provide an indication of EB at a herd level, the large cow-to-cow variation indicates that FPR cannot be used as a robust indicator of EB at an individual cow level.
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17
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Walleser E, Mandujano Reyes JF, Anklam K, Höltershinken M, Hertel-Boehnke P, Döpfer D. Developing a predictive model for beta-hydroxybutyrate and non-esterified fatty acids using milk fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy in dairy cows. Prev Vet Med 2021; 197:105509. [PMID: 34678645 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Negative energy balance following parturition predisposes dairy cattle to numerous metabolic disorders. Current diagnostics are limited by their labor requirements and inability to measure multiple metabolic markers simultaneously. Fourier-transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) data, measured from milk samples, could improve the detection of metabolic disorders using routine milk samples from dairy farms. The objective of this study was to develop a predictive model for numeric values of blood beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and blood non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA). The study utilized a dataset comprised of 622 observations with known blood BHB and blood NEFA values measured concurrently with the milk FTIR data. Using ElasticNet regression on milk FTIR data and production information, we built regression models for numeric blood BHB and blood NEFA prediction and classification models for blood BHB values greater than 1.2 mmol/L and blood NEFA values greater than 0.7 mmol/L. The R2 of the best fitting model was 0.56 and 0.51 for log-transformed BHB and log-transformed NEFA, respectively. The BHB classification model had a 90 % sensitivity and 83 % specificity and the NEFA classification model achieved a sensitivity of 73 % and specificity of 74 %. We applied our numeric prediction models to an external dataset (n = 9660) with known blood metabolites to validate the prediction accuracy of log-transformed blood BHB and log-transformed blood NEFA models. Log-transformed BHB root mean square error (RMSE) was 0.4018 and log-transformed NEFA RMSE was 0.4043. The second objective of this study was to develop a categorization for cows as either metabolically disordered or healthy. Responses to negative energy balance in transition cows are related to blood levels of BHB and NEFA. Cows suffering from metabolic disorders without elevated blood BHB values remain unidentified when detection is focused on blood BHB alone. To account for this differentiated metabolic response, we categorized cows as either 'metabolically healthy' or suffering a 'metabolic disorder' by using a combination of blood BHB, blood NEFA, and milk fat to protein quotient. We obtained a balanced accuracy of 94 % for the prediction of cow metabolic status. Direct prediction of metabolic status can be used to identify hyperketonemic cows in addition to cows exhibiting metabolic response patterns not detected by elevated blood BHB alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Walleser
- University of Wisconsin - Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medical Science, Veterinary Medicine Bldg., 2015 Linden Dr, Madison, 53706, USA.
| | - J F Mandujano Reyes
- University of Wisconsin - Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medical Science, Veterinary Medicine Bldg., 2015 Linden Dr, Madison, 53706, USA
| | - K Anklam
- University of Wisconsin - Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medical Science, Veterinary Medicine Bldg., 2015 Linden Dr, Madison, 53706, USA
| | - M Höltershinken
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation Clinic for Cattle, Hannover, Germany
| | - P Hertel-Boehnke
- Bavarian State Research Centre for Agriculture (LfL), Institute for Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, Grub, Germany
| | - D Döpfer
- University of Wisconsin - Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medical Science, Veterinary Medicine Bldg., 2015 Linden Dr, Madison, 53706, USA
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18
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Lopreiato V, H. Ghaffari M, Cattaneo L, Ferronato G, Alharthi AS, Piccioli-Cappelli F, Loor JJ, Trevisi E, Minuti A. Suitability of rumination time during the first week after calving for detecting metabolic status and lactation performance in simmental dairy cows: a cluster-analytic approach. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2021.1963862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Lopreiato
- Dipartimento di Scienze animali, della nutrizione e degli alimenti, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Morteza H. Ghaffari
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology Unit, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Luca Cattaneo
- Dipartimento di Scienze animali, della nutrizione e degli alimenti, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Giulia Ferronato
- Dipartimento di Scienze animali, della nutrizione e degli alimenti, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Abdul S. Alharthi
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fiorenzo Piccioli-Cappelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze animali, della nutrizione e degli alimenti, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Juan J. Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Erminio Trevisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze animali, della nutrizione e degli alimenti, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Andrea Minuti
- Dipartimento di Scienze animali, della nutrizione e degli alimenti, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
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Global transcriptomic profiles of circulating leucocytes in early lactation cows with clinical or subclinical mastitis. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:4611-4623. [PMID: 34146201 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06494-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Bovine mastitis, an inflammatory disease of the mammary gland, is classified as subclinical or clinical. Circulating neutrophils are recruited to the udder to combat infection. We compared the transcriptomic profiles in circulating leukocytes between healthy cows and those with naturally occurring subclinical or clinical mastitis. Holstein Friesian dairy cows from six farms in EU countries were recruited. Based on milk somatic cell count and clinical records, cows were classified as healthy (n = 147), subclinically (n = 45) or clinically mastitic (n = 22). Circulating leukocyte RNA was sequenced with Illumina NextSeq single end reads (30 M). Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the groups were identified using CLC Genomics Workbench V21, followed by GO enrichment analysis. Both subclinical and clinical mastitis caused significant changes in the leukocyte transcriptome, with more intensive changes attributed to clinical mastitis. We detected 769 DEGs between clinical and healthy groups, 258 DEGs between subclinical and healthy groups and 193 DEGs between clinical and subclinical groups. Most DEGs were associated with cell killing and immune processes. Many upregulated DEGs in clinical mastitis encoded antimicrobial peptides (AZU1, BCL3, CAMP, CATHL1, CATHL2, CATHL4,CATHL5, CATHL6, CCL1, CXCL2, CXCL13, DEFB1, DEFB10, DEFB4A, DEFB7, LCN2, PGLYRP1, PRTN3, PTX3, S100A8, S100A9, S100A12, SLC11A1, TF and LTF) which were not upregulated in subclinical mastitis. The use of transcriptomic profiles has identified a much greater up-regulation of genes encoding antimicrobial peptides in circulating leukocytes of cows with naturally occurring clinical compared with subclinical mastitis. These could play a key role in combatting disease organisms.
