1
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Keles U, Dubois J, Le KJM, Tyszka JM, Kahn DA, Reed CM, Chung JM, Mamelak AN, Adolphs R, Rutishauser U. Multimodal single-neuron, intracranial EEG, and fMRI brain responses during movie watching in human patients. Sci Data 2024; 11:214. [PMID: 38365977 PMCID: PMC10873379 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-024-03029-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
We present a multimodal dataset of intracranial recordings, fMRI, and eye tracking in 20 participants during movie watching. Recordings consist of single neurons, local field potential, and intracranial EEG activity acquired from depth electrodes targeting the amygdala, hippocampus, and medial frontal cortex implanted for monitoring of epileptic seizures. Participants watched an 8-min long excerpt from the video "Bang! You're Dead" and performed a recognition memory test for movie content. 3 T fMRI activity was recorded prior to surgery in 11 of these participants while performing the same task. This NWB- and BIDS-formatted dataset includes spike times, field potential activity, behavior, eye tracking, electrode locations, demographics, and functional and structural MRI scans. For technical validation, we provide signal quality metrics, assess eye tracking quality, behavior, the tuning of cells and high-frequency broadband power field potentials to familiarity and event boundaries, and show brain-wide inter-subject correlations for fMRI. This dataset will facilitate the investigation of brain activity during movie watching, recognition memory, and the neural basis of the fMRI-BOLD signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umit Keles
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Julien Dubois
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kevin J M Le
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - J Michael Tyszka
- Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - David A Kahn
- Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Chrystal M Reed
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Chung
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Adam N Mamelak
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ralph Adolphs
- Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
| | - Ueli Rutishauser
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Center for Neural Science and Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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2
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Colas JT, Dundon NM, Gerraty RT, Saragosa-Harris NM, Szymula KP, Tanwisuth K, Tyszka JM, van Geen C, Ju H, Toga AW, Gold JI, Bassett DS, Hartley CA, Shohamy D, Grafton ST, O'Doherty JP. Reinforcement learning with associative or discriminative generalization across states and actions: fMRI at 3 T and 7 T. Hum Brain Mapp 2022; 43:4750-4790. [PMID: 35860954 PMCID: PMC9491297 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The model‐free algorithms of “reinforcement learning” (RL) have gained clout across disciplines, but so too have model‐based alternatives. The present study emphasizes other dimensions of this model space in consideration of associative or discriminative generalization across states and actions. This “generalized reinforcement learning” (GRL) model, a frugal extension of RL, parsimoniously retains the single reward‐prediction error (RPE), but the scope of learning goes beyond the experienced state and action. Instead, the generalized RPE is efficiently relayed for bidirectional counterfactual updating of value estimates for other representations. Aided by structural information but as an implicit rather than explicit cognitive map, GRL provided the most precise account of human behavior and individual differences in a reversal‐learning task with hierarchical structure that encouraged inverse generalization across both states and actions. Reflecting inference that could be true, false (i.e., overgeneralization), or absent (i.e., undergeneralization), state generalization distinguished those who learned well more so than action generalization. With high‐resolution high‐field fMRI targeting the dopaminergic midbrain, the GRL model's RPE signals (alongside value and decision signals) were localized within not only the striatum but also the substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental area, including specific effects of generalization that also extend to the hippocampus. Factoring in generalization as a multidimensional process in value‐based learning, these findings shed light on complexities that, while challenging classic RL, can still be resolved within the bounds of its core computations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaron T Colas
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA.,Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA.,Computation and Neural Systems Program, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Neil M Dundon
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Raphael T Gerraty
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.,Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.,Center for Science and Society, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Natalie M Saragosa-Harris
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Karol P Szymula
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Koranis Tanwisuth
- Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - J Michael Tyszka
- Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Camilla van Geen
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Harang Ju
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Arthur W Toga
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Joshua I Gold
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dani S Bassett
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA
| | - Catherine A Hartley
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York, USA.,Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Daphna Shohamy
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.,Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.,Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Scott T Grafton
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - John P O'Doherty
- Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA.,Computation and Neural Systems Program, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
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3
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Campbell CE, Mezher AF, Tyszka JM, Nagel BJ, Eckel SP, Herting MM. Associations between testosterone, estradiol, and androgen receptor genotype with amygdala subregions in adolescents. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2022; 137:105604. [PMID: 34971856 PMCID: PMC8925279 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Much is known about the development of the whole amygdala, but less is known about its structurally and functionally diverse subregions. One notable distinguishing feature is their wide range of androgen and estrogen receptor densities. Given the rise in pubertal hormones during adolescence, sex steroid levels as well as receptor sensitivity could influence age-related subregion volumes. Therefore, our goal was to evaluate the associations between the total amygdala and its subregion volumes in relation to sex hormones - estradiol and free testosterone (FT) - as a function of age and genetic differences in androgen receptor (AR) sensitivity in a sample of 297 adolescents (46% female). In males, we found small effects of FT-by-age interactions in the total amygdala, portions of the basolateral complex, and the cortical and medial nuclei (CMN), with the CMN effects being moderated by AR sensitivity. For females, small effects were seen with increased genetic AR sensitivity relating to smaller basolateral complexes. However, none of these small effects passed multiple comparisons. Future larger studies are necessary to replicate these small, yet possibly meaningful effects of FT-by-age associations and modulation by AR sensitivity on amygdala development to ultimately determine if they contribute to known sex differences in emotional neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E. Campbell
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA 90033,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA 90089-2520
| | - Adam F. Mezher
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA 90033,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA 90089-2520
| | - J. Michael Tyszka
- Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA 91125
| | - Bonnie J. Nagel
- Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA 97239-3098
| | - Sandrah P. Eckel
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA 90033
| | - Megan M. Herting
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA 90033
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4
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Campbell CE, Mezher AF, Eckel SP, Tyszka JM, Pauli WM, Nagel BJ, Herting MM. Restructuring of amygdala subregion apportion across adolescence. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2020; 48:100883. [PMID: 33476872 PMCID: PMC7820032 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Total amygdala volumes develop in association with sex and puberty, and postmortem studies find neuronal numbers increase in a nuclei specific fashion across development. Thus, amygdala subregions and composition may evolve with age. Our goal was to examine if amygdala subregion absolute volumes and/or relative proportion varies as a function of age, sex, or puberty in a large sample of typically developing adolescents (N = 408, 43 % female, 10-17 years). Utilizing the in vivo CIT168 atlas, we quantified 9 subregions and implemented Generalized Additive Mixed Models to capture potential non-linear associations with age and pubertal status between sexes. Only males showed significant age associations with the basolateral ventral and paralaminar subdivision (BLVPL), central nucleus (CEN), and amygdala transition area (ATA). Again, only males showed relative differences in the proportion of the BLVPL, CEN, ATA, along with lateral (LA) and amygdalostriatal transition area (ASTA), with age. Using a best-fit modeling approach, age, and not puberty, was found to drive these associations. The results suggest that amygdala subregions show unique variations with age in males across adolescence. Future research is warranted to determine if our findings may contribute to sex differences in mental health that emerge across adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Campbell
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-2520, USA
| | - Adam F Mezher
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-2520, USA
| | - Sandrah P Eckel
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - J Michael Tyszka
- Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Wolfgang M Pauli
- Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Bonnie J Nagel
- Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239-3098, USA
| | - Megan M Herting
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
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5
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Kliemann D, Adolphs R, Tyszka JM, Fischl B, Yeo BTT, Nair R, Dubois J, Paul LK. Intrinsic Functional Connectivity of the Brain in Adults with a Single Cerebral Hemisphere. Cell Rep 2020; 29:2398-2407.e4. [PMID: 31747608 PMCID: PMC6914265 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A reliable set of functional brain networks is found in healthy people and thought to underlie our cognition, emotion, and behavior. Here, we investigated these networks by quantifying intrinsic functional connectivity in six individuals who had undergone surgical removal of one hemisphere. Hemispherectomy subjects and healthy controls were scanned with identical parameters on the same scanner and compared to a large normative sample (n = 1,482). Surprisingly, hemispherectomy subjects and controls all showed strong and equivalent intrahemispheric connectivity between brain regions typically assigned to the same functional network. Connectivity between parts of different networks, however, was markedly increased for almost all hemispherectomy participants and across all networks. These results support the hypothesis of a shared set of functional networks that underlie cognition and suggest that between-network interactions may characterize functional reorganization in hemispherectomy. Kliemann et al. present resting state neuroimaging data in six adults with childhood hemispherectomy, compared to controls. They find an intact functional organization into canonical networks, yet identify an increase in communication between networks—a possible characterization of functional reorganization in hemispherectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorit Kliemann
- Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
| | - Ralph Adolphs
- Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - J Michael Tyszka
- Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Bruce Fischl
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Division of Health Sciences and Technology and Engineering and Computer Science MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - B T Thomas Yeo
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Clinical Imaging Research Centre, N.1 Institute for Health and Memory Networks Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Remya Nair
- Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Julien Dubois
- Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Lynn K Paul
- Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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6
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Herting MM, Azad A, Kim R, Tyszka JM, Geffner ME, Kim MS. Brain Differences in the Prefrontal Cortex, Amygdala, and Hippocampus in Youth with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5707565. [PMID: 31950148 PMCID: PMC7058446 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency results in hormone imbalances present both prenatally and postnatally that may impact the developing brain. OBJECTIVE To characterize gray matter morphology in the prefrontal cortex and subregion volumes of the amygdala and hippocampus in youth with CAH as compared to controls. DESIGN A cross-sectional study of 27 CAH youth (16 female; 12.6 ± 3.4 years) and 35 typically developing, healthy controls (20 female; 13.0 ± 2.8 years) with 3-T magnetic resonance imaging scans. Brain volumes of interest included bilateral prefrontal cortex and 9 amygdala and 6 hippocampal subregions. Between-subject effects of group (CAH vs. control) and sex, and their interaction (group-by-sex) on brain volumes, were studied while controlling for intracranial volume (ICV) and group differences in body mass index and bone age. RESULTS Congenital adrenal hyperplasia youth had smaller ICV and increased cerebrospinal fluid volume compared to controls. In fully-adjusted models, CAH youth had smaller bilateral superior and caudal middle frontal volumes, and smaller left lateral orbitofrontal volumes compared to controls. Medial temporal lobe analyses revealed that the left hippocampus was smaller in fully-adjusted models. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia youth also had significantly smaller lateral nucleus of the amygdala and hippocampal subiculum and CA1 subregions. CONCLUSIONS This study replicates previous findings of smaller medial temporal lobe volumes in CAH patients and suggests that the lateral nucleus of the amygdala, as well as subiculum and subfield CA1 of the hippocampus, are particularly affected within the medial temporal lobes in CAH youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Herting
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Children’s Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA), Los Angeles, California
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Megan M. Herting, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N Soto, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, US. Tel.: 323-442-7226. E-mail:
| | - Anisa Azad
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Robert Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - J Michael Tyszka
- Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Mitchell E Geffner
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Children’s Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA), Los Angeles, California
- The Saban Research Institute of CHLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mimi S Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Children’s Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA), Los Angeles, California
- The Saban Research Institute of CHLA, Los Angeles, California
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7
