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Pigorini A, Avanzini P, Barborica A, Bénar CG, David O, Farisco M, Keller CJ, Manfridi A, Mikulan E, Paulk AC, Roehri N, Subramanian A, Vulliémoz S, Zelmann R. Simultaneous invasive and non-invasive recordings in humans: A novel Rosetta stone for deciphering brain activity. J Neurosci Methods 2024; 408:110160. [PMID: 38734149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2024.110160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Simultaneous noninvasive and invasive electrophysiological recordings provide a unique opportunity to achieve a comprehensive understanding of human brain activity, much like a Rosetta stone for human neuroscience. In this review we focus on the increasingly-used powerful combination of intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) with scalp electroencephalography (EEG) or magnetoencephalography (MEG). We first provide practical insight on how to achieve these technically challenging recordings. We then provide examples from clinical research on how simultaneous recordings are advancing our understanding of epilepsy. This is followed by the illustration of how human neuroscience and methodological advances could benefit from these simultaneous recordings. We conclude with a call for open data sharing and collaboration, while ensuring neuroethical approaches and argue that only with a true collaborative approach the promises of simultaneous recordings will be fulfilled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pigorini
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; UOC Maxillo-facial Surgery and dentistry, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
| | - Pietro Avanzini
- Institute of Neuroscience, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Christian-G Bénar
- Aix Marseille Univ, Inserm, U1106, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Marseille, France
| | - Olivier David
- Aix Marseille Univ, Inserm, U1106, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Marseille, France
| | - Michele Farisco
- Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 256, Uppsala, SE 751 05, Sweden; Science and Society Unit Biogem, Biology and Molecular Genetics Institute, Via Camporeale snc, Ariano Irpino, AV 83031, Italy
| | - Corey J Keller
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, and the Sierra Pacific Mental Illness, Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Palo Alto, CA 94394, USA
| | - Alfredo Manfridi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ezequiel Mikulan
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelique C Paulk
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicolas Roehri
- EEG and Epilepsy Unit, Dpt of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ajay Subramanian
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, and the Sierra Pacific Mental Illness, Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Palo Alto, CA 94394, USA
| | - Serge Vulliémoz
- EEG and Epilepsy Unit, Dpt of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rina Zelmann
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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2
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Kunz L, Staresina BP, Reinacher PC, Brandt A, Guth TA, Schulze-Bonhage A, Jacobs J. Ripple-locked coactivity of stimulus-specific neurons and human associative memory. Nat Neurosci 2024; 27:587-599. [PMID: 38366143 PMCID: PMC10917673 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01550-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Associative memory enables the encoding and retrieval of relations between different stimuli. To better understand its neural basis, we investigated whether associative memory involves temporally correlated spiking of medial temporal lobe (MTL) neurons that exhibit stimulus-specific tuning. Using single-neuron recordings from patients with epilepsy performing an associative object-location memory task, we identified the object-specific and place-specific neurons that represented the separate elements of each memory. When patients encoded and retrieved particular memories, the relevant object-specific and place-specific neurons activated together during hippocampal ripples. This ripple-locked coactivity of stimulus-specific neurons emerged over time as the patients' associative learning progressed. Between encoding and retrieval, the ripple-locked timing of coactivity shifted, suggesting flexibility in the interaction between MTL neurons and hippocampal ripples according to behavioral demands. Our results are consistent with a cellular account of associative memory, in which hippocampal ripples coordinate the activity of specialized cellular populations to facilitate links between stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Kunz
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
- Epilepsy Center, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Bernhard P Staresina
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter C Reinacher
- Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology, Aachen, Germany
| | - Armin Brandt
- Epilepsy Center, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tim A Guth
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Epilepsy Center, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schulze-Bonhage
- Epilepsy Center, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Joshua Jacobs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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3
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Keles U, Dubois J, Le KJM, Tyszka JM, Kahn DA, Reed CM, Chung JM, Mamelak AN, Adolphs R, Rutishauser U. Multimodal single-neuron, intracranial EEG, and fMRI brain responses during movie watching in human patients. Sci Data 2024; 11:214. [PMID: 38365977 PMCID: PMC10873379 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-024-03029-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
We present a multimodal dataset of intracranial recordings, fMRI, and eye tracking in 20 participants during movie watching. Recordings consist of single neurons, local field potential, and intracranial EEG activity acquired from depth electrodes targeting the amygdala, hippocampus, and medial frontal cortex implanted for monitoring of epileptic seizures. Participants watched an 8-min long excerpt from the video "Bang! You're Dead" and performed a recognition memory test for movie content. 3 T fMRI activity was recorded prior to surgery in 11 of these participants while performing the same task. This NWB- and BIDS-formatted dataset includes spike times, field potential activity, behavior, eye tracking, electrode locations, demographics, and functional and structural MRI scans. For technical validation, we provide signal quality metrics, assess eye tracking quality, behavior, the tuning of cells and high-frequency broadband power field potentials to familiarity and event boundaries, and show brain-wide inter-subject correlations for fMRI. This dataset will facilitate the investigation of brain activity during movie watching, recognition memory, and the neural basis of the fMRI-BOLD signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umit Keles
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Julien Dubois
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kevin J M Le
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - J Michael Tyszka
- Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - David A Kahn
- Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Chrystal M Reed
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Chung
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Adam N Mamelak
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ralph Adolphs
- Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
| | - Ueli Rutishauser
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Center for Neural Science and Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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4
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Kyzar M, Kamiński J, Brzezicka A, Reed CM, Chung JM, Mamelak AN, Rutishauser U. Dataset of human-single neuron activity during a Sternberg working memory task. Sci Data 2024; 11:89. [PMID: 38238342 PMCID: PMC10796636 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-024-02943-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
We present a dataset of 1809 single neurons recorded from the human medial temporal lobe (amygdala and hippocampus) and medial frontal lobe (anterior cingulate cortex, pre-supplementary motor area, ventral medial prefrontal cortex) across 41 sessions from 21 patients that underwent seizure monitoring with depth electrodes. Subjects performed a screening task (907 neurons) to identify images for which highly selective cells were present. Subjects then performed a working memory task (902 neurons), in which they were sequentially presented with 1-3 images for which highly selective cells were present and, following a maintenance period, were asked if the probe was identical to one of the maintained images. This Neurodata Without Borders formatted dataset includes spike times, extracellular spike waveforms, stimuli presented, behavior, electrode locations, and subject demographics. As validation, we replicate previous findings on the selectivity of concept cells and their persistent activity during working memory maintenance. This large dataset of rare human single-neuron recordings and behavior enables the investigation of the neural mechanisms of working memory in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kyzar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jan Kamiński
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center of Excellence for Neural Plasticity and Brain Disorders: BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aneta Brzezicka
- Institute of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Chrystal M Reed
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Chung
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Adam N Mamelak
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ueli Rutishauser
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Center for Neural Science and Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
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5
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Lee K, Paulk AC, Ro YG, Cleary DR, Tonsfeldt KJ, Kfir Y, Pezaris JS, Tchoe Y, Lee J, Bourhis AM, Vatsyayan R, Martin JR, Russman SM, Yang JC, Baohan A, Richardson RM, Williams ZM, Fried SI, Hoi Sang U, Raslan AM, Ben-Haim S, Halgren E, Cash SS, Dayeh SA. Flexible, scalable, high channel count stereo-electrode for recording in the human brain. Nat Commun 2024; 15:218. [PMID: 38233418 PMCID: PMC10794240 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43727-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, stereotactically placed electrodes have become the gold standard for deep brain recording and stimulation for a wide variety of neurological and psychiatric diseases. Current electrodes, however, are limited in their spatial resolution and ability to record from small populations of neurons, let alone individual neurons. Here, we report on an innovative, customizable, monolithically integrated human-grade flexible depth electrode capable of recording from up to 128 channels and able to record at a depth of 10 cm in brain tissue. This thin, stylet-guided depth electrode is capable of recording local field potentials and single unit neuronal activity (action potentials), validated across species. This device represents an advance in manufacturing and design approaches which extends the capabilities of a mainstay technology in clinical neurology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keundong Lee
- Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Angelique C Paulk
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Yun Goo Ro
- Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Daniel R Cleary
- Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Karen J Tonsfeldt
- Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Yoav Kfir
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - John S Pezaris
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Youngbin Tchoe
- Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jihwan Lee
- Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Andrew M Bourhis
- Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Ritwik Vatsyayan
- Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Joel R Martin
- Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Samantha M Russman
- Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jimmy C Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Amy Baohan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - R Mark Richardson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Ziv M Williams
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Shelley I Fried
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - U Hoi Sang
- Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Ahmed M Raslan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Sharona Ben-Haim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Eric Halgren
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Sydney S Cash
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Shadi A Dayeh
- Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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6
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Schonhaut DR, Rao AM, Ramayya AG, Solomon EA, Herweg NA, Fried I, Kahana MJ. MTL neurons phase-lock to human hippocampal theta. eLife 2024; 13:e85753. [PMID: 38193826 PMCID: PMC10948143 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Memory formation depends on neural activity across a network of regions, including the hippocampus and broader medial temporal lobe (MTL). Interactions between these regions have been studied indirectly using functional MRI, but the bases for interregional communication at a cellular level remain poorly understood. Here, we evaluate the hypothesis that oscillatory currents in the hippocampus synchronize the firing of neurons both within and outside the hippocampus. We recorded extracellular spikes from 1854 single- and multi-units simultaneously with hippocampal local field potentials (LFPs) in 28 neurosurgical patients who completed virtual navigation experiments. A majority of hippocampal neurons phase-locked to oscillations in the slow (2-4 Hz) or fast (6-10 Hz) theta bands, with a significant subset exhibiting nested slow theta × beta frequency (13-20 Hz) phase-locking. Outside of the hippocampus, phase-locking to hippocampal oscillations occurred only at theta frequencies and primarily among neurons in the entorhinal cortex and amygdala. Moreover, extrahippocampal neurons phase-locked to hippocampal theta even when theta did not appear locally. These results indicate that spike-time synchronization with hippocampal theta is a defining feature of neuronal activity in the hippocampus and structurally connected MTL regions. Theta phase-locking could mediate flexible communication with the hippocampus to influence the content and quality of memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Schonhaut
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Aditya M Rao
- Department of Psychology, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Ashwin G Ramayya
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Ethan A Solomon
- Department of Bioengineering, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Nora A Herweg
- Department of Psychology, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Itzhak Fried
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv UniversityTel-AvivIsrael
| | - Michael J Kahana
- Department of Psychology, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
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7
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M Aghajan Z, Kreiman G, Fried I. Minute-scale periodicity of neuronal firing in the human entorhinal cortex. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113271. [PMID: 37906591 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Grid cells in the entorhinal cortex demonstrate spatially periodic firing, thought to provide a spatial map on behaviorally relevant length scales. Whether such periodicity exists for behaviorally relevant time scales in the human brain remains unclear. We investigate neuronal firing during a temporally continuous experience by presenting 14 neurosurgical patients with a video while recording neuronal activity from multiple brain regions. We report on neurons that modulate their activity in a periodic manner across different time scales-from seconds to many minutes, most prevalently in the entorhinal cortex. These neurons remap their dominant periodicity to shorter time scales during a subsequent recognition memory task. When the video is presented at two different speeds, a significant percentage of these temporally periodic cells (TPCs) maintain their time scales, suggesting a degree of invariance. The TPCs' temporal periodicity might complement the spatial periodicity of grid cells and together provide scalable spatiotemporal metrics for human experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra M Aghajan
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Gabriel Kreiman
- Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Center for Brains, Minds and Machines, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Itzhak Fried
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel.
