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Kaur S, Sharma P, Mayer MJ, Neuert S, Narbad A, Kaur S. Beneficial effects of GABA-producing potential probiotic Limosilactobacillus fermentum L18 of human origin on intestinal permeability and human gut microbiota. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:256. [PMID: 38087304 PMCID: PMC10717626 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02264-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a non-protein amino acid with neuroinhibitory, antidiabetic, and antihypertensive properties and is used as a drug for treating anxiety and depression. Some strains of lactobacilli are known to produce GABA and strengthen the gut barrier function which play an important role in ameliorating the effects caused by the pathogen on the gut barrier. The probiotic bacteria are also known to modulate the human fecal microbiota, however, the role of GABA-producing strains on the gut epithelium permeability and gut microbiota is not known. RESULTS In this study, we report the production of high levels of GABA by potential probiotic bacterium Limosilactobacillus fermentum L18 for the first time. The kinetics of the production of GABA by L18 showed that the maximum production of GABA in the culture supernatant (CS) occurred at 24 h, whereas in fermented milk it took 48 h of fermentation. The effect of L18 on the restoration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-disrupted intestinal cell membrane permeability in Caco-2 monolayers showed that it significantly restored the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) values, by significantly increasing the levels of junction proteins, occludin and E-cadherin in L18 and LPS-treated Caco-2 cells as compared to only LPS-treated cells. The effect of GABA-secreting L18 on the metataxonome of human stool samples from healthy individuals was investigated by a batch fermentor that mimics the conditions of the human colon. Although, no differences were observed in the α and β diversities of the L18-treated and untreated samples at 24 h, the relative abundances of bacterial families Lactobacillaceae and Bifidobacteriaceae increased in the L18-treated group, but both decreased in the untreated groups. On the other hand, the relative abundance of Enterobacteriaceae decreased in the L18 samples but it increased in the untreated samples. CONCLUSION These results indicate that Li. fermentum L18 is a promising GABA-secreting strain that strengthens the gut epithelial barrier by increasing junction protein concentrations and positively modulating the gut microbiota. It has the potential to be used as a psychobiotic or for the production of functional foods for the management of anxiety-related illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumanpreet Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
- Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, India
| | - Preeti Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Melinda J Mayer
- Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Saskia Neuert
- Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- East Genomics Laboratory Hub, Cambridge University Hospitals Genomic Laboratory, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Arjan Narbad
- Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Sukhraj Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India.
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Liwinski T, Lang UE, Brühl AB, Schneider E. Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid in Stress and Depressive Disorders through the Gut-Brain Axis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3128. [PMID: 38137351 PMCID: PMC10741010 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Research conducted on individuals with depression reveals that major depressive disorders (MDDs) coincide with diminished levels of the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, as well as modifications in the subunit composition of the primary receptors (GABAA receptors) responsible for mediating GABAergic inhibition. Furthermore, there is substantial evidence supporting the significant role of GABA in regulating stress within the brain, which is a pivotal vulnerability factor in mood disorders. GABA is readily available and approved as a food supplement in many countries. Although there is substantial evidence indicating that orally ingested GABA may affect GABA receptors in peripheral tissues, there is comparatively less evidence supporting its direct action within the brain. Emerging evidence highlights that oral GABA intake may exert beneficial effects on the brain and psyche through the gut-brain axis. While GABA enjoys wide consumer acceptance in Eastern Asian markets, with many consumers reporting favorable effects on stress regulation, mood, and sleep, rigorous independent research is still largely lacking. Basic research, coupled with initial clinical findings, makes GABA an intriguing neuro-nutritional compound deserving of clinical studies in individuals with depression and other psychological problems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Else Schneider
- University Psychiatric Clinics Basel, Clinic for Adults, University of Basel, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland; (T.L.); (U.E.L.); (A.B.B.)
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Sørensen HM, Rochfort KD, Maye S, MacLeod G, Loscher C, Brabazon D, Freeland B. Bioactive Ingredients from Dairy-Based Lactic Acid Bacterial Fermentations for Functional Food Production and Their Health Effects. Nutrients 2023; 15:4754. [PMID: 38004148 PMCID: PMC10675170 DOI: 10.3390/nu15224754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria are traditionally applied in a variety of fermented food products, and they have the ability to produce a wide range of bioactive ingredients during fermentation, including vitamins, bacteriocins, bioactive peptides, and bioactive compounds. The bioactivity and health benefits associated with these ingredients have garnered interest in applications in the functional dairy market and have relevance both as components produced in situ and as functional additives. This review provides a brief description of the regulations regarding the functional food market in the European Union, as well as an overview of some of the functional dairy products currently available in the Irish and European markets. A better understanding of the production of these ingredients excreted by lactic acid bacteria can further drive the development and innovation of the continuously growing functional food market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Mylise Sørensen
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, D09 DX63 Dublin, Ireland; (C.L.); (B.F.)
- I-Form, Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre, Dublin City University, D09 DX63 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Keith D. Rochfort
- School of Nursing, Psychotherapy and Community Health, Dublin City University, D09 DX63 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Susan Maye
- Dairygold Co-Operative Society Limited, Clonmel Road, Co. Cork, P67 DD36 Mitchelstown, Ireland; (S.M.); (G.M.)
| | - George MacLeod
- Dairygold Co-Operative Society Limited, Clonmel Road, Co. Cork, P67 DD36 Mitchelstown, Ireland; (S.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Christine Loscher
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, D09 DX63 Dublin, Ireland; (C.L.); (B.F.)
| | - Dermot Brabazon
- I-Form, Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre, Dublin City University, D09 DX63 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Brian Freeland
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, D09 DX63 Dublin, Ireland; (C.L.); (B.F.)
- I-Form, Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre, Dublin City University, D09 DX63 Dublin, Ireland;
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4
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Han J, Zhao X, Zhao X, Wang Q, Li P, Gu Q. Microbial-Derived γ-Aminobutyric Acid: Synthesis, Purification, Physiological Function, and Applications. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:14931-14946. [PMID: 37792666 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an important nonprotein amino acid that extensively exists in nature. At present, GABA is mainly obtained through chemical synthesis, plant enrichment, and microbial production, among which microbial production has received widespread attention due to its safety and environmental benefits. After using microbial fermentation to obtain GABA, it is necessary to be isolated and purified to ensure its quality and suitability for various industries such as food, agriculture, livestock, pharmaceutics, and others. This article provides a comprehensive review of the different sources of GABA, including its presence in nature and the synthesis methods. The factors affecting the production of microbial-derived GABA and its isolation and purification methods are further elucidated. Moreover, the main physiological functions of GABA and its application in different fields are also reviewed. By advancing our understanding of GABA, we can unlock its full potential and further utilize it in various fields to improve human health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarun Han
- Key Laboratory for Food Microbial Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Xilian Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Food Microbial Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Food Microbial Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Ping Li
- Key Laboratory for Food Microbial Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Gu
- Key Laboratory for Food Microbial Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, People's Republic of China
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5
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Hou D, Tang J, Feng Q, Niu Z, Shen Q, Wang L, Zhou S. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA): a comprehensive review of dietary sources, enrichment technologies, processing effects, health benefits, and its applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-23. [PMID: 37096548 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2204373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a naturally occurring potential bioactive compound present in plants, microorganisms, animals, and humans. Especially, as a main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, GABA possesses a broad spectrum of promising bioactivities. Thus, functional foods enriched with GABA have been widely sought after by consumers. However, the GABA levels in natural foods are usually low, which cannot meet people's demand for health effects. With the increasing public awareness on the food securities and naturally occurring processes, using enrichment technologies to elevate the GABA contents in foods instead of exogenous addition can enhance the acceptability of health-conscious consumers. Herein, this review provides a comprehensive insight on the dietary sources, enrichment technologies, processing effects of GABA, and its applications in food industry. Furthermore, the various health benefits of GABA-enriched foods, mainly including neuroprotection, anti-insomnia, anti-depression, anti-hypertensive, anti-diabetes, and anti-inflammatory are also summarized. The main challenges for future research on GABA are related to exploring high GABA producing strains, enhancing the stability of GABA during storage, and developing emerging enrichment technologies without affecting food quality and other active ingredients. A better understanding of GABA may introduce new windows for its application in developing functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianzhi Hou
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Tang
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiqian Feng
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhitao Niu
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Qun Shen
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Center of Technology Innovation (Deep Processing of Highland Barley) in Food Industry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Sumei Zhou
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
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6
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Kumar Goothy SS, McKeown J. Anxiolytic effects of vestibular stimulation: an update. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2023:jbcpp-2023-0022. [PMID: 37070257 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2023-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