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20
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Bahadi M, Ismail AA, Vasseur E. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy as a Tool to Study Milk Composition Changes in Dairy Cows Attributed to Housing Modifications to Improve Animal Welfare. Foods 2021; 10:foods10020450. [PMID: 33670588 PMCID: PMC7922570 DOI: 10.3390/foods10020450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal welfare status is assessed today through visual evaluations requiring an on-farm visit. A convenient alternative would be to detect cow welfare status directly in milk samples, already routinely collected for milk recording. The objective of this study was to propose a novel approach to demonstrate that Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy can detect changes in milk composition related to cows subjected to movement restriction at the tie stall with four tie-rail configurations varying in height and position (TR1, TR2, TR3 and TR4). Milk mid-infrared spectra were collected on weekly basis. Long-term average spectra were calculated for each cow using spectra collected in weeks 8–10 of treatment. Principal component analysis was applied to spectral averages and the scores of principal components (PCs) were tested for treatment effect by mixed modelling. PC7 revealed a significant treatment effect (p = 0.01), particularly for TR3 (configuration with restricted movement) vs. TR1 (recommended configuration) (p = 0.03). The loading spectrum of PC7 revealed high loadings at wavenumbers that could be assigned to biomarkers related to negative energy balance, such as β-hydroxybutyrate, citrate and acetone. This observation suggests that TR3 might have been restrictive for cows to access feed. Milk FTIR spectroscopy showed promising results in detecting welfare status and housing conditions in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazen Bahadi
- McGill IR Group, McGill University, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada;
- Correspondence:
| | - Ashraf A. Ismail
- McGill IR Group, McGill University, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada;
| | - Elsa Vasseur
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada;
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21
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Mensching A, Zschiesche M, Hummel J, Grelet C, Gengler N, Dänicke S, Sharifi AR. Development of a subacute ruminal acidosis risk score and its prediction using milk mid-infrared spectra in early-lactation cows. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:4615-4634. [PMID: 33589252 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A routine monitoring for subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) on the individual level could support the minimization of economic losses and the ensuring of animal welfare in dairy cows. The objectives of this study were (1) to develop a SARA risk score (SRS) by combining information from different data acquisition systems to generate an integrative indicator trait, (2) the investigation of associations of the SRS with feed analysis data, blood characteristics, performance data, and milk composition, including the fatty acid (FA) profile, (3) the development of a milk mid-infrared (MIR) spectra-based prediction equation for this novel reference trait SRS, and (4) its application to an external data set consisting of MIR data of test day records to investigate the association between the MIR-based predictions of the SRS and the milk FA profile. The primary data set, which was used for the objectives (1) to (3), consisted of data collected from 10 commercial farms with a total of 100 Holstein cows in early lactation. The data comprised barn climate parameters, pH and temperature logging from intrareticular measurement boluses, as well as jaw movement and locomotion behavior recordings of noseband-sensor halters and pedometers. Further sampling and data collection included feed samples, blood samples, milk performance, and milk samples, whereof the latter were used to get the milk MIR spectra and to estimate the main milk components, the milk FA profile, and the lactoferrin content. Because all measurements were characterized by different temporal resolutions, the data preparation consisted of an aggregation into values on a daily basis and merging it into one data set. For the development of the SRS, a total of 7 traits were selected, which were derived from measurements of pH and temperature in the reticulum, chewing behavior, and milk yield. After adjustment for fixed effects and standardization, these 7 traits were combined into the SRS using a linear combination and directional weights based on current knowledge derived from literature studies. The secondary data set was used for objective (4) and consisted of test day records of the entire herds, including performance data, milk MIR spectra and MIR-predicted FA. At farm level, it could be shown that diets with higher proportions of concentrated feed resulted in both lower daily mean pH and higher SRS values. On the individual level, an increased SRS could be associated with a modified FA profile (e.g., lower levels of short- and medium-chain FA, higher levels of C17:0, odd- and branched-chain FA). Furthermore, a milk MIR-based partial least squares regression model with a moderate predictability was established for the SRS. This work provides the basis for the development of routine SARA monitoring and demonstrates the high potential of milk composition-based assessment of the health status of lactating cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mensching
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany; Center for Integrated Breeding Research, University of Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany.