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8
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Schonhaut DR, Aghajan ZM, Kahana MJ, Fried I. A neural code for time and space in the human brain. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113238. [PMID: 37906595 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Time and space are primary dimensions of human experience. Separate lines of investigation have identified neural correlates of time and space, yet little is known about how these representations converge during self-guided experience. Here, 10 subjects with intracranially implanted microelectrodes play a timed, virtual navigation game featuring object search and retrieval tasks separated by fixed delays. Time cells and place cells activate in parallel during timed navigation intervals, whereas a separate time cell sequence spans inter-task delays. The prevalence, firing rates, and behavioral coding strengths of time cells and place cells are indistinguishable-yet time cells selectively remap between search and retrieval tasks, while place cell responses remain stable. Thus, the brain can represent time and space as overlapping but dissociable dimensions. Time cells and place cells may constitute a biological basis for the cognitive map of spatiotemporal context onto which memories are written.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Schonhaut
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zahra M Aghajan
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael J Kahana
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Itzhak Fried
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA; Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel.
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9
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Coughlin B, Muñoz W, Kfir Y, Young MJ, Meszéna D, Jamali M, Caprara I, Hardstone R, Khanna A, Mustroph ML, Trautmann EM, Windolf C, Varol E, Soper DJ, Stavisky SD, Welkenhuysen M, Dutta B, Shenoy KV, Hochberg LR, Mark Richardson R, Williams ZM, Cash SS, Paulk AC. Modified Neuropixels probes for recording human neurophysiology in the operating room. Nat Protoc 2023; 18:2927-2953. [PMID: 37697108 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-023-00871-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Neuropixels are silicon-based electrophysiology-recording probes with high channel count and recording-site density. These probes offer a turnkey platform for measuring neural activity with single-cell resolution and at a scale that is beyond the capabilities of current clinically approved devices. Our team demonstrated the first-in-human use of these probes during resection surgery for epilepsy or tumors and deep brain stimulation electrode placement in patients with Parkinson's disease. Here, we provide a better understanding of the capabilities and challenges of using Neuropixels as a research tool to study human neurophysiology, with the hope that this information may inform future efforts toward regulatory approval of Neuropixels probes as research devices. In perioperative procedures, the major concerns are the initial sterility of the device, maintaining a sterile field during surgery, having multiple referencing and grounding schemes available to de-noise recordings (if necessary), protecting the silicon probe from accidental contact before insertion and obtaining high-quality action potential and local field potential recordings. The research team ensures that the device is fully operational while coordinating with the surgical team to remove sources of electrical noise that could otherwise substantially affect the signals recorded by the sensitive hardware. Prior preparation using the equipment and training in human clinical research and working in operating rooms maximize effective communication within and between the teams, ensuring high recording quality and minimizing the time added to the surgery. The perioperative procedure requires ~4 h, and the entire protocol requires multiple weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Coughlin
- Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William Muñoz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yoav Kfir
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael J Young
- Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Domokos Meszéna
- Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mohsen Jamali
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Irene Caprara
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard Hardstone
- Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Arjun Khanna
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martina L Mustroph
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School and Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric M Trautmann
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Grossman Center for the Statistics of Mind, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charlie Windolf
- Department of Statistics, Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Erdem Varol
- Department of Statistics, Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dan J Soper
- Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sergey D Stavisky
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute and Bio-X Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Krishna V Shenoy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute and Bio-X Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Leigh R Hochberg
- Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- VA RR&D Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology, Rehabilitation R&D Service, Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
- School of Engineering and Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - R Mark Richardson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ziv M Williams
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Sydney S Cash
- Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Angelique C Paulk
- Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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10
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Geva-Sagiv M, Mankin EA, Eliashiv D, Epstein S, Cherry N, Kalender G, Tchemodanov N, Nir Y, Fried I. Augmenting hippocampal-prefrontal neuronal synchrony during sleep enhances memory consolidation in humans. Nat Neurosci 2023:10.1038/s41593-023-01324-5. [PMID: 37264156 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01324-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Memory consolidation during sleep is thought to depend on the coordinated interplay between cortical slow waves, thalamocortical sleep spindles and hippocampal ripples, but direct evidence is lacking. Here, we implemented real-time closed-loop deep brain stimulation in human prefrontal cortex during sleep and tested its effects on sleep electrophysiology and on overnight consolidation of declarative memory. Synchronizing the stimulation to the active phases of endogenous slow waves in the medial temporal lobe (MTL) enhanced sleep spindles, boosted locking of brain-wide neural spiking activity to MTL slow waves, and improved coupling between MTL ripples and thalamocortical oscillations. Furthermore, synchronized stimulation enhanced the accuracy of recognition memory. By contrast, identical stimulation without this precise time-locking was not associated with, and sometimes even degraded, these electrophysiological and behavioral effects. Notably, individual changes in memory accuracy were highly correlated with electrophysiological effects. Our results indicate that hippocampo-thalamocortical synchronization during sleep causally supports human memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Geva-Sagiv
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Center of Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Emily A Mankin
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dawn Eliashiv
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shdema Epstein
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Natalie Cherry
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Guldamla Kalender
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Natalia Tchemodanov
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yuval Nir
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Itzhak Fried
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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11
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A wearable platform for closed-loop stimulation and recording of single-neuron and local field potential activity in freely moving humans. Nat Neurosci 2023; 26:517-527. [PMID: 36804647 PMCID: PMC9991917 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01260-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Advances in technologies that can record and stimulate deep brain activity in humans have led to impactful discoveries within the field of neuroscience and contributed to the development of novel therapies for neurological and psychiatric disorders. Further progress, however, has been hindered by device limitations in that recording of single-neuron activity during freely moving behaviors in humans has not been possible. Additionally, implantable neurostimulation devices, currently approved for human use, have limited stimulation programmability and restricted full-duplex bidirectional capability. In this study, we developed a wearable bidirectional closed-loop neuromodulation system (Neuro-stack) and used it to record single-neuron and local field potential activity during stationary and ambulatory behavior in humans. Together with a highly flexible and customizable stimulation capability, the Neuro-stack provides an opportunity to investigate the neurophysiological basis of disease, develop improved responsive neuromodulation therapies, explore brain function during naturalistic behaviors in humans and, consequently, bridge decades of neuroscientific findings across species.
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12
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Soula M, Maslarova A, Harvey RE, Valero M, Brandner S, Hamer H, Fernández-Ruiz A, Buzsáki G. Interictal epileptiform discharges affect memory in an Alzheimer's Disease mouse model. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.15.528683. [PMID: 36824810 PMCID: PMC9949089 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.15.528683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) are transient abnormal electrophysiological events commonly observed in epilepsy patients but are also present in other neurological disease, such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Understanding the role IEDs have on the hippocampal circuit is important for our understanding of the cognitive deficits seen in epilepsy and AD. We characterize and compare the IEDs of human epilepsy patients from microwire hippocampal recording with those of AD transgenic mice with implanted multi-layer hippocampal silicon probes. Both the local field potential features and firing patterns of pyramidal cells and interneurons were similar in mouse and human. We found that as IEDs emerged from the CA3-1 circuits, they recruited pyramidal cells and silenced interneurons, followed by post-IED suppression. IEDs suppressed the incidence and altered the properties of physiological sharp-wave ripples (SPW-Rs), altered their physiological properties, and interfered with the replay of place field sequences in a maze. In addition, IEDs in AD mice inversely correlated with daily memory performance. Together, our work implicates that IEDs may present a common and epilepsy-independent phenomenon in neurodegenerative diseases that perturbs hippocampal-cortical communication and interferes with memory. Significant Statement Prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases and the number of people with dementia is increasing steadily. Therefore, novel treatment strategies for learning and memory disorders are urgently necessary. IEDs, apart from being a surrogate for epileptic brain regions, have also been linked to cognitive decline. Here we report that IEDs in human epilepsy patients and AD mouse models have similar local field potential characteristics and associated firing patterns of pyramidal cells and interneurons. Mice with more IEDs displayed fewer hippocampal SPW-Rs, poorer replay of spatial trajectories, and decreased memory performance. IED suppression is an unexplored target to treat cognitive dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases.
