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Alghamdi MA, Reda FM, Mahmoud HK, Bahshwan SMA, Salem HM, Alhazmi WA, Soror AFS, Mostafa NG, Attia S, Mohamed MDA, Saad AM, El-Tarabily KA, Abdelgeliel AS. The potential of Spirulina platensis to substitute antibiotics in Japanese quail diets: impacts on growth, carcass traits, antioxidant status, blood biochemical parameters, and cecal microorganisms. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103350. [PMID: 38262339 PMCID: PMC10831102 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms prompted the investigation of possible antibiotic substitutes. As a result, the purpose of the current study is to assess the effect of dietary Spirulina platensis extract as an antibiotic alternative on Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) growth, antioxidant status, blood parameters, and cecal microorganisms. There was a total of 150 Japanese quails used in this study, divided equally among 5 experimental groups (10 birds per group with 3 replicates): group 1 (G1) received a basal diet without any S. platensis extract, group 2 (G2) received a basal diet supplemented with 1 mL S. platensis extract/kg, group 3 (G3) received a basal diet supplemented with 2 mL S. platensis extract/kg, group 4 (G4) received a basal diet supplemented with 3 mL S. platensis extract/kg, and group 5 (G5) received a basal diet supplemented with 4 mL S. platensis extract/kg from d 7 until d 35. The results showed that compared to the control birds in G1, Japanese quail supplemented with 4 mL of S. platensis extract/kg of diet (G5) had significantly better live body weight, body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, digestive enzymes, blood parameters, liver and kidney functions, lipid profile, antioxidant profile, immunological parameters, and cecal microorganism's count. There were no significant changes in the percentage of carcasses, liver, and total giblets among all the 5 groups. Only gizzard percentage showed a significant increase in G2 compared to birds in G1. In addition, intestinal pH showed a significant drop in G2 and G5 compared to birds in G1. After cooking the quail meat, the juiciness and tenderness increased as S. platensis extract levels increased, whereas aroma and taste declined slightly as S. platensis extract levels increased. Furthermore, when a high concentration of S. platensis extract was used, the lightness of the meat reduced while its redness and yellowness increased. The disk diffusion assay showed that S. platensis extract had significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter jejuni, and Salmonella typhi, with inhibition zones ranging from 16 to 42 mm. This activity may be attributable to the volatile chemicals in S. platensis extract, of which Geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol are the primary components. In the diet of Japanese quails, it is possible to draw the conclusion that the extract of S. platensis can be utilized as a feed additive and as an alternative to antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mashail A Alghamdi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fayiz M Reda
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Hemat K Mahmoud
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Safia M A Bahshwan
- Biological Sciences Department, College of Science and Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heba M Salem
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Wafaa Ahmed Alhazmi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abel-Fattah Salah Soror
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Nadeen G Mostafa
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Sally Attia
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Mazhar D A Mohamed
- Agricultural Microbiology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Saad
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Khaled A El-Tarabily
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Asmaa Sayed Abdelgeliel
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
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El Basuini MF, Khattab AAA, Hafsa SHA, Teiba II, Elkassas NEM, El-Bilawy EH, Dawood MAO, Atia SES. Impacts of algae supplements (Arthrospira & Chlorella) on growth, nutrient variables, intestinal efficacy, and antioxidants in New Zealand white rabbits. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7891. [PMID: 37193743 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34914-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
An 8-week trial to examine the impacts of Arthrospira platensis and Chlorella vulgaris on the growth, nutrient aspects, intestinal efficacy, and antioxidants of 75 New Zealand white male rabbits (initial body weight = 665.93 ± 15.18 g). Herein the study was designed in one-way ANOVA to compare the effects of the two algae species with two levels of supplementations in the feeds of New Zealand white rabbits. The rabbits were divided into five groups (n = 15/group), where the first group was allocated as the control group (Ctrl) while the second and third groups received A. platensis at 300 or 500 mg/kg diet (Ap300 or Ap500). The fourth and fifth groups fed C. vulgaris at 300 or 500 mg/kg diet (Ch300 or Ch500). The basal diet rabbits exhibited the lowest values of weight, lipase, protease, and the highest feed conversion ratio, which improved noticeably with algae addition, particularly with Ap500, Ch300, and Ch500. All tested groups showed normal intestinal structure. Amylase potency, hematological indicators, and serum biochemistry revealed non-significant variation except for a higher serum total protein and lower total cholesterol in algal groups. The best GPx existed in groups fed algal diets, while favorable SOD and CAT efficiency occurred at the higher level of Arthrospira and both levels of Chlorella. In conclusion, incorporating Arthrospira or Chlorella in the diet of New Zealand white rabbits improved performance, nutrient utilization, intestinal efficacy, and antioxidants. Arthrospira (Ap500) and Chlorella (Ch300 or Ch500) have almost the same beneficial effect on rabbit performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed F El Basuini
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
- King Salman International University, South Sinai, 46618, Egypt.
| | | | - Salma H Abu Hafsa
- Livestock Research Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg El-Arab, 21934, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Islam I Teiba
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Nabila E M Elkassas
- Animal Production Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Mahmoud A O Dawood
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516, Egypt
- The Center for Applied Research On the Environment and Sustainability, The American University in Cairo, Cairo, 11835, Egypt
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Otero C, Verdasco-Martín CM. Preparation and Characterization of a Multicomponent Arthrospira platensis Biomass Hydrolysate with Superior Anti-Hypertensive, Anti-Hyperlipidemic and Antioxidant Activities via Selective Proteolysis. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21040255. [PMID: 37103394 PMCID: PMC10146905 DOI: 10.3390/md21040255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Arthrospira platensis biomass is a sustainable source of bioactive products for the food, cosmetic, and medicine industries. As well as primary metabolites, different secondary metabolites can be obtained via distinct enzymatic degradation of biomass. In this work, different hydrophilic extracts were obtained after treating the biomass with: (i) a serine endo-peptidase (Alcalase®), (ii) a mixture of amino-, dipeptidyl-, and endo-peptidases (Flavourzyme®), (iii) a mixture of endo-1,3(4)-β-glucanase and an endo-1,4-xylanase, and β-glucanase (Ultraflo®), and (iv) an exo-1,3-glucanase (Vinoflow®) (all the enzymes from Novozymes A/S (bagsvaerd, Denmark)); with subsequent extraction of the biocomponents with an isopropanol/hexane mixture. The composition of each aqueous phase extract (in terms of amino acids, peptides, oligo-elements, carbohydrates, and phenols) and their in vitro functional properties were compared. The conditions described in this work using the enzyme Alcalase® permits the extraction of eight distinctive peptides. This extract is 7.3 times more anti-hypertensive, 106 times more anti-hypertriglyceridemic, 26 times more hypocholesterolemic, has 4.4 times more antioxidant activities, and has 2.3 times more phenols, than the extract obtained without any prior enzyme biomass digestion. Alcalase® extract is an advantageous product with potential application in functional food, pharmaceutics, and cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Otero
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis and Petroleochemistry, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos M Verdasco-Martín
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis and Petroleochemistry, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Impact of dietary Chlorella vulgaris and feed enzymes on health status, immune response and liver metabolites in weaned piglets. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16816. [PMID: 36207385 PMCID: PMC9546893 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21238-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we analysed the impact of dietary inclusion of Chlorella vulgaris and carbohydrases on general health, redox status, immune response, liver lipids and metabolites in weaned piglets. Forty-four male piglets were allocated into four diets: control (n = 11), CH (control diet with 5% CH, n = 10), CH+R (control diet with 5% CH plus 0.005% Rovabio Excel AP, n = 10), and CH+M (control diet with 5% CH plus 0.01% of a pre-selected four-CAZyme mixture, n = 11). After 15 days of trial, animals were slaughtered and samples of blood and liver collected. Spectrophotometry methods and commercial kits were used to determine blood parameters and gas and liquid chromatography for hepatic fatty acid and chlorophylls profiles, respectively. While total, LDL- and VLDL-cholesterol were increased by CH, the opposite was recorded for HDL-cholesterol (p < 0.001). Piglets fed CH-based diets presented an increase of IgG and a decrease of IgM (p < 0.001) which along with lymphocytes exacerbation contributed for piglets' survival after weaning. n-6 PUFA were reduced in piglets fed CH and the opposite occurred for n-3 PUFA (p < 0.001), thus benefiting n-6/n-3 ratio in the liver. Chlorophylls amount was not changed by the use of Rovabio or enzymatic mixture. The discriminant analysis applied to hepatic parameters revealed a clear separation between control and CH-based diets but failed to discriminate feed enzymes. Our findings indicate health promoting effects of CH as feed ingredient in piglets' nutrition at weaning, without negatively impacting on animals' performance.
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Synergistic Hypolipidemic and Immunomodulatory Activity of Lactobacillus and Spirulina platensis. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8050220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia is a significant risk factor for atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease (CHD). The aim of this study was to investigate hypolipidemic effects of Lactobacillus, Spirulina and their combination on Swiss albino mice fed a regular or high-cholesterol diet. Rosuvastatin was used as a reference drug The highest body weight, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol LDL-C and the lowest high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were recorded in a positive control group (G5). Treatment with Lactobacillus or Spirulina or by their combination resulted in a significant decrease in body weight, TC, TG, LDL-C and significant increase in HDL-C (p < 0.05) in both mice fed a regular diet or high-cholesterol diet. The treatments induced a significant increase in Hb, MCHC and HCT levels in mice fed a regular diet (p < 0.05). They did not induce a significant effect on these parameters in mice fed a high-cholesterol diet, while treatment with standard rosuvastatin induced a significant decrease in these parameters (p < 0.05). The treatments induced a significant increase in the platelet count and WBC number in mice fed a regular diet p < 0.05), while they induced significant decrease in these parameters in mice fed a high-cholesterol diet p < 0.05. They also stimulated the innate immunity represented by both monocyte and neutrophil cells in mice fed a regular diet, while this immunity was reduced in mice fed a high-cholesterol diet. It also caused a marked reduction in inflammation and an improvement in the congestion of cardiac tissues, the aorta, and the spleen. The treatment of hyperlipidemic mice with combination of Lactobacillus and Spirulina gave similar results to those obtained with treatment by rosuvastatin.