| | - M Zschiesche
- Ruminant Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - J Hummel
- Ruminant Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - C Grelet
- Walloon Agricultural Research Center, Knowledge and Valorization of Agricultural Products Department, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - N Gengler
- TERRA Research and Training Center, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - S Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116 Brunswick, Germany
| | - A R Sharifi
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany; Center for Integrated Breeding Research, University of Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
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22
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Ghaffari MH, Hammon HM, Frieten D, Gerbert C, Dusel G, Koch C. Effects of milk replacer meal size on feed intake, growth performance, and blood metabolites and hormones of calves fed milk replacer with or without butyrate ad libitum: A cluster-analytic approach. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:4650-4664. [PMID: 33589259 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This study intended to classify ad libitum-fed calves according to their milk replacer (MR) meal size using the K-means clustering approach. This study aimed to investigate the effects of MR meal size on feed intake, growth performance, and blood metabolic and hormones of ad libitum MR-fed calves. German Holstein calves (16 male and 16 female) were studied from birth until d 77 of age. All calves received first colostrum (2.5 kg) milked from their dams within 2 h after birth. Subsequent colostrum meals (subsequent 4 meals until 2.5 d of age; 2 meals/d) and MR (125 g of powder/L; 21.7% crude protein, 18.6% crude fat) were fed ad libitum by teat bucket until d 10 ± 2 of age. Afterward, calves were housed in group pens with automatic feeders for MR (maximum of 25 L/d) and concentrate from 10 ± 3 d of age. Half of the calves received MR supplemented with butyrate to improve growth performance. Milk intake was stepped down to 2 L/d from wk 9 to 10, and 2 L/d of MR were offered until the end of the study. On d 1, 2, 4, and 7, and then weekly until wk 11 of age, blood samples were collected for measurement of metabolites and hormones related to energy metabolism and growth. The K-means cluster analysis on the MR meal size data collected from the automatic feeder resulted in 3 clusters (n = 14, n = 12, and n = 6). Two clusters with a sufficient cluster size (n = 14 and n = 12) were included for further statistical analysis using repeated measures mixed-model ANOVA. In both clusters, butyrate supplementation was equally distributed and failed to affect a difference in MR meal size. Cluster 1 showed calves with higher MR meal size (HI; 2.2 ± 0.11 L/visit of MR) and cluster 2 with lower meal size (LO; 1.8 ± 0.07 L/visit of MR) supplemented MR without (HIB-; n = 6; LOB-, n = 7) or with 0.33% calcium-sodium butyrate (HIB+; n = 6; LOB+, n = 7). Dry matter intake of MR did not differ between HI and LO, but intakes of concentrate and total dry matter tended to be greater in HI than in LO and increased more distinctly in HI than in LO at the end of the study. The average daily gain (g/d) was greater in HI than in LO. Plasma concentrations of total protein (g/L), albumin (g/L), glucose (mmol/L), urea (mmol/L), insulin (µg/L), and glucagon (ng/L) were higher, and the concentrations of insulin-like growth factor I tended to be higher, in HI than in LO calves. Plasma β-hydroxybutyrate was higher in LO than in HI at d 63 and lower in calves fed MR with butyrate at d 77. In conclusion, clustering analysis discriminates 2 main groups of calves with different MR meal size and indicates an effect of MR meal size on solid feed intake, growth performance, and metabolic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza H Ghaffari
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology Unit, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Harald M Hammon
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
| | - Dörte Frieten
- Department of Life Sciences and Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Bingen, 55411 Bingen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Caroline Gerbert
- Educational and Research Centre for Animal Husbandry, Hofgut Neumuehle, 67728 Münchweiler an der Alsenz, Germany
| | - Georg Dusel
- Department of Life Sciences and Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Bingen, 55411 Bingen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Christian Koch
- Educational and Research Centre for Animal Husbandry, Hofgut Neumuehle, 67728 Münchweiler an der Alsenz, Germany.
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Wathes DC, Cheng Z, Salavati M, Buggiotti L, Takeda H, Tang L, Becker F, Ingvartsen KI, Ferris C, Hostens M, Crowe MA. Relationships between metabolic profiles and gene expression in liver and leukocytes of dairy cows in early lactation. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:3596-3616. [PMID: 33455774 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Homeorhetic mechanisms assist dairy cows in the transition from pregnancy to lactation. Less successful cows develop severe negative energy balance (NEB), placing them at risk of metabolic and infectious diseases and reduced fertility. We have previously placed multiparous Holstein Friesian cows from 4 herds into metabolic clusters, using as biomarkers measurements of plasma nonesterified fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate, glucose and IGF-1 collected at 14 and 35 d in milk (DIM). This study characterized the global transcriptomic profiles of liver and circulating leukocytes from the same animals to determine underlying mechanisms associated with their metabolic and immune function. Liver biopsy and whole-blood samples were collected around 14 DIM for RNA sequencing. All cows with available RNA sequencing data were placed into balanced (BAL, n = 44), intermediate (n = 44), or imbalanced (IMBAL, n = 19) metabolic cluster groups. Differential gene expression was compared between the 3 groups using ANOVA, but only the comparison between BAL and IMBAL cows is reported. Pathway analysis was undertaken using DAVID Bioinformatic Resources (https://david.ncifcrf.gov/). Milk yields did not differ between BAL and IMBAL cows but dry matter intake was less in IMBAL cows and they were in greater energy deficit at 14 DIM (-4.48 v -11.70 MJ/d for BAL and IMBAL cows). Significantly differentially expressed pathways in hepatic tissue included AMPK signaling, glucagon signaling, adipocytokine signaling, and insulin resistance. Genes involved in lipid metabolism and cholesterol transport were more highly expressed in IMBAL cows but IGF1 and IGFALS were downregulated. Leukocytes from BAL cows had greater expression of histones and genes involved in nucleosomes and cell division. Leukocyte expression of heat shock proteins increased in IMBAL cows, suggesting an unfolded protein response, and several key genes involved in immune responses to pathogens were upregulated (e.g., DEFB13, HP, OAS1Z, PTX3, and TLR4). Differentially expressed genes upregulated in IMBAL cows in both tissues included CD36, CPT1, KFL11, and PDK4, all central regulators of energy metabolism. The IMBAL cows therefore had greater difficulty maintaining glucose homeostasis and had dysregulated hepatic lipid metabolism. Their energy deficit was associated with a reduced capacity for cell division and greater evidence of stress responses in the leukocyte population, likely contributing to an increased risk of infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Wathes
- Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, AL9 7TA Hertfordshire, United Kingdom.