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13
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Stangler LA, Nicolai EN, Mivalt F, Chang SY, Kim I, Kouzani AZ, Bennet K, Berk M, Uthamaraj S, Burns TC, Worrell GA, Howe CL. Development of an integrated microperfusion-EEG electrode for unbiased multimodal sampling of brain interstitial fluid and concurrent neural activity. J Neural Eng 2023; 20:016010. [PMID: 36538815 PMCID: PMC9855636 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/acad29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective. To modify off-the-shelf components to build a device for collecting electroencephalography (EEG) from macroelectrodes surrounded by large fluid access ports sampled by an integrated microperfusion system in order to establish a method for sampling brain interstitial fluid (ISF) at the site of stimulation or seizure activity with no bias for molecular size.Approach. Twenty-four 560µm diameter holes were ablated through the sheath surrounding one platinum-iridium macroelectrode of a standard Spencer depth electrode using a femtosecond UV laser. A syringe pump was converted to push-pull configuration and connected to the fluidics catheter of a commercially available microdialysis system. The fluidics were inserted into the lumen of the modified Spencer electrode with the microdialysis membrane removed, converting the system to open flow microperfusion. Electrical performance and analyte recovery were measured and parameters were systematically altered to improve performance. An optimized device was tested in the pig brain and unbiased quantitative mass spectrometry was used to characterize the perfusate collected from the peri-electrode brain in response to stimulation.Main results. Optimized parameters resulted in >70% recovery of 70 kDa dextran from a tissue analog. The optimized device was implanted in the cortex of a pig and perfusate was collected during four 60 min epochs. Following a baseline epoch, the macroelectrode surrounded by microperfusion ports was stimulated at 2 Hz (0.7 mA, 200µs pulse width). Following a post-stimulation epoch, the cortex near the electrode was stimulated with benzylpenicillin to induce epileptiform activity. Proteomic analysis of the perfusates revealed a unique inflammatory signature induced by electrical stimulation. This signature was not detected in bulk tissue ISF.Significance. A modified dual-sensing electrode that permits coincident detection of EEG and ISF at the site of epileptiform neural activity may reveal novel pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic targets that are otherwise undetectable at the bulk tissue level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A Stangler
- School of Engineering, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia,
Division of Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Evan N Nicolai
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Filip Mivalt
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America,
Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Su-Youne Chang
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America,
Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Inyong Kim
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Abbas Z Kouzani
- School of Engineering, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Kevin Bennet
- Division of Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Michael Berk
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Susheil Uthamaraj
- Division of Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Terry C Burns
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Gregory A Worrell
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America,
Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Charles L Howe
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America,
Division of Experimental Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America,Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed
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14
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Thielen B, Xu H, Fujii T, Rangwala SD, Jiang W, Lin M, Kammen A, Liu C, Selvan P, Song D, Mack WJ, Meng E. Making a case for endovascular approaches for neural recording and stimulation. J Neural Eng 2023; 20:10.1088/1741-2552/acb086. [PMID: 36603221 PMCID: PMC9928900 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/acb086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
There are many electrode types for recording and stimulating neural tissue, most of which necessitate direct contact with the target tissue. These electrodes range from large, scalp electrodes which are used to non-invasively record averaged, low frequency electrical signals from large areas/volumes of the brain, to penetrating microelectrodes which are implanted directly into neural tissue and interface with one or a few neurons. With the exception of scalp electrodes (which provide very low-resolution recordings), each of these electrodes requires a highly invasive, open brain surgical procedure for implantation, which is accompanied by significant risk to the patient. To mitigate this risk, a minimally invasive endovascular approach can be used. Several types of endovascular electrodes have been developed to be delivered into the blood vessels in the brain via a standard catheterization procedure. In this review, the existing body of research on the development and application of endovascular electrodes is presented. The capabilities of each of these endovascular electrodes is compared to commonly used direct-contact electrodes to demonstrate the relative efficacy of the devices. Potential clinical applications of endovascular recording and stimulation and the advantages of endovascular versus direct-contact approaches are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna Thielen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Huijing Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tatsuhiro Fujii
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shivani D. Rangwala
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wenxuan Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michelle Lin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alexandra Kammen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Charles Liu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Neurorestoration Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Pradeep Selvan
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Dong Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - William J. Mack
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ellis Meng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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15
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Axelrod V, Rozier C, Lehongre K, Adam C, Lambrecq V, Navarro V, Naccache L. Neural modulations in the auditory cortex during internal and external attention tasks: A single-patient intracranial recording study. Cortex 2022; 157:211-230. [PMID: 36335821 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2022.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Brain sensory processing is not passive, but is rather modulated by our internal state. Different research methods such as non-invasive imaging methods and intracranial recording of the local field potential (LFP) have been used to study to what extent sensory processing and the auditory cortex in particular are modulated by selective attention. However, at the level of the single- or multi-units the selective attention in humans has not been tested. In addition, most previous research on selective attention has explored externally-oriented attention, but attention can be also directed inward (i.e., internal attention), like spontaneous self-generated thoughts and mind-wandering. In the present study we had a rare opportunity to record multi-unit activity (MUA) in the auditory cortex of a patient. To complement, we also analyzed the LFP signal of the macro-contact in the auditory cortex. Our experiment consisted of two conditions with periodic beeping sounds. The participants were asked either to count the beeps (i.e., an "external attention" condition) or to recall the events of the previous day (i.e., an "internal attention" condition). We found that the four out of seven recorded units in the auditory cortex showed increased firing rates in "external attention" compared to "internal attention" condition. The beginning of this attentional modulation varied across multi-units between 30-50 msec and 130-150 msec from stimulus onset, a result that is compatible with an early selection view. The LFP evoked potential and induced high gamma activity both showed attentional modulation starting at about 70-80 msec. As the control, for the same experiment we recorded MUA activity in the amygdala and hippocampus of two additional patients. No major attentional modulation was found in the control regions. Overall, we believe that our results provide new empirical information and support for existing theoretical views on selective attention and spontaneous self-generated cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Axelrod
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.
| | - Camille Rozier
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute, ICM, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - Katia Lehongre
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute, ICM, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche-CENIR, Paris Brain Institute, UMRS 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Pitié-Salpêtriere Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Claude Adam
- AP-HP, GH Pitie-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Epilepsy Unit, Neurology Department, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Lambrecq
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute, ICM, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; AP-HP, Groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Neurophysiology, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, UMR S1127, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Navarro
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute, ICM, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; AP-HP, GH Pitie-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Epilepsy Unit, Neurology Department, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, UMR S1127, Paris, France
| | - Lionel Naccache
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute, ICM, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; AP-HP, Groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Neurophysiology, Paris, France
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16
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Frazzini V, Whitmarsh S, Lehongre K, Yger P, Lemarechal JD, Mathon B, Adam C, Hasboun D, Lambrecq V, Navarro V. Human periventricular nodular heterotopia shows several interictal epileptic patterns and hyperexcitability of neuronal firing. Front Neurol 2022; 13:1022768. [PMID: 36438938 PMCID: PMC9695411 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1022768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Periventricular nodular heterotopia (PNH) is a malformation of cortical development that frequently causes drug-resistant epilepsy. The epileptogenicity of ectopic neurons in PNH as well as their role in generating interictal and ictal activity is still a matter of debate. We report the first in vivo microelectrode recording of heterotopic neurons in humans. Highly consistent interictal patterns (IPs) were identified within the nodules: (1) Periodic Discharges PLUS Fast activity (PD+F), (2) Sporadic discharges PLUS Fast activity (SD+F), and (3) epileptic spikes (ES). Neuronal firing rates were significantly modulated during all IPs, suggesting that multiple IPs were generated by the same local neuronal populations. Furthermore, firing rates closely followed IP morphologies. Among the different IPs, the SD+F pattern was found only in the three nodules that were actively involved in seizure generation but was never observed in the nodule that did not take part in ictal discharges. On the contrary, PD+F and ES were identified in all nodules. Units that were modulated during the IPs were also found to participate in seizures, increasing their firing rate at seizure onset and maintaining an elevated rate during the seizures. Together, nodules in PNH are highly epileptogenic and show several IPs that provide promising pathognomonic signatures of PNH. Furthermore, our results show that PNH nodules may well initiate seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Frazzini
- AP-HP, Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital, Epilepsy Unit and Reference Center for Rare Epilepsies, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau–Paris Brain Institute–ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Stephen Whitmarsh
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau–Paris Brain Institute–ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Katia Lehongre
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau–Paris Brain Institute–ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Yger
- Institut de la Vision, INSERM UMRS 968, UPMC UM 80, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Didier Lemarechal
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau–Paris Brain Institute–ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Bertrand Mathon
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau–Paris Brain Institute–ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Paris, France
| | - Claude Adam
- AP-HP, Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital, Epilepsy Unit and Reference Center for Rare Epilepsies, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Hasboun
- AP-HP, Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital, Epilepsy Unit and Reference Center for Rare Epilepsies, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital, Department de Neuroradiology, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Lambrecq
- AP-HP, Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital, Epilepsy Unit and Reference Center for Rare Epilepsies, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau–Paris Brain Institute–ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Navarro
- AP-HP, Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital, Epilepsy Unit and Reference Center for Rare Epilepsies, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau–Paris Brain Institute–ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Vincent Navarro
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17
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Hassan AR, Zhao Z, Ferrero JJ, Cea C, Jastrzebska‐Perfect P, Myers J, Asman P, Ince NF, McKhann G, Viswanathan A, Sheth SA, Khodagholy D, Gelinas JN. Translational Organic Neural Interface Devices at Single Neuron Resolution. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2202306. [PMID: 35908811 PMCID: PMC9507374 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202202306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recording from the human brain at the spatiotemporal resolution of action potentials provides critical insight into mechanisms of higher cognitive functions and neuropsychiatric disease that is challenging to derive from animal models. Here, organic materials and conformable electronics are employed to create an integrated neural interface device compatible with minimally invasive neurosurgical procedures and geared toward chronic implantation on the surface of the human brain. Data generated with these devices enable identification and characterization of individual, spatially distribute human cortical neurons in the absence of any tissue penetration (n = 229 single units). Putative single-units are effectively clustered, and found to possess features characteristic of pyramidal cells and interneurons, as well as identifiable microcircuit interactions. Human neurons exhibit consistent phase modulation by oscillatory activity and a variety of population coupling responses. The parameters are furthermore established to optimize the yield and quality of single-unit activity from the cortical surface, enhancing the ability to investigate human neural network mechanisms without breaching the tissue interface and increasing the information that can be safely derived from neurophysiological monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahnaf Rashik Hassan
- Institute for Genomic MedicineColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkNY10032USA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringColumbia UniversityNew YorkNY10027USA
| | - Zifang Zhao
- Department of Electrical EngineeringColumbia UniversityNew YorkNY10027USA
| | - Jose J. Ferrero
- Institute for Genomic MedicineColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkNY10032USA
| | - Claudia Cea
- Department of Electrical EngineeringColumbia UniversityNew YorkNY10027USA
| | | | - John Myers
- Department of NeurosurgeryBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTX77030USA
| | - Priscella Asman
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of HoustonHoustonTX77004USA
| | - Nuri Firat Ince
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of HoustonHoustonTX77004USA
| | - Guy McKhann
- Department of NeurosurgeryColumbia University Irving Medical Center and New York Presbyterian HospitalNew YorkNY10032USA
| | | | - Sameer A. Sheth
- Department of NeurosurgeryBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTX77030USA
| | - Dion Khodagholy
- Department of Electrical EngineeringColumbia UniversityNew YorkNY10027USA
| | - Jennifer N. Gelinas
- Institute for Genomic MedicineColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkNY10032USA
- Department of NeurologyColumbia University Irving Medical Center and New York Presbyterian HospitalNew YorkNY10032USA
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18
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Encoding of Race Categories by Single Neurons in the Human Brain. NEUROSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/neurosci3030031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has suggested that race-specific features are automatically processed during face perception, often with out-group faces treated categorically. Functional imaging has illuminated the hemodynamic correlates of this process, with fewer studies examining single-neuron responses. In the present experiment, epilepsy patients undergoing microwire recordings in preparation for surgical treatment were shown realistic computer-generated human faces, which they classified according to the emotional expression shown. Racial categories of the stimulus faces varied independently of the emotion shown, being irrelevant to the patients’ primary task. Nevertheless, we observed race-driven changes in neural firing rates in the amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex, and hippocampus. These responses were broadly distributed, with the firing rates of 28% of recorded neurons in the amygdala and 45% in the anterior cingulate cortex predicting one or more racial categories. Nearly equal proportions of neurons responded to White and Black faces (24% vs. 22% in the amygdala and 26% vs. 28% in the anterior cingulate cortex). A smaller fraction (12%) of race-responsive neurons in the hippocampus predicted only White faces. Our results imply a distributed representation of race in brain areas involved in affective judgments, decision making, and memory. They also support the hypothesis that race-specific cues are perceptually coded even when those cues are task-irrelevant.