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Rafiq K, Tofazzal Hossain M, Ahmed R, Hasan MM, Islam R, Hossen MI, Shaha SN, Islam MR. Role of Different Growth Enhancers as Alternative to In-feed Antibiotics in Poultry Industry. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:794588. [PMID: 35224074 PMCID: PMC8873819 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.794588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The poultry industry has grown so fast alongside the irrational use of antibiotics to maximize profit and make the production cost-effective during the last few decades. The rising and indiscriminate use of antibiotics might result in the deposition of residues in poultry food products and in the development of resistance to these drugs by microorganisms. Therefore, many diseases are becoming difficult to treat both in humans and animals. In addition, the use of low-dose antibiotics as growth enhancer results in antibiotic residues in food products, which have detrimental effects on human health. On the other hand, many studies have shown that antibiotics administered to poultry and livestock are poorly absorbed through the gut and usually excreted without metabolism. These excreted antibiotics eventually accumulate in the environment and enter the human food chain, resulting in the bioaccumulation of drug residues in the human body. In this regard, to find out alternatives is of paramount importance for the production of safe meat and egg. Therefore, in recent years, much research attention was disarticulated toward the exploration for alternatives to antibiotic as in-feed growth enhancers after its ban by the EU. As a result, probiotics, prebiotics, phytobiotics, spirulina, symbiotic, and their combination are being used more frequently in poultry production. Feed additives therefore gained popularity in poultry production by having many advantages but without any residues in poultry products. In addition, numerous studies demonstrating that such biological supplements compete with antimicrobial resistance have been conducted. Therefore, the purpose of this review article was to highlight the advantages of using biological products instead of antibiotics as poultry in-feed growth enhancers to enhance the production performance, reduce intestinal pathogenic bacteria, and maintain gut health, potentiating the immune response, safety, and wholesomeness of meat and eggs as evidence of consumer protection, as well as to improve the safety of poultry products for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazi Rafiq
- Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
- *Correspondence: Kazi Rafiq
| | | | - Rokeya Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Mehedi Hasan
- Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Rejaul Islam
- Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Ismail Hossen
- Livestock Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Naeini F, Zarezadeh M, Mohiti S, Tutunchi H, Ebrahimi Mamaghani M, Ostadrahimi A. Spirulina supplementation as an adjuvant therapy in enhancement of antioxidant capacity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e14618. [PMID: 34235823 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spirulina, a type of blue-green algae, is used as an adjuvant treatment of metabolic and inflammatory diseases. Evidence about the effects of spirulina on antioxidant system are conflicting. Thus, this quantitative review aimed to summarise the effects of spirulina administration on antioxidant status biomarkers. METHODS Systematic searches were conducted using the PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Web of Science and EMBASE, up to May 2021. Random effect analysis was applied to perform meta-analysis. Subgroup analyses and multivariate meta-regression were performed to find heterogeneity sources. Quality assessment was conducted using Cochrane Collaboration's tool. Trim and fill analysis were also carried out in case of the presence of publication bias. RESULTS A total of nine articles that enrolled 415 subjects were included in the present meta-analysis. Obtained findings exhibited that spirulina supplementation had marginal significant effect on total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (SMD = 0.49; 95% CI: -0.001, 0.98; P = .05) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (SMD = 0.72; 95% CI: -0.03, 1.46; P = .06), while did not affect glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity (SMD=0.27; 95% CI: -0.23, 0.77; P = .29). CONCLUSIONS Spirulina consumption may exert beneficial effects on enhancement of antioxidant system. A marginal significant increasing effect on TAC and SOD activity were found by spirulina administration. However, it did not affect GPx activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Naeini
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Meysam Zarezadeh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sara Mohiti
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Diet Therapy, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Helda Tutunchi
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehrangiz Ebrahimi Mamaghani
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Diet Therapy, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Ostadrahimi
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Ghaem Far Z, Babajafari S, Kojuri J, Mohammadi S, Nouri M, Rostamizadeh P, Rahmani MH, Azadian M, Ashrafi-Dehkordi E, Zareifard A, Golchin Vafa R, Mazloomi SM. Antihypertensive and antihyperlipemic of spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) sauce on patients with hypertension: A randomized triple-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Phytother Res 2021; 35:6181-6190. [PMID: 34542204 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Systemic arterial hypertension is an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease, stroke, heart failure, and chronic kidney diseases. Spirulina is microalgae with nutritious ingredients and has potential attenuating effects on chronic diseases including hypertension. Spirulina can be added to food products in order to develop functional foods. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of 8-week consumption of a salad dressing containing 2 g of spirulina platensis powder versus a placebo dressing on patients with hypertension. In this triple-blind randomized clinical trial, 48 patients with hypertension were enrolled to receive daily either spirulina-fortified dressing or placebo for 2 months. A total of 41 patients completed this study. We observed that the consumption of spirulina dressing significantly reduced systolic blood pressure (p = .02), diastolic blood pressure (p = .03), serum triglyceride (p = .01), total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels, compared to nonsignificant changes in the placebo group. Significant changes in TAC and hs-CRP levels were observed in none of the groups. According to our findings, spirulina-fortified dressing as a functional food can be used a supportive treatment for patients with hypertension along with standard antihypertensive drugs. However, further investigations are required for a more comprehensive conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Ghaem Far
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Siavash Babajafari
- Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Javad Kojuri
- Department of Cardiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Salman Mohammadi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehran Nouri
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Students' Research Committee, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Pouya Rostamizadeh
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Mohsen Azadian
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Elham Ashrafi-Dehkordi
- Nutrition Research Center and Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Alireza Zareifard
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Golchin Vafa
- Clinical Education Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Mazloomi
- Nutrition Research Center and Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Mohiti S, Zarezadeh M, Naeini F, Tutunchi H, Ostadrahimi A, Ghoreishi Z, Ebrahimi Mamaghani M. Spirulina supplementation and oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory biomarkers: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 48:1059-1069. [PMID: 33908048 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Studies investigating the effects of spirulina on inflammation and oxidative stress status are controversial. Therefore, the current systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the impacts of spirulina supplementation on oxidative stress indicators and inflammatory markers. PubMed-Medline, SCOPUS, Web of Science, Embase databases and Google Scholar were searched up to 1 October 2020. Random-effect analysis was applied to perform meta-analysis. Subgroup analyses and multivariate meta-regression were performed to find heterogeneity sources. Quality assessment was conducted using Cochrane Collaboration's tool. A total of 11 studies that enrolled 465 subjects were included in our meta-analysis. Pooled results demonstrated a significant increase in interleukin-2 (IL-2) concentrations [Standardized mean difference (SMD = 2.69 pg/mL; 95% CI: 0.26, 5.11; P = .03)]; however this result changed to insignificant (SMD = 0.54 pg/mL; 95% CI: -1.29, 2.27; P > .05) when sensitivity analysis performed. A marginal decreasing effect were also found on interleukin-6 (IL-6) (SMD = -0.72 mg/dL; 95% CI: -1.50, 0.07; P = .073) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels (SMD = -0.65; 95% CI: -1.37, 0.08; P = .08). In addition, results of subgroup analysis revealed a significant reduction in IL-6 and TBARS concentrations when the baseline body mass index (BMI) of participants was lower than 25 kg/m2 . Moreover, spirulina had no significant effect on tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (SMD = -0.07 mg/dL; 95% CI: -0.33, 0.18; P = .56) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations (SMD = -0.42; 95% CI: -0.98, 0.14; P = .14). Spirulina consumption contributed to a significant increase in IL-2 concentrations changing to insignificant after sensitivity analysis and marginal decreasing effects on IL-6 and TBARS levels. No considerable impacts were observed on TNF-α and MDA concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mohiti
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Diet Therapy, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Meysam Zarezadeh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Naeini
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Helda Tutunchi
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Ostadrahimi
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zohreh Ghoreishi
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehrangiz Ebrahimi Mamaghani
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Diet Therapy, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Brahmi N, Feriani A, Ben Ali M, Hedfi A, Elleuch A, Ismail IA, Albogami B, Saif T, Talarmin H, El Feki A, Allagui MS. Potential Hepatoprotective Effect of Cheatomorpha gracilis extract against High Fat Diet (HFD)-Induced Liver Damage, and its characterization by HPLC. BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 82:e247102. [PMID: 34161431 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.247102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The current investigation was carried out to estimate the protective effect of aqueous extract of Cheatomorpha gracilis (AEC) against High fat Diet (HFD) induced liver damage in mice. The results of the in vitro study showed that AEC have higher antioxidant capacities in the DPPH and hydroxyl radical-scavenging assays. Indeed, many phenolic compounds (gallic acid, quercetin, naringenin, apigenin, kaempferol and rutin) were identified in the AEC. In the animal studies, during 6 weeks, HFD promoted oxidative stress with a rise level of malonaldehyde (MDA), protein carbonyls (PCOs) levels and a significant decrease of the antioxidant enzyme activities such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase. Interestingly, the treatment with AEC (250 mg/kg body weight) significantly reduced the effects of HFD disorders on some plasmatic liver biomarkers (AST, ALT and ALP) in addition to, plasmatic proteins inflammatory biomarkers (α2 and β1 decreases / β2 and γ globulins increases). It can be suggest that supplementation of MECG displays high potential to quench free radicals and attenuates high fat diet promoted liver oxidative stress and related disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Brahmi