The vestibular system inhibits both HPA and SAM axis and contributes to the management of anxiety. Both direct and indirect pathways exist in the inhibition of the HPA and SAM axis. In this review article, the authors describe various pathways through which the vestibular system can regulate the HPA and SAM axis activity. Lastly, the authors highlight the need of starting translational research work in this field. Rocking is soothing and this is a universal fact that babies in the swing will calm down and sleep. These soothing effects of vestibular stimulation may be due to the inhibition of cortical and subcortical structures. Vestibular stimulation may be able to manage anxiety through its connections with multiple brain areas. There is a need to undertake translational research in this area to establish strong scientific evidence and recommend implementation of the vestibular stimulation in the management of anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Sailesh Kumar Goothy
- Department of Physiology, Sri Madhusudan Sai Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Muddenahalli, Karnataka, India
| | - Jason McKeown
- Department of Psychology, Center for Brain and Cognition, UC San Diego, San Diego, USA
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UMEDA K, IKEDA A, UCHIDA R, SASAHARA I, MINE T, MURAKAMI H, KAMEYAMA K. Combination of poly-γ-glutamic acid and galactooligosaccharide improves intestinal microbiota, defecation status, and relaxed mood in humans: a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group comparison trial. BIOSCIENCE OF MICROBIOTA, FOOD AND HEALTH 2023; 42:34-48. [PMID: 36660591 PMCID: PMC9816053 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.2021-084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The genus Bifidobacterium comprises beneficial intestinal bacteria that play a crucial role in the regulation of human health. Traditional prebiotics are known to increase intestinal bifidobacteria by supplying a carbon source necessary for their growth. However, intestinal bifidobacteria need not only a carbon source but also a nitrogen source for growth. Moreover, the growth of bifidobacteria is known to be inhibited in a culture medium that does not contain glutamic acid. Based on these reports, we hypothesized that the combined intake of traditional prebiotics and glutamic acid would be beneficial for growth of bifidobacteria in the gut. In this study, we investigated the effects of the combination of galactooligosaccharide (GOS; traditional prebiotic material) and poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA; source of glutamic acid) and only GOS on the intestinal microbiota and health conditions (including intestinal regulation, mood status, gastrointestinal condition, skin condition, and sleep quality) in a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group comparison trial in healthy subjects. The combined intake of GOS and γ-PGA significantly increased the prevalence of B. longum compared to the intake of GOS alone. A minimum effective dose of 2.0 g GOS and 0.3 g γ-PGA improved defecation and mood status. We revealed the combined effects of GOS and γ-PGA on intestinal microbiota as well as physical condition and concluded that the delivery of glutamic acid to the large intestine with traditional prebiotics is useful as an advanced prebiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro UMEDA
- Institute of Food Sciences and Technologies, Ajinomoto Co.,
Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi 210-8681, Japan
| | - Atsuko IKEDA
- Institute of Food Sciences and Technologies, Ajinomoto Co.,
Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi 210-8681, Japan
| | - Ryo UCHIDA
- Institute of Food Sciences and Technologies, Ajinomoto Co.,
Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi 210-8681, Japan
| | - Ikuko SASAHARA
- Institute of Food Sciences and Technologies, Ajinomoto Co.,
Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi 210-8681, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki MINE
- Research & Business Planning Department, Ajinomoto Co.,
Inc., 1-15-1 Kyobashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-8315, Japan
| | - Hitoshi MURAKAMI
- Institute of Food Sciences and Technologies, Ajinomoto Co.,
Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi 210-8681, Japan
| | - Keishi KAMEYAMA
- Institute of Food Sciences and Technologies, Ajinomoto Co.,
Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi 210-8681, Japan,aThese authors have contributed equally to this work.
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8
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Yamaoka K, Uotsu N, Hoshino E. Relationship between psychosocial stress-induced prefrontal cortex activity and gut microbiota in healthy Participants-A functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. Neurobiol Stress 2022; 20:100479. [PMID: 36039149 PMCID: PMC9418982 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2022.100479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain and gut microbes communicate in a bidirectional manner with each affecting a person's response to psychosocial stress. Although human studies demonstrated that the intake of probiotics can alter stress-related behavior in both patients and healthy participants, the association between stress-related brain functions and the gut microbiota has mostly been investigated in patients with depression. However, the response to psychosocial stress differs, even among healthy individuals, and elucidating the natural state of the gut microbiota would broaden the understanding of responses to psychosocial stress. We investigated the relationship between psychosocial stress response in the prefrontal cortex and the abundance of gut microbes in healthy male participants. The participants were exposed to psychosocial stress during a task while brain activation data were recorded using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. The heart rate and subjective stress were recorded, and fecal samples were collected. The stressful condition was accompanied by high subjective stress, high heart rate, and higher prefrontal activation in the right pre-motor cortex/supplementary motor area, right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, right frontal pole, and right inferior prefrontal gyrus. The psychosocial stress response in the prefrontal cortex was also associated with changes in the gut microbiota abundance. The abundance of Alistipes, Clostridium IV, Clostridium XI, Faecalibacterium, and Blautia in healthy participants who had high psychosocial stress resembled that noted in patients with depression. These results suggest that the gut microbiota differs, among healthy participants, depending on the psychosocial stress response. We believe that this study is the first to report a direct relationship between brain function and the gut microbiota in healthy participants, and our findings would shed a new light on this field in the near future. Brain and gut microbe communication affects the response to psychosocial stress. Gut microbiota related to psychosocial stress in healthy individuals is unknown. Stress-induced brain activation was observed in the right prefrontal cortex. Brain activity was associated with gut microbiota related to depression. Gut microbiota differs depending on the response to psychosocial stress.
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Key Words
- ANOVA, Analysis of variance
- BD, Bipolar disorder
- BMI, Body mass index
- CH, Channel
- CRH, Corticotropin-releasing hormone
- DNA, Deoxynucleic acid
- Depression
- FP, Frontal pole
- Functional near-infrared spectroscopy
- GABA, Gamma Amino Butyric Acid
- Gut microbiome
- HPA-axis, Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
- IFG, Inferior prefrontal gyrus
- MDD, Major depressive disorder
- MIST, Montreal Imaging Stress Task
- PANAS, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule
- PET, Positron emission tomography
- PFC, Prefrontal cortex
- PMC/SMA, Pre-motor cortex/supplementary motor area
- POMS2, Profile of Mood States 2 short version
- Prefrontal cortex
- Psychosocial stress
- SSES, State Self-Esteem Scale
- STAI, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory
- VAS, Visual analog scale
- bpm, Beat per minute
- deoxy-Hb, Deoxygenated hemoglobin
- dlPFC, Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
- fMRI, Functional magnetic resonance imaging
- fNIRS, Functional near-infrared spectroscopy
- oxy-Hb, Oxygenated hemoglobin
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Affiliation(s)
- Kao Yamaoka
- FANCL Corporation Research Institute, 12-13 Kamishinano, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 244-0806, Japan
| | - Nobuo Uotsu
- FANCL Corporation Research Institute, 12-13 Kamishinano, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 244-0806, Japan
| | - Eiichi Hoshino
- Keio University Global Research Institute (KGRI), 2-15-45 Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8345, Japan
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Umeda K, Shindo D, Somekawa S, Nishitani S, Sato W, Toyoda S, Karakawa S, Kawasaki M, Mine T, Suzuki K. Effects of Five Amino Acids (Serine, Alanine, Glutamate, Aspartate, and Tyrosine) on Mental Health in Healthy Office Workers: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Exploratory Trial. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14112357. [PMID: 35684157 PMCID: PMC9183184 DOI: 10.3390/nu14112357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The importance of maintaining good mental health with overall well-being has recently drawn attention from various spheres of academics and the working population. Amino acid intake has been reported to reduce depression symptoms and other mental health problems. However, the effectiveness of amino acid intake (i.e., single or combined) remains unknown. In this study, we assessed a combination of five amino acids (serine, alanine, glutamate, aspartate, and tyrosine; SAGAT) reported to regulate mental health. Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled exploratory trial was conducted. Participants, aged between 20 and 65 years with fatigue sensation, were randomized to receive either SAGAT or the placebo and ingested them for four weeks. A transient mental work was loaded at day 0 and after four weeks of intervention. As the primary outcomes, the fatigue sensation was assessed. The mood status, cognitive function, work efficiency, and blood marker were also measured as secondary outcomes. Results: The number of participants analyzed for the efficacy evaluation were 20 in SAGAT and 22 in the placebo. There were no significant differences in the primary outcomes. However, as the secondary outcomes, the SAGAT group showed a significant improvement in motivation and cognitive function in the recovery period after mental work loaded in a four-week intervention compared to the placebo. Conclusion: The current findings suggest that SAGAT contributes to maintaining proper motivation and cognitive function. Clinical Trial Registration: University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trial Registry (ID: UMIN 000041221).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Umeda
- Institute of Food Sciences and Technologies, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan; (D.S.); (S.S.); (S.N.)
- Correspondence: (K.U.); (K.S.)
| | - Daichi Shindo
- Institute of Food Sciences and Technologies, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan; (D.S.); (S.S.); (S.N.)
| | - Shinji Somekawa
- Institute of Food Sciences and Technologies, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan; (D.S.); (S.S.); (S.N.)
| | - Shinobu Nishitani
- Institute of Food Sciences and Technologies, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan; (D.S.); (S.S.); (S.N.)
| | - Wataru Sato
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan; (W.S.); (S.T.); (S.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Sakiko Toyoda
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan; (W.S.); (S.T.); (S.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Sachise Karakawa
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan; (W.S.); (S.T.); (S.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Mika Kawasaki
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan; (W.S.); (S.T.); (S.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Tomoyuki Mine
- Research & Business Planning Department, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Tokyo 104-8315, Japan;
| | - Katsuya Suzuki
- Institute of Food Sciences and Technologies, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan; (D.S.); (S.S.); (S.N.)
- Correspondence: (K.U.); (K.S.)