| | - Z Cheng
- Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, AL9 7TA Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - M Salavati
- Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, AL9 7TA Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - L Buggiotti
- Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, AL9 7TA Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - H Takeda
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA Institute, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - L Tang
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA Institute, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - F Becker
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - K I Ingvartsen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - C Ferris
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast BT9 5PX, United Kingdom
| | - M Hostens
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - M A Crowe
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Buggiotti L, Cheng Z, Wathes DC. Mining the Unmapped Reads in Bovine RNA-Seq Data Reveals the Prevalence of Bovine Herpes Virus-6 in European Dairy Cows and the Associated Changes in Their Phenotype and Leucocyte Transcriptome. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121451. [PMID: 33339352 PMCID: PMC7768445 DOI: 10.3390/v12121451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial RNA is detectable in host samples by aligning unmapped reads from RNA sequencing against taxon reference sequences, generating a score proportional to the microbial load. An RNA-Seq data analysis showed that 83.5% of leukocyte samples from six dairy herds in different EU countries contained bovine herpes virus-6 (BoHV-6). Phenotypic data on milk production, metabolic function, and disease collected during their first 50 days in milk (DIM) were compared between cows with low (1–200 and n = 114) or high (201–1175 and n = 24) BoHV-6 scores. There were no differences in milk production parameters, but high score cows had numerically fewer incidences of clinical mastitis (4.2% vs. 12.2%) and uterine disease (54.5% vs. 62.7%). Their metabolic status was worse, based on measurements of IGF-1 and various metabolites in blood and milk. A comparison of the global leukocyte transcriptome between high and low BoHV-6 score cows at around 14 DIM yielded 485 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The top pathway from Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis was the immune system process. Down-regulated genes in the high BoHV-6 cows included those encoding proteins involved in viral detection (DDX6 and DDX58), interferon response, and E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. This suggested that BoHV-6 may largely evade viral detection and that it does not cause clinical disease in dairy cows.
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Lee M, Lee S, Park J, Seo S. Clustering and Characterization of the Lactation Curves of Dairy Cows Using K-Medoids Clustering Algorithm. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10081348. [PMID: 32759866 PMCID: PMC7460393 DOI: 10.3390/ani10081348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary A lactation curve (LC) provides valuable insights in planning appropriate management strategies related to health, nutrition, and breeding in dairy cows. A clustering based approach on LC patterns analysis is presented. The k-medoids algorithm is adopted for the clustering. This approach generates several clusters which have similar milking characteristics of total milk yield, peak milk yield, and days in milk at peak yield. The LCs of some groups represent characteristics of atypical milking patterns which are not considered much in previous approaches, whereas LCs of the other groups show the typical LC patterns similar to the results of previous methods. This approach could be used as a tool to manage an abnormal herd of cows. Abstract The aim of the study was to group the lactation curve (LC) of Holstein cows in several clusters based on their milking characteristics and to investigate physiological differences among the clusters. Milking data of 330 lactations which have a milk yield per day during entire lactation period were used. The data were obtained by refinement from 1332 lactations from 724 cows collected from commercial farms. Based on the similarity measures, clustering was performed using the k-medoids algorithm; the number of clusters was determined to be six, following the elbow method. Significant differences on parity, peak milk yield, DIM at peak milk yield, and average and total milk yield (p < 0.01) were observed among the clusters. Four clusters, which include 82% of data, show typical LC patterns. The other two clusters represent atypical patterns. Comparing to the LCs generated from the previous models, Wood, Wilmink and Dijsktra, it is observed that the prediction errors in the atypical patterns of the two clusters are much larger than those of the other four cases of typical patterns. The presented model can be used as a tool to refine characterization on the typical LC patterns, excluding atypical patterns as exceptional cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyung Lee
- Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea;
| | - Seonghun Lee
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea;
| | - Jaehwa Park
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea;
- Correspondence: (J.P.); (S.S.)
| | - Seongwon Seo
- Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea;
- Correspondence: (J.P.); (S.S.)
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26
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Grelet C, Dardenne P, Soyeurt H, Fernandez JA, Vanlierde A, Stevens F, Gengler N, Dehareng F. Large-scale phenotyping in dairy sector using milk MIR spectra: Key factors affecting the quality of predictions. Methods 2020; 186:97-111. [PMID: 32763376 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2020.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Methods and technologies enabling the estimation at large scale of important traits for the dairy sector are of great interest. Those phenotypes are necessary to improve herd management, animal genetic evaluation, and milk quality control. In the recent years, the research was very active to predict new phenotypes from the mid-infrared (MIR) analysis of milk. Models were developed to predict phenotypes such as fine milk composition, milk technological properties or traits related to cow health, fertility and environmental impact. Most of models were developed within research contexts and often not designed for routine use. The implementation of models at a large scale to predict new traits of interest brings new challenges as the factors influencing the robustness of models are poorly documented. The first objective of this work is to highlight the impact on prediction accuracy of factors such as the variability of the spectral and reference data, the spectral regions used and the complexity of models. The second objective is to emphasize methods and indicators to evaluate the quality of models and the quality of predictions generated under routine