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19
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Lee SH, Thunemann M, Lee K, Cleary DR, Tonsfeldt KJ, Oh H, Azzazy F, Tchoe Y, Bourhis AM, Hossain L, Ro YG, Tanaka A, Kılıç K, Devor A, Dayeh SA. Scalable Thousand Channel Penetrating Microneedle Arrays on Flex for Multimodal and Large Area Coverage BrainMachine Interfaces. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2022; 32:2112045. [PMID: 36381629 PMCID: PMC9648634 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202112045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The Utah array powers cutting-edge projects for restoration of neurological function, such as BrainGate, but the underlying electrode technology has itself advanced little in the last three decades. Here, advanced dual-side lithographic microfabrication processes is exploited to demonstrate a 1024-channel penetrating silicon microneedle array (SiMNA) that is scalable in its recording capabilities and cortical coverage and is suitable for clinical translation. The SiMNA is the first penetrating microneedle array with a flexible backing that affords compliancy to brain movements. In addition, the SiMNA is optically transparent permitting simultaneous optical and electrophysiological interrogation of neuronal activity. The SiMNA is used to demonstrate reliable recordings of spontaneous and evoked field potentials and of single unit activity in chronically implanted mice for up to 196 days in response to optogenetic and to whisker air-puff stimuli. Significantly, the 1024-channel SiMNA establishes detailed spatiotemporal mapping of broadband brain activity in rats. This novel scalable and biocompatible SiMNA with its multimodal capability and sensitivity to broadband brain activity will accelerate the progress in fundamental neurophysiological investigations and establishes a new milestone for penetrating and large area coverage microelectrode arrays for brain-machine interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Heon Lee
- Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Martin Thunemann
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Keundong Lee
- Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Daniel R Cleary
- Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Karen J Tonsfeldt
- Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hongseok Oh
- Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Farid Azzazy
- Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Youngbin Tchoe
- Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andrew M Bourhis
- Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lorraine Hossain
- Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Graduate Program of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yun Goo Ro
- Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Atsunori Tanaka
- Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Graduate Program of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kıvılcım Kılıç
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Anna Devor
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Shadi A Dayeh
- Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Graduate Program of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Abstract
SignificanceEpisodic memories represent the "what," "when," and "where" of specific episodes. In epilepsy patients, we detected single-unit activity reflecting episodic memory only in the hippocampus. This neural signal is sparsely coded and pattern-separated, consistent with predictions from neurocomputational models. We also detected single-unit activity reflecting a generic memory signal, coding whether an item is old or new without item-specific episodic information. Similar to concept cells, this generic repetition/novelty neural signal was found in multiple brain regions, including the hippocampus. In contrast, the item-specific signal was found only in the hippocampus. Our results indicate the coexistence of two memory signals in the human brain and suggest that the sparsely coded, hippocampus-specific signal is fundamental, whereas the often-studied generic signal is derivative.
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21
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Axelrod V, Rozier C, Malkinson TS, Lehongre K, Adam C, Lambrecq V, Navarro V, Naccache L. Face-selective multi-unit activity in the proximity of the FFA modulated by facial expression stimuli. Neuropsychologia 2022; 170:108228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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22
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Abstract
Memory recollections and voluntary actions are often perceived as spontaneously generated irrespective of external stimuli. Although products of our neurons, they are only rarely accessible in humans at the neuronal level. Here I review insights gleaned from unique neurosurgical opportunities to record and stimulate single-neuron activity in people who can declare their thoughts, memories and wishes. I discuss evidence that the subjective experience of human recollection and that of voluntary action arise from the activity of two internal neuronal generators, the former from medial temporal lobe reactivation and the latter from frontoparietal preactivation. I characterize properties of these generators and their interaction, enabling flexible recruitment of memory-based choices for action as well as recruitment of action-based plans for the representation of conceptual knowledge in memories. Both internal generators operate on surprisingly explicit but different neuronal codes, which appear to arise with distinct single-neuron activity, often observed before participants' reports of conscious awareness. I discuss prediction of behaviour based on these codes, and the potential for their modulation. The prospects of editing human memories and volitions by enhancement, inception or deletion of specific, selected content raise therapeutic possibilities and ethical concerns.
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23
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Reduced neural feedback signaling despite robust neuron and gamma auditory responses during human sleep. Nat Neurosci 2022; 25:935-943. [PMID: 35817847 PMCID: PMC9276533 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01107-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
During sleep, sensory stimuli rarely trigger a behavioral response or conscious perception. However, it remains unclear whether sleep inhibits specific aspects of sensory processing, such as feedforward or feedback signaling. Here, we presented auditory stimuli (for example, click-trains, words, music) during wakefulness and sleep in patients with epilepsy, while recording neuronal spiking, microwire local field potentials, intracranial electroencephalogram and polysomnography. Auditory stimuli induced robust and selective spiking and high-gamma (80-200 Hz) power responses across the lateral temporal lobe during both non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Sleep only moderately attenuated response magnitudes, mainly affecting late responses beyond early auditory cortex and entrainment to rapid click-trains in NREM sleep. By contrast, auditory-induced alpha-beta (10-30 Hz) desynchronization (that is, decreased power), prevalent in wakefulness, was strongly reduced in sleep. Thus, extensive auditory responses persist during sleep whereas alpha-beta power decrease, likely reflecting neural feedback processes, is deficient. More broadly, our findings suggest that feedback signaling is key to conscious sensory processing.
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24
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Functional Characterization of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Models of the Brain with Microelectrode Arrays. Cells 2021; 11:cells11010106. [PMID: 35011667 PMCID: PMC8750870 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived neuron cultures have emerged as models of electrical activity in the human brain. Microelectrode arrays (MEAs) measure changes in the extracellular electric potential of cell cultures or tissues and enable the recording of neuronal network activity. MEAs have been applied to both human subjects and hPSC-derived brain models. Here, we review the literature on the functional characterization of hPSC-derived two- and three-dimensional brain models with MEAs and examine their network function in physiological and pathological contexts. We also summarize MEA results from the human brain and compare them to the literature on MEA recordings of hPSC-derived brain models. MEA recordings have shown network activity in two-dimensional hPSC-derived brain models that is comparable to the human brain and revealed pathology-associated changes in disease models. Three-dimensional hPSC-derived models such as brain organoids possess a more relevant microenvironment, tissue architecture and potential for modeling the network activity with more complexity than two-dimensional models. hPSC-derived brain models recapitulate many aspects of network function in the human brain and provide valid disease models, but certain advancements in differentiation methods, bioengineering and available MEA technology are needed for these approaches to reach their full potential.
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25
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Stangler LA, Kouzani A, Bennet KE, Dumee L, Berk M, Worrell GA, Steele S, Burns TC, Howe CL. Microdialysis and microperfusion electrodes in neurologic disease monitoring. Fluids Barriers CNS 2021; 18:52. [PMID: 34852829 PMCID: PMC8638547 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-021-00292-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Contemporary biomarker collection techniques in blood and cerebrospinal fluid have to date offered only modest clinical insights into neurologic diseases such as epilepsy and glioma. Conversely, the collection of human electroencephalography (EEG) data has long been the standard of care in these patients, enabling individualized insights for therapy and revealing fundamental principles of human neurophysiology. Increasing interest exists in simultaneously measuring neurochemical biomarkers and electrophysiological data to enhance our understanding of human disease mechanisms. This review compares microdialysis, microperfusion, and implanted EEG probe architectures and performance parameters. Invasive consequences of probe implantation are also investigated along with the functional impact of biofouling. Finally, previously developed microdialysis electrodes and microperfusion electrodes are reviewed in preclinical and clinical settings. Critically, current and precedent microdialysis and microperfusion probes lack the ability to collect neurochemical data that is spatially and temporally coincident with EEG data derived from depth electrodes. This ultimately limits diagnostic and therapeutic progress in epilepsy and glioma research. However, this gap also provides a unique opportunity to create a dual-sensing technology that will provide unprecedented insights into the pathogenic mechanisms of human neurologic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A Stangler
- School of Engineering, Deakin University, 3216, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Division of Engineering, Mayo Clinic, 55905, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Abbas Kouzani
- School of Engineering, Deakin University, 3216, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kevin E Bennet
- School of Engineering, Deakin University, 3216, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Division of Engineering, Mayo Clinic, 55905, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ludovic Dumee
- School of Engineering, Deakin University, 3216, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Berk
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, 3216, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Steven Steele
- Division of Engineering, Mayo Clinic, 55905, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Terence C Burns
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, 55905, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Charles L Howe
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 55905, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Division of Experimental Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 55905, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Center for MS and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 55905, Rochester, MN, USA.