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Ma Y, Zhou S, Lu J. Metabolomic Analysis Reveals Changes of Bioactive Compounds in Mung Beans (Vigna radiata) during γ-Aminobutyric Acid Enrichment Treatment. Foods 2022; 11:foods11101423. [PMID: 35626988 PMCID: PMC9141900 DOI: 10.3390/foods11101423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Soaking together with Heat and Relative Humidity (HRH) treatment has been applied successfully to enrich γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in mung beans. However, whether and how the above GABA enrichment processing influences the other bioactive molecules is elusive. In the present study, mung beans were soaked and then treated by HRH for 5 or 7 h. By using metabolomics techniques, the changes of 496 metabolites were determined. The relative content of flavonoids and phenolic acids increased during soaking but slightly decreased during HRH. Intriguingly, soaking and HRH had the opposite effects on the glycosylation of polyphenols. The relative content of glycosylated or un-glycosylated polyphenols increased during soaking or HRH, respectively. The relative content of α-ketoglutaric acid increased more than 20 times after 5 h HRH treatment. Bioactive molecules could be enriched during GABA enrichment processing. Depending on the desired bioactive compounds, soaking and different duration of HRH treatment could be selected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Ma
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Technology and Business University, 11 Fucheng Road, Beijing 100048, China; (Y.M.); (S.Z.)
- School of Food Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
- Department of Food Science and Formulation, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Sumei Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Technology and Business University, 11 Fucheng Road, Beijing 100048, China; (Y.M.); (S.Z.)
| | - Jing Lu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Technology and Business University, 11 Fucheng Road, Beijing 100048, China; (Y.M.); (S.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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Hui S, Li H, Mawia AM, Zhou L, Cai J, Ahmad S, Lai C, Wang J, Jiao G, Xie L, Shao G, Sheng Z, Tang S, Wang J, Wei X, Hu S, Hu P. Production of aromatic three-line hybrid rice using novel alleles of BADH2. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:59-74. [PMID: 34465003 PMCID: PMC8710899 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Aroma is a key grain quality trait that directly influences the market price of rice globally. Loss of function of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (OsBADH2) affects the biosynthesis of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP), which is responsible for aroma in fragrant rice. The current study was aimed at creating new alleles of BADH2 using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology under the genetic background of the japonica Ningjing 1 (NJ1) and indica Huang Huazhan (HHZ) varieties. Sensory evaluation and analysis using headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) showed that the grains of the four homozygous T1 lines with new alleles of BADH2 (nj1-cr BADH2 -1, nj1-cr BADH2 -2, hhz-cr BADH2 -1 and hhz-cr BADH2 -2) produced moderate fragrance and had significantly increased 2-AP content compared with wild-types. Moreover, there were no significant differences in the amylose content and gelatinization temperature among the four lines with new alleles of BADH2 to the wild-types. Thereafter, we crossed the HHZ background new alleles of BADH2 with CMS line Taonong 1A (TN1A) to produce a three-line hybrid variety B-Tao-You-Xiangzhan (BTYXZ) with increased grain aroma. The 2-AP content in grains of the improved BTYXZ-1 and BTYXZ-2 reached at 26.16 and 18.74 μg/kg, and the gel consistency of BTYXZ-1 and BTYXZ-2 increased significantly by 9.1% and 6.5%, respectively, compared with the wild-type Tao-You-Xiangzhan (TYXZ). However, the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) content in the improved three-line hybrid rice BTYXZ-1 (5.6 mg/100 g) and BTYXZ-2 (10.7 mg/100 g) was significantly lower than that of the TYXZ. These results demonstrated that CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology could be successfully utilized in improving aroma in non-fragrant japonica and indica varieties. In addition, the newly developed BADH2 alleles provided important genetic resources for grain aroma improvement in three-line hybrid rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suozhen Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Center for Rice ImprovementChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouChina
| | - Huijuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Center for Rice ImprovementChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouChina
| | - Amos Musyoki Mawia
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Center for Rice ImprovementChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouChina
| | - Liang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Center for Rice ImprovementChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouChina
| | - Jinyang Cai
- Jiaxing Academy of Agricultural SciencesJiaxingChina
| | - Shakeel Ahmad
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Center for Rice ImprovementChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouChina
| | - Changkai Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Center for Rice ImprovementChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouChina
| | - Jingxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Center for Rice ImprovementChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouChina
| | - Guiai Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Center for Rice ImprovementChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouChina
| | - Lihong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Center for Rice ImprovementChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouChina
| | - Gaoneng Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Center for Rice ImprovementChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouChina
| | - Zhonghua Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Center for Rice ImprovementChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouChina
| | - Shaoqing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Center for Rice ImprovementChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouChina
| | | | - Xiangjin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Center for Rice ImprovementChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouChina
| | - Shikai Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Center for Rice ImprovementChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouChina
| | - Peisong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Center for Rice ImprovementChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouChina
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12
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Banerjee S, Poore M, Gerdes S, Nedveck D, Lauridsen L, Kristensen HT, Jensen HM, Byrd PM, Ouwehand AC, Patterson E, Morovic W. Transcriptomics reveal different metabolic strategies for acid resistance and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) production in select Levilactobacillus brevis strains. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:173. [PMID: 34488774 PMCID: PMC8419935 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01658-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Of the many neurotransmitters in humans, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) shows potential for improving several mental health indications such as stress and anxiety. The microbiota-gut-brain axis is an important pathway for GABAergic effects, as microbially-secreted GABA within the gut can affect host mental health outcomes. Understanding the molecular characteristics of GABA production by microbes within the gut can offer insight to novel therapies for mental health. RESULTS Three strains of Levilactobacillus brevis with syntenous glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) operons were evaluated for overall growth, glutamate utilization, and GABA production in typical synthetic growth media supplemented with monosodium glutamate (MSG). Levilactobacillus brevis Lbr-6108™ (Lbr-6108), formerly known as L. brevis DPC 6108, and Levilactobacillus brevis Lbr-35 ™ (Lbr-35) had similar growth profiles but differed significantly in GABA secretion and acid resistance. Lbr-6108 produced GABA early within the growth phase and produced significantly more GABA than Lbr-35 and the type strain Levilactobacillus brevis ATCC 14869 after the stationary phase. The global gene expression during GABA production at several timepoints was determined by RNA sequencing. The GAD operon, responsible for GABA production and secretion, activated in Lbr-6108 after only 6 h of fermentation and continued throughout the stationary phase. Furthermore, Lbr-6108 activated many different acid resistance mechanisms concurrently, which contribute to acid tolerance and energy production. In contrast, Lbr-35, which has a genetically similar GAD operon, including two copies of the GAD gene, showed no upregulation of the GAD operon, even when cultured with MSG. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to evaluate whole transcriptome changes in Levilactobacillus brevis during GABA production in different growth phases. The concurrent expression of multiple acid-resistance mechanisms reveals niche-specific metabolic functionality between common human commensals and highlights the complex regulation of GABA metabolism in this important microbial species. Furthermore, the increased and rapid GABA production of Lbr-6108 highlights the strain's potential as a therapeutic and the overall value of screening microbes for effector molecule output.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew Poore
- IFF Health and Biosciences, Danisco USA, Inc., Madison, WI, USA
| | - Svetlana Gerdes
- IFF Health and Biosciences, Danisco USA, Inc., Madison, WI, USA
| | - Derek Nedveck
- IFF Health and Biosciences, Danisco USA, Inc., Madison, WI, USA
| | | | | | | | - Phillip M Byrd
- IFF Health and Biosciences, Danisco USA, Inc., Madison, WI, USA
| | - Arthur C Ouwehand
- IFF Health and Biosciences, Danisco Sweeteners Oy, Sokeritehtaantie 20, 02460, Kantvik, Finland
| | - Elaine Patterson
- IFF Health and Biosciences, Danisco Sweeteners Oy, Sokeritehtaantie 20, 02460, Kantvik, Finland
| | - Wesley Morovic
- IFF Health and Biosciences, Danisco USA, Inc., Madison, WI, USA.
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13
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Choe H, Sung J, Lee J, Kim Y. Effects of calcium chloride treatment on bioactive compound accumulation and antioxidant capacity in germinated brown rice. J Cereal Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2021.103294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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14
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United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Safety Review of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA). Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082742. [PMID: 34444905 PMCID: PMC8399837 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) is marketed in the U.S. as a dietary supplement. USP conducted a comprehensive safety evaluation of GABA by assessing clinical studies, adverse event information, and toxicology data. Clinical studies investigated the effect of pure GABA as a dietary supplement or as a natural constituent of fermented milk or soy matrices. Data showed no serious adverse events associated with GABA at intakes up to 18 g/d for 4 days and in longer studies at intakes of 120 mg/d for 12 weeks. Some studies showed that GABA was associated with a transient and moderate drop in blood pressure (<10% change). No studies were available on effects of GABA during pregnancy and lactation, and no case reports or spontaneous adverse events associated with GABA were found. Chronic administration of GABA to rats and dogs at doses up to 1 g/kg/day showed no signs of toxicity. Because some studies showed that GABA was associated with decreases in blood pressure, it is conceivable that concurrent use of GABA with anti-hypertensive medications could increase risk of hypotension. Caution is advised for pregnant and lactating women since GABA can affect neurotransmitters and the endocrine system, i.e., increases in growth hormone and prolactin levels.