conditions. The last objective is to outline the issues and the solutions linked with the use and transfer of models on large number of instruments. Based on partial least square regression and 10 datasets including milk MIR spectra and reference quantitative values for 57 traits of interest, the impact of the different factors is illustrated by evaluating the influence on the validation root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP). In the displayed examples, all factors, when well set up, increase the quality of predictions, with an improvement of the RMSEP ranging from 12% to 43%. This work also aims to underline the need for and the complementarity between different validation procedures, statistical parameters and quality assurance methods. Finally, when using and transferring models, the impact of the spectral standardization on the prediction reproducibility is highlighted with an improvement up to 86% with the tested models, and the monitoring of individual spectrometer stability over time appears essential. This list inspired from our experience is of course not exhaustive. The displayed results are only examples and not general rules and other aspects play a role in the quality of final predictions. However, this work highlights good practices, methods and indicators to increase and evaluate quality of phenotypes predicted at a large scale. The results obtained argue for the development of guidelines at international levels, as well as international collaborations in order to constitute large and robust datasets and enable the use of models in routine conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Grelet
- Walloon Agricultural Research Center (CRA-W), 24 Chaussée de Namur, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - P Dardenne
- Walloon Agricultural Research Center (CRA-W), 24 Chaussée de Namur, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - H Soyeurt
- TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - J A Fernandez
- Walloon Agricultural Research Center (CRA-W), 24 Chaussée de Namur, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - A Vanlierde
- Walloon Agricultural Research Center (CRA-W), 24 Chaussée de Namur, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - F Stevens
- Walloon Agricultural Research Center (CRA-W), 24 Chaussée de Namur, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - N Gengler
- TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - F Dehareng
- Walloon Agricultural Research Center (CRA-W), 24 Chaussée de Namur, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
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Ghaffari MH, Jahanbekam A, Post C, Sadri H, Schuh K, Koch C, Sauerwein H. Discovery of different metabotypes in overconditioned dairy cows by means of machine learning. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:9604-9619. [PMID: 32747103 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Using data from targeted metabolomics in serum in combination with machine learning (ML) approaches, we aimed at (1) identifying divergent metabotypes in overconditioned cows and at (2) exploring how metabotypes are associated with lactation performance, blood metabolites, and hormones. In a previously established animal model, 38 pregnant multiparous Holstein cows were assigned to 2 groups that were fed differently to reach either high (HBCS) or normal (NBCS) body condition score (BCS) and backfat thickness (BFT) until dryoff at -49 d before calving [NBCS: BCS < 3.5 (3.02 ± 0.24) and BFT < 1.2 cm (0.92 ± 0.21), mean ± SD; HBCS: BCS > 3.75 (3.82 ± 0.33) and BFT > 1.4 cm (2.36 ± 0.35)]. Cows were then fed the same diets during the dry period and the subsequent lactation, and maintained the differences in BFT and BCS throughout the study. Blood samples were collected weekly from 7 wk antepartum (ap) to 12 wk postpartum (pp) to assess serum concentrations of metabolites (by targeted metabolomics and by classical analyses) and metabolic hormones. Metabolic clustering by applying 4 supervised ML-based classifiers [sequential minimal optimization (SMO), random forest (RF), alternating decision tree (ADTree), and naïve Bayes-updatable (NB)] on the changes (d 21 pp minus d 49 ap) in concentrations of 170 serum metabolites resulted in 4 distinct metabolic clusters: HBCS predicted HBCS (HBCS-PH, n = 13), HBCS predicted NBCS (HBCS-PN, n = 6), NBCS predicted NBCS (NBCS-PN, n = 15), and NBCS predicted HBCS (NBCS-PH, n = 4). The accuracies of SMO, RF, ADTree, and NB classifiers were >70%. Because the number of NBCS-PH cows was low, we did not consider this group for further comparisons. Dry matter intake (kg/d and percentage of body weight) and energy intake were greater in HBCS-PN than in HBCS-PH in early lactation, and HBCS-PN also reached a positive energy balance earlier than did HBCS-PH. Milk yield was not different between groups, but milk protein percentage was greater in HBCS-PN than in HBCS-PH cows. The circulating concentrations of fatty acids (FA) increased during early lactation in both groups, but HBCS-PN cows had lower concentrations of β-hydroxybutyrate, indicating lower ketogenesis compared with HBCS-PH cows. The concentrations of insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1, leptin, adiponectin, haptoglobin, glucose, and revised quantitative insulin sensitivity check index did not differ between the groups, whereas serum concentrations of glycerophospholipids were lower before calving in HBCS-PH than in HBCS-PN cows. Glycine was the only amino acid that had higher concentration after calving in HBCS-PH than in HBCS-PN cows. The circulating concentrations of some short- (C2, C3, and C4) and long-chain (C12, C16:0, C18:0, and C18:1) acylcarnitines on d 21 pp were greater in HBCS-PH than in HBCS-PN cows, indicating incomplete FA oxidation. In conclusion, the use of ML approaches involving data from targeted metabolomics in serum is a promising method for differentiating divergent metabotypes from apparently similar BCS phenotypes. Further investigations, using larger numbers of cows and farms, are warranted for confirmation of this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza H Ghaffari
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology Unit, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Christian Post
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology Unit, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Hassan Sadri
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, 516616471 Tabriz, Iran
| | - Katharina Schuh
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology Unit, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Department of Life Sciences and Engineering, Animal Nutrition and Hygiene Unit, University of Applied Sciences Bingen, 55411 Bingen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Christian Koch
- Educational and Research Centre for Animal Husbandry, Hofgut Neumühle, 67728 Münchweiler an der Alsenz, Germany
| | - Helga Sauerwein
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology Unit, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