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26
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A neural code for egocentric spatial maps in the human medial temporal lobe. Neuron 2021; 109:2781-2796.e10. [PMID: 34265253 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Spatial navigation and memory rely on neural systems that encode places, distances, and directions in relation to the external world or relative to the navigating organism. Place, grid, and head-direction cells form key units of world-referenced, allocentric cognitive maps, but the neural basis of self-centered, egocentric representations remains poorly understood. Here, we used human single-neuron recordings during virtual spatial navigation tasks to identify neurons providing a neural code for egocentric spatial maps in the human brain. Consistent with previous observations in rodents, these neurons represented egocentric bearings toward reference points positioned throughout the environment. Egocentric bearing cells were abundant in the parahippocampal cortex and supported vectorial representations of egocentric space by also encoding distances toward reference points. Beyond navigation, the observed neurons showed activity increases during spatial and episodic memory recall, suggesting that egocentric bearing cells are not only relevant for navigation but also play a role in human memory.
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27
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Qasim SE, Fried I, Jacobs J. Phase precession in the human hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. Cell 2021; 184:3242-3255.e10. [PMID: 33979655 PMCID: PMC8195854 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Knowing where we are, where we have been, and where we are going is critical to many behaviors, including navigation and memory. One potential neuronal mechanism underlying this ability is phase precession, in which spatially tuned neurons represent sequences of positions by activating at progressively earlier phases of local network theta oscillations. Based on studies in rodents, researchers have hypothesized that phase precession may be a general neural pattern for representing sequential events for learning and memory. By recording human single-neuron activity during spatial navigation, we show that spatially tuned neurons in the human hippocampus and entorhinal cortex exhibit phase precession. Furthermore, beyond the neural representation of locations, we show evidence for phase precession related to specific goal states. Our findings thus extend theta phase precession to humans and suggest that this phenomenon has a broad functional role for the neural representation of both spatial and non-spatial information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman E Qasim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Itzhak Fried
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Joshua Jacobs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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28
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Kubska ZR, Kamiński J. How Human Single-Neuron Recordings Can Help Us Understand Cognition: Insights from Memory Studies. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11040443. [PMID: 33808391 PMCID: PMC8067009 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11040443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding human cognition is a key goal of contemporary neuroscience. Due to the complexity of the human brain, animal studies and noninvasive techniques, however valuable, are incapable of providing us with a full understanding of human cognition. In the light of existing cognitive theories, we describe findings obtained thanks to human single-neuron recordings, including the discovery of concept cells and novelty-dependent cells, or activity patterns behind working memory, such as persistent activity. We propose future directions for studies using human single-neuron recordings and we discuss possible opportunities of investigating pathological brain.
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29
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The Architecture of Human Memory: Insights from Human Single-Neuron Recordings. J Neurosci 2020; 41:883-890. [PMID: 33257323 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1648-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Deciphering the mechanisms of human memory is a central goal of neuroscience, both from the point of view of the fundamental biology of memory and for its translational relevance. Here, we review some contributions that recordings from neurons in humans implanted with electrodes for clinical purposes have made toward this goal. Recordings from the medial temporal lobe, including the hippocampus, reveal the existence of two classes of cells: those encoding highly selective and invariant representations of abstract concepts, and memory-selective cells whose activity is related to familiarity and episodic retrieval. Insights derived from observing these cells in behaving humans include that semantic representations are activated before episodic representations, that memory content and memory strength are segregated, and that the activity of both types of cells is related to subjective awareness as expected from a substrate for declarative memory. Visually selective cells can remain persistently active for several seconds, thereby revealing a cellular substrate for working memory in humans. An overarching insight is that the neural code of human memory is interpretable at the single-neuron level. Jointly, intracranial recording studies are starting to reveal aspects of the building blocks of human memory at the single-cell level. This work establishes a bridge to cellular-level work in animals on the one hand, and the extensive literature on noninvasive imaging in humans on the other hand. More broadly, this work is a step toward a detailed mechanistic understanding of human memory that is needed to develop therapies for human memory disorders.
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30
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Single-cell activity in human STG during perception of phonemes is organized according to manner of articulation. Neuroimage 2020; 226:117499. [PMID: 33186717 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the central tasks of the human auditory system is to extract sound features from incoming acoustic signals that are most critical for speech perception. Specifically, phonological features and phonemes are the building blocks for more complex linguistic entities, such as syllables, words and sentences. Previous ECoG and EEG studies showed that various regions in the superior temporal gyrus (STG) exhibit selective responses to specific phonological features. However, electrical activity recorded by ECoG or EEG grids reflects average responses of large neuronal populations and is therefore limited in providing insights into activity patterns of single neurons. Here, we recorded spiking activity from 45 units in the STG from six neurosurgical patients who performed a listening task with phoneme stimuli. Fourteen units showed significant responsiveness to the stimuli. Using a Naïve-Bayes model, we find that single-cell responses to phonemes are governed by manner-of-articulation features and are organized according to sonority with two main clusters for sonorants and obstruents. We further find that 'neural similarity' (i.e. the similarity of evoked spiking activity between pairs of phonemes) is comparable to the 'perceptual similarity' (i.e. to what extent two phonemes are judged as sounding similar) based on perceptual confusion, assessed behaviorally in healthy subjects. Thus, phonemes that were perceptually similar also had similar neural responses. Taken together, our findings indicate that manner-of-articulation is the dominant organization dimension of phoneme representations at the single-cell level, suggesting a remarkable consistency across levels of analyses, from the single neuron level to that of large neuronal populations and behavior.
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31
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Woods GA, Rommelfanger NJ, Hong G. Bioinspired Materials for In Vivo Bioelectronic Neural Interfaces. MATTER 2020; 3:1087-1113. [PMID: 33103115 PMCID: PMC7583599 DOI: 10.1016/j.matt.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The success of in vivo neural interfaces relies on their long-term stability and large scale in interrogating and manipulating neural activity after implantation. Conventional neural probes, owing to their limited spatiotemporal resolution and scale, face challenges for studying the massive, interconnected neural network in its native state. In this review, we argue that taking inspiration from biology will unlock the next generation of in vivo bioelectronic neural interfaces. Reducing the feature sizes of bioelectronic neural interfaces to mimic those of neurons enables high spatial resolution and multiplexity. Additionally, chronic stability at the device-tissue interface is realized by matching the mechanical properties of bioelectronic neural interfaces to those of the endogenous tissue. Further, modeling the design of neural interfaces after the endogenous topology of the neural circuitry enables new insights into the connectivity and dynamics of the brain. Lastly, functionalization of neural probe surfaces with coatings inspired by biology leads to enhanced tissue acceptance over extended timescales. Bioinspired neural interfaces will facilitate future developments in neuroscience studies and neurological treatments by leveraging bidirectional information transfer and integrating neuromorphic computing elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace A. Woods
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Rommelfanger
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
| | - Guosong Hong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
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32
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Urgun K, Paff M, Chan A, Hsu F, Vadera S. Surgical Robot-Enhanced Implantation of Intracranial Depth Electrodes for Single Neuron Recording Studies in Patients with Medically Refractory Epilepsy: A Technical Note. World Neurosurg 2020; 145:210-219. [PMID: 32980570 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.09.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Single neuron or unit recording enables researchers to measure the electrophysiologic responses of single neurons using a microelectrode system. This approach is widely used in cognitive science and has become more widespread in humans with the use of hybrid (micro-within-macrowire) depth electrodes that enable the implantation of microwires into the brain parenchyma. METHODS The authors describe their surgical technique in a total of 7 patients with intractable epilepsy who underwent robot-enhanced stereoencephalography in which both standard (nonhybrid) and hybrid depth electrodes were used for invasive chronic monitoring. RESULTS The technique and accuracy of the procedure were evaluated with a total of 84 depth electrodes (46 hybrid, 38 standard) in 7 patients. No major complications, such as intracranial hemorrhage, infection or cerebrospinal fluid leakage, occurred regardless of the type of electrode used. CONCLUSIONS The addition of hybrid depth electrodes for the purpose of in vivo single neuron recording in robot-enhanced stereoencephalography procedures is safe and does not impact the accuracy of targeting or patient safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Urgun
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Irvine Medical Center, Orange, California, USA.
| | - Michelle Paff
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Irvine Medical Center, Orange, California, USA
| | - Alvin Chan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Irvine Medical Center, Orange, California, USA
| | - Frank Hsu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Irvine Medical Center, Orange, California, USA
| | - Sumeet Vadera
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Irvine Medical Center, Orange, California, USA
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33
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Gupta P, Balasubramaniam N, Chang HY, Tseng FG, Santra TS. A Single-Neuron: Current Trends and Future Prospects. Cells 2020; 9:E1528. [PMID: 32585883 PMCID: PMC7349798 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain is an intricate network with complex organizational principles facilitating a concerted communication between single-neurons, distinct neuron populations, and remote brain areas. The communication, technically referred to as connectivity, between single-neurons, is the center of many investigations aimed at elucidating pathophysiology, anatomical differences, and structural and functional features. In comparison with bulk analysis, single-neuron analysis can provide precise information about neurons or even sub-neuron level electrophysiology, anatomical differences, pathophysiology, structural and functional features, in addition to their communications with other neurons, and can promote essential information to understand the brain and its activity. This review highlights various single-neuron models and their behaviors, followed by different analysis methods. Again, to elucidate cellular dynamics in terms of electrophysiology at the single-neuron level, we emphasize in detail the role of single-neuron mapping and electrophysiological recording. We also elaborate on the recent development of single-neuron isolation, manipulation, and therapeutic progress using advanced micro/nanofluidic devices, as well as microinjection, electroporation, microelectrode array, optical transfection, optogenetic techniques. Further, the development in the field of artificial intelligence in relation to single-neurons is highlighted. The review concludes with between limitations and future prospects of single-neuron analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Gupta
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Tamil Nadu 600036, India; (P.G.); (N.B.)
| | - Nandhini Balasubramaniam
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Tamil Nadu 600036, India; (P.G.); (N.B.)
| | - Hwan-You Chang
- Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan;
| | - Fan-Gang Tseng
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan;
| | - Tuhin Subhra Santra
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Tamil Nadu 600036, India; (P.G.); (N.B.)