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15
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Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Inhibits α-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone-Induced Melanogenesis through GABA A and GABA B Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158257. [PMID: 34361022 PMCID: PMC8347673 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is considered the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the human cortex. However, whether GABA regulates melanogenesis has not been comprehensively elucidated. In this study, we reveal that GABA (20 mM) significantly inhibited α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-induced extracellular (from 354.9% ± 28.4% to 126.5% ± 16.0%) and intracellular melanin contents (from 236.7% ± 11.1% to 102.7% ± 23.1%) in B16F10 melanoma cells, without inducing cytotoxicity. In addition, α-MSH-induced hyperpigmentation in zebrafish larvae was inhibited from 246.3% ± 5.4% to 116.3% ± 3.1% at 40 mM GABA, displaying no apparent cardiotoxicity. We also clarify that the GABA-mediated antimelanogenic properties were related to the direct inhibition of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and tyrosinase expression by inhibiting cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB). Furthermore, under α-MSH stimulation, GABA-related antimelanogenic effects were mediated through the GABAA and GABAB receptors, with subsequent inhibition of Ca2+ accumulation. In B16F10 melanoma cells and zebrafish larvae, pretreatment with bicuculline, a GABAA receptor antagonist, and CGP 46381, a GABAB receptor antagonist, reversed the antimelanogenic effect of GABA following α-MSH treatment by upregulating Ca2+ accumulation. In conclusion, our results indicate that GABA inhibits α-MSH-induced melanogenesis. Hence, in addition to the health benefits of GABA in the central nervous system, it could ameliorate hyperpigmentation disorders.
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16
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Dey G, Mookherjee S. Probiotics-targeting new milestones from gut health to mental health. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2021; 368:6332281. [PMID: 34329424 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnab096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional probiotic food research was primarily focused on their benefits for gut health. Recently with the confirmation that the gut microbiota has a bidirectional connection with the brain, it is being proposed that modification of the microbiota can possibly extirpate neurological diseases. Development of probiotic foods and formulations for neural health benefits has garnered interest, with a renewed focus. In this context, this review discusses the evidences collected on the anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of probiotics, especially during the time span of 2015-till now. Although, more clinical trials are necessary to elucidate the exact mechanism of probiotic mode of action but several of the established probiotic strains have been investigated and it appears that few of them have demonstrated their potential as 'psychobiotics'. The formulation of new psychobiotic-based therapeutics is in the spotlight. It is expected that in near future, biological effect of probiotics on neurological conditions will open up an entirely new avenue for personalized medication and healthcare in mental health, and they can be tailored according to the gut-microbiota of specific individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gargi Dey
- School of Biotechnology, Campus 11, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Deemed to be University, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha. PIN-751024, India
| | - Sohom Mookherjee
- School of Biotechnology, Campus 11, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Deemed to be University, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha. PIN-751024, India.,Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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17
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Inotsuka R, Udono M, Yamatsu A, Kim M, Katakura Y. Exosome-Mediated Activation of Neuronal Cells Triggered by γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA). Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082544. [PMID: 34444704 PMCID: PMC8399553 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a potent bioactive amino acid, and several studies have shown that oral administration of GABA induces relaxation, improves sleep, and reduces psychological stress and fatigue. In a recent study, we reported that exosomes derived from GABA-treated intestinal cells serve as signal transducers that mediate brain–gut interactions. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to verify the functionality of GABA-derived exosomes and to examine the possibility of improving memory function following GABA administration. The results showed that exosomes derived from GABA-treated intestinal cells (Caco-2) activated neuronal cells (SH-SY5Y) by regulating genes related to neuronal cell functions. Furthermore, we found that exosomes derived from the serum of GABA-treated mice also activated SH-SY5Y cells, indicating that exosomes, which are capable of activating neuronal cells, circulate in the blood of mice orally administered GABA. Finally, we performed a microarray analysis of mRNA isolated from the hippocampus of mice that were orally administered GABA. The results revealed changes in the expression of genes related to brain function. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) showed that oral administration of GABA affected the expression of genes related to memory function in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Inotsuka
- Graduate School of Bioresources and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan;
| | - Miyako Udono
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan;
| | - Atsushi Yamatsu
- International GABA Research Center, Kyoto 615-8245, Japan;
- Pharma Foods International Co., Ltd., Kyoto 615-8245, Japan;
| | - Mujo Kim
- Pharma Foods International Co., Ltd., Kyoto 615-8245, Japan;
| | - Yoshinori Katakura
- Graduate School of Bioresources and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan;
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan;
- Correspondence:
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18
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The Role of Supplementation with Natural Compounds in Post-Stroke Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157893. [PMID: 34360658 PMCID: PMC8348438 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malnutrition is a serious problem in post-stroke patients. Importantly, it intensifies with hospitalization, and is related to both somatic and psychological reasons, as well as is associated with the insufficient knowledge of people who accompany the patient. Malnutrition is a negative prognostic factor, leading to a reduction in the quality of life. Moreover, this condition significantly extends hospitalization time, increases the frequency of treatment in intensive care units, and negatively affects the effectiveness of rehabilitation. Obtaining growing data on the therapeutic effectiveness of new compounds of natural origin is possible through the use of pharmacodynamic and analytical methods to assess their therapeutic properties. The proper supply of nutrients, as well as compounds of natural origin, is an important element of post-stroke therapy, due to their strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective and neuroplasticity enhancing properties. Taking the above into account, in this review we present the current state of knowledge on the benefits of using selected substances of natural origin in patients after cerebral stroke.
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19
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Functional, Nutritional, and Sensory Quality of Mixed Flours-Based Breads as Compared to Durum Wheat Semolina-Based Breads. Foods 2021; 10:foods10071613. [PMID: 34359481 PMCID: PMC8305921 DOI: 10.3390/foods10071613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing preference of consumers and bakers towards bread manufactured with mixed flours and/or sourdough drove us to investigate about influence of flours and sourdough on crumb grain, chemical, sensory, and in vitro glycaemic index (GI) and antioxidant activity of bread. To this aim, we produced and compared six experimental breads: three were based on a mixture of flours (soft wheat, durum wheat semolina, barley, oat, rye, and buckwheat); three were semolina-based breads. Two different sourdoughs (wheat or mixed flours) were assessed. Compared to semolina breads, those containing a mixture of flours showed higher specific volume. The use of sourdough led to increased concentrations of total free amino acids (FAA). Mixed flours bread with addition of mixed flours sourdough was rich in some essential FAA and amino acid derivative bioactive gamma-aminobutyric acid. Type of flours had higher influence than sourdough addition on volatile organic compounds. All the mixed flours breads, although showing profiles of volatile organic compounds differing from those of semolina breads, resulted acceptable. In addition, they had lower GI and higher antioxidant activity than semolina breads. Type of flours had much higher impact on GI and antioxidant activity than sourdough.
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20
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Effects of Daily Matcha and Caffeine Intake on Mild Acute Psychological Stress-Related Cognitive Function in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051700. [PMID: 34067795 PMCID: PMC8156288 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Matcha, a type of green tea, has a higher amino acid content than other types of tea. We previously examined the ability of matcha to improve cognitive function in older adults and determined that continuous matcha intake improves attention and executive function. This study aimed to compare the effects of matcha and caffeine and clarify the differences between these effects. The study was registered at the University Hospital Medical Information Network (UMIN000036578). The effect of single and continuous intake was compared, and the usefulness of continuous intake was evaluated under the stress condition. The Uchida-Kraepelin test (UKT) was used to induce mild acute stress, and the Cognitrax was used to evaluate cognitive function. A single dose of caffeine improved attentional function during or after stress loading. The reduced reaction time in the Cognitrax, observed following a single dose of matcha, was likely due to caffeine. The matcha group showed an increase in the amount of work after continuous intake, whereas the caffeine group only showed an increase in the amount of work for the UKT after a single dose. Ingesting matcha with caffeine improves both attention and work performance when suffering from psychological stress compared with caffeine alone.
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21
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GABA Supplementation Negatively Affects Cognitive Flexibility Independent of Tyrosine. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10091807. [PMID: 33919136 PMCID: PMC8122390 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10091807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence, particularly from animal studies, suggests that dopamine and GABA are important modulators of cognitive flexibility. In humans, increasing dopamine synthesis through its precursor tyrosine has been shown to result in performance improvements, but few studies have reported the effects of GABA supplementation in healthy participants. We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized experiment to test the interactive effects of tyrosine and GABA administration on two measures of cognitive flexibility, response inhibition and task switching. A total of 48 healthy volunteers were split into four groups (placebo, tyrosine alone, GABA alone, and tyrosine and GABA combined). They completed cognitive flexibility tasks at baseline and after drug administration. We found that tyrosine alone had no impact on the measures of cognitive flexibility, whereas GABA alone and in combination with tyrosine worsened task switching. Our results provide preliminary evidence that putative increases in GABA and dopamine synthesis do not interact to affect cognitive flexibility performance.