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Habel J, Sundrum A. Mismatch of Glucose Allocation between Different Life Functions in the Transition Period of Dairy Cows. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1028. [PMID: 32545739 PMCID: PMC7341265 DOI: 10.3390/ani10061028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune cell functions such as phagocytosis and synthesis of immunometabolites, as well as immune cell survival, proliferation and differentiation, largely depend on an adequate availability of glucose by immune cells. During inflammation, the glucose demands of the immune system may increase to amounts similar to those required for high milk yields. Similar metabolic pathways are involved in the adaptation to both lactation and inflammation, including changes in the somatotropic axis and glucocorticoid response, as well as adipokine and cytokine release. They affect (i) cell growth, proliferation and activation, which determines the metabolic activity and thus the glucose demand of the respective cells; (ii) the overall availability of glucose through intake, mobilization and gluconeogenesis; and (iii) glucose uptake and utilization by different tissues. Metabolic adaptation to inflammation and milk synthesis is interconnected. An increased demand of one life function has an impact on the supply and utilization of glucose by competing life functions, including glucose receptor expression, blood flow and oxidation characteristics. In cows with high genetic merits for milk production, changes in the somatotropic axis affecting carbohydrate and lipid metabolism as well as immune functions are profound. The ability to cut down milk synthesis during periods when whole-body demand exceeds the supply is limited. Excessive mobilization and allocation of glucose to the mammary gland are likely to contribute considerably to peripartal immune dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Habel
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Animal Health, Faculty of Organic Agricultural Sciences, University of Kassel, Nordbahnhofstr. 1a, 37213 Witzenhausen, Germany;
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Mekuriaw S, Tsunekawa A, Ichinohe T, Tegegne F, Haregeweyn N, Kobayashi N, Tassew A, Mekuriaw Y, Walie M, Tsubo M, Okuro T, Meshesha DT, Meseret M, Sam L, Fievez V. Effect of Feeding Improved Grass Hays and Eragrostis Tef Straw Silage on Milk Yield, Nitrogen Utilization, and Methane Emission of Lactating Fogera Dairy Cows in Ethiopia. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1021. [PMID: 32545346 PMCID: PMC7341230 DOI: 10.3390/ani10061021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The nutritionally imbalanced poor-quality diet feeding is the major constraint of dairy production in tropical regions. Hence, alternative high-quality roughage-based diets are required to improve milk yield and reduce methane emission (CH4). Thus, we tested the effects of feeding natural pasture hay, improved forage grass hays (Napier and Brachiaria Hybrid), and treated crop residues (Eragrostis tef straw) on nutrient digestibility, milk yield, nitrogen balance, and methane emission. The eight lactating Fogera cows selected for the experiment were assigned randomly to a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Cows were housed in well-ventilated individual pens and fed a total mixed ration (TMR) comprising 70% roughage and 30% concentrate. The four roughage-based basal dietary treatments supplemented with formulated concentrate were: Control (natural pasture hay (NPH)); treated teff straw silage (TTS); Napier grass hay (NGH); and Brachiaria hybrid grass hay (BhH). Compared with the control diet, the daily milk yield increased (p < 0.01) by 31.9%, 52.9%, and 71.6% with TTS, NGH, and BhH diets, respectively. Cows fed BhH had the highest dry matter intake (8.84 kg/d), followed by NGH (8.10 kg/d) and TTS (7.71 kg/d); all of these intakes were greater (p = 0.01) than that of NPH (6.21 kg/d). Nitrogen digestibility increased (p < 0.01) from the NPH diet to TTS (by 27.7%), NGH (21.7%), and BhH (39.5%). The concentration of ruminal ammonia nitrogen was higher for cows fed NGH than other diets (p = 0.01) and positively correlated with plasma urea nitrogen concentration (R² = 0.45). Feeding TTS, NGH, and BhH hay as a basal diet changed the nitrogen excretion pathway from urine to feces, which can help protect against environmental pollution. Estimated methane yields per dry matter intake and milk yield were decreased in dairy cows fed BhH, NGH, and TTS diets when compared to cows fed an NPH diet (p < 0.05). In conclusion, feeding of TTS, NGH, and BhH roughages as a basal diet to lactating dairy cows in tropical regions improved nutrient intake and digestibility, milk yield, nitrogen utilization efficiency, and reduced enteric methane emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigdaf Mekuriaw
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences (UGSAS), 4-101 Koyama-Minami Tottori-shi, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
- Amhara Region Agricultural Research Institute, Andassa Livestock Research Center, P.O. Box 27, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; (M.W.); (M.M.)
| | - Atsushi Tsunekawa
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan; (A.T.); (N.K.); (M.T.)
| | - Toshiyoshi Ichinohe
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan;
| | - Firew Tegegne
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 5501, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; (F.T.); (Y.M.); (A.T.); (D.T.M.); (L.S.)
| | - Nigussie Haregeweyn
- International Platform for Dry Land Research and Education, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan;
| | - Nobuyuki Kobayashi
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan; (A.T.); (N.K.); (M.T.)
| | - Asaminew Tassew
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 5501, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; (F.T.); (Y.M.); (A.T.); (D.T.M.); (L.S.)
| | - Yeshambel Mekuriaw
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 5501, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; (F.T.); (Y.M.); (A.T.); (D.T.M.); (L.S.)
| | - Misganaw Walie
- Amhara Region Agricultural Research Institute, Andassa Livestock Research Center, P.O. Box 27, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; (M.W.); (M.M.)
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 5501, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; (F.T.); (Y.M.); (A.T.); (D.T.M.); (L.S.)
| | - Mitsuru Tsubo
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan; (A.T.); (N.K.); (M.T.)
| | - Toshiya Okuro
- Laboratory of Landscape Ecology and Planning, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan;
| | - Derege Tsegaye Meshesha
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 5501, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; (F.T.); (Y.M.); (A.T.); (D.T.M.); (L.S.)
| | - Mulugeta Meseret
- Amhara Region Agricultural Research Institute, Andassa Livestock Research Center, P.O. Box 27, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; (M.W.); (M.M.)
| | - Laiju Sam
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 5501, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; (F.T.); (Y.M.); (A.T.); (D.T.M.); (L.S.)