- University of Sfax, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Sfax, Tunisia.,University of Gafsa, Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, Research Unit of Macromolecular Biochemistry and Genetic, Gafsa, Tunisia
| | - A Feriani
- University of Gafsa, Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, Research Unit of Macromolecular Biochemistry and Genetic, Gafsa, Tunisia
| | - M Ben Ali
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia.,University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring LR01 ES14, Zarzouna 7021, Tunisia
| | - A Hedfi
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia.,University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring LR01 ES14, Zarzouna 7021, Tunisia
| | - A Elleuch
- CHU Habib Bourguiba, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - I A Ismail
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Plant Genetic Transformation, Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, 12619, Giza, Egypt
| | - B Albogami
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - T Saif
- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Cairo, Egypt
| | - H Talarmin
- Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Laboratory ORPHY EA4324, UFR Sciences et Technique, Brest, France
| | - A El Feki
- University of Gafsa, Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, Research Unit of Macromolecular Biochemistry and Genetic, Gafsa, Tunisia
| | - M S Allagui
- University of Sfax, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Sfax, Tunisia.,University of Gafsa, Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, Research Unit of Macromolecular Biochemistry and Genetic, Gafsa, Tunisia
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11
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Mehdinezhad N, Aryaeian N, Vafa M, Saeedpour A, Ebrahimi A, Mobaderi T, Fahimi R, Sajadi Hezaveh Z. Effect of spirulina and chlorella alone and combined on the healing process of diabetic wounds: an experimental model of diabetic rats. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2021; 20:161-169. [PMID: 34222063 PMCID: PMC8212205 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-020-00723-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using chemical agents to cure diabetes mellitus and its complications may be accompanied by complications. New natural agents, such as spirulina and chlorella, could be used as alternative choices in this case. METHODS 65 male Wistar rats were allocated to 5 groups: A (healthy control), B (diabetic rats with a normal diet), C (diabetic rats supplemented with 50 g/kg/day spirulina), D (diabetic rats supplemented with 50 g/kg/day chlorella) and E (diabetic rats supplemented with 25 g/kg/day chlorella and 25 g/kg/day spirulina). After 21 days, wounds were inflicted on the back of rats. Assessment of blood sugar (BS), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), granulation tissue formation, vascularization, epithelialization, and percentage of wound healing were determined along with macroscopic examinations. RESULTS The microscopic changes at days 3, 7, 14, and 21 showed significant evidence of improved angiogenesis, epithelial proliferation, and granulation tissue formation in the spirulina and chlorella treated rats compared with the controls (p˂0.05). Both spirulina and chlorella treatments of diabetic rats resulted in a significant reduction in BS and weight (p˂0.05), but VEGF and hs-CRP levels did not significantly change (p > 0.05). Percentage of wound healing was 100% on day 21 in all groups, except the control group B (97.8 ± 1.15%). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study showed that supplementation with spirulina and chlorella alone and combined could improve wound healing indices in diabetic rats and could therefore be recommended for the management of diabetic ulcer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naeim Mehdinezhad
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naheed Aryaeian
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Vafa
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atoosa Saeedpour
- Department of Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolali Ebrahimi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tofigh Mobaderi
- Department of Biostatistics, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Fahimi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Sajadi Hezaveh
- Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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12
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dos Santos Madeira MSM, Lopes PAAB, Martins CF, Assunção JMP, Alfaia CMRPM, Pinto RMA, Prates JAM. Dietary Arthrospira platensis improves systemic antioxidant potential and changes plasma lipids without affecting related hepatic metabolic pathways in post-weaned piglets. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:158. [PMID: 33849543 PMCID: PMC8045302 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02869-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability of a high level of dietary Arthrospira platensis, individually or in combination with two exogenous carbohydrate-degrading enzymes (lysozyme and Rovabio®), to improve systemic antioxidant potential and hepatic lipid metabolism was tested in piglets. Forty male post-weaned piglets, sons of Large White × Landrace sows crossed with Pietrain boars, were allocated into 4 groups (n = 10) and fed during 28 days one of the following diets: 1) a control basal diet (cereal and soybean meal); 2) a basal diet with 10% of A. platensis (AP); 3) the AP diet supplemented with 0.005% of Rovabio® (AP + R); 4) the AP diet supplemented with 0.01% of lysozyme (AP + L). RESULTS Arthrospira platensis decreased BW gain of piglets, regardless the addition of feed enzymes. The majority of plasma metabolites were affected by diets. A. platensis increased total lipids, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol, without changing hepatic fatty acid content or modulating, in an expressive manner, the transcriptional profile of lipid sensitive mediators. The antioxidant potential in general, and total carotenoids in particular, were improved by the microalga, regardless lysozyme or Rovabio®. CONCLUSIONS Summing up, A. platensis, individually and combined with feed enzymes, impacts negatively on piglets' growth but improves the systemic antioxidant potential and changes plasma lipids with a minor modulation on related hepatic metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sofia Morgado dos Santos Madeira
- CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, Av. da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paula Alexandra Antunes Brás Lopes
- CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, Av. da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cátia Falcão Martins
- CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, Av. da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- LEAF - Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José Miguel Pestana Assunção
- CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, Av. da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cristina Maria Riscado Pereira Mateus Alfaia
- CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, Av. da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rui Manuel Amaro Pinto
- iMed.UL, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José António Mestre Prates
- CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, Av. da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
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Uncovering Prospective Role and Applications of Existing and New Nutraceuticals from Bacterial, Fungal, Algal and Cyanobacterial, and Plant Sources. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13073671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nutraceuticals are a category of products more often associated with food but having pharmaceuticals property and characteristics. However, there is still no internationally accepted concept of these food-pharmaceutical properties, and their interpretation can differ from country to country. Nutraceuticals are used as part of dietary supplements in most countries. They can be phytochemicals which are biologically active and have health benefits. These can be supplied as a supplement and/or as a functional food to the customer. For human health and longevity, these materials are likely to play a vital role. Consumption of these items is typical without a therapeutic prescription and/or supervision by the vast majority of the public. The development of nutraceuticals can be achieved through many bioresources and organisms. This review article will discuss the current research on nutraceuticals from different biological sources and their potential use as an agent for improving human health and well-being, as well as the gaps and future perspective of research related to nutraceutical development.
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Bobescu E, Bălan A, Moga MA, Teodorescu A, Mitrică M, Dima L. Are There Any Beneficial Effects of Spirulina Supplementation for Metabolic Syndrome Components in Postmenopausal Women? Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18120651. [PMID: 33348926 PMCID: PMC7767256 DOI: 10.3390/md18120651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Spirulina is a phytosynthetic filamentous cyanobacterium with microscopic dimensions, which naturally grows in the highly-salted alkaline lakes of Africa, Mexico, America, and Asia. Several bioactive peptides extracted from Spirulina were demonstrated to possess antimicrobial, antiviral, antitumor, immunomodulatory, antiallergic and antihypertensive properties. It has been reported that the consumption of Spirulina could prevent or manage metabolic syndrome components. In women, metabolic disorders are more prevalent during menopause. Postmenopausal women present higher waist circumference, increased blood pressure, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperglycemia, and decreased HDL-cholesterol values, leading to an increased risk of cardiovascular events. Therefore, in order to prevent cardiovascular diseases, it is essential to manage the components of the metabolic syndrome during the postmenopausal period. As recent reports indicated the efficiency of Spirulina supplementation in the management of the metabolic syndrome components, our study aims to review all the clinical trials conducted on this topic. Our main objective is to have a better understanding of whether and how this cyanobacterium could manage the abnormalities included in the metabolic syndrome and if it could be used as a therapeutic approach in postmenopausal women with this condition. We selected relevant articles from PubMed, Google Scholar and CrossRef databases, and a total number of 20 studies met our criteria. All included clinical trials indicated that Spirulina has positive effects in managing metabolic syndrome components. Spirulina is a valuable cyanobacterium that can be used as a food supplement for the management of metabolic syndrome, and it is able to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events. The optimal dose and period of administration remain a debated subject, and future investigations are required. Considering the beneficial effects reported against each component of the metabolic syndrome, Spirulina could also be effective in the postmenopausal period, when this syndrome is the most prevalent, but there is a strong need for human clinical trials in order to sustain this observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bobescu
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500019 Brasov, Romania; (E.B.); (M.A.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Andreea Bălan
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500019 Brasov, Romania; (E.B.); (M.A.M.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-769-901-194
| | - Marius Alexandru Moga
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500019 Brasov, Romania; (E.B.); (M.A.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Andreea Teodorescu
- Department of Fundamental, Prophylactic and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University Transilvania Brasov, 500019 Brasov, Romania; (A.T.); (L.D.)
| | - Maria Mitrică
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500019 Brasov, Romania; (E.B.); (M.A.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Lorena Dima
- Department of Fundamental, Prophylactic and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University Transilvania Brasov, 500019 Brasov, Romania; (A.T.); (L.D.)