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22
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González-Mercado VJ, Lim J, Yu G, Penedo F, Pedro E, Bernabe R, Tirado-Gómez M, Aouizerat B. Co-Occurrence of Symptoms and Gut Microbiota Composition Before Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy and Radiation Therapy for Rectal Cancer: A Proof of Concept. Biol Res Nurs 2021; 23:513-523. [PMID: 33541122 DOI: 10.1177/1099800421991656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine a) whether there are significant differences in gut microbial diversity and in the abundance of gut microbial taxa; and b) differences in predicted functional pathways of the gut microbiome between those participants with high co-occurring symptoms and those with low co-occurring symptoms, prior to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy (CRT) for rectal cancer. METHODS Rectal cancer patients (n = 41) provided stool samples for 16 S rRNA gene sequencing and symptom ratings for fatigue, sleep disturbance, and depressive symptoms prior to CRT. Descriptive statistics were computed for symptoms. Gut microbiome data were analyzed using QIIME2, LEfSe, and the R statistical package. RESULTS Participants with high co-occurring symptoms (n = 19) had significantly higher bacterial abundances of Ezakiella, Clostridium sensu stricto, Porphyromonas, Barnesiella, Coriobacteriales Incertae Sedis, Synergistiaceae, Echerichia-Shigella, and Turicibacter compared to those with low co-occurring symptoms before CRT (n = 22). Biosynthesis pathways for lipopolysaccharide, L-tryptophan, and colanic acid building blocks were enriched in participants with high co-occurring symptoms. Participants with low co-occurring symptoms showed enriched abundances of Enterococcus and Lachnospiraceae, as well as pathways for β-D-glucoronosides, hexuronide/hexuronate, and nicotinate degradation, methanogenesis, and L-lysine biosynthesis. CONCLUSION A number of bacterial taxa and predicted functional pathways were differentially abundant in patients with high co-occurring symptoms compared to those with low co-occurring symptoms before CRT for rectal cancer. Detailed examination of bacterial taxa and pathways mediating co-occurring symptoms is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean Lim
- 96722Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, FL, USA
| | - Gary Yu
- 5984NYU Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York, NY, USA
| | - Frank Penedo
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, FL, USA.,College of Arts & Sciences and Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL, USA
| | - Elsa Pedro
- 63601School of Pharmacy, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Raul Bernabe
- 19878University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, PR, USA
| | - Maribel Tirado-Gómez
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, 12320Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Bradley Aouizerat
- 5984NYU Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York, NY, USA.,Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, 5894NYU College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA
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23
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Choe H, Lee H, Lee J, Kim Y. Protective effect of gamma-aminobutyric acid against oxidative stress by inducing phase II enzymes in C2C12 myoblast cells. J Food Biochem 2021; 45:e13639. [PMID: 33533516 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the cytoprotective effect of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) via inducing phase II enzymes in C2C12 myoblasts was evaluated. The highest concentration of GABA (100 μM) significantly increased the cell viability by approximately 90% in hydrogen peroxide-induced C2C12 cells. The treatment with GABA (100 μM) effectively decreased the glutathione (GSH) depletion and the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). And, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were effectively reduced by about 50% in GABA-treated cells. In addition, the protein expression of phase II enzymes, such as NADPH:quinone oxidoreductase 1 and heme oxygenase-1 was significantly increased by GABA treatment. Moreover, GABA treatment increased the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) protein expression in the nucleus of C2C12 myoblasts. Altogether, the results in this study indicate that GABA possesses the cytoprotective effects against oxidative insults by regulating the GSH levels, CAT and SOD activities, ROS scavenging activities, and expression of phase II enzymes through the activation of Nrf2 in C2C12 cells. Hence, this study suggests that the GABA supplementation could be effective in alleviating oxidative stress-induced muscle damage. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: GABA exists in the germ and bran layers of rice and is well-known as the inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. GABA also has various health beneficial effects, such as preventing chronic alcohol-related diseases and lowering blood pressure. The present study shows the cytoprotective effect of GABA against oxidative stress in C2C12 myoblasts, and suggests that GABA has great potential as a functional food ingredient for attenuating oxidative stress-induced muscle damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonjeong Choe
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hana Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsoo Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghwa Kim
- School of Food Biotechnology and Nutrition, Kyungsung University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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Matcha consumption maintains attentional function following a mild acute psychological stress without affecting a feeling of fatigue: A randomized placebo-controlled study in young adults. Nutr Res 2021; 88:44-52. [PMID: 33744591 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2020.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Tea is a beverage commonly consumed worldwide. Matcha is a type of green tea produced by drying and grinding tea leaves (Camellia sinensis L.) into a fine powder. Matcha contains catechin, theanine, and caffeine, which affect cognitive function. Epidemiological studies conducted in Japan have shown that green tea consumption improves cognitive impairment. Previously, we found that daily matcha intake improves attention and executive function in middle-aged and older people. However, its effect on cognitive function in younger adults remains unclear. Moreover, it is unclear which cognitive functions are impaired by stress. This study aimed to clarify whether the administration of matcha improves the attentional function of young adults after mild acute stress and which cognitive function is improved. We included 42 participants aged 25 to 34 years who consumed 2 g of matcha daily for 2 weeks. The Uchida-Kraepelin test was used to induce mild acute psychological stress. Memory, attention, facial expression recognition, working memory, visual information, and motor function were evaluated. Reaction times on the Stroop test for attentional function were significantly lower in the matcha group than in the placebo group. Correct hits in the emotion perception test increased significantly for participants in the matcha group compared to those in the placebo group. We found no significant between-group differences in the other tests. In conclusion, after 2 weeks of matcha intake, the attentional function was maintained after mild acute psychological stress. Thus, matcha might improve cognitive function during or after stress conditions in young adults.
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Wu Z, Wang P, Pan D, Zeng X, Guo Y, Zhao G. Effect of adzuki bean sprout fermented milk enriched in γ-aminobutyric acid on mild depression in a mouse model. J Dairy Sci 2020; 104:78-91. [PMID: 33162095 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This study focused on the ability of adzuki bean (Vigna angularis) sprout fermented milk, which is rich in γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), to relieve anxiety and mild depression. A high-yield GABA-producing strain, Lactobacillus brevis J1, from a healthy cow was screened, and its physiological and probiotic properties were evaluated. The effect of adzuki bean sprout fermented milk was investigated in vivo in a chronic depression mouse model. The results showed that Lb. brevis J1 had excellent probiotic properties, grew well at low pH and 3% NaCl, and adhered to the surface of HT-29 cells. The GABA-enriched (241.30 ± 1.62 µg/mL) adzuki bean sprout fermented milk prepared with Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, and Lactobacillus plantarum, and Lb. brevis J1 can reduce and possibly prevent mild depression-like symptoms in mice (C57/B6) by increasing social interaction and enhancing the pleasure derived from movement. The research revealed that the GABAB-cyclic AMP-protein kinase A-cAMP-response element binding protein (GABAB-cAMP-PKA-CREB) signaling pathway was related to the depression-like symptoms and that levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine, norepinephrine, and dopamine in the hippocampus of mice increased after treatment with the adzuki bean sprout fermented milk. Our results suggest that GABA-enriched dairy products have the potential to prevent or treat mild depression-like symptoms in mice, which suggests a new approach for a dietary therapy to treat chronic social stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang, School of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P. R. China.