| | - Veerle Fievez
- Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium;
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Atashi H, Salavati M, De Koster J, Crowe MA, Opsomer G, Hostens M. Genome-wide association for metabolic clusters in early-lactation Holstein dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:6392-6406. [PMID: 32331880 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to detect the genomic region or regions associated with metabolic clusters in early-lactation Holstein cows. This study was carried out in 2 experiments. In experiment I, which was carried out on 105 multiparous Holstein cows, animals were classified through k-means clustering on log-transformed and standardized concentrations of blood glucose, insulin-like growth factor I, free fatty acids, and β-hydroxybutyrate at 14 and 35 d in milk (DIM), into metabolic clusters, either balanced (BAL) or other (OTR). Forty percent of the animals were categorized in the BAL group, and the remainder were categorized as OTR. The cows were genotyped for a total of 777,962 SNP. A genome-wide association study was performed, using a case-control approach through the GEMMA software, accounting for population structure. We found 8 SNP (BTA11, BTA23, and BTAX) associated with the predicted metabolic clusters. In experiment II, carried out on 4,267 second-parity Holstein cows, milk samples collected starting from the first week until 50 DIM were used to determine Fourier-transform mid-infrared (FT-MIR) spectra and subsequently to classify the animals into the same metabolic clusters (BAL vs. OTR). Twenty-eight percent of the animals were categorized in the BAL group, and the remainder were classified in the OTR category. Although daily milk yield was lower in BAL cows, we found no difference in daily fat- and protein-corrected milk yield in cows from the BAL metabolic cluster compared with those in the OTR metabolic cluster. In the next step, a single-step genomic BLUP was used to identify the genomic region(s) associated with the predicted metabolic clusters. The results revealed that prediction of metabolic clusters is a highly polygenic trait regulated by many small-sized effects. The region of 36,258 to 36,295 kb on BTA27 was the highly associated region for the predicted metabolic clusters, with the closest genes to this region (ANK1 and miR-486) being related to hematopoiesis, erythropoiesis, and mammary gland development. The heritability for metabolic clustering was 0.17 (SD 0.03), indicating that the use of FT-MIR spectra in milk to predict metabolic clusters in early-lactation across a large number of cows has satisfactory potential to be included in genetic selection programs for modern dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Atashi
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium; Department of Animal Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71441-65186, Iran
| | - M Salavati
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - J De Koster
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
| | - M A Crowe
- University College Dublin, 4 Dublin, Ireland
| | - G Opsomer
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
| | | | - M Hostens
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium.
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Foldager L, Gaillard C, Sorensen MT, Larsen T, Matthews E, O'Flaherty R, Carter F, Crowe MA, Grelet C, Salavati M, Hostens M, Ingvartsen KL, Krogh MA. Predicting physiological imbalance in Holstein dairy cows by three different sets of milk biomarkers. Prev Vet Med 2020; 179:105006. [PMID: 32361640 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Blood biomarkers may be used to detect physiological imbalance and potential disease. However, blood sampling is difficult and expensive, and not applicable in commercial settings. Instead, individual milk samples are readily available at low cost, can be sampled easily and analysed instantly. The present observational study sampled blood and milk from 234 Holstein dairy cows from experimental herds in six European countries. The objective was to compare the use of three different sets of milk biomarkers for identification of cows in physiological imbalance and thus at risk of developing metabolic or infectious diseases. Random forests was used to predict body energy balance (EBAL), index for physiological imbalance (PI-index) and three clusters differentiating the metabolic status of cows created on basis of concentrations of plasma glucose, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and serum IGF-1. These three metabolic clusters were interpreted as cows in balance, physiological imbalance and "intermediate cows" with physiological status in between. The three sets of milk biomarkers used for prediction were: milk Fourier transform mid-IR (FT-MIR) spectra, 19 immunoglobulin G (IgG) N-glycans and 8 milk metabolites and enzymes (MME). Blood biomarkers were sampled twice; around 14 days after calving (days in milk (DIM)) and around 35 DIM. MME and FT-MIR were sampled twice weekly 1-50 DIM whereas IgG N-glycan were measured only four times. Performances of EBAL and PI-index predictions were measured by coefficient of determination (R2cv) and root mean squared error (RMSEcv) from leave-one-cow-out cross-validation (cv). For metabolic clusters, performance was measured by sensitivity, specificity and global accuracy from this cross-validation. Best prediction of PI-index was obtained by MME (R2cv = 0.40 (95 % CI: 0.29-0.50) at 14 DIM and 0.35 (0.23-0.44) at 35 DIM) while FT-MIR showed a better performance than MME for prediction of EBAL (R2cv = 0.28 (0.24-0.33) vs 0.21 (0.18-0.25)). Global accuracies of predicting metabolic clusters from MME and FT-MIR were at the same level ranging from 0.54 (95 % CI: 0.39-0.68) to 0.65 (0.55-0.75) for MME and 0.51 (0.37-0.65) to 0.68 (0.53-0.81) for FT-MIR. R2cv and accuracies were lower for IgG N-glycans. In conclusion, neither EBAL nor PI-index were sufficiently well predicted to be used as a management tool for identification of risk cows. MME and FT-MIR may be used to predict the physiological status of the cows, while the use of IgG N-glycans for prediction still needs development. Nevertheless, accuracies need to be improved and a larger training data set is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Foldager
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK8830, Tjele, Denmark; Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Allé 8, DK8000, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Charlotte Gaillard
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Martin T Sorensen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Torben Larsen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | | | - Roisin O'Flaherty
- NIBRT GlycoScience Group, National Institute for Bioprocessing, Research and Training, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co., Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fiona Carter
- University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark A Crowe
- University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Clément Grelet
- Walloon Agricultural Research Center (CRA-W), 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| | | | - Miel Hostens
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Klaus L Ingvartsen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Mogens A Krogh
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK8830, Tjele, Denmark