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Pauli WM, Nili AN, Tyszka JM. A high-resolution probabilistic in vivo atlas of human subcortical brain nuclei. Sci Data 2018; 5:180063. [PMID: 29664465 PMCID: PMC5903366 DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2018.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in magnetic resonance imaging methods, including data acquisition, pre-processing and analysis, have benefited research on the contributions of subcortical brain nuclei to human cognition and behavior. At the same time, these developments have led to an increasing need for a high-resolution probabilistic in vivo anatomical atlas of subcortical nuclei. In order to address this need, we constructed high spatial resolution, three-dimensional templates, using high-accuracy diffeomorphic registration of T1- and T2- weighted structural images from 168 typical adults between 22 and 35 years old. In these templates, many tissue boundaries are clearly visible, which would otherwise be impossible to delineate in data from individual studies. The resulting delineations of subcortical nuclei complement current histology-based atlases. We further created a companion library of software tools for atlas development, to offer an open and evolving resource for the creation of a crowd-sourced in vivo probabilistic anatomical atlas of the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang M Pauli
- Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.,Computation and Neural Systems Program, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | | | - J Michael Tyszka
- Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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8
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Dubois J, Oya H, Tyszka JM, Howard M, Eberhardt F, Adolphs R. Causal mapping of emotion networks in the human brain: Framework and initial findings. Neuropsychologia 2017; 145:106571. [PMID: 29146466 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Emotions involve many cortical and subcortical regions, prominently including the amygdala. It remains unknown how these multiple network components interact, and it remains unknown how they cause the behavioral, autonomic, and experiential effects of emotions. Here we describe a framework for combining a novel technique, concurrent electrical stimulation with fMRI (es-fMRI), together with a novel analysis, inferring causal structure from fMRI data (causal discovery). We outline a research program for investigating human emotion with these new tools, and provide initial findings from two large resting-state datasets as well as case studies in neurosurgical patients with electrical stimulation of the amygdala. The overarching goal is to use causal discovery methods on fMRI data to infer causal graphical models of how brain regions interact, and then to further constrain these models with direct stimulation of specific brain regions and concurrent fMRI. We conclude by discussing limitations and future extensions. The approach could yield anatomical hypotheses about brain connectivity, motivate rational strategies for treating mood disorders with deep brain stimulation, and could be extended to animal studies that use combined optogenetic fMRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Dubois
- Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Oya
- Department of Neurosurgery, Human Brain Research Laboratory, University of Iowa, IA 52241, USA
| | - J Michael Tyszka
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Matthew Howard
- Department of Neurosurgery, Human Brain Research Laboratory, University of Iowa, IA 52241, USA
| | - Frederick Eberhardt
- Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Ralph Adolphs
- Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Chen Neuroscience Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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9
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Colas JT, Pauli WM, Larsen T, Tyszka JM, O’Doherty JP. Distinct prediction errors in mesostriatal circuits of the human brain mediate learning about the values of both states and actions: evidence from high-resolution fMRI. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005810. [PMID: 29049406 PMCID: PMC5673235 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prediction-error signals consistent with formal models of "reinforcement learning" (RL) have repeatedly been found within dopaminergic nuclei of the midbrain and dopaminoceptive areas of the striatum. However, the precise form of the RL algorithms implemented in the human brain is not yet well determined. Here, we created a novel paradigm optimized to dissociate the subtypes of reward-prediction errors that function as the key computational signatures of two distinct classes of RL models-namely, "actor/critic" models and action-value-learning models (e.g., the Q-learning model). The state-value-prediction error (SVPE), which is independent of actions, is a hallmark of the actor/critic architecture, whereas the action-value-prediction error (AVPE) is the distinguishing feature of action-value-learning algorithms. To test for the presence of these prediction-error signals in the brain, we scanned human participants with a high-resolution functional magnetic-resonance imaging (fMRI) protocol optimized to enable measurement of neural activity in the dopaminergic midbrain as well as the striatal areas to which it projects. In keeping with the actor/critic model, the SVPE signal was detected in the substantia nigra. The SVPE was also clearly present in both the ventral striatum and the dorsal striatum. However, alongside these purely state-value-based computations we also found evidence for AVPE signals throughout the striatum. These high-resolution fMRI findings suggest that model-free aspects of reward learning in humans can be explained algorithmically with RL in terms of an actor/critic mechanism operating in parallel with a system for more direct action-value learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaron T. Colas
- Computation and Neural Systems Program, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States of America
| | - Wolfgang M. Pauli
- Computation and Neural Systems Program, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States of America
- Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States of America
| | - Tobias Larsen
- Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States of America
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - J. Michael Tyszka
- Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States of America
| | - John P. O’Doherty
- Computation and Neural Systems Program, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States of America
- Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States of America
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10
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Tyszka JM, Pauli WM. In vivo delineation of subdivisions of the human amygdaloid complex in a high-resolution group template. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 37:3979-3998. [PMID: 27354150 PMCID: PMC5087325 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclei of the human amygdala remain difficult to distinguish in individual subject structural magnetic resonance images. However, interpretation of the amygdala's role in whole brain networks requires accurate localization of functional activity to a particular nucleus or subgroup of nuclei. To address this, high spatial resolution, three-dimensional templates, using joint high accuracy diffeomorphic registration of T1- and T2-weighted structural images from 168 typical adults between 22 and 35 years old released by the Human Connectome Project were constructed. Several internuclear boundaries are clearly visible in these templates, which would otherwise be impossible to delineate in individual subject data. A probabilistic atlas of major nuclei and nuclear groups was constructed in this template space and mapped back to individual spaces by inversion of the individual diffeomorphisms. Group level analyses revealed a slight (∼2%) bias toward larger total amygdala and nuclear volumes in the right hemisphere. No substantial sex or age differences were found in amygdala volumes normalized to total intracranial volume, or subdivision volumes normalized to amygdala volume. The current delineation provides a finer parcellation of the amygdala with more accurate external boundary definition than current histology-based atlases when used in conjunction with high accuracy registration methods, such as diffeomorphic warping. These templates and delineation are intended to be an open and evolving resource for future functional and structural imaging studies of the human amygdala. Hum Brain Mapp 37:3979-3998, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Michael Tyszka
- Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California.