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34
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Krom AJ, Marmelshtein A, Gelbard-Sagiv H, Tankus A, Hayat H, Hayat D, Matot I, Strauss I, Fahoum F, Soehle M, Boström J, Mormann F, Fried I, Nir Y. Anesthesia-induced loss of consciousness disrupts auditory responses beyond primary cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:11770-11780. [PMID: 32398367 PMCID: PMC7261054 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1917251117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite its ubiquitous use in medicine, and extensive knowledge of its molecular and cellular effects, how anesthesia induces loss of consciousness (LOC) and affects sensory processing remains poorly understood. Specifically, it is unclear whether anesthesia primarily disrupts thalamocortical relay or intercortical signaling. Here we recorded intracranial electroencephalogram (iEEG), local field potentials (LFPs), and single-unit activity in patients during wakefulness and light anesthesia. Propofol infusion was gradually increased while auditory stimuli were presented and patients responded to a target stimulus until they became unresponsive. We found widespread iEEG responses in association cortices during wakefulness, which were attenuated and restricted to auditory regions upon LOC. Neuronal spiking and LFP responses in primary auditory cortex (PAC) persisted after LOC, while responses in higher-order auditory regions were variable, with neuronal spiking largely attenuated. Gamma power induced by word stimuli increased after LOC while its frequency profile slowed, thus differing from local spiking activity. In summary, anesthesia-induced LOC disrupts auditory processing in association cortices while relatively sparing responses in PAC, opening new avenues for future research into mechanisms of LOC and the design of anesthetic monitoring devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J Krom
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
- Hadassah School of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Amit Marmelshtein
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Hagar Gelbard-Sagiv
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Ariel Tankus
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Functional Neurosurgery Unit, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Hanna Hayat
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Daniel Hayat
- Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Pain, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Idit Matot
- Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Pain, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Ido Strauss
- Functional Neurosurgery Unit, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Firas Fahoum
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- EEG and Epilepsy Unit, Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel
| | - Martin Soehle
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Bonn Medical Center, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan Boström
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Bonn Medical Center, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Florian Mormann
- Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn Medical Center, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Itzhak Fried
- Functional Neurosurgery Unit, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel;
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Yuval Nir
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel;
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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Despouy E, Curot J, Reddy L, Nowak LG, Deudon M, Sol JC, Lotterie JA, Denuelle M, Maziz A, Bergaud C, Thorpe SJ, Valton L, Barbeau EJ. Recording local field potential and neuronal activity with tetrodes in epileptic patients. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 341:108759. [PMID: 32389603 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recordings with tetrodes have proven to be more effective in isolating single neuron spiking activity than with single microwires. However, tetrodes have never been used in humans. We report on the characteristics, safety, compatibility with clinical intracranial recordings in epileptic patients, and performance, of a new type of hybrid electrode equipped with tetrodes. NEW METHOD 240 standard clinical macroelectrodes and 102 hybrid electrodes were implanted in 28 patients. Hybrids (diameter 800 μm) are made of 6 or 9 macro-contacts and 2 or 3 tetrodes (diameter 70-80 μm). RESULTS No clinical complication or adverse event was associated with the hybrids. Impedance and noise of recordings were stable over time. The design enabled multiscale spatial analyses that revealed physiopathological events which were sometimes specific to one tetrode, but could not be recorded on the macro-contacts. After spike sorting, the single-unit yield was similar to other hybrid electrodes and was sometimes as high as >10 neurons per tetrode. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) This new hybrid electrode has a smaller diameter than other available hybrid electrodes. It provides novel spatial information due to the configuration of the tetrodes. The single-unit yield appears promising. CONCLUSIONS This new hybrid electrode is safe, easy to use, and works satisfactorily for conducting multi-scale seizure and physiological analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Despouy
- Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Toulouse F-31330, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CerCo, Toulouse F-31052, France; DIXI Medical, Chaudefontaine F-25640 France
| | - Jonathan Curot
- Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Toulouse F-31330, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CerCo, Toulouse F-31052, France; Explorations Neurophysiologiques, Hôpital Purpan, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31300, France
| | - Leila Reddy
- Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Toulouse F-31330, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CerCo, Toulouse F-31052, France
| | - Lionel G Nowak
- Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Toulouse F-31330, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CerCo, Toulouse F-31052, France
| | - Martin Deudon
- Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Toulouse F-31330, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CerCo, Toulouse F-31052, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Sol
- INSERM, U1214, TONIC, Toulouse Mind and Brain Institute, Toulouse F-31052, France; Neurochirurgie, Hôpital Purpan, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31300, France
| | - Jean-Albert Lotterie
- INSERM, U1214, TONIC, Toulouse Mind and Brain Institute, Toulouse F-31052, France; Radiochirurgie Stéréotaxique, Hôpital Purpan, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31300, France
| | - Marie Denuelle
- Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Toulouse F-31330, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CerCo, Toulouse F-31052, France; Explorations Neurophysiologiques, Hôpital Purpan, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31300, France
| | - Ali Maziz
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse F-31400, France
| | | | - Simon J Thorpe
- Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Toulouse F-31330, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CerCo, Toulouse F-31052, France
| | - Luc Valton
- Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Toulouse F-31330, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CerCo, Toulouse F-31052, France; Explorations Neurophysiologiques, Hôpital Purpan, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31300, France
| | - Emmanuel J Barbeau
- Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Toulouse F-31330, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CerCo, Toulouse F-31052, France.
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Heiss JD, Argersinger DP, Theodore WH, Butman JA, Sato S, Khan OI. Convection-Enhanced Delivery of Muscimol in Patients with Drug-Resistant Epilepsy. Neurosurgery 2020; 85:E4-E15. [PMID: 30407567 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyy480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Minimally invasive therapies for drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) have been advocated. A study of convection-enhanced delivery (CED) of muscimol, a GABAA receptor agonist, was previously completed in non-human primates. OBJECTIVE To investigate the safety and anti-epileptic effects of intracerebral muscimol infusion into the epileptic focus of patients with DRE. METHODS In this phase 1 clinical trial, 3 adult patients with DRE underwent CED into the seizure focus of artificial CSF vehicle followed by muscimol for 12 to 24 h each using a crossover design. Basic pathophysiology of the epileptic focus was examined by assessing the infusions' effects on seizure frequency, electroencephalogram (EEG) spike-wave activity, and power-spectral EEG frequency. RESULTS Inter-ictal neurological function remained normal in all patients. Pathological examination of resected specimens showed no infusion-related brain injuries. Seizure frequency decreased in 1 of 3 patients during muscimol infusion but was unchanged in all patients during vehicle infusion. Mean beta frequencies did not differ significantly before, during, or after infusion periods. Infused fluid provided insufficient MRI-signal to track infusate distribution. In the 2 yr after standard epilepsy surgery, 1 patient had temporary reduction in seizure frequency and 2 patients were seizure-free. CONCLUSION CED of muscimol into the epileptic focus of patients with DRE did not damage adjacent brain parenchyma or adversely affect seizure surgery outcome. This study did not confirm that intracerebral muscimol infusion effectively suppressed seizures. A surrogate tracer is recommended to track infusion distribution to the epileptic focus and surrounding structures in future studies using CED to suppress the seizure focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Heiss
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Davis P Argersinger
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - William H Theodore
- Clinical Epilepsy Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - John A Butman
- Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Susumu Sato
- Electroencephalography Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Omar I Khan
- Electroencephalography Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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A NWB-based dataset and processing pipeline of human single-neuron activity during a declarative memory task. Sci Data 2020; 7:78. [PMID: 32132545 PMCID: PMC7055261 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-020-0415-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A challenge for data sharing in systems neuroscience is the multitude of different data formats used. Neurodata Without Borders: Neurophysiology 2.0 (NWB:N) has emerged as a standardized data format for the storage of cellular-level data together with meta-data, stimulus information, and behavior. A key next step to facilitate NWB:N adoption is to provide easy to use processing pipelines to import/export data from/to NWB:N. Here, we present a NWB-formatted dataset of 1863 single neurons recorded from the medial temporal lobes of 59 human subjects undergoing intracranial monitoring while they performed a recognition memory task. We provide code to analyze and export/import stimuli, behavior, and electrophysiological recordings to/from NWB in both MATLAB and Python. The data files are NWB:N compliant, which affords interoperability between programming languages and operating systems. This combined data and code release is a case study for how to utilize NWB:N for human single-neuron recordings and enables easy re-use of this hard-to-obtain data for both teaching and research on the mechanisms of human memory. Measurement(s) | medial temporal lobe • memory • amygdala • hippocampus | Technology Type(s) | single-unit recording | Factor Type(s) | confidence • remembered/forgotten • old/new • visual category • stimulus onset (visual) | Sample Characteristic - Organism | Homo sapiens |
Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: 10.6084/m9.figshare.11835801
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Gross RE, Sung EK, Mulligan P, Laxpati NG, Mayo DA, Rolston JD. Accuracy of frameless image-guided implantation of depth electrodes for intracranial epilepsy monitoring. J Neurosurg 2020; 132:681-691. [PMID: 30901753 DOI: 10.3171/2018.12.jns18749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Various techniques are available for stereotactic implantation of depth electrodes for intracranial epilepsy monitoring. The goal of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and effectiveness of frameless MRI-guided depth electrode implantation. METHODS Using a frameless MRI-guided stereotactic approach (Stealth), depth electrodes were implanted in patients via burr holes or craniotomy, mostly into the medial temporal lobe. In all cases in which it was possible, postoperative MR images were coregistered to planning MR images containing the marked targets for quantitative analysis of intended versus actual location of each electrode tip. In the subset of MR images done with sufficient resolution, qualitative assessment of anatomical accuracy was performed. Finally, the effectiveness of implanted electrodes for identifying seizure onset was retrospectively examined. RESULTS Sixty-eight patients underwent frameless implantation of 413 depth electrodes (96% to mesial temporal structures) via burr holes by one surgeon at 2 institutions. In 36 patients (203 electrodes) planning and postoperative MR images were available for quantitative analysis; an additional 8 procedures with 19 electrodes implanted via craniotomy for grid were also available for quantitative analysis. The median distance between intended target and actual tip location was 5.19 mm (mean 6.19 ± 4.13 mm, range < 2 mm-29.4 mm). Inaccuracy for transtemporal depths was greater along the electrode (i.e., deep), and posterior, whereas electrodes inserted via an occipital entry deviated radially. Failure to localize seizure onset did not result from implantation inaccuracy, although 2 of 62 patients (3.2%)-both with electrodes inserted occipitally-required reoperation. Complications were mostly transient, but resulted in long-term deficit in 2 of 68 patients (3%). CONCLUSIONS Despite modest accuracy, frameless depth electrode implantation was sufficient for seizure localization in the medial temporal lobe when using the orthogonal approach, but may not be adequate for occipital trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Gross