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Grelet C, Froidmont E, Foldager L, Salavati M, Hostens M, Ferris CP, Ingvartsen KL, Crowe MA, Sorensen MT, Fernandez Pierna JA, Vanlierde A, Gengler N, Dehareng F. Potential of milk mid-infrared spectra to predict nitrogen use efficiency of individual dairy cows in early lactation. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:4435-4445. [PMID: 32147266 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Improving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) at both the individual cow and the herd level has become a key target in dairy production systems, for both environmental and economic reasons. Cost-effective and large-scale phenotyping methods are required to improve NUE through genetic selection and by feeding and management strategies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possibility of using mid-infrared (MIR) spectra of milk to predict individual dairy cow NUE during early lactation. Data were collected from 129 Holstein cows, from calving until 50 d in milk, in 3 research herds (Denmark, Ireland, and the UK). In 2 of the herds, diets were designed to challenge cows metabolically, whereas a diet reflecting local management practices was offered in the third herd. Nitrogen intake (kg/d) and nitrogen excreted in milk (kg/d) were calculated daily. Nitrogen use efficiency was calculated as the ratio between nitrogen in milk and nitrogen intake, and expressed as a percentage. Individual daily values for NUE ranged from 9.7 to 81.7%, with an average of 36.9% and standard deviation of 10.4%. Milk MIR spectra were recorded twice weekly and were standardized into a common format to avoid bias between apparatus or sampling periods. Regression models predicting NUE using milk MIR spectra were developed on 1,034 observations using partial least squares or support vector machines regression methods. The models were then evaluated through (1) a cross-validation using 10 subsets, (2) a cow validation excluding 25% of the cows to be used as a validation set, and (3) a diet validation excluding each of the diets one by one to be used as validation sets. The best statistical performances were obtained when using the support vector machines method. Inclusion of milk yield and lactation number as predictors, in combination with the spectra, also improved the calibration. In cross-validation, the best model predicted NUE with a coefficient of determination of cross-validation of 0.74 and a relative error of 14%, which is suitable to discriminate between low- and high-NUE cows. When performing the cow validation, the relative error remained at 14%, and during the diet validation the relative error ranged from 12 to 34%. In the diet validation, the models showed a lack of robustness, demonstrating difficulties in predicting NUE for diets and for samples that were not represented in the calibration data set. Hence, a need exists to integrate more data in the models to cover a maximum of variability regarding breeds, diets, lactation stages, management practices, seasons, MIR instruments, and geographic regions. Although the model needs to be validated and improved for use in routine conditions, these preliminary results showed that it was possible to obtain information on NUE through milk MIR spectra. This could potentially allow large-scale predictions to aid both further genetic and genomic studies, and the development of farm management tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Grelet
- Walloon Agricultural Research Center (CRA-W), B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - E Froidmont
- Walloon Agricultural Research Center (CRA-W), B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - L Foldager
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Dk-8830 Tjele, Denmark; Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, Dk-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - M Salavati
- Royal Veterinary College (RVC), London NW1 0TU, United Kingdom
| | - M Hostens
- Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - C P Ferris
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Belfast BT9 5PX, Northern Ireland
| | - K L Ingvartsen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Dk-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - M A Crowe
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - M T Sorensen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Dk-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | | | - A Vanlierde
- Walloon Agricultural Research Center (CRA-W), B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - N Gengler
- TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | | | - F Dehareng
- Walloon Agricultural Research Center (CRA-W), B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
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Østergaard S, Krogh MA, Oliveira VHS, Larsen T, Otten ND. Only few benefits from propylene glycol drench in early lactation for cows identified as physiologically imbalanced based on milk spectra analyses. J Dairy Sci 2019; 103:1831-1842. [PMID: 31864731 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to test the efficiency of a management system combining metabolic clustering of cows based on Fourier-transform mid-infrared (FT-MIR) spectra of milk and targeted treatment of metabolically imbalanced cows with propylene glycol drench. We hypothesized that cows identified in a metabolically imbalanced status during early lactation were associated with subsequent impaired health, reproduction, and production, and that treatment with propylene glycol treatment would improve health, reproduction, and production relatively more in these cows than in control cows. We completed a prospective, randomized controlled trial with 356 early-lactation cows in 2 private dairy herds in Denmark from December 2017 to April 2018. Milk samples of cows were collected before treatment, from 4 to 9 d in milk, and after treatment, from 22 to 27 d in milk. Milk samples were analyzed using FT-MIR spectroscopy. We also measured 4 milk metabolites (β-hydroxybutyrate, isocitrate, malate, and glutamate) and fat and protein contents. Based on FT-MIR spectra and cluster analyses, cows were clustered into groups of metabolically imbalanced and healthy cows. Within each group, cows were allocated randomly to treatment with propylene glycol (500 mL for 5 d) or no treatment. We analyzed the effect of the treatment on cow-level variables: metabolic cluster, milk metabolites, fat and protein contents, and fat-to-protein ratio at a milk sampling after the treatment. Furthermore, we analyzed daily milk yield, calving to first service interval, and disease occurrence. Results showed only a few effects of propylene glycol treatment and few interactions between treatment and metabolic clusters. We found no significant main effects of propylene glycol treatment in any of these analyses. A negative effect of the imbalanced metabolic cluster was found for the outcome of calving to first service interval for multiparous cows. In conclusion, we found a longer calving to first service interval in metabolically imbalanced cows, but we were not able to demonstrate overall benefits from the applied detection of cows in imbalanced metabolic status in early lactation and follow-up by treatment with propylene glycol.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Østergaard
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark.
| | - M A Krogh
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - V H S Oliveira
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark; Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute, SE-751 89, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - T Larsen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | | | - N D Otten
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark; Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 8, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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De Koster J, Salavati M, Grelet C, Crowe MA, Matthews E, O'Flaherty R, Opsomer G, Foldager L, Hostens M. Corrigendum to "Prediction of metabolic clusters in early-lactation dairy cows using models based on milk biomarkers" (J. Dairy Sci. 102:2631-2644). J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:3778. [PMID: 30878076 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-102-4-3778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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