| | - Wolfgang M Pauli
- Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
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11
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Byrge L, Dubois J, Tyszka JM, Adolphs R, Kennedy DP. Idiosyncratic brain activation patterns are associated with poor social comprehension in autism. J Neurosci 2015; 35:5837-50. [PMID: 25855192 PMCID: PMC4388936 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5182-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) features profound social deficits but neuroimaging studies have failed to find any consistent neural signature. Here we connect these two facts by showing that idiosyncratic patterns of brain activation are associated with social comprehension deficits. Human participants with ASD (N = 17) and controls (N = 20) freely watched a television situation comedy (sitcom) depicting seminaturalistic social interactions ("The Office", NBC Universal) in the scanner. Intersubject correlations in the pattern of evoked brain activation were reduced in the ASD group-but this effect was driven entirely by five ASD subjects whose idiosyncratic responses were also internally unreliable. The idiosyncrasy of these five ASD subjects was not explained by detailed neuropsychological profile, eye movements, or data quality; however, they were specifically impaired in understanding the social motivations of characters in the sitcom. Brain activation patterns in the remaining ASD subjects were indistinguishable from those of control subjects using multiple multivariate approaches. Our findings link neurofunctional abnormalities evoked by seminaturalistic stimuli with a specific impairment in social comprehension, and highlight the need to conceive of ASD as a heterogeneous classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Byrge
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, and
| | - Julien Dubois
- Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - J Michael Tyszka
- Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Ralph Adolphs
- Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Daniel P Kennedy
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, and
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12
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Pantelis PC, Byrge L, Tyszka JM, Adolphs R, Kennedy DP. A specific hypoactivation of right temporo-parietal junction/posterior superior temporal sulcus in response to socially awkward situations in autism. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2015; 10:1348-56. [PMID: 25698698 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsv021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
People with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often have difficulty comprehending social situations in the complex, dynamic contexts encountered in the real world. To study the social brain under conditions which approximate naturalistic situations, we measured brain activity with FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING: while participants watched a full-length episode of the sitcom The Office. Having quantified the degree of social awkwardness at each moment of the episode, as judged by an independent sample of controls, we found that both individuals with ASD and control participants showed reliable activation of several brain regions commonly associated with social perception and cognition (e.g. those comprising the 'mentalizing network') during the more awkward moments. However, individuals with ASD showed less activity than controls in a region near right temporo-parietal junction (RTPJ) extending into the posterior end of the right superior temporal sulcus (RSTS). Further analyses suggested that, despite the free-form nature of the experimental design, this group difference was specific to this RTPJ/RSTS area of the mentalizing network; other regions of interest showed similar activity across groups with respect to both location and magnitude. These findings add support to a body of evidence suggesting that RTPJ/RSTS plays a special role in social processes across modalities and may function atypically in individuals with ASD navigating the social world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Pantelis
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University-Bloomington 1101 E. 10th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA,
| | - Lisa Byrge
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University-Bloomington 1101 E. 10th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - J Michael Tyszka
- Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA, and
| | - Ralph Adolphs
- Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA, and Computation and Neural Systems Program, California Institute of Technology 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Daniel P Kennedy
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University-Bloomington 1101 E. 10th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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13
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Tyszka JM, Kennedy DP, Paul LK, Adolphs R. Largely typical patterns of resting-state functional connectivity in high-functioning adults with autism. Cereb Cortex 2013; 24:1894-905. [PMID: 23425893 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bht040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A leading hypothesis for the neural basis of autism postulates globally abnormal brain connectivity, yet the majority of studies report effects that are either very weak, inconsistent across studies, or explain results incompletely. Here we apply multiple analytical approaches to resting-state BOLD-fMRI data at the whole-brain level. Neurotypical and high-functioning adults with autism displayed very similar patterns and strengths of resting-state connectivity. We found only limited evidence in autism for abnormal resting-state connectivity at the regional level and no evidence for altered connectivity at the whole-brain level. Regional abnormalities in functional connectivity in autism spectrum disorder were primarily in the frontal and temporal cortices. Within these regions, functional connectivity with other brain regions was almost exclusively lower in the autism group. Further examination showed that even small amounts of head motion during scanning have large effects on functional connectivity measures and must be controlled carefully. Consequently, we suggest caution in the interpretation of apparent positive findings until all possible confounding effects can be ruled out. Additionally, we do not rule out the possibility that abnormal connectivity in autism is evident at the microstructural synaptic level, which may not be reflected sensitively in hemodynamic changes measured with BOLD-fMRI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel P Kennedy
- Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Lynn K Paul
- Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA and
| | - Ralph Adolphs
- Division of Biology and Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA and
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14