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15
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Carrizzo A, Izzo C, Forte M, Sommella E, Di Pietro P, Venturini E, Ciccarelli M, Galasso G, Rubattu S, Campiglia P, Sciarretta S, Frati G, Vecchione C. A Novel Promising Frontier for Human Health: The Beneficial Effects of Nutraceuticals in Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8706. [PMID: 33218062 PMCID: PMC7698807 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and diabetes are a significant public health problem worldwide. Although several novel pharmacological treatments to reduce the progression of CVDs have been discovered during the last 20 years, the better way to contain the onset of CVDs remains prevention. In this regard, nutraceuticals seem to own a great potential in maintaining human health, exerting important protective cardiovascular effects. In the last years, there has been increased focus on identifying natural compounds with cardiovascular health-promoting effects and also to characterize the molecular mechanisms involved. Although many review articles have focused on the individual natural compound impact on cardiovascular diseases, the aim of this manuscript was to examine the role of the most studied nutraceuticals, such as resveratrol, cocoa, quercetin, curcumin, brassica, berberine and Spirulina platensis, on different CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albino Carrizzo
- Department of Angio-Cardio-Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (A.C.); (M.F.); (E.V.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (G.F.)
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (C.I.); (P.D.P.); (M.C.); (G.G.); (P.C.)
| | - Carmine Izzo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (C.I.); (P.D.P.); (M.C.); (G.G.); (P.C.)
| | - Maurizio Forte
- Department of Angio-Cardio-Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (A.C.); (M.F.); (E.V.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (G.F.)
| | - Eduardo Sommella
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy;
| | - Paola Di Pietro
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (C.I.); (P.D.P.); (M.C.); (G.G.); (P.C.)
| | - Eleonora Venturini
- Department of Angio-Cardio-Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (A.C.); (M.F.); (E.V.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (G.F.)
| | - Michele Ciccarelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (C.I.); (P.D.P.); (M.C.); (G.G.); (P.C.)
| | - Gennaro Galasso
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (C.I.); (P.D.P.); (M.C.); (G.G.); (P.C.)
| | - Speranza Rubattu
- Department of Angio-Cardio-Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (A.C.); (M.F.); (E.V.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (G.F.)
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Ospedale S.Andrea, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Petro Campiglia
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (C.I.); (P.D.P.); (M.C.); (G.G.); (P.C.)
| | - Sebastiano Sciarretta
- Department of Angio-Cardio-Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (A.C.); (M.F.); (E.V.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (G.F.)
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 74, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Giacomo Frati
- Department of Angio-Cardio-Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (A.C.); (M.F.); (E.V.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (G.F.)
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 74, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Carmine Vecchione
- Department of Angio-Cardio-Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (A.C.); (M.F.); (E.V.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (G.F.)
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (C.I.); (P.D.P.); (M.C.); (G.G.); (P.C.)
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Ambreen G, Siddiq A, Hussain K, Hussain AS, Naz Z. Repeatedly heated mix vegetable oils-induced atherosclerosis and effects of Murraya koenigii. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:222. [PMID: 32664977 PMCID: PMC7362559 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-03012-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Statins are considered as standard drugs to control cholesterol levels, but their use is also associated with renal hypertrophy, hemorrhagic stroke, hepatomegaly, and myopathy. Murraya koenigii is an herb that is used in traditional cuisine and as a medicine in South Asia. Here we assessed the antidyslipidemic and antiatherosclerotic effects of this spice in repeated heated mix vegetable oils (RHMVO)-induced atherosclerotic models. Methods Aqueous extract of M. koenigii leaves (Mk LE) was prepared and its phytoconstituents were determined. Rabbits were divided into 5 groups (n = 10). Except for the control group, all the other four groups were treated with RHMVO for 16 weeks (dose = 2 ml/kg/day) to induce dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. These groups were further treated for 10 weeks either with 300 and 500 mg/kg/day Mk LE, lovastatin, RHMVO, or left untreated. Body and organ weights were measured along with oxidative stress and tissue damage parameters. Lipid profile and hepatic function markers were studied. Atheroma measurement and histopathological examination were also performed in control and treated groups. Results Mk LE significantly (p < 0.05) attenuated RHMVO-induced dyslipidemia and atheroma formation. Furthermore, fat accumulation and lipid peroxidation in hepatic tissues were reduced by Mk LE in a dose-dependent manner. Our results indicated that the antidyslipidemic effects of Mk LE in 500 mg/kg/day dose were comparable to lovastatin. Additionally, oxidative stress markers were reduced much more significantly in Mk LE-500 than in the statin group (p < 0.05). Conclusions This study recommends Mk LE as a potent antioxidant and lipid-lowering natural medicine that can attenuate the RHMVO-induced atherosclerotic in optimal doses and duration. Therefore, Mk LE can be accessible, cheap, and free of adverse effects alternate to statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gul Ambreen
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan. .,Department of Pharmacy, Aga Khan University Hospital, Stadium Road (Main Pharmacy), P.O Box 3500, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan.
| | - Afshan Siddiq
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Kashif Hussain
- Department of Pharmacy, Aga Khan University Hospital, Stadium Road (Main Pharmacy), P.O Box 3500, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Saboor Hussain
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Zara Naz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peoples University of Medical and Health Sciences, Nawabshah, Sindh, Pakistan
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Cho JA, Baek SY, Cheong SH, Kim MR. Spirulina Enhances Bone Modeling in Growing Male Rats by Regulating Growth-Related Hormones. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12041187. [PMID: 32344533 PMCID: PMC7231069 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, growth hormone deficiency in children has been treated with hormone therapy despite the possible significant side effects. Therefore, it was deemed beneficial to develop functional foods or dietary supplements for safely improving children's growth. Spirulina platensis is known for its high antioxidant, anti-aging, anti-cancer, and immunity-enhancing properties, as well as its high digestibility and high protein content, but little has been reported about its influence on bone development in children with a normal supply of protein. In this study, we evaluated the effects of spirulina on the bone metabolism and antioxidant profiles of three-week-old growing male rats. The animals were divided into four groups (n = 17 per group) and were fed AIN93G diets with 0% (control), 30% (SP30), 50% (SP50), and 70% (SP70) of casein protein replaced by spirulina, respectively, for seven weeks. We observed that spirulina enhanced bone growth and bone strength by stimulating parathyroid hormone and growth hormone activities, as well its increased antioxidant activity. These results indicate that spirulina provides a suitable dietary supplement and alternative protein source with antioxidant benefits for growth improvement in early developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ah Cho
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, 99, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (J.A.C.); (S.Y.B.)
| | - Seong Yeon Baek
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, 99, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (J.A.C.); (S.Y.B.)
| | - Sun Hee Cheong
- Department of Marine Bio Food Science, College of Fisheries and Ocean Science, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 550-749, Korea;
| | - Mee Ree Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, 99, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (J.A.C.); (S.Y.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-42-821-6837
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Fermented Garlic Ameliorates Hypercholesterolemia and Inhibits Platelet Activation. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:3030967. [PMID: 31885643 PMCID: PMC6927027 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3030967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Dietary cholesterol augments the lipid profile and induces the production and activation of platelets, leading to the development of atherosclerosis with detrimental effects on cardiovascular health. Ethnomedicine and Mediterranean diets are natural and cost-effective approaches against several ailments including cardiovascular diseases. In addition, fermented foods have attracted interest due to their increased nutrient profile and enhanced bioavailability and efficacy. Garlic is known to reduce cholesterol and inhibit platelet activation. Therefore, we examined whether fermented garlic could effectively ameliorate the effects of hypercholesterolemia and platelet functions in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a hypercholesterolemic diet and treated with spirulina and fermented and nonfermented preparations of garlic for one month. Platelet aggregation and granule secretion were assessed to evaluate platelet activation. Analysis of the liver and kidney weights and lipid and enzymatic profiles of the serum and whole blood analysis was performed. The expression levels of SREBP-2, ACAT-2, and HMG-CoA were assessed by RT-PCR, while ACAT-1 and ACAT-2 were assessed by real-time PCR, and histological changes in the liver and adipose tissues were analyzed. Both fermented and nonfermented garlic inhibited platelet aggregation and granule secretion; however, fermented garlic exhibited a greater inhibitory effect. In comparison with nonfermented garlic, fermented garlic significantly reduced liver weight and triglyceride concentrations. Fermented garlic also markedly abrogated the detrimental effects of steatosis on liver and adipose tissues. We conclude that fermented garlic significantly improved the lipid profile and modulated platelet functions, thereby inhibiting atherosclerosis- and platelet-related cardiovascular disorders.
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Niccolai A, Chini Zittelli G, Rodolfi L, Biondi N, Tredici MR. Microalgae of interest as food source: Biochemical composition and digestibility. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Effect of Fermentation on Enhancing the Nutraceutical Properties of Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina). FERMENTATION-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation5010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Arthrospira platensis (spirulina), a filamentous fresh-water planktonic cyanobacterium, possesses diverse biological activities and a unique nutritional profile, due to its high content of valuable nutrients. This study aimed to further improve the bioactive profile of spirulina, by fermenting it with the lactic acid bacterium Lactobacillus plantarum. In vitro comparison of the total phenolic content (TPC), C-phycocyanin, free methionine, DPPH radical scavenging capacity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and protein fragmentation via SDS-PAGE in untreated versus 12 to 72 h fermented spirulina is reported here. After 36 h fermentation, TPC was enhanced by 112%, FRAP by 85% and ORAC by 36%. After 24 h, the DPPH radical scavenging capacity increased 60%, while the free methionine content increased by 94%, after 72 h. Past 36 h of fermentation, the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) diminished, possibly due to deterioration of the heat-sensitive antioxidants. However, protein fragmentation and free methionine content increased, linearly, with the fermentation time. Cyanobacterial peptides and other bioactive compounds trapped within the spirulina cell wall are released during fermentation and have a significant potential as a functional ingredient in nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals, in addition to their nutritive value.