- Departments of1Neurosurgery and
- 2Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Edward K Sung
- 3Department of Radiology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Patrick Mulligan
- 4Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Darlene A Mayo
- 5Mayo Medical Consulting, PLLC, Jacksonville, Florida; and
| | - John D Rolston
- 6Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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Tsitsiklis M, Miller J, Qasim SE, Inman CS, Gross RE, Willie JT, Smith EH, Sheth SA, Schevon CA, Sperling MR, Sharan A, Stein JM, Jacobs J. Single-Neuron Representations of Spatial Targets in Humans. Curr Biol 2020; 30:245-253.e4. [PMID: 31902728 PMCID: PMC6981010 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus and surrounding medial-temporal-lobe (MTL) structures are critical for both memory and spatial navigation, but we do not fully understand the neuronal representations used to support these behaviors. Much research has examined how the MTL neurally represents spatial information, such as with "place cells" that represent an animal's current location or "head-direction cells" that code for an animal's current heading. In addition to behaviors that require an animal to attend to the current spatial location, navigating to remote destinations is a common part of daily life. To examine the neural basis of these behaviors, we recorded single-neuron activity from neurosurgical patients playing Treasure Hunt, a virtual-reality spatial-memory task. By analyzing how the activity of these neurons related to behavior in Treasure Hunt, we found that the firing rates of many MTL neurons during navigation significantly changed depending on the position of the current spatial target. In addition, we observed neurons whose firing rates during navigation were tuned to specific heading directions in the environment, and others whose activity changed depending on the timing within the trial. By showing that neurons in our task represent remote locations rather than the subject's own position, our results suggest that the human MTL can represent remote spatial information according to task demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Tsitsiklis
- Doctoral Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Jonathan Miller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Salman E Qasim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Cory S Inman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Robert E Gross
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jon T Willie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Elliot H Smith
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Sameer A Sheth
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Catherine A Schevon
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Michael R Sperling
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Ashwini Sharan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Joel M Stein
- Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joshua Jacobs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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Extent of Single-Neuron Activity Modulation by Hippocampal Interictal Discharges Predicts Declarative Memory Disruption in Humans. J Neurosci 2019; 40:682-693. [PMID: 31754015 PMCID: PMC6961998 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1380-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory deficits are common in epilepsy patients. In these patients, the interictal EEG commonly shows interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs). While IEDs are associated with transient cognitive impairments, it remains poorly understood why this is. We investigated the effects of human (male and female) hippocampal IEDs on single-neuron activity during a memory task in patients with medically refractory epilepsy undergoing depth electrode monitoring. We quantified the effects of hippocampal IEDs on single-neuron activity and the impact of this modulation on subjectively declared memory strength. Across all recorded neurons, the activity of 50 of 728 neurons were significantly modulated by IEDs, with the strongest modulation in the medial temporal lobe (33 of 416) and in particular the right hippocampus (12 of 58). Putative inhibitory neurons, as identified by their extracellular signature, were more likely to be modulated by IEDs than putative excitatory neurons (19 of 157 vs 31 of 571). Behaviorally, the occurrence of hippocampal IEDs was accompanied by a disruption of recognition of familiar images only if they occurred up to 2 s before stimulus onset. In contrast, IEDs did not impair encoding or recognition of novel images, indicating high temporal and task specificity of the effects of IEDs. The degree of modulation of individual neurons by an IED correlated with the declared confidence of a retrieval trial, with higher firing rates indicative of reduced confidence. Together, these data link the transient modulation of individual neurons by IEDs to specific declarative memory deficits in specific cell types, thereby revealing a mechanism by which IEDs disrupt medial temporal lobe-dependent declarative memory retrieval processes. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) are thought to be a cause of memory deficits in chronic epilepsy patients, but the underlying mechanisms are not understood. Utilizing single-neuron recordings in epilepsy patients, we found that hippocampal IEDs transiently change firing of hippocampal neurons and disrupted selectively the retrieval, but not encoding, of declarative memories. The extent of the modulation of the individual firing of hippocampal neurons by an IED predicted the extent of reduction of subjective retrieval confidence. Together, these data reveal a specific kind of transient cognitive impairment caused by IEDs and link this impairment to the modulation of the activity of individual neurons. Understanding the mechanisms by which IEDs impact memory is critical for understanding memory impairments in epilepsy patients.
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Memory retrieval modulates spatial tuning of single neurons in the human entorhinal cortex. Nat Neurosci 2019; 22:2078-2086. [PMID: 31712776 PMCID: PMC6897360 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-019-0523-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The medial temporal lobe is critical for both spatial navigation and memory. Although single neurons in the medial temporal lobe activate to represent locations in the environment during navigation, how this spatial tuning relates to memory for events involving those locations remains unclear. We examined memory-related changes in spatial tuning by recording single-neuron activity from neurosurgical patients performing a virtual-reality object-location memory task. We identified 'memory-trace cells' with activity that was spatially tuned to the retrieved location of the specific object that participants were cued to remember. Memory-trace cells in the entorhinal cortex, in particular, encoded discriminable representations of different memories through a memory-specific rate code. These findings indicate that single neurons in the human entorhinal cortex change their spatial tuning to target relevant memories for retrieval.
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Saif-Ur-Rehman M, Lienkämper R, Parpaley Y, Wellmer J, Liu C, Lee B, Kellis S, Andersen R, Iossifidis I, Glasmachers T, Klaes C. SpikeDeeptector: a deep-learning based method for detection of neural spiking activity. J Neural Eng 2019; 16:056003. [PMID: 31042684 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ab1e63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In electrophysiology, microelectrodes are the primary source for recording neural data (single unit activity). These microelectrodes can be implanted individually or in the form of arrays containing dozens to hundreds of channels. Recordings of some channels contain neural activity, which are often contaminated with noise. Another fraction of channels does not record any neural data, but only noise. By noise, we mean physiological activities unrelated to spiking, including technical artifacts and neural activities of neurons that are too far away from the electrode to be usefully processed. For further analysis, an automatic identification and continuous tracking of channels containing neural data is of great significance for many applications, e.g. automated selection of neural channels during online and offline spike sorting. Automated spike detection and sorting is also critical for online decoding in brain-computer interface (BCI) applications, in which only simple threshold crossing events are often considered for feature extraction. To our knowledge, there is no method that can universally and automatically identify channels containing neural data. In this study, we aim to identify and track channels containing neural data from implanted electrodes, automatically and more importantly universally. By universally, we mean across different recording technologies, different subjects and different brain areas. APPROACH We propose a novel algorithm based on a new way of feature vector extraction and a deep learning method, which we call SpikeDeeptector. SpikeDeeptector considers a batch of waveforms to construct a single feature vector and enables contextual learning. The feature vectors are then fed to a deep learning method, which learns contextualized, temporal and spatial patterns, and classifies them as channels containing neural spike data or only noise. MAIN RESULTS We trained the model of SpikeDeeptector on data recorded from a single tetraplegic patient with two Utah arrays implanted in different areas of the brain. The trained model was then evaluated on data collected from six epileptic patients implanted with depth electrodes, unseen data from the tetraplegic patient and data from another tetraplegic patient implanted with two Utah arrays. The cumulative evaluation accuracy was 97.20% on 1.56 million hand labeled test inputs. SIGNIFICANCE The results demonstrate that SpikeDeeptector generalizes not only to the new data, but also to different brain areas, subjects, and electrode types not used for training. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER The clinical trial registration number for patients implanted with the Utah array is NCT01849822. For the epilepsy patients, approval from the local ethics committee at the Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany, was obtained prior to implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saif-Ur-Rehman
- Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany. Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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van Mierlo P, Höller Y, Focke NK, Vulliemoz S. Network Perspectives on Epilepsy Using EEG/MEG Source Connectivity. Front Neurol 2019; 10:721. [PMID: 31379703 PMCID: PMC6651209 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of EEG/MEG source connectivity is both, a promising, and controversial advance in the characterization of epileptic brain activity. In this narrative review we elucidate the potential of this technology to provide an intuitive view of the epileptic network at its origin, the different brain regions involved in the epilepsy, without the limitation of electrodes at the scalp level. Several studies have confirmed the added value of using source connectivity to localize the seizure onset zone and irritative zone or to quantify the propagation of epileptic activity over time. It has been shown in pilot studies that source connectivity has the potential to obtain prognostic correlates, to assist in the diagnosis of the epilepsy type even in the absence of visually noticeable epileptic activity in the EEG/MEG, and to predict treatment outcome. Nevertheless, prospective validation studies in large and heterogeneous patient cohorts are still lacking and are needed to bring these techniques into clinical use. Moreover, the methodological approach is challenging, with several poorly examined parameters that most likely impact the resulting network patterns. These fundamental challenges affect all potential applications of EEG/MEG source connectivity analysis, be it in a resting, spiking, or ictal state, and also its application to cognitive activation of the eloquent area in presurgical evaluation. However, such method can allow unique insights into physiological and pathological brain functions and have great potential in (clinical) neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter van Mierlo
- Medical Image and Signal Processing Group, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yvonne Höller
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Akureyri, Akureyri, Iceland
| | - Niels K Focke
- Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Serge Vulliemoz