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Park S, Tyszka JM, Allman JM. The Claustrum and Insula in Microcebus murinus: A High Resolution Diffusion Imaging Study. Front Neuroanat 2012; 6:21. [PMID: 22707933 PMCID: PMC3374366 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2012.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The claustrum and the insula are closely juxtaposed in the brain of the prosimian primate, the gray mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus). Whether the claustrum has closer affinities with the cortex or the striatum has been debated for many decades. Our observation of histological sections from primate brains and genomic data in the mouse suggest former. Given this, the present study compares the connections of the two structures in Microcebus using high angular resolution diffusion imaging (HARDI, with 72 directions), with a very small voxel size (90 micra), and probabilistic fiber tractography. High angular and spatial resolution diffusion imaging is non-destructive, requires no surgical interventions, and the connection of each and every voxel can be mapped, whereas in conventional tract tracer studies only a few specific injection sites can be assayed. Our data indicate that despite the high genetic and spatial affinities between the two structures, their connectivity patterns are very different. The claustrum connects with many cortical areas and the olfactory bulb; its strongest probabilistic connections are with the entorhinal cortex, suggesting that the claustrum may have a role in spatial memory and navigation. By contrast, the insula connects with many subcortical areas, including the brainstem and thalamic structures involved in taste and visceral feelings. Overall, the connections of the Microcebus claustrum and insula are similar to those of the rodents, cat, macaque, and human, validating our results. The insula in the Microcebus connects with the dorsolateral frontal cortex in contrast to the mouse insula, which has stronger connections with the ventromedial frontal lobe, yet this is consistent with the dorsolateral expansion of the frontal cortex in primates. In addition to revealing the connectivity patterns of the Microcebus brain, our study demonstrates that HARDI, at high resolutions, can be a valuable tool for mapping fiber pathways for multiple sites in fixed brains in rare and difficult-to-obtain species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoung Park
- Computation and Neural Systems, California Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA, USA
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn K Paul
- California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - J Michael Tyszka
- California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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16
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Frank LR, Jung Y, Inati S, Tyszka JM, Wong EC. High efficiency, low distortion 3D diffusion tensor imaging with variable density spiral fast spin echoes (3D DW VDS RARE). Neuroimage 2009; 49:1510-23. [PMID: 19778618 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2009] [Revised: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We present an acquisition and reconstruction method designed to acquire high resolution 3D fast spin echo diffusion tensor images while mitigating the major sources of artifacts in DTI-field distortions, eddy currents and motion. The resulting images, being 3D, are of high SNR, and being fast spin echoes, exhibit greatly reduced field distortions. This sequence utilizes variable density spiral acquisition gradients, which allow for the implementation of a self-navigation scheme by which both eddy current and motion artifacts are removed. The result is that high resolution 3D DTI images are produced without the need for eddy current compensating gradients or B(0) field correction. In addition, a novel method for fast and accurate reconstruction of the non-Cartesian data is employed. Results are demonstrated in the brains of normal human volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence R Frank
- Center for Scientific Computation in Imaging, San Diego, CA 92103, USA.
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17
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Demyanenko AV, Zhao L, Kee Y, Nie S, Fraser SE, Tyszka JM. A uniplanar three-axis gradient set for in vivo magnetic resonance microscopy. J Magn Reson 2009; 200:38-48. [PMID: 19539503 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2009.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Revised: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We present an optimized uniplanar magnetic resonance gradient design specifically tailored for MR imaging applications in developmental biology and histology. Uniplanar gradient designs sacrifice gradient uniformity for high gradient efficiency and slew rate, and are attractive for surface imaging applications where open access from one side of the sample is required. However, decreasing the size of the uniplanar gradient set presents several unique engineering challenges, particularly for heat dissipation and thermal insulation of the sample from gradient heating. We demonstrate a new three-axis, target-field optimized uniplanar gradient coil design that combines efficient cooling and insulation to significantly reduce sample heating at sample-gradient distances of less than 5mm. The instrument is designed for microscopy in horizontal bore magnets. Empirical gradient current efficiencies in the prototype coils lie between 3.75G/cm/A and 4.5G/cm/A with current and heating-limited maximum gradient strengths between 235G/cm and 450G/cm at a 2% duty cycle. The uniplanar gradient prototype is demonstrated with non-linearity corrections for both high-resolution structural imaging of tissue slices and for long time-course imaging of live, developing amphibian embryos in a horizontal bore 7T magnet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V Demyanenko
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, 2A Broad 114-96, 1200 E California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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18
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Tyszka JM, Frank LR. High-field diffusion MR histology: image-based correction of eddy-current ghosts in diffusion-weighted rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement (DW-RARE). Magn Reson Med 2009; 61:728-33. [PMID: 19097246 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.21876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution, diffusion-weighted (DW) MR microscopy is gaining increasing acceptance as a nondestructive histological tool for the study of fixed tissue samples. Spin-echo sequences are popular for high-field diffusion imaging due to their high tolerance to B(0) field inhomogeneities. Volumetric DW rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement (DW-RARE) currently offers the best tradeoff between imaging efficiency and image quality, but is relatively sensitive to residual eddy-current effects on the echo train phase, resulting in encoding direction-dependent ghosting in the DW images. We introduce two efficient, image-based phase corrections for ghost artifact reduction in DW-RARE of fixed tissue samples, neither of which require navigator echo acquisition. Both methods rely on the phase difference in k-space between the unweighted reference image and a given DW image and assume a constant, per-echo phase error arising from residual eddy-current effects in the absence of sample motion. Significant qualitative and quantitative ghost artifact reductions are demonstrated for individual DW and calculated diffusion tensor images.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Michael Tyszka
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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19
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Paul LK, Brown WS, Adolphs R, Tyszka JM, Richards LJ, Mukherjee P, Sherr EH. Agenesis of the corpus callosum: genetic, developmental and functional aspects of connectivity. Nat Rev Neurosci 2007; 8:287-99. [PMID: 17375041 DOI: 10.1038/nrn2107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 571] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Agenesis of the corpus callosum (AgCC), a failure to develop the large bundle of fibres that connect the cerebral hemispheres, occurs in 1:4000 individuals. Genetics, animal models and detailed structural neuroimaging are now providing insights into the developmental and molecular bases of AgCC. Studies using neuropsychological, electroencephalogram and functional MRI approaches are examining the resulting impairments in emotional and social functioning, and have begun to explore the functional neuroanatomy underlying impaired higher-order cognition. The study of AgCC could provide insight into the integrated cerebral functioning of healthy brains, and may offer a model for understanding certain psychiatric illnesses, such as schizophrenia and autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn K Paul
- California Institute of Technology, MC 228-77 Pasadena, California 91125, USA.