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Yousefi R, Saidpour A, Mottaghi A. The effects of Spirulina supplementation on metabolic syndrome components, its liver manifestation and related inflammatory markers: A systematic review. Complement Ther Med 2019; 42:137-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Spirulina Liquid Extract Protects against Fibrosis Related to Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis and Increases Ursodeoxycholic Acid. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11010194. [PMID: 30669332 PMCID: PMC6357008 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is characterized by an excess of lipids and oxidative stress in the liver. Spirulina was reported to possess hypolipemic and antioxidative effects and might counteract NASH development. C57Bl/6J mice were fed a western diet (WD) during 25 weeks with or without spirulina liquid extract (SLE) at 2 different doses (WDS1 and WDS2 groups) in drinking water. Liver histology, inflammation, and oxidative stress were assessed as well as glucose tolerance status, lipid metabolism, and gallbladder bile acid profile. WDS2 gained significantly less weight than WD. Liver weight-to-body weight ratio and plasma alanine aminotransferase were significantly lower in WDS2 mice. A reduced liver fibrosis and NFκBp65 protein expression were measured in the supplemented group as a lower accumulation of superoxide anion, nitric oxide, and thiobarbituric reactive substances. WDS2 mice showed also a preserved glucose tolerance, a strong decrease of plasma cholesterol, and a significant increase of gallbladder ursodeoxycholic acid and β-muricholic acid. Our findings demonstrate a protective effect of SLE against WD induced NASH that is related to less inflammation and oxidative stress, a preserved glucose tolerance, and less hepatotoxic bile acid profile.
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Regulatory Efficacy of Spirulina platensis Protease Hydrolyzate on Lipid Metabolism and Gut Microbiota in High-Fat Diet-Fed Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19124023. [PMID: 30551559 PMCID: PMC6320850 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19124023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid metabolism disorder (LMD) is a public health issue. Spirulina platensis is a widely used natural weight-reducing agent and Spirulina platensis is a kind of protein source. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of Spirulina platensis protease hydrolyzate (SPPH) on the lipid metabolism and gut microbiota in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed rats. Our study showed that SPPH decreased the levels of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), alanine transaminase (ALT), and aspartate transaminase (AST), but increased the level of high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) in serum and liver. Moreover, SPPH had a hypolipidemic effect as indicated by the down-regulation of sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor-1c (SREBP-1c), acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC), SREBP-1c, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) and the up-regulation of adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorα (PPARα) at the mRNA level in liver. SPPH treatment enriched the abundance of beneficial bacteria. In conclusion, our study showed that SPPH might be produce glucose metabolic benefits in rats with diet-induced LMD. The mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of SPPH on the metabolism remain to be further investigated. Collectively, the above-mentioned findings illustrate that Spirulina platensis peptides have the potential to ameliorate lipid metabolic disorders, and our data provides evidence that SPPH might be used as an adjuvant therapy and functional food in obese and diabetic individuals.
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Bianconi V, Mannarino MR, Sahebkar A, Cosentino T, Pirro M. Cholesterol-Lowering Nutraceuticals Affecting Vascular Function and Cardiovascular Disease Risk. Curr Cardiol Rep 2018; 20:53. [PMID: 29802549 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-018-0994-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this review is to provide an update on the effects of the dietary supplementation with cholesterol-lowering nutraceuticals and nutraceutical combinations affecting vascular function and CV risk in clinical interventional studies. RECENT FINDINGS Current evidence supports the mild-to-moderate cholesterol-lowering efficacy of red yeast rice, berberine, plant sterols, fibers, and some nutraceutical combinations whereas data on the individual cholesterol-lowering action of other nutraceuticals are either less striking or even inconclusive. There is also promising evidence on the vascular protective effects of some of the aforementioned nutraceuticals. However, except for red yeast rice, clinical interventional studies have not investigated their impact on CV outcomes. Evidence of both cholesterol-lowering and vascular protection is a prerogative of few single nutraceuticals and nutraceutical combinations, which may support their clinical use; however, caution on their uncontrolled adoption is necessary as they are freely available on the market and, therefore, subject to potential misuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Bianconi
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Hospital "Santa Maria della Misericordia", Piazzale Menghini, 1, 06129, Perugia, Italy
| | - Massimo Raffaele Mannarino
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Hospital "Santa Maria della Misericordia", Piazzale Menghini, 1, 06129, Perugia, Italy
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Teresa Cosentino
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Hospital "Santa Maria della Misericordia", Piazzale Menghini, 1, 06129, Perugia, Italy
| | - Matteo Pirro
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
- Hospital "Santa Maria della Misericordia", Piazzale Menghini, 1, 06129, Perugia, Italy.
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Mahmoud MMA, El-Lamie MMM, Kilany OE, Dessouki AA. Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) supplementation improves growth performance, feed utilization, immune response, and relieves oxidative stress in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) challenged with Pseudomonas fluorescens. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 72:291-300. [PMID: 29117593 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
One hundred and eighty Nile tilapia fish were used in eighty-three-day growth trial. Fish were divided into three treatment groups. The first group T0 was given the basal diet without any supplementation and served as the control group. The second group T1 was given the basal diet supplemented by 1% Spirulina. The third group T2 was given the basal diet supplemented by 2% Spirulina. At the end of the growth performance trial, a challenge trial was conducted using virulent strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. Clinical signs, mortalities, postmortem lesions and histopathological alterations were recorded. Hematological, biochemical, oxidative stress and immunological parameters were measured after challenge with Pseudomonas fluorescens. Growth performance was non significantly improved in tilapia fed the diet with 1% Spirulina supplementation (T1). There were neither signs nor mortalities among fishes belonging to 1% Spirulina challenged group. The results showed that Spirulina has a positive effect on hematological, biochemical parameters, MDA, SOD and CAT at T1 (1% spirulia) rather than T2 (2%spirulia). Moreover, the results indicate that Spirulina 1% enhanced bactericidal, phagocytic and lysozyme activities conferring protection against infection. Our results demonstrated a significant up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β and TNF-α) and a down-regulation of anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10). We concluded that 1% Spirulina supplementation significantly improved immunity of Nile tilapia against Pseudomonas fluorescence than 2% Spirulina supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal M A Mahmoud
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Maather M M El-Lamie
- Fish Diseases and Management Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Omnia E Kilany
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt.
| | - Amina A Dessouki
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
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Macedo D, Bertolin TE, Oro T, Backes LTH, Brás IC, Santos CN, Tenreiro S, Outeiro TF. Phycocyanin protects against Alpha-Synuclein toxicity in yeast. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Hernández-Lepe MA, López-Díaz JA, de la Rosa LA, Hernández-Torres RP, Wall-Medrano A, Juarez-Oropeza MA, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Urquidez-Romero R, Ramos-Jiménez A. Double-blind randomised controlled trial of the independent and synergistic effect of Spirulina maxima with exercise (ISESE) on general fitness, lipid profile and redox status in overweight and obese subjects: study protocol. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e013744. [PMID: 28645949 PMCID: PMC5577874 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In order to reduce cardiovascular disease risk factors, a healthy diet must include dietary antioxidants from different sources (eg, Spirulina maxima) and regular practice of exercise should be promoted. There is some evidence from animal studies that S. maxima and exercise decrease cardiovascular disease risks factors. However, very few studies have proved the independent or synergistic effect of S. maxima plus exercise in humans. This study attempts to address the independent and synergistic effects in overweight and obese subjects participating in a systematic physical exercise programme at moderate intensity on general fitness, plasma lipid profile and antioxidant capacity. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Using a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, counterbalanced crossover study design, 80 healthy overweight and obese subjects will be evaluated during a 12-week isoenergetic diet accompanied by 4.5 g/day S. maxima intake and/or a physical systematic exercise programme at moderate intensity. Body composition, oxygen uptake, heart rate, capillary blood lactate, plasma concentrations of triacylglycerols, total, low-density and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, antioxidant status, lipid oxidation, protein carbonyls, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and paraoxonase will be assessed. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study and all the procedures have been approved by the Universidad Autonoma de Ciudad Juarez Bioethics Committee. Findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals, national and international conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02837666.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Antonio Hernández-Lepe
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México
| | - José Alberto López-Díaz
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México
| | - Laura Alejandra de la Rosa
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México
| | | | - Abraham Wall-Medrano
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México
| | | | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rene Urquidez-Romero
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México
| | - Arnulfo Ramos-Jiménez
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México
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McCarty MF. Supplementation with Phycocyanobilin, Citrulline, Taurine, and Supranutritional Doses of Folic Acid and Biotin-Potential for Preventing or Slowing the Progression of Diabetic Complications. Healthcare (Basel) 2017; 5:E15. [PMID: 28335416 PMCID: PMC5371921 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare5010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress, the resulting uncoupling of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and loss of nitric oxide (NO) bioactivity, are key mediators of the vascular and microvascular complications of diabetes. Much of this oxidative stress arises from up-regulated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase activity. Phycocyanobilin (PhyCB), the light-harvesting chromophore in edible cyanobacteria such as spirulina, is a biliverdin derivative that shares the ability of free bilirubin to inhibit certain isoforms of NADPH oxidase. Epidemiological studies reveal that diabetics with relatively elevated serum bilirubin are less likely to develop coronary disease or microvascular complications; this may reflect the ability of bilirubin to ward off these complications via inhibition of NADPH oxidase. Oral PhyCB may likewise have potential in this regard, and has been shown to protect diabetic mice from glomerulosclerosis. With respect to oxidant-mediated uncoupling of eNOS, high-dose folate can help to reverse this by modulating the oxidation status of the eNOS cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4). Oxidation of BH4 yields dihydrobiopterin (BH2), which competes with BH4 for binding to eNOS and promotes its uncoupling. The reduced intracellular metabolites of folate have versatile oxidant-scavenging activity that can prevent oxidation of BH4; concurrently, these metabolites promote induction of dihydrofolate reductase, which functions to reconvert BH2 to BH4, and hence alleviate the uncoupling of eNOS. The arginine metabolite asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), typically elevated in diabetics, also uncouples eNOS by competitively inhibiting binding of arginine to eNOS; this effect is exacerbated by the increased expression of arginase that accompanies diabetes. These effects can be countered via supplementation with citrulline, which efficiently enhances tissue levels of arginine. With respect to the loss of NO bioactivity that contributes to diabetic complications, high dose biotin has the potential to "pinch hit" for diminished NO by direct activation of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC). High-dose biotin also may aid glycemic control via modulatory effects on enzyme induction in hepatocytes and pancreatic beta cells. Taurine, which suppresses diabetic complications in rodents, has the potential to reverse the inactivating impact of oxidative stress on sGC by boosting synthesis of hydrogen sulfide. Hence, it is proposed that concurrent administration of PhyCB, citrulline, taurine, and supranutritional doses of folate and biotin may have considerable potential for prevention and control of diabetic complications. Such a regimen could also be complemented with antioxidants such as lipoic acid, N-acetylcysteine, and melatonin-that boost cellular expression of antioxidant enzymes and glutathione-as well as astaxanthin, zinc, and glycine. The development of appropriate functional foods might make it feasible for patients to use complex nutraceutical regimens of the sort suggested here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark F McCarty
- Catalytic Longevity, 7831 Rush Rose Dr., Apt. 316, Carlsbad, CA 92009, USA.