| | - Pengyu Wang
- School of Food Science & Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, P. R. China
| | - Daodong Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang, School of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P. R. China; School of Food Science & Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, P. R. China; National R&D Center for Freshwater Fish Processing, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoqun Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang, School of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P. R. China
| | - Yuxing Guo
- School of Food Science & Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, P. R. China
| | - Guangsheng Zhao
- Hangzhou New Hope Shuangfeng Dairy Co., Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P. R. China
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Crippen M. Enactive Pragmatism and Ecological Psychology. Front Psychol 2020; 11:538644. [PMID: 33192781 PMCID: PMC7606921 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.538644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A widely cited roadblock to bridging ecological psychology and enactivism is that the former identifies with realism and the latter identifies with constructivism, which critics charge is subjectivist. A pragmatic reading, however, suggests non-mental forms of constructivism that simultaneously fit core tenets of enactivism and ecological realism. After advancing a pragmatic version of enactive constructivism that does not obviate realism, I reinforce the position with an empirical illustration: Physarum polycephalum, a communal unicellular organism that leaves slime trails that form chemical barriers that it avoids in foraging explorations. Here, environmental building and sensorimotor engagement are part of the same process with P. polycephalum coordinating around self-created, affordance-bearing geographies, which nonetheless exist independently in ways described by ecological realists. For ecological psychologists, affordances are values, meaning values are external to the perceiver. I argue that agent-enacted values have the same status and thus do not obviate ecological realism or generate subjectivism. The constructivist-realist debate organizes around the emphasis that enactivists and ecological theorists respectively place on the inner constitution of organisms vs. the structure of environments. Building on alimentary themes introduced in the P. polycephalum example and also in Gibson’s work, I go on to consider how environment, brain, visceral systems, and even bacteria within them enter perceptual loops. This highlights almost unfathomable degrees of mutually modulating internal and external synchronization. It also shows instances in which internal conditions alter worldly configurations and invert values, in Gibson’s sense of the term, albeit without implying subjectivism. My aim is to cut across the somatic focus of enactive constructivism and the external environment-oriented emphasis of ecological realism and show that enactivism can enrich ecological accounts of value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Crippen
- Department of Philosophy, Grand Valley State University, Allendale Charter Township, MI, United States.,Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Hepsomali P, Groeger JA, Nishihira J, Scholey A. Effects of Oral Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Administration on Stress and Sleep in Humans: A Systematic Review. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:923. [PMID: 33041752 PMCID: PMC7527439 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a non-proteinogenic amino acid and is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain. GABA's stress-reducing, and sleep enhancing effects have been established. However, although several human clinical trials have been conducted, results regarding the role of natural and/or biosynthetic oral GABA intake on stress and sleep are mixed. We performed a systematic review to examine whether natural and/or biosynthetic oral GABA intake has an effect on stress and sleep. We systematically searched on PubMed database for studies published up to February 2020 following PRISMA guidelines. Only placebo-controlled human trials that assessed stress, sleep, and related psychophysiological outcomes as a response to natural GABA (i.e., GABA that is present naturally in foods) or biosynthetic GABA (i.e., GABA that is produced via fermentation) intake were included. Fourteen studies met the criteria and were included in the systematic review. Although more studies are needed before any inferences can be made about the efficacy of oral GABA consumption on stress and sleep, results show that there is limited evidence for stress and very limited evidence for sleep benefits of oral GABA intake.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John A Groeger
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jun Nishihira
- Department of Medical Management and Informatics, Hokkaido Information University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Andrew Scholey
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia
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Verni M, Demarinis C, Rizzello CG, Baruzzi F. Design and Characterization of a Novel Fermented Beverage from Lentil Grains. Foods 2020; 9:E893. [PMID: 32645950 PMCID: PMC7404691 DOI: 10.3390/foods9070893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The experimental activities carried out in this study aimed at designing a lentil-based beverage rich in soluble and digestible proteins. In order to extract soluble proteins, lentil grains were soaked in water overnight, blended, treated with proteolytic enzymes and fermented with Lactobacillus strains. Protein enzymatic hydrolysis, carried out with four commercial food grade enzyme preparations, showed that bromelin, at the enzyme to substrate ratio of 10%, was the best solution to produce this novel beverage. Even though the seven Lactobacillus strains were all able to ferment aqueous extract within 24 h, L. acidophilus ATCC 4356, L. fermentum DSM 20052 and L. paracasei subsp. paracasei DSM 20312 showed the highest growth rate and the lowest pH values. In fermented lentil-based beverages, the antinutritional factor phytic acid decreased up to 30%, similarly, the highest reduction in raffinose oligosaccharides content reached about 12% the initial concentration. It is worthy of note that the viable density of all strains remained higher than 7 log cfu/mL after 28 days of cold storage. The results here reported show for the first time the possibility to obtain a probiotic lentil-based beverage rich in soluble proteins, peptides and amino acids with low content in main antinutritional factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Verni
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.V.); (C.G.R.)
| | - Chiara Demarinis
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISPA), 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Carlo Giuseppe Rizzello
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.V.); (C.G.R.)
| | - Federico Baruzzi
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISPA), 70126 Bari, Italy;
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Zhang Q, Sun Q, Tan X, Zhang S, Zeng L, Tang J, Xiang W. Characterization of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-producing Saccharomyces cerevisiae and coculture with Lactobacillus plantarum for mulberry beverage brewing. J Biosci Bioeng 2020; 129:447-453. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mancini A, Carafa I, Franciosi E, Nardin T, Bottari B, Larcher R, Tuohy KM. In vitro probiotic characterization of high GABA producing strain Lactobacilluas brevis DSM 32386 isolated from traditional “wild” Alpine cheese. ANN MICROBIOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-019-01527-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is recognised as a potential metabolic bioactive food ingredient with increasing evidence of its effects on the gut-brain axis and systemic metabolic health. Different lactic acid bacteria are capable of producing GABA, particularly strains of Lactobacillus brevis. In this study, we characterized a Lb. brevis isolated from traditional alpine cheese (Lb. brevis DSM 32386) for its ability to accumulate high levels of GABA in the culture medium and for other important probiotic phenotypic traits.
Methods
In vitro analysis were used to study the Lb. brevis DSM 32386 probiotic traits and the gene expression involved in GABA production
Result
Lactobacillus brevis DSM 32386 converted monosodium glutamate to GABA more efficiently than the type strain Lb. brevis DSM 20054, resulting in more than 200% of GABA produced. This ability seemed to be related to the higher transcriptional activation of the gene encoding for the glutamate (gad) decarboxylase antiporter (gadC) and regulator (gadR). Lactobacillus brevis DSM 32386 performed well in vitro under the stress conditions mimicking the gastro-intestinal tract, being resistant to acid pH (pH 2.5) and growing in simulated pancreatic fluid and 0.3% ox-bile.
Conclusion
These preliminary studies indicate that Lb. brevis DSM 32386 holds promise as a starter for GABA-rich dairy fermented foods and possibly a promising next-generation probiotic microorganism in the context of the gut (microbiota):brain axis.
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Neuroactive compounds in foods: Occurrence, mechanism and potential health effects. Food Res Int 2019; 128:108744. [PMID: 31955786 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuroactive compounds are synthesized by certain plants and microorganisms by undertaking different tasks, especially as a stress response. Most common neuroactive compounds in foods are gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), serotonin, melatonin, kynurenine, kynurenic acid, dopamine, norepinephrine, histamine, tryptamine, tyramine and β-phenylethylamine. Fermented foods contain some of these compounds, which can affect human health and mood. Moreover, food processing such as roasting and malting alter amount and profile of neuroactive compounds in foods. In addition to plant-origin and microbially-formed neuroactive compounds in foods, these substances are also formed by gut microbiota, which is the most attractive subject to assess the interaction between gut microbiota and mental health. The discovery of microbiota-gut-brain axis calls for the investigation of the effects of diet on the formation of neuroactive compounds in the gut. Furthermore, probiotics and prebiotics are indispensable elements for the understanding of the food-mood relationship. The focus of this comprehensive review is to investigate the neuroactive compounds found naturally in foods or formed during fermentation. Their formation pathways in humans, plants and microorganisms, potential health effects, effects of diet on the formation of microbial metabolites including neuroactive compounds in the gut are discussed throughout this review. Furthermore, the importance of gut-brain axis, probiotics and prebiotics are discussed.
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Yang J, Zhang L, Liu C, Zhang J, Yu S, Yu J, Bian S, Yu S, Zhang C, Huang L. Trimetazidine attenuates high-altitude fatigue and cardiorespiratory fitness impairment: A randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled clinical trial. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 116:109003. [PMID: 31125823 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Trimetazidine (TMZ) has been shown to optimize myocardial energy metabolism and is a common anti-ischemic agent. Our trial (ChiCTR-TRC-13003298) aimed to explore whether TMZ has any preventive effect on high-altitude fatigue (HAF), cardiac function and cardiorespiratory fitness upon acute high-altitude exposure and how it works on HAF. Thirty-nine healthy young subjects were enrolled in a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial and were randomized to take oral TMZ (n = 20) or placebo (n = 19), 20 mg tid, 14 days prior to departure until the end of study. The 2018 Lake Louise Score questionnaire, echocardiography, assessments of physical working capacity, circulating markers of myocardial energy metabolism and fatigue were performed both before departure and arrival at highland. At follow-up, TMZ significantly reduced the incidence of HAF (p = 0.038), reversed cardiorespiratory fitness impairment, decreased left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV, p = 0.032) and enhanced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF, p = 0.015) at highland. Relative to the placebo group, the TMZ group had significantly lower LDH (p = 0.025) and lactate levels before (p < 0.001) and after (p = 0.012) physical exercise after acute high-altitude exposure. Additionally, improved left ventricular systolic function might have contributed to ameliorating HAF during TMZ treatment (LVEF, OR = 0.859, 95% CI = 0.741-0.996, p = 0.044). In conclusion, our results demonstrated that TMZ could prevent HAF, cardiorespiratory fitness impairment and improves left ventricular systolic function during acute high-altitude exposure. This trial provides new insights into the effect of TMZ and novel evidence against HAF and cardiorespiratory fitness impairment at highland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of PLA, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China; Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Laiping Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of PLA, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China; Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Chuan Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of PLA, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China; Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Jihang Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of PLA, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China; Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Shiyong Yu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of PLA, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China; Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of PLA, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China; Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Shizhu Bian
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of PLA, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China; Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Sanjiu Yu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of PLA, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China; Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of PLA, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China; Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Lan Huang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of PLA, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China; Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China.