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20
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Martin M, Reyes SD, Hiltner TD, Givogri MI, Tyszka JM, Fisher R, Campagnoni AT, Fraser SE, Jacobs RE, Readhead C. T(2)-weighted microMRI and evoked potential of the visual system measurements during the development of hypomyelinated transgenic mice. Neurochem Res 2006; 32:159-65. [PMID: 16927171 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-006-9121-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to follow the course of a dysmyelinating disease followed by partial recovery in transgenic mice using non-invasive high-resolution (117 x 117 x 70 microm) magnetic resonance (microMRI) and evoked potential of the visual system (VEP) techniques. We used JOE (for J37 golli overexpressing) transgenic mice engineered to overexpress golli J37, a product of the Golli-mbp gene complex, specifically in oligodendrocytes. Individual JOE transgenics and their unaffected siblings were followed from 21 until 75-days-old using non-invasive in vivo VEPs and 3D T2-weighted microMRI on an 11.7 T scanner, performing what we believe is the first longitudinal study of its kind. The microMRI data indicated clear, global hypomyelination during the period of peak myelination (21-42 days), which was partially corrected at later ages (>60 days) in the JOE mice compared to controls. These microMRI data correlated well with [Campagnoni AT (1995) "Molecular biology of myelination". In: Ransom B, Kettenmann H (eds) Neuroglia--a Treatise. Oxford University Press, London, pp 555-570] myelin staining, [Campagnoni AT, Macklin WB (1988) Cellular and molecular aspects of myelin protein gene-expression. Mol Neurobiol 2:41-89] a transient intention tremor during the peak period of myelination, which abated at later ages, and [Lees MB, Brostoff SW (1984) Proteins in myelin. In: Morell (ed) Myelin. Plenum Press, New York and London, pp 197-224] VEPs which all indicated a significant delay of CNS myelin development and persistent hypomyelination in JOE mice. Overall these non-invasive techniques are capable of spatially resolving the increase in myelination in the normally developing and developmentally delayed mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Martin
- Department of Physics, University of Winnipeg, 515 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3B 2E9.
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Tyszka JM, Ewald AJ, Wallingford JB, Fraser SE. New tools for visualization and analysis of morphogenesis in spherical embryos. Dev Dyn 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Abstract
Many classical models of development, including amphibians, fish, and echinoderms, have embryos that are approximately spherical and contain concentric cell layers during early development. Neighbor relationships in such curved cell layers are not conveniently assayed or measured by conventional physical or optical sectioning techniques. To answer these challenges, we have constructed computational methods that correct for spherical distortion in 2D images and that allow extraction of concentric cell layers from 3D digital images. These methods for quantitative analysis and visualization of early development in spherical embryos are introduced by using them for the quantitative analysis of 2D and 3D images of gastrula stage Xenopus laevis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Michael Tyszka
- Biological Imaging Center, Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, 91125, USA.
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Tyszka JM, Readhead C, Bearer EL, Pautler RG, Jacobs RE. Statistical diffusion tensor histology reveals regional dysmyelination effects in the shiverer mouse mutant. Neuroimage 2005; 29:1058-65. [PMID: 16213163 PMCID: PMC3376084 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2005] [Revised: 08/05/2005] [Accepted: 08/23/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiverer is an important model of central nervous system dysmyelination characterized by a deletion in the gene encoding myelin basic protein with relevance to human dysmyelinating and demyelinating diseases. Perfusion fixed brains from shiverer mutant (C3Fe.SWV Mbp(shi)/Mbp(shi)n = 6) and background control (C3HeB.FeJ, n = 6) mice were compared using contrast enhanced volumetric diffusion tensor magnetic resonance microscopy with a nominal isotropic spatial resolution of 80 mum. Images were accurately coregistered using non-linear warping allowing voxel-wise statistical parametric mapping of tensor invariant differences between control and shiverer groups. Highly significant differences in the tensor trace and both the axial and radial diffusivity were observed within the major white matter tracts and in the thalamus, midbrain, brainstem and cerebellar white matter, consistent with a high density of myelinated axons within these regions. The fractional anisotropy was found to be much less sensitive than the trace and eigenvalues to dysmyelination and associated microanatomic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Michael Tyszka
- Biological Imaging Center, Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, 2Q Broad 114-96, 1200 E California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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24
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Abstract
Magnetic resonance microscopy is receiving increased attention as more researchers in the biological sciences are turning to non-invasive imaging to characterize development, perturbations, phenotypes and pathologies in model organisms ranging from amphibian embryos to adult rodents and even plants. The limits of spatial resolution are being explored as hardware improvements address the need for increased sensitivity. Recent developments include in vivo cell tracking, restricted diffusion imaging, functional magnetic resonance microscopy and three-dimensional mouse atlases. Important applications are also being developed outside biology in the fields of fluid mechanics, geology and chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Michael Tyszka
- Biological Imaging Center, Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, 2Q Broad 114-96, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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25
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Ewald AJ, Peyrot SM, Tyszka JM, Fraser SE, Wallingford JB. Regional requirements for Dishevelled signaling duringXenopusgastrulation: separable effects on blastopore closure, mesendoderm internalization and archenteron formation. Development 2004; 131:6195-209. [PMID: 15548584 DOI: 10.1242/dev.01542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