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González-Torres L, Matos C, Vázquez-Velasco M, Santos-López JA, Sánchez-Martínez I, García-Fernández C, Bastida S, Benedí J, Sánchez-Muniz FJ. Glucomannan- and glucomannan plus spirulina-enriched pork affect liver fatty acid profile, LDL receptor expression and antioxidant status in Zucker fa/fa rats fed atherogenic diets. Food Nutr Res 2016; 61:1264710. [PMID: 28325998 PMCID: PMC5328336 DOI: 10.1080/16546628.2017.1264710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of glucomannan or glucomannan plus spirulina-restructured pork (RP) on liver fatty acid profile, desaturase/elongase enzyme activities and oxidative status of Zucker fa/fa rats for seven weeks. Control (C), glucomannan (G) and glucomannan/spirulina (GS)-RP; HC (cholesterol-enriched control), HG and HGS (cholesterol-enriched glucomannan and glucomannan/spirulina-RP) experimental diets were tested. Increased metabolic syndrome markers were found in C, G and GS rats. Cholesterol feeding increased liver size, fat, and cholesterol and reduced antioxidant enzyme levels and expressions. Cholesterolemia was lower in HG and HGS than in HC. GS vs. G showed higher stearic but lower oleic levels. SFA and PUFA decreased while MUFA increased by cholesterol feeding. The arachidonic/linoleic and docosahexaenoic/alpha-linolenic ratios were lower in HC, HG, and HGS vs. C, G, and GS, respectively, suggesting a delta-6-elongase-desaturase system inhibition. Moreover, cholesterol feeding, mainly in HGS, decreased low-density-lipoprotein receptor expression and the delta-5-desaturase activity and increased the delta-9-desaturase activity. In conclusion, the liver production of highly unsaturated fatty acids was limited to decrease their oxidation in presence of hypercholesterolaemia. Glucomannan or glucomannan/spirulina-RP has added new attributes to their functional properties in meat, partially arresting the negative effects induced by high-fat-high-cholesterol feeding on the liver fatty acid and antioxidant statuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura González-Torres
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología I (Nutrición), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - Cátia Matos
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología I (Nutrición), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - Miguel Vázquez-Velasco
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología I (Nutrición), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - Jorge A Santos-López
- Departmento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - Iria Sánchez-Martínez
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología I (Nutrición), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | | | - Sara Bastida
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología I (Nutrición), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - Juana Benedí
- Departmento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - Francisco J Sánchez-Muniz
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología I (Nutrición), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
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Gargouri M, Magné C, El Feki A. Hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, liver damage and dysfunction in alloxan-induced diabetic rat are prevented by Spirulina supplementation. Nutr Res 2016; 36:1255-1268. [PMID: 27865613 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal plants have long been used against life-threatening diseases including diabetes, with more or less success. Some of these plants have been shown to possess antioxidant activities, which could help improving diabetes inconveniences. In that context, we investigated the effects of spirulina supplementation on alloxan-induced diabetic rats, hypothesizing that co-administration of spirulina with rat diet could ameliorate diabetes complications and provide as benefits as the common antidiabetic insulin. Following alloxan treatment, male Wistar rats were fed daily with 5% spirulina-enriched diet or treated with insulin (0.5 IU/rat) for 21 days. Both spirulina and insulin treatments of diabetic rats resulted in a significant reduction in fasting blood glucose and an increase of glycogen level. Spirulina supplementation also impeded loss of body weight and ameliorated hepatic toxicity indices, i.e. alkaline phosphatases and transaminases activities, bilirubin levels and lipid peroxidation. Besides, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels decreased in the serum. Moreover, diabetic rats fed with spirulina exhibited sig changes in antioxidant enzyme activities in the liver (ie, decrease in superoxide dismutase and increase in catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities). The beneficial effects of spirulina or insulin were confirmed by histological study of the liver of diabetic rats. Overall, this study indicates that treatment with spirulina decreased hyperglycemia and oxidative stress in diabetic rats, this amelioration being even more pronounced than that provided by insulin injection. Therefore, administration of this alga would be very helpful in the prevention of diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manel Gargouri
- Laboratory of Animal Ecophysiology, Faculty of Sciences, Sfax University, BP 3038, Sfax, Tunisia; EA 2219 Géoarchitecture, Faculty of Sciences, University of Western Brittany, 6 Avenue V. Le Gorgeu, CS 93837, 29238, Brest Cedex 3, France.
| | - Christian Magné
- EA 2219 Géoarchitecture, Faculty of Sciences, University of Western Brittany, 6 Avenue V. Le Gorgeu, CS 93837, 29238, Brest Cedex 3, France.
| | - Abdelfattah El Feki
- Laboratory of Animal Ecophysiology, Faculty of Sciences, Sfax University, BP 3038, Sfax, Tunisia.
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Anti-atherosclerotic effects of perilla oil in rabbits fed a high-cholesterol diet. Lab Anim Res 2016; 32:171-179. [PMID: 27729934 PMCID: PMC5057006 DOI: 10.5625/lar.2016.32.3.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Revised: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-atherosclerosis effects of perilla oil were investigated, in comparison with lovastatin, in rabbits fed a high-cholesterol diet (HCD). Hypercholesterolemia was induced in rabbits by feeding the HCD containing 0.5% cholesterol and 1% corn oil, and perilla oil (0.1 or 0.3%) was added to the diet containing 0.5% cholesterol for 10 weeks. HCD greatly increased blood total cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins, and caused thick atheromatous plaques, covering 74% of the aortic wall. Hyper-cholesterolemia also induced lipid accumulation in the liver and kidneys, leading to lipid peroxidation. Perilla oil not only attenuated hypercholesterolemia and atheroma formation, but also reduced fat accumulation and lipid peroxidation in hepatic and renal tissues. The results indicate that perilla oil prevents atherosclerosis and fatty liver by controlling lipid metabolism, and that it could be the first choice oil to improve diet-induced metabolic syndrome.