- EEG and Epilepsy Unit, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Schevon CA, Tobochnik S, Eissa T, Merricks E, Gill B, Parrish RR, Bateman LM, McKhann GM, Emerson RG, Trevelyan AJ. Multiscale recordings reveal the dynamic spatial structure of human seizures. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 127:303-311. [PMID: 30898669 PMCID: PMC6588430 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular activity underlying human focal seizures, and its relationship to key signatures in the EEG recordings used for therapeutic purposes, has not been well characterized despite many years of investigation both in laboratory and clinical settings. The increasing use of microelectrodes in epilepsy surgery patients has made it possible to apply principles derived from laboratory research to the problem of mapping the spatiotemporal structure of human focal seizures, and characterizing the corresponding EEG signatures. In this review, we describe results from human microelectrode studies, discuss some data interpretation pitfalls, and explain the current understanding of the key mechanisms of ictogenesis and seizure spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Schevon
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Steven Tobochnik
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tahra Eissa
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Edward Merricks
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian Gill
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - R Ryley Parrish
- Institute for Aging, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Lisa M Bateman
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Guy M McKhann
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ronald G Emerson
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew J Trevelyan
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Institute for Aging, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK
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Rutishauser U. Testing Models of Human Declarative Memory at the Single-Neuron Level. Trends Cogn Sci 2019; 23:510-524. [PMID: 31031021 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Deciphering the mechanisms of declarative memory is a major goal of neuroscience. While much theoretical progress has been made, it has proven difficult to experimentally verify key predictions of some foundational models of memory. Recently, single-neuron recordings in human patients have started to provide direct experimental verification of some theories, including mnemonic evidence accumulation, balance-of-evidence for confidence judgments, sparse coding, contextual reinstatement, and the ventral tegmental area (VTA)-hippocampus loop model. Here, we summarize the cell types that have been described in the medial temporal lobe and posterior parietal cortex, discuss their properties, and reflect on how these findings inform theoretical work. This body of work exemplifies the scientific power of a synergistic combination of modeling and human single-neuron recordings to advance cognitive neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ueli Rutishauser
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Center for Neural Science and Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
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Weiss SA, Staba R, Bragin A, Moxon K, Sperling M, Avoli M, Engel J. "Interneurons and principal cell firing in human limbic areas at focal seizure onset". Neurobiol Dis 2018; 124:183-188. [PMID: 30471414 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shennan A Weiss
- Depts. of Neurology and Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - Richard Staba
- Dept. of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Anatol Bragin
- Dept. of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Karen Moxon
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Michael Sperling
- Depts. of Neurology and Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Massimo Avoli
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Depts. of Neurology & Neurosurgery and of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Jerome Engel
- Dept. of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Dept. of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Dept. of Neurobiology, Dept. of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Carlson AA, Rutishauser U, Mamelak AN. Safety and Utility of Hybrid Depth Electrodes for Seizure Localization and Single-Unit Neuronal Recording. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2018; 96:311-319. [PMID: 30326475 DOI: 10.1159/000493548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invasive electrode monitoring provides more precise localization of epileptogenic foci in patients with medically refractory epilepsy. The use of hybrid depth electrodes that include microwires for simultaneous single-neuron monitoring is becoming more widespread. OBJECTIVE To determine the safety and utility of hybrid depth electrodes for intracranial monitoring of medically refractory epilepsy. METHODS We reviewed the medical charts of 53 cases of medically refractory epilepsy operated on from 2006 to 2017, where both non-hybrid and hybrid microwire depth electrodes were used for intracranial monitoring. We assessed the localization accuracy and complications that arose to assess the relative safety and utility of hybrid depth electrodes compared with standard electrodes. RESULTS A total of 555 electrodes were implanted in 52 patients. The overall per-electrode complication rate was 2.3%, with a per-case complication rate of 20.8%. There were no infections or deaths. Serious or hemorrhagic complications occurred in 2 patients (0.4% per-electrode risk). Complications did not correlate with the use of any particular electrode type, and hybrids were equally as reliable as standard electrodes in localizing seizure onset zones. CONCLUSIONS Hybrid depth electrodes appear to be as safe and effective as standard depth electrodes for intracranial monitoring and provide unique opportunities to study the human brain at single-neuron resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- April A Carlson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ueli Rutishauser
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Adam N Mamelak
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California,
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Elahian B, Lado NE, Mankin E, Vangala S, Misra A, Moxon K, Fried I, Sharan A, Yeasin M, Staba R, Bragin A, Avoli M, Sperling MR, Engel J, Weiss SA. Low-voltage fast seizures in humans begin with increased interneuron firing. Ann Neurol 2018; 84:588-600. [PMID: 30179277 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intracellular recordings from cells in entorhinal cortex tissue slices show that low-voltage fast (LVF) onset seizures are generated by inhibitory events. Here, we determined whether increased firing of interneurons occurs at the onset of spontaneous mesial-temporal LVF seizures recorded in patients. METHODS The seizure onset zone (SOZ) was identified using visual inspection of the intracranial electroencephalogram. We used wavelet clustering and temporal autocorrelations to characterize changes in single-unit activity during the onset of LVF seizures recorded from microelectrodes in mesial-temporal structures. Action potentials generated by principal neurons and interneurons (ie, putative excitatory and inhibitory neurons) were distinguished using waveform morphology and K-means clustering. RESULTS From a total of 200 implanted microelectrodes in 9 patients during 13 seizures, we isolated 202 single units; 140 (69.3%) of these units were located in the SOZ, and 40 (28.57%) of them were classified as inhibitory. The waveforms of both excitatory and inhibitory units remained stable during the LVF epoch (p > > 0.05). In the mesial-temporal SOZ, inhibitory interneurons increased their firing rate during LVF seizure onset (p < 0.01). Excitatory neuron firing rates peaked 10 seconds after the inhibitory neurons (p < 0.01). During LVF spread to the contralateral mesial temporal lobe, an increase in inhibitory neuron firing rate was also observed (p < 0.01). INTERPRETATION Our results suggest that seizure generation and spread during spontaneous mesial-temporal LVF onset events in humans may result from increased inhibitory neuron firing that spawns a subsequent increase in excitatory neuron firing and seizure evolution. Ann Neurol 2018;84:588-600.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Elahian
- Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA.,Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN
| | - Nathan E Lado
- Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA.,Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Emily Mankin
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Sitaram Vangala
- Department of Medicine, Statistics Core, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Amrit Misra
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Karen Moxon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Itzhak Fried
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ashwini Sharan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Mohammed Yeasin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN
| | - Richard Staba
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Anatol Bragin
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Massimo Avoli
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Jerome Engel
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA.,Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Shennan A Weiss
- Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA.,Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
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Watrous AJ, Miller J, Qasim SE, Fried I, Jacobs J. Phase-tuned neuronal firing encodes human contextual representations for navigational goals. eLife 2018; 7:32554. [PMID: 29932417 PMCID: PMC6040884 DOI: 10.7554/elife.32554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that the phase of oscillations modulates neural activity representing categorical information using human intracranial recordings and high-frequency activity from local field potentials (Watrous et al., 2015b). We extend these findings here using human single-neuron recordings during a virtual navigation task. We identify neurons in the medial temporal lobe with firing-rate modulations for specific navigational goals, as well as for navigational planning and goal arrival. Going beyond this work, using a novel oscillation detection algorithm, we identify phase-locked neural firing that encodes information about a person’s prospective navigational goal in the absence of firing rate changes. These results provide evidence for navigational planning and contextual accounts of human MTL function at the single-neuron level. More generally, our findings identify phase-coded neuronal firing as a component of the human neural code.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Watrous
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, United States.,Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States.,Seton Brain and Spine Institute, Austin, Texas, United States
| | - Jonathan Miller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Salman E Qasim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Itzhak Fried
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States.,Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Department of Neurosurgery, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Joshua Jacobs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, United States
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Gelbard-Sagiv H, Mudrik L, Hill MR, Koch C, Fried I. Human single neuron activity precedes emergence of conscious perception. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2057. [PMID: 29802308 PMCID: PMC5970215 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03749-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying the neuronal basis of spontaneous changes in conscious experience in the absence of changes in the external environment is a major challenge. Binocular rivalry, in which two stationary monocular images lead to continuously changing perception, provides a unique opportunity to address this issue. We studied the activity of human single neurons in the medial temporal and frontal lobes while patients were engaged in binocular rivalry. Here we report that internal changes in the content of perception are signaled by very early (~-2000 ms) nonselective medial frontal activity, followed by selective activity of medial temporal lobe neurons that precedes the perceptual change by ~1000 ms. Such early activations are not found for externally driven perceptual changes. These results suggest that a medial fronto-temporal network may be involved in the preconscious internal generation of perceptual transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagar Gelbard-Sagiv
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, 91126, CA, USA. .,Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, 90095, CA, USA. .,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel. .,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel.
| | - Liad Mudrik
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, 91126, CA, USA.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel.,School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - Michael R Hill
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, 91126, CA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, 90095, CA, USA
| | - Christof Koch
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, 91126, CA, USA.,Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Itzhak Fried
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, 90095, CA, USA.,Functional Neurosurgery Unit, Tel-Aviv Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, 6423906, Israel
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