During amphibian gastrulation, the embryo is transformed by the combined actions of several different tissues. Paradoxically, many of these morphogenetic processes can occur autonomously in tissue explants, yet the tissues in intact embryos must interact and be coordinated with one another in order to accomplish the major goals of gastrulation: closure of the blastopore to bring the endoderm and mesoderm fully inside the ectoderm, and generation of the archenteron. Here, we present high-resolution 3D digital datasets of frog gastrulae, and morphometrics that allow simultaneous assessment of the progress of convergent extension, blastopore closure and archenteron formation in a single embryo. To examine how the diverse morphogenetic engines work together to accomplish gastrulation, we combined these tools with time-lapse analysis of gastrulation, and examined both wild-type embryos and embryos in which gastrulation was disrupted by the manipulation of Dishevelled (Xdsh)signaling. Remarkably, although inhibition of Xdsh signaling disrupted both convergent extension and blastopore closure, mesendoderm internalization proceeded very effectively in these embryos. In addition, much of archenteron elongation was found to be independent of Xdsh signaling, especially during the second half of gastrulation. Finally, even in normal embryos, we found a surprising degree of dissociability between the various morphogenetic processes that occur during gastrulation. Together, these data highlight the central role of PCP signaling in governing distinct events of Xenopusgastrulation, and suggest that the loose relationship between morphogenetic processes may have facilitated the evolution of the wide variety of gastrulation mechanisms seen in different amphibian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Ewald
- Department of Biology and Biological Imaging Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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26
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Abstract
AbstractCardiac T2* (magnetic resonance imaging relaxation parameter) is abnormally low in approximately 40% of adults with thalassemia major (TM), suggesting myocardial iron deposition, but it is unknown at what age this occurs. To address this question, we measured cardiac T2* and function in 19 young patients (aged 7-26 years) with TM as well as 17 patients receiving long-term transfusions for sickle cell anemia (SCA) matched for age, sex, and liver iron content. Cardiac T2* was normal in all of the SCA patients but was low (high iron) in 8 of 19 TM patients. Abnormal T2* was observed only in the TM patients receiving transfusions for 13 years or longer and was correlated with ferritin but not liver iron levels. Cardiac dysfunction was present in 3 of the 8 patients with low T2*. Cardiac T2* changes have a long latency relative to liver iron accumulation. Total transfusional burden is a significant independent risk factor for low cardiac T2* and may partially account for differences observed between patients with SCA and TM.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Wood
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.
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Jacobs RE, Papan C, Ruffins S, Tyszka JM, Fraser SE. MRI: volumetric imaging for vital imaging and atlas construction. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2003; Suppl:SS10-6. [PMID: 14587521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Russell E Jacobs
- Biological Imaging Center, Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125, USA
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28
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Abstract
In this study, we quantify the extent to which B(0) homogeneity in adult humans is dependent on head pitch relative to the B(0) vector. Three-dimensional, whole-brain B(0) field maps were acquired in five normal subjects for three generalized head pitch angles. Optimal first- and second-order shimming of the experimental B(0) maps were simulated numerically. The spatial B(0) distribution within the brain was analyzed following automated volumetric co-registration of all data. Increasing head pitch improves both the resonance offset and local homogeneity in the inferior frontal lobes, but introduces inhomogeneities in other regions of the brain which cannot be compensated by first-order shimming but are further improved by second-order shimming.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Michael Tyszka
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA.
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29
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Abstract
Rapid volumetric magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) is potentially of great relevance to the diagnosis and treatment of focal cerebral diseases such as cancer and epilepsy. A strategy for volumetric multishot echo-planar spectroscopic imaging (MEPSI) is described which allows whole-brain metabolite mapping in approximately 20 min. A multishot trajectory is used in both the spatial and temporal domains which reduces the accumulated phase during each echo train and tolerates conventional Fourier reconstruction without regridding. Also described is a generalized correction for phase discontinuities arising from the multishot acquisition of the time domain, which is independent of the spatial k-space trajectory and is therefore also applicable to multishot spiral MRSI. Whole-brain, lipid-suppressed MEPSI data were acquired from five normal subjects. The mean signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) (+/-SE) for the n-acetylaspartate (NAA), choline (Cho), and creatine (Cr) maps across all subjects were 21.3 +/- 1.8, 11.7 +/- 0.6, and 9.2 +/- 0.6, respectively, with a computed voxel size of 2.33 ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Tyszka
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA.
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Silverman JM, Raissi S, Tyszka JM, Trento A, Herfkens RJ. Phase-contrast cine MR angiography detection of thoracic aortic dissection. Int J Card Imaging 2000; 16:461-70. [PMID: 11482712 DOI: 10.1023/a:1010781305922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess prospectively the accuracy of phase-contrast cine MR angiography in the detection of thoracic aortic dissection with operative correlation. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred and ninety-seven symptomatic patients suspected of having thoracic aortic dissection or aneurysm as well as 13 patients suspected of having thoracic aortic coarctation and 20 asymptomatic normals (as controls) were examined prospectively with phase-contrast cine MR angiography on a 1.5-T MR imager. Seventy-eight of these patients had operative correlation, and only these 78 patients were included in the statistical analysis. RESULTS There were 51 true positive and 27 true negative findings of thoracic aortic dissection in this study for an accuracy of 100%. CONCLUSION Phase-contrast cine MR angiography is an accurate non-invasive imaging technique for evaluating patients suspected of having thoracic aortic dissection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Silverman
- Department of Radiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA.
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31
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Abstract
We describe here a method for generating relative pressure maps from magnetic resonance velocity data in three spatial and one temporal dimension (4D). The relative pressure map calculated for pulsatile flow in a compliant phantom was shown to be consistent with independent pressure transducer measurements. The feasibility of performing 4D pressure mapping in vivo is also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Tyszka
- Department of Imaging, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA.