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Ku CS, Kim B, Pham TX, Yang Y, Wegner CJ, Park YK, Balunas M, Lee JY. Blue-Green Algae Inhibit the Development of Atherosclerotic Lesions in Apolipoprotein E Knockout Mice. J Med Food 2015; 18:1299-306. [PMID: 26566121 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2015.0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia and inflammation contribute to the development of atherosclerotic lesions. Our objective was to determine antiatherogenic effect of edible blue-green algae (BGA) species, that is, Nostoc commune var. sphaeroides Kützing (NO) and Spirulina platensis (SP), in apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE(-/-)) mice, a well-established mouse model of atherosclerosis. Male ApoE(-/-) mice were fed a high-fat/high-cholesterol (HF/HC, 15% fat and 0.2% cholesterol by wt) control diet or a HF/HC diet supplemented with 5% (w/w) of NO or SP powder for 12 weeks. Plasma total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) were measured, and livers were analyzed for histology and gene expression. Morphometric analysis for lesions and immunohistochemical analysis for CD68 were conducted in the aorta and the aortic root. NO supplementation significantly decreased plasma TC and TG, and liver TC, compared to control and SP groups. In the livers of NO-fed mice, less lipid droplets were present with a concomitant decrease in fatty acid synthase protein levels than the other groups. There was a significant increase in hepatic low-density lipoprotein receptor protein levels in SP-supplemented mice than in control and NO groups. Quantification of aortic lesions by en face analysis demonstrated that both NO and SP decreased aortic lesion development to a similar degree compared with control. While lesions in the aortic root were not significantly different between groups, the CD68-stained area in the aortic root was significantly lowered in BGA-fed mice than controls. In conclusion, both NO and SP supplementation decreased the development of atherosclerotic lesions, suggesting that they may be used as a natural product for atheroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chai Siah Ku
- 1 Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Bohkyung Kim
- 1 Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Tho X Pham
- 1 Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yue Yang
- 1 Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Casey J Wegner
- 1 Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Young-Ki Park
- 1 Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Marcy Balunas
- 2 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- 1 Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut, USA
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Influence of the Systemic Application of Blue–Green Spirulina platensis Algae on the Cutaneous Carotenoids and Elastic Fibers in Vivo. COSMETICS 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics2030302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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Zhao C, Wu Y, Yang C, Liu B, Huang Y. Hypotensive, hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effects of bioactive compounds from microalgae and marine micro-organisms. Int J Food Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.12860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhao
- College of Food Science; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; Fuzhou 350002 China
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Yijing Wu
- College of Food Science; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; Fuzhou 350002 China
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Chengfeng Yang
- College of Food Science; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; Fuzhou 350002 China
| | - Bin Liu
- College of Food Science; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; Fuzhou 350002 China
- National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO; Fuzhou 350002 China
| | - Yifan Huang
- College of Food Science; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; Fuzhou 350002 China
- National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO; Fuzhou 350002 China
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Cholesterol overload impairing cerebellar function: The promise of natural products. Nutrition 2015; 31:621-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2014.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Microalgae for the prevention of cardiovascular disease and stroke. Life Sci 2015; 125:32-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Ngo-Matip ME, Pieme CA, Azabji-Kenfack M, Biapa PCN, Germaine N, Heike E, Moukette BM, Emmanuel K, Philippe S, Mbofung CM, Ngogang JY. Effects of Spirulina platensis supplementation on lipid profile in HIV-infected antiretroviral naïve patients in Yaounde-Cameroon: a randomized trial study. Lipids Health Dis 2014; 13:191. [PMID: 25496727 PMCID: PMC4290440 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-13-191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and metabolic alterations are among the majors public health concern that have been reported in people living with HIV infections. Factors contributing to cardio metabolic syndrome in HIV include body fat distribution, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, cardiovascular dysfunction and inflammation. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of Spirulina platensis (Cyanobacteriaceae) supplementation versus local diet on lipid profile in HIV-infected antiretroviral-naive patients. Methods A prospective single-blind, randomized, multicentre study was conducted from February 2010 to December 2012. A total of 320 HIV antiretroviral-naïve patients were screened and 169 were recruited in this study. Patients were randomized and received either Spirulina supplementation combined with local diet (n = 82) or local diet only (n = 87). Age, weight, body mass index (BMI), lipid profile, CD4 count, and local food intake variables were assessed on three separate occasions (three, six and twelve months). Results An average age of the patients was 35.6 ± 9 years. The majority of participants were female 67.1%. Regarding the lipid profile, there is a significant increase in HDL-cholesterol and a significant decrease in total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides in the group of patients who consumed Spirulina platensis. A change in the atherogenic index defined by the ratio CT/HDL-C substitutable by LDL-C/HDL-C and the TC/HDL decreased significantly from 10.83 at baseline to 2.22 after 12 months (p = 0.21 and p <0.0001) in the patients taking Spirulina. Conclusions Nutritional supplementation with Spirulina combined with a quantitative and qualitative balanced diet for at least six months can retard an exposition to lipid abnormalities in HIV–infected antiretroviral-naive patients. Further studies are recommended on a large group of people not infected with HIV and exposed to cardiovascular risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marthe-Elise Ngo-Matip
- National Institute of Agro-Industrial Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, POBOX 455, Ngaoundere, Cameroun.
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Effects of fish oil and spirulina on oxidative stress and inflammation in hypercholesterolemic hamsters. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 14:470. [PMID: 25481402 PMCID: PMC4295402 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Background Altered plasma lipids, oxidative stress, and inflammation have been involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Fish oil has shown inconclusive effects on plasma lipids and oxidative stress. Spirulina has both cholesterol lowering and antioxidant properties. However, the effect of fish oil and spirulina on hypercholesterolemia has not been studied. We investigated the effects of fish oil, spirulina, and their combination on hypercholesterolemia. Methods The hamsters were divided into 7 groups: control, high cholesterol (HF), fish oil (post FO), spirulina (post SP), and a combination of fish oil and spirulina (post SF, pre-SF, and HF + SF) groups. The HF and HF + SF groups were given a high cholesterol diet for 8 weeks. The post FO, post SP, and post SF groups were given a high cholesterol diet for 4 weeks and then the treatment for 4 weeks. The pre-SF group was given the combined treatment for 4 weeks and then a high cholesterol diet for 4 weeks. Results The HF and HF + SF groups altered plasma lipids, increased oxidative stress, inhibited antioxidants, and increased inflammation. While the post FO group increased plasma lipids and was more atherogenic. The vice versa was observed in spirulina-treated group. Both the post SP and post SF groups inhibited oxidative stress and increased antioxidant status, and post FO and post SP diets regulated pro-inflammatory cytokines to near the control levels. Conclusions Both single treatment of fish oil or spirulina inhibit oxidative stress and inflammation. Treatment with a combination of fish oil and spirulina (post SF) may be beneficial for diet-induced hypercholesterolemic hamsters.
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Jang JY, Kim J, Cai J, Kim Y, Shin K, Kim TS, Lee SP, Park SK, Choi EK, Kim YB. An ethanolic extract of Angelica gigas improves atherosclerosis by inhibiting vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. Lab Anim Res 2014; 30:84-9. [PMID: 24999363 PMCID: PMC4079836 DOI: 10.5625/lar.2014.30.2.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of an ethanolic extract of Angelica gigas (EAG) on the vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and high-cholesterol diet-induced hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis were investigated. Rat aortic VSMCs were stimulated with platelet-derived growth factor-BB (25 ng/mL) for the induction of DNA synthesis and cell proliferation. EAG (1-10 µg/mL) significantly inhibited both the thymidine incorporation and cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. Hypercholesterolemia was induced by feeding male New Zealand white rabbits with 0.5% cholesterol in diet for 10 weeks, during which EAG (1% in diet) was given for the final 8 weeks after 2-week induction of hypercholesterolemia. Hypercholesterolemic rabbits exhibited great increases in serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) levels, and finally severe atheromatous plaque formation covering 28.4% of the arterial walls. EAG significantly increased high-density lipoproteins (HDL), slightly decreased LDL, and potentially reduced the atheroma area to 16.6%. The results indicate that EAG attenuates atherosclerosis not only by inhibiting VASC proliferation, but also by increasing blood HDL levels. Therefore, it is suggested that EAG could be an alternative or an adjunct therapy for the improvement of hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ja Young Jang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Jihyun Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Jingmei Cai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Youngeun Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Kyungha Shin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | | | | | | | - Ehn-Kyoung Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Yun-Bae Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
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Strasky Z, Zemankova L, Nemeckova I, Rathouska J, Wong RJ, Muchova L, Subhanova I, Vanikova J, Vanova K, Vitek L, Nachtigal P. Spirulina platensis and phycocyanobilin activate atheroprotective heme oxygenase-1: a possible implication for atherogenesis. Food Funct 2014; 4:1586-94. [PMID: 24056745 DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60230c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Spirulina platensis, a water blue-green alga, has been associated with potent biological effects, which might have important relevance in atheroprotection. We investigated whether S. platensis or phycocyanobilin (PCB), its tetrapyrrolic chromophore, can activate atheroprotective heme oxygenase-1 (Hmox1), a key enzyme in the heme catabolic pathway responsible for generation of a potent antioxidant bilirubin, in endothelial cells and in a mouse model of atherosclerosis. In vitro experiments were performed on EA.hy926 endothelial cells exposed to extracts of S. platensis or PCB. In vivo studies were performed on ApoE-deficient mice fed a cholesterol diet and S. platensis. The effect of these treatments on Hmox1, as well as other markers of oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction, was then investigated. Both S. platensis and PCB markedly upregulated Hmox1 in vitro, and a substantial overexpression of Hmox1 was found in aortic atherosclerotic lesions of ApoE-deficient mice fed S. platensis. In addition, S. platensis treatment led to a significant increase in Hmox1 promoter activity in the spleens of Hmox-luc transgenic mice. Furthermore, both S. platensis and PCB were able to modulate important markers of oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction, such as eNOS, p22 NADPH oxidase subunit, and/or VCAM-1. Both S. platensis and PCB activate atheroprotective HMOX1 in endothelial cells and S. platensis increased the expression of Hmox1 in aortic atherosclerotic lesions in ApoE-deficient mice, and also in Hmox-luc transgenic mice beyond the lipid lowering effect. Therefore, activation of HMOX1 and the heme catabolic pathway may represent an important mechanism of this food supplement for the reduction of atherosclerotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbynek Strasky
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Dalle Zotte A, Cullere M, Sartori A, Dal Bosco A, Gerencsér Z, Matics Z, Kovàcs M, Szendrő Z. Effect of dietary supplementation of spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) on carcass composition, meat physical traits, and vitamin B12 content on growing rabbits. WORLD RABBIT SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.4995/wrs.2014.1449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Brown EM, Allsopp PJ, Magee PJ, Gill CIR, Nitecki S, Strain CR, McSorley EM. Seaweed and human health. Nutr Rev 2014; 72:205-16. [DOI: 10.1111/nure.12091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Emma M Brown