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Sakashita M, Nakamura U, Horie N, Yokoyama Y, Kim M, Fujita S. Oral Supplementation Using Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid and Whey Protein Improves Whole Body Fat-Free Mass in Men After Resistance Training. J Clin Med Res 2019; 11:428-434. [PMID: 31143310 PMCID: PMC6522239 DOI: 10.14740/jocmr3817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oral gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) supplementation increases growth hormone (GH) serum levels and protein synthesis. Therefore, post-exercise supplementation using GABA and protein may help enhance training-induced muscle hypertrophy. We evaluated whether GABA with whey protein enhanced muscular hypertrophy in men after progressive resistance training. Methods Twenty-one healthy men (26 - 48 years) were randomized to receive whey protein (WP; 10 g) or whey protein + GABA (WP + GABA; 10 g + 100 mg) daily for 12 weeks. Both groups performed resistance training twice per week (three sets of 12 repetitions at 60% of maximal strength; leg press, leg extension, leg curl, chest press, and pull down). Body composition was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Results In the WP + GABA group, resting plasma GH concentrations were significantly elevated at 4 and 8 weeks, compared to baseline. However, resting plasma GH concentrations in the WP group were only significantly elevated at 8 weeks. After 12 weeks, the WP + GABA group exhibited significantly greater increase in whole body fat-free mass than the WP group. Conclusions The GABA and whey protein combination was more effective for increasing whole body fat-free mass; daily GABA supplementation may help enhance exercise-induced muscle hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Sakashita
- R&D Department, Pharma Foods International Co., Ltd, 1-49 Goryo-Ohara, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8245, Japan.,College of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Nojihigashi, Kusatsu-shi, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Utano Nakamura
- R&D Department, Pharma Foods International Co., Ltd, 1-49 Goryo-Ohara, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8245, Japan
| | - Noriko Horie
- R&D Department, Pharma Foods International Co., Ltd, 1-49 Goryo-Ohara, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8245, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yokoyama
- Life Science Product Unit, Mitsubishi Corporation, Marunouchi Park Bldg., 6-1, Marunouchi 2-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8086, Japan
| | - Mujo Kim
- R&D Department, Pharma Foods International Co., Ltd, 1-49 Goryo-Ohara, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8245, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujita
- College of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Nojihigashi, Kusatsu-shi, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
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Hinton T, Jelinek HF, Viengkhou V, Johnston GA, Matthews S. Effect of GABA-Fortified Oolong Tea on Reducing Stress in a University Student Cohort. Front Nutr 2019; 6:27. [PMID: 30972340 PMCID: PMC6443991 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
GABA-containing tea has gained popularity as an accessible intervention to reduce the impact of chronic stress-induced autonomic imbalance and increased risk for cardiovascular disease despite a lack of evidence concerning the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) content in a cup of the tea and its effects on physiological and psychological stress as measures of cognitive function. We aimed to measure the effects of GABA-fortified tea consumption on heart rate variability (HRV) and stress in 30 participants using a pre-post cohort study design. Ten minute lead II ECG recordings were analyzed with Kubios software. Frequency domain parameters including total power, high and low frequency power, along with heart rate, were determined. A control group that consumed a non-fortified tea was included in the research. Statistical analysis was by two-way ANOVA for two-group comparison with time as an interaction and a significance level of p < 0.05. Oolong tea consumption led to a significant decrease in the immediate stress score and a significant improvement in HRV. We conclude that autonomic imbalance and HRV in people with acute stress is significantly reduced following a cup of GABA fortified oolong tea and highlights the complex interaction between autonomic nervous system function and mood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Hinton
- Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Herbert F. Jelinek
- Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Community Health, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Vincent Viengkhou
- Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Graham A. Johnston
- Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Slade Matthews
- Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Lyte JM. Eating for 3.8 × 10 13: Examining the Impact of Diet and Nutrition on the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis Through the Lens of Microbial Endocrinology. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 9:796. [PMID: 30761092 PMCID: PMC6361751 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of host-microbe neuroendocrine crosstalk, termed microbial endocrinology, suggests the impact of diet on host health and microbial viability is, in part, reliant upon nutritional modulation of shared host-microbe neuroendocrine axes. In the 1990's it was first recognized that neuroendocrine pathways are major components of the microbiota-gut-brain axis, and that diet-induced changes in the gut microbiota were correlated with changes in host behavior and cognition. A causative link, however, between nutritional-induced shifts in microbiota composition and change in host behavior has yet to be fully elucidated. Substrates found in food which are utilized by bacteria in the production of microbial-derived neurochemicals, which are structurally identical to those made by the host, likely represent a microbial endocrinology-based route by which the microbiota causally influence the host and microbial community dynamics via diet. For example, food safety is strongly impacted by the microbial production of biogenic amines. While microbial-produced tyramine found in cheese can elicit hypertensive crises, microorganisms which are common inhabitants of the human intestinal tract can convert L-histidine found in common foodstuffs to histamine and thereby precipitate allergic reactions. Hence, there is substantial evidence suggesting a microbial endocrinology-based role by which the gastrointestinal microbiota can utilize host dietary components to produce neuroactive molecules that causally impact the host. Conversely, little is known regarding the reverse scenario whereby nutrition-mediated changes in host neuroendocrine production affect microbial viability, composition, and/or function. Mechanisms in the direction of brain-to-gut, such as how host production of catecholamines drives diverse changes in microbial growth and functionality within the gut, require greater examination considering well-known nutritional effects on host stress physiology. As dietary intake mediates changes in host stress, such as the effects of caffeine on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, it is likely that nutrition can impact host neuroendocrine production to affect the microbiota. Likewise, the plasticity of the microbiota to changes in host diet has been hypothesized to drive microbial regulation of host food preference via a host-microbe feedback loop. This review will focus on food as concerns microbial endocrinology with emphasis given to nutrition as a mediator of host-microbe bi-directional neuroendocrine crosstalk and its impact on microbial viability and host health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M. Lyte
- Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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Gómez-Favela MA, Gutiérrez-Dorado R, Cuevas-Rodríguez EO, Canizalez-Román VA, Del Rosario León-Sicairos C, Milán-Carrillo J, Reyes-Moreno C. Improvement of Chia Seeds with Antioxidant Activity, GABA, Essential Amino Acids, and Dietary Fiber by Controlled Germination Bioprocess. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 72:345-352. [PMID: 28900797 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-017-0631-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) plant is native from southern Mexico and northern Guatemala. Their seeds are a rich source of bioactive compounds which protect consumers against chronic diseases. Germination improves functionality of the seeds due to the increase in the bioactive compounds and associated antioxidant activity. The purpose of this study was to obtain functional flour from germinated chia seeds under optimized conditions with increased antioxidant activity, phenolic compounds, GABA, essential amino acids, and dietary fiber with respect to un-germinated chia seeds. The effect of germination temperature and time (GT = 20-35 °C, Gt = 10-300 h) on protein, lipid, and total phenolic contents (PC, LC, TPC, respectively), and antioxidant activity (AoxA) was analyzed by response surface methodology as optimization tool. Chia seeds were germinated inside plastic trays with absorbent paper moisturized with 50 mL of 100 ppm sodium hypochlorite dissolution. The sprouts were dried (50 °C/8 h) and ground to obtain germinated chia flours (GCF). The prediction models developed for PC, LC, TPC, and AoxA showed high coefficients of determination, demonstrating their adequacy to explain the variations in experimental data. The highest values of PC, LC, TPC, and AoxA were obtained at two different optimal conditions (GT = 21 °C/Gt = 157 h; GT = 33 °C/Gt = 126 h). Optimized germinated chia flours (OGCF) had higher PC, TPC, AoxA, GABA, essential amino acids, calculated protein efficiency ratio (C-PER), and total dietary fiber (TDF) than un-germinated chia seed flour. The OGCF could be utilized as a natural source of proteins, dietary fiber, GABA, and antioxidants in the development of new functional beverages and foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Armando Gómez-Favela
- Programa Regional de Posgrado en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas (FCQB), Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa (UAS), Ciudad Universitaria, A.P. 1354, CP 80000, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Roberto Gutiérrez-Dorado
- Programa Regional de Posgrado en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas (FCQB), Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa (UAS), Ciudad Universitaria, A.P. 1354, CP 80000, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
- Programa de Posgrado en Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos, FCQB-UAS, Ciudad Universitaria, A.P. 1354, CP 80000, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Edith Oliva Cuevas-Rodríguez
- Programa Regional de Posgrado en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas (FCQB), Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa (UAS), Ciudad Universitaria, A.P. 1354, CP 80000, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
- Programa de Posgrado en Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos, FCQB-UAS, Ciudad Universitaria, A.P. 1354, CP 80000, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Vicente Adrián Canizalez-Román
- Programa Regional de Posgrado en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas (FCQB), Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa (UAS), Ciudad Universitaria, A.P. 1354, CP 80000, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
- Departamento de posgrado, Facultad de Medicina, UAS, Ave. Cedros y Calle Sauces S/N, Fraccionamiento los Fresnos, CP 80019, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Claudia Del Rosario León-Sicairos
- Programa Regional de Posgrado en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas (FCQB), Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa (UAS), Ciudad Universitaria, A.P. 1354, CP 80000, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Jorge Milán-Carrillo
- Programa Regional de Posgrado en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas (FCQB), Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa (UAS), Ciudad Universitaria, A.P. 1354, CP 80000, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
- Programa de Posgrado en Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos, FCQB-UAS, Ciudad Universitaria, A.P. 1354, CP 80000, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Cuauhtémoc Reyes-Moreno
- Programa Regional de Posgrado en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas (FCQB), Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa (UAS), Ciudad Universitaria, A.P. 1354, CP 80000, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico.
- Programa de Posgrado en Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos, FCQB-UAS, Ciudad Universitaria, A.P. 1354, CP 80000, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico.
- , Calle Lichis Ote 1986, Col La Campiña, CP 80060, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico.