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Dubowitz DJ, Tyszka JM, Sewry CA, Moats RA, Scadeng M, Dubowitz V. High resolution magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in the dy/dy mouse with merosin-deficient congenital muscular dystrophy. Neuromuscul Disord 2000; 10:292-8. [PMID: 10838257 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-8966(00)00104-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abnormalities in the cerebral white matter are a consistent feature of merosin-deficient human congenital muscular dystrophy, a disease caused by a primary defect in the expression of the laminin alpha2 chain of merosin. To investigate the relationship between imaging changes and merosin deficiency we undertook a MRI study in the dy/dy mouse, an animal model for this form of human congenital muscular dystrophy. High resolution in vivo imaging was performed on anaesthetized animals (two homozygous dy/dy mutants and two heterozygous dy/DY controls, aged 2.5 months) in a dedicated 11.7T magnetic resonance imaging scanner. T(1) and T(2) weighted images were normal in all mice and white matter changes were not seen at a stage of maturity when MRI changes are already very striking in human patients. Cerebral MRI abnormalities do not appear to be a feature of dy/dy mice, despite the virtual absence of merosin expression in the dy/dy mouse brain. Possible causes for this absence of MRI changes, and implications for the pathogenesis of the MRI changes in humans are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Dubowitz
- Division of Biology 216-76, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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Abstract
The addition of a navigator echo acquisition to a 1H spectroscopy sequence allows retrospective motion correction using acceptance criteria based on measured displacement of the diaphragm. This technique has been applied to the acquisition of short echo-time 1H spectroscopy of the liver in seven normal subjects. Navigation correction significantly improved overall spectral quality as measured by the phase variance, linewidth and suppression ratio of the water resonance. The hepatic choline resonance was consistently observed in all navigated spectra. Retrospective navigation makes close to optimal use of data acquisition time and, unlike external respiratory transducers, allows direct measurement of diaphragm displacement. The reconstruction of multiple voxel spectra from a single data set was also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Tyszka
- Department of Imaging, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
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Tyszka JM. Virtual reality publication of spiral ct-derived three-dimensional models: or, creation of spiral, CT-derived, three-dimensional VRML objects. Front Biosci 1997; 2:f2-3. [PMID: 9159253 DOI: 10.2741/a235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional models can be generated from slice images, such as those obtained from computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using a variety of techniques. A popular method for rendering 3D anatomical models is the creation of polygonal mesh surfaces representing the boundary between tissues. Mesh surfaces can be rendered extremely quickly using conventional personal computers, without recourse to more expensive graphic workstations. The dissemination of three-dimensional (3D) models across the Internet has been made significantly easier by the definition of the Virtual Reality Markup Language (VRML) format. The VRML definition allows the parameters and relationships of 3D objects to be described in a text format. The text file can be transfered from a host computer to a remote client computer through the World Wide Web and viewed using readily available software (See Appendix). VRML is based on the definition of primitive 3D objects such as polygons and spheres. Consequently, the transition from a mesh surface derived from a clinical image data set to a VRML object is relatively simple, allowing for convenient and cost-effective dissemination of 3D clinical models across the internet.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Tyszka
- Department of Radiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles CA 90048, USA.
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- JM Tyszka
- MRI Unit, Department of Radiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, California, 90048
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36
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Stein SM, Laifer-Narin S, Johnson MB, Roman LD, Muderspach LI, Tyszka JM, Ralls PW. Differentiation of benign and malignant adnexal masses: relative value of gray-scale, color Doppler, and spectral Doppler sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1995; 164:381-6. [PMID: 7839975 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.164.2.7839975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate prospectively the relative usefulness of color Doppler, spectral Doppler, and gray-scale sonography in differentiating benign from malignant adnexal masses. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A total of 170 adnexal masses in 161 patients were classified prospectively as suggestive of or not suggestive of malignant tumor on the basis of gray-scale morphology, internal flow versus peripheral or no flow, and spectral Doppler pulsatility, as measured by a pulsatility index (PI) threshold of 1.0 and a resistive index (RI) threshold of 0.4. RESULTS Surgical pathology revealed 123 benign masses and 46 malignant masses. One malignant mass was confirmed by cytologic evaluation of ascitic fluid. On gray-scale analysis, 46 of the 47 malignant masses were classified as suggestive of tumor, and 76 of the 123 benign masses were classified as not suggestive of tumor (sensitivity, 98%; specificity, 62%; negative predictive value [NPV], 99%; and positive predictive value [PPV], 50%). The use of internal color flow as a predictor of malignant tumor yielded a sensitivity of 77%, a specificity of 69%, an NPV of 89%, and a PPV of 49%. The PI and RI values were significantly lower (p < .0001) in malignant masses than in benign masses, although the values overlapped considerably. For a PI of less than 1.0, sensitivity was 67%, specificity was 66%, NPV was 83%, and PPV was 46%. For an RI of less than 0.4, sensitivity was 24%, specificity was 90%, NPV was 73%, and PPV was 50%. CONCLUSION In our series, a gray-scale prediction of benignity was reliable (NPV = 99%), and a prediction of malignancy was unreliable (PPV = 50%). Internal color flow was not useful as a predictor of malignancy (PPV = 49%). Although the absence of internal or peripheral color flow suggested benignity (NPV = 94%), only 17 (16 benign) of the masses (about 10%) had no flow. Spectral Doppler analysis with RI and PI was not useful, as no reliable discriminatory value with both high sensitivity and high specificity could be found for either parameter because of the overlap in values obtained for benign and malignant masses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Stein
- Department of Radiology, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90033
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Tyszka JM, Grafton ST, Chew W, Woods RP, Colletti PM. Parceling of mesial frontal motor areas during ideation and movement using functional magnetic resonance imaging at 1.5 tesla. Ann Neurol 1994; 35:746-9. [PMID: 8210233 DOI: 10.1002/ana.410350617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Finger movement-related responses were identified in three discrete sites of mesial frontal cortex in 7 normal subjects using high resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging. During imagination of the same movements there was a differential response with rostral areas more active than caudal areas. Humans have multiple motor areas in mesial frontal cortex that subserve different functions in motor planning and execution.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Tyszka
- Department of Radiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
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