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health; University of Ulster; County Londonderry UK
| | - Philip J Allsopp
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health; University of Ulster; County Londonderry UK
| | - Pamela J Magee
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health; University of Ulster; County Londonderry UK
| | - Chris IR Gill
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health; University of Ulster; County Londonderry UK
| | - Sonja Nitecki
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health; University of Ulster; County Londonderry UK
| | - Conall R Strain
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health; University of Ulster; County Londonderry UK
| | - Emeir M McSorley
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health; University of Ulster; County Londonderry UK
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Yang Y, Kim B, Park YK, Lee JY. Effects of Long-Term Supplementation of Blue-Green Algae on Lipid Metabolism in C57BL/6J mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 1. [PMID: 25614902 DOI: 10.15226/jnhfs.2014.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Dyslipidemia is a primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease. In this study, we investigated the effect of long-term supplementation of two blue-green algae (BGA) species, i.e., Nostoc commune var. sphaeroides Kützing (NO) and Spirulina platensis (SP), on lipid metabolism in vivo. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed an AIN-93G/M diet supplemented with 2.5 or 5% (wt/wt) NO or SP for 6 months. Mice fed NO and SP showed lower plasma total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) concentrations than control at certain months during 6 month experimental period. Both BGA supplementation for 6 months significantly increased hepatic TC contents whereas SP-fed groups had significantly less TG levels in the liver compared with control and NO groups. None of BGA-fed animals showed significantly different mRNA levels of sterol regulatory element binding protein 2, while 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase and low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) expression was higher in NO groups than the other groups in the liver. Furthermore, NO supplementation increased the hepatic expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1, stearoyl CoA desaturase 1, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1α, and acyl-CoA oxidase 1 but SP did not elicit any significant changes in mRNA levels of the genes compared with control. LDLR protein level was significantly higher in NO 2.5% and SP 5%, as compared to the control and NO 5% groups; while the level of fatty acid synthase protein in the liver was significantly higher in NO 5% and SP 5%, than that in the control group. In conclusion, our results suggest that long-term supplementation of NO and SP decreased plasma TC and TG concentrations. Therefore, supplementation of NO and SP may be potentially beneficial for preventing dyslipidemia-associated chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, USA
| | - Bohkyung Kim
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, USA
| | - Young-Ki Park
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, USA
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, USA
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Amelioration of Cadmium-Produced Teratogenicity and Genotoxicity in Mice Given Arthrospira maxima (Spirulina) Treatment. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:604535. [PMID: 24369479 PMCID: PMC3863560 DOI: 10.1155/2013/604535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of the effects of Arthrospira maxima (AM) was made, otherwise known as Spirulina, on the teratogenicity, genotoxicity, and DNA oxidation processes induced by cadmium (Cd). Pregnant ICR mice were divided into groups and administered water, Cd only, AM only, or AM plus Cd. AM was administered orally at doses of 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg from gestational day 0 (GD0) to GD17, and at GD7 there was an intraperitoneal challenge of Cd (1.5 mg/kg). Cd only caused fetal malformations, including exencephaly, micrognathia, ablephary, microphthalmia, and clubfoot, as well as a significant increase in the quantity of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPE) and of micronucleated normochromatic erythrocytes (MNNE) in blood cells of both the mothers and their fetuses. An increased level of oxidation was also found, measured by a rise in the levels of the adduct 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine. In a dose-dependent manner, AM significantly reduced the number of external, visceral, and skeletal malformations, the quantity of MNPE and MNNE, and the level of DNA oxidation. The results suggest that AM may reduce the genotoxic effects and rates of congenital malformations caused by exposure to Cd in utero and that the antioxidant activity of this cyanobacterium could be responsible, at least in part, for producing this effect.
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Vázquez-Velasco M, González-Torres L, Olivero-David R, Bastida S, Benedí J, Sánchez-Reus MI, González-Muñoz MJ, Sánchez-Muniz FJ. Lipoproteinemia and arylesterase activity in Zucker Fa/Fa rats fed glucomannan/spirulina-enriched squid-surimi. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201300147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Vázquez-Velasco
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología I (Nutrición) Facultad de Farmacia; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | - Laura González-Torres
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología I (Nutrición) Facultad de Farmacia; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | - Raúl Olivero-David
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología I (Nutrición) Facultad de Farmacia; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Madrid Spain
- Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Toxicología, Facultad de Farmacia; Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares; Madrid Spain
| | - Sara Bastida
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología I (Nutrición) Facultad de Farmacia; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | - Juana Benedí
- Departamento de Farmacología Facultad de Farmacia; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | - Mª Isabel Sánchez-Reus
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular; Facultad de Farmacia; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | - Mª José González-Muñoz
- Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Toxicología, Facultad de Farmacia; Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares; Madrid Spain
| | - Francisco J. Sánchez-Muniz
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología I (Nutrición) Facultad de Farmacia; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Madrid Spain
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Ku CS, Yang Y, Park Y, Lee J. Health benefits of blue-green algae: prevention of cardiovascular disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Med Food 2013; 16:103-11. [PMID: 23402636 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2012.2468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Blue-green algae (BGA) are among the most primitive life forms on earth and have been consumed as food or medicine by humans for centuries. BGA contain various bioactive components, such as phycocyanin, carotenoids, γ-linolenic acid, fibers, and plant sterols, which can promote optimal health in humans. Studies have demonstrated that several BGA species or their active components have plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride-lowering properties due to their modulation of intestinal cholesterol absorption and hepatic lipogenic gene expression. BGA can also reduce inflammation by inhibiting the nuclear factor κ B activity, consequently reducing the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, BGA inhibit lipid peroxidation and have free radical scavenging activity, which can be beneficial for the protection against oxidative stress. The aforementioned effects of BGA can contribute to the prevention of metabolic and inflammatory diseases. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge of the health-promoting functions of BGA against cardiovascular disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, which are major health threats in the developed countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chai Siah Ku
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
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Down-regulation of histamine-induced endothelial cell activation as potential anti-atherosclerotic activity of peptides from Spirulina maxima. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 50:198-207. [PMID: 23856417 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Histamine, a potent inflammatory mediator, has been known to cause the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. In this sense, two bioactive peptides P1 (LDAVNR; 686Da) and P2 (MMLDF; 655Da) purified from gastric enzymatic hydrolysate of Spirulina maxima were examined for their protective effects against early atherosclerotic responses induced by histamine in EA.hy926 endothelial cells. Interestingly, both P1 and P2 exhibited inhibitory activities on the production and expression of IL-6 and MCP-1. Furthermore, P1 and P2 inhibited the production of adhesion molecules including P-selectin and E-selectin, and thus reducing in vitro cell adhesion of monocyte onto endothelial cells. In addition, the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species was observed to reduce in the presence of P1 or P2. Notably, the inhibitory activities of P1 and P2 were found due to down-regulating Egr-1 expression via histamine receptor and PKCδ-dependent MAPKs activation pathway. These results suggest that peptides P1 and P2 from S. maxima are effective to suppress histamine-induced endothelial cell activation that may contribute to the prevention of early atherosclerosis.
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Dal Bosco A, Gerencsér Z, Szendrő Z, Mugnai C, Cullere M, Kovàcs M, Ruggeri S, Mattioli S, Castellini C, Dalle Zotte A. Effect of dietary supplementation of Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) and Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) on rabbit meat appearance, oxidative stability and fatty acid profile during retail display. Meat Sci 2013; 96:114-9. [PMID: 23896145 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Spirulina and Thyme supplementation on rabbit meat during retail display. At weaning 294 rabbits were allocated to 7 different treatments (42 rabbits/treatment). Rabbits of the control group (C) received a diet without any supplementation throughout the experiment (5-11 weeks of age). The other groups were fed diets containing 5% Spirulina (S), 3% Thyme (T) or both supplements (ST) for the whole trial (5-11 weeks; treatments S, T and ST), or for a part of the growing period (8-11 weeks; treatments C-S, C-T and C-ST). Colour parameters, pH, water holding capacity and drip loss were determined on fresh and stored Longissimus dorsi muscle of 5 rabbits/treatment. Spirulina- and Thyme-supplemented diets had a significant effect on redness and yellowness of Longissimus dorsi. Drip loss was significantly reduced in C-T and T groups that also showed the highest content of α-tocopherol and n-3 fatty acids content and the lower lipid oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dal Bosco
- Department of Applied Biology, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy.
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Dalle Zotte A, Sartori A, Bohatir P, Rémignon H, Ricci R. Effect of dietary supplementation of Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) and Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) on growth performance, apparent digestibility and health status of companion dwarf rabbits. Livest Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2012.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Spirulina improves non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, visceral fat macrophage aggregation, and serum leptin in a mouse model of metabolic syndrome. Dig Liver Dis 2012; 44:767-74. [PMID: 22444524 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutritional approaches are sought to overcome the limits of pioglitazone in metabolic syndrome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Spirulina, a filamentous unicellular alga, reduces serum lipids and blood pressure while exerting antioxidant effects. AIM To determine whether Spirulina may impact macrophages infiltrating the visceral fat in obesity characterizing our metabolic syndrome mouse model induced by the subcutaneous injection treatment of monosodium glutamate. METHODS Mice were randomized to receive standard food added with 5% Spirulina, 0.02% pioglitazone, or neither. We tested multiple biochemistry and histology (both liver and visceral fat) readouts at 24 weeks of age. RESULTS Data demonstrate that both the Spirulina and the pioglitazone groups had significantly lower serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels and liver non-esterified fatty acid compared to untreated mice. Spirulina and pioglitazone were associated with significantly lower leptin and higher levels, respectively, compared to the control group. At liver histology, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease activity score and lipid peroxide were significantly lower in mice treated with Spirulina. CONCLUSIONS Spirulina reduces dyslipidaemia in our metabolic syndrome model while ameliorating visceral adipose tissue macrophages. Human studies are needed to determine whether this safe supplement could prove beneficial in patients with metabolic syndrome.
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