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Sharma S, Saxena DC, Riar CS. Changes in the GABA and polyphenols contents of foxtail millet on germination and their relationship with in vitro antioxidant activity. Food Chem 2017; 245:863-870. [PMID: 29287452 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.11.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Germination along with ultrasonic assisted extraction induced a significant beneficial effect on the characteristics of polyphenolic components profile, GABA contents and in vitro antioxidant capacity of the foxtail millet flour extracts. The total antioxidant activity (29.0-45.23 mgAAE/g) and reducing power (0.53-0.76 µg/ml) increase during germination were due to quantitative increase in phthalicacid; hex-3yl-ester; hexadecanoicacid methylester etc. whereas, increase in DPPH (48.32-59.62%) and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activities (35.44-63.07 mM-Trolox/g) were attributed to increase in hexadecanoic acid methylester; 9,12-Octadecadienoicacid ethylester and synthesis of new compounds like pentadecanoicacid; 14-methyl-methylester etc. The metal chelating abilities (34.92-57.38 mgEDTA/g) and in vitro antioxidant activity increase due to overall increase in phenolics, flavonoids along with GABA contents. Synthesis of additional polyphenolic components viz. astaxanthin, propanoicacid, 1-monolinoleoylglycerol trimethylsilylether, 9,12,15-octadecatrienoicacid etc. as a result of germinated explored the possible potential utilization of germinated foxtail millet grains in various functional and convenience food formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Sharma
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology, Longowal, 148106 Sangrur, Punjab, India
| | - Dharmesh C Saxena
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology, Longowal, 148106 Sangrur, Punjab, India
| | - Charanjit S Riar
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology, Longowal, 148106 Sangrur, Punjab, India.
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Mazzoli R, Pessione E. The Neuro-endocrinological Role of Microbial Glutamate and GABA Signaling. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1934. [PMID: 27965654 PMCID: PMC5127831 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota provides the host with multiple functions (e.g., by contributing to food digestion, vitamin supplementation, and defense against pathogenic strains) and interacts with the host organism through both direct contact (e.g., through surface antigens) and soluble molecules, which are produced by the microbial metabolism. The existence of the so-called gut–brain axis of bi-directional communication between the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system (CNS) also supports a communication pathway between the gut microbiota and neural circuits of the host, including the CNS. An increasing body of evidence has shown that gut microbiota is able to modulate gut and brain functions, including the mood, cognitive functions, and behavior of humans. Nonetheless, given the extreme complexity of this communication network, its comprehension is still at its early stage. The present contribution will attempt to provide a state-of-the art description of the mechanisms by which gut microbiota can affect the gut–brain axis and the multiple cellular and molecular communication circuits (i.e., neural, immune, and humoral). In this context, special attention will be paid to the microbial strains that produce bioactive compounds and display ascertained or potential probiotic activity. Several neuroactive molecules (e.g., catecholamines, histamine, serotonin, and trace amines) will be considered, with special focus on Glu and GABA circuits, receptors, and signaling. From the basic science viewpoint, “microbial endocrinology” deals with those theories in which neurochemicals, produced by both multicellular organisms and prokaryotes (e.g., serotonin, GABA, glutamate), are considered as a common shared language that enables interkingdom communication. With regards to its application, research in this area opens the way toward the possibility of the future use of neuroactive molecule-producing probiotics as therapeutic agents for the treatment of neurogastroenteric and/or psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Mazzoli
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Proteomics and Metabolic Engineering of Prokaryotes, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino Torino, Italy
| | - Enrica Pessione
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Proteomics and Metabolic Engineering of Prokaryotes, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino Torino, Italy
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Uehara E, Hokazono H, Sasaki T, Yoshioka H, Matsuo N. Effects of GABA on the expression of type I collagen gene in normal human dermal fibroblasts. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2016; 81:376-379. [PMID: 27691923 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2016.1238296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We examined the effects of GABA on type I collagen gene expression in normal human dermal fibroblasts. Real-time PCR analysis indicated GABA increased the level of type I collagen transcripts, and suppressed the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1, which is a collagen-degrading enzyme. These results suggest GABA improves the skin elasticity by regulating type I collagen expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Takako Sasaki
- b Faculty of Medicine, Department of Matrix Medicine , Oita University , Yufu , Japan
| | - Hidekatsu Yoshioka
- b Faculty of Medicine, Department of Matrix Medicine , Oita University , Yufu , Japan
| | - Noritaka Matsuo
- b Faculty of Medicine, Department of Matrix Medicine , Oita University , Yufu , Japan
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Boonstra E, de Kleijn R, Colzato LS, Alkemade A, Forstmann BU, Nieuwenhuis S. Neurotransmitters as food supplements: the effects of GABA on brain and behavior. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1520. [PMID: 26500584 PMCID: PMC4594160 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the human cortex. The food supplement version of GABA is widely available online. Although many consumers claim that they experience benefits from the use of these products, it is unclear whether these supplements confer benefits beyond a placebo effect. Currently, the mechanism of action behind these products is unknown. It has long been thought that GABA is unable to cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB), but the studies that have assessed this issue are often contradictory and range widely in their employed methods. Accordingly, future research needs to establish the effects of oral GABA administration on GABA levels in the human brain, for example using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. There is some evidence in favor of a calming effect of GABA food supplements, but most of this evidence was reported by researchers with a potential conflict of interest. We suggest that any veridical effects of GABA food supplements on brain and cognition might be exerted through BBB passage or, more indirectly, via an effect on the enteric nervous system. We conclude that the mechanism of action of GABA food supplements is far from clear, and that further work is needed to establish the behavioral effects of GABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evert Boonstra
- Cognitive Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University , Leiden, Leiden ; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University , Leiden, Leiden
| | - Roy de Kleijn
- Cognitive Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University , Leiden, Leiden ; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University , Leiden, Leiden
| | - Lorenza S Colzato
- Cognitive Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University , Leiden, Leiden ; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University , Leiden, Leiden
| | - Anneke Alkemade
- Cognitive Science Center Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Birte U Forstmann
- Cognitive Science Center Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, Netherlands ; Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences , Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sander Nieuwenhuis
- Cognitive Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University , Leiden, Leiden ; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University , Leiden, Leiden
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Yoto A, Murao S, Nakamura Y, Yokogoshi H. Intake of green tea inhibited increase of salivary chromogranin A after mental task stress loads. J Physiol Anthropol 2014; 33:20. [PMID: 25034805 PMCID: PMC4118660 DOI: 10.1186/1880-6805-33-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Green tea has become renowned for its health benefits. In this study, we investigated the anti-stress effect of two kinds of green tea against a mental stress task load. METHODS Warm water, ordinary green tea (Sagara), and shaded white tea, which contains more amino acid components than Sagara, were used as test samples in a randomized cross-over design study. Eighteen students (nine male and nine female) participated in three experimental trials on different days at intervals of seven days. Saliva was collected before beverage intake and after performing the mental stress load tasks. Concentration of chromogranin A (CgA) in the saliva was used as an index of autonomic nervous system activity. RESULTS CgA level increased after the mental tasks, but intake of green tea inhibited this increase; the anti-stress effect was even greater after consumption of shaded white tea. Intake of shaded white tea also lowered Total Mood Disturbance (TMD) score on the Profile of Mood States (POMS); subjects in this condition tended to perform more calculations in the arithmetic task than those in the warm water treatment condition. CONCLUSIONS Salivary CgA concentration levels increased after mental stress load tasks, but ingestion of green tea inhibited this increase. This anti-stress effect was larger after the consumption of shaded white tea than after Sagara. Shaded white tea intake also lowered TMD score (POMS) and tended to improve performance on an arithmetic task compared to warm water, suggesting that shaded white tea might also improve mood during and after mental stress load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Yoto
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan.
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Development of a simple analytical method using capillary electrophoresis-tandem mass spectrometry for product identification and simultaneous determination of free amino acids in dietary supplements containing royal jelly. J Food Compost Anal 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Horie H, Ando A, Saito T. The Contents of ^|^gamma;-Amino Butyric Acid in Eggplant and its Accumulation with Heat Treatment. J JPN SOC FOOD SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.3136/nskkk.60.661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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45
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Bioactive components and antioxidant properties of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) tea leaves. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2011.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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46
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Yoto A, Murao S, Motoki M, Yokoyama Y, Horie N, Takeshima K, Masuda K, Kim M, Yokogoshi H. Oral intake of γ-aminobutyric acid affects mood and activities of central nervous system during stressed condition induced by mental tasks. Amino Acids 2011; 43:1331-7. [PMID: 22203366 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1206-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a kind of amino acid contained in green tea leaves and other foods. Several reports have shown that GABA might affect brain protein synthesis, improve many brain functions such as memory and study capability, lower the blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats, and may also have a relaxation effect in humans. However, the evidence for its mood-improving function is still not sufficient. In this study, we investigated how the oral intake of GABA influences human adults psychologically and physiologically under a condition of mental stress. Sixty-three adults (28 males, 35 females) participated in a randomized, single blind, placebo-controlled, crossover-designed study over two experiment days. Capsules containing 100 mg of GABA or dextrin as a placebo were used as test samples. The results showed that EEG activities including alpha band and beta band brain waves decreased depending on the mental stress task loads, and the condition of 30 min after GABA intake diminished this decrease compared with the placebo condition. That is to say, GABA might have alleviated the stress induced by the mental tasks. This effect also corresponded with the results of the POMS scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yoto
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry and Global COE Program, University of Shizuoka, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan.
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