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Kaur J, Sharma A, Passi G, Dey P, Khajuria A, Alajangi HK, Jaiswal PK, Barnwal RP, Singh G. Nanomedicine at the Pulmonary Frontier: Immune-Centric Approaches for Respiratory Disease Treatment. Immunol Invest 2024; 53:295-347. [PMID: 38206610 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2023.2298398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Respiratory diseases (RD) are a group of common ailments with a rapidly increasing global prevalence, posing a significant threat to humanity, especially the elderly population, and imposing a substantial burden on society and the economy. RD represents an unmet medical need that requires the development of viable pharmacotherapies. While various promising strategies have been devised to advance potential treatments for RD, their implementation has been hindered by difficulties in drug delivery, particularly in critically ill patients. Nanotechnology offers innovative solutions for delivering medications to the inflamed organ sites, such as the lungs. Although this approach is enticing, delivering nanomedicine to the lungs presents complex challenges that require sophisticated techniques. In this context, we review the potential of novel nanomedicine-based immunomodulatory strategies that could offer therapeutic benefits in managing this pressing health condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatinder Kaur
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Akanksha Sharma
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Gautam Passi
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Piyush Dey
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Akhil Khajuria
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Hema Kumari Alajangi
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar Jaiswal
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | | | - Gurpal Singh
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Pan W, Xiao X, Li J, Deng S, Shan Q, Yue Y, Tian Y, Nabar NR, Wang M, Hao L. The comparison of biocompatibility and osteoinductivity between multi-walled and single-walled carbon nanotube/PHBV composites. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2018; 29:189. [PMID: 30535725 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-018-6197-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The applications of poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) in tissue engineering have been widely studied. This study aimed to compare the biocompatibility and osteoinductivity of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs)/PHBV composites with multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs)/PHBV composites. CNTs were dispersed in PHBV by ultrasonication and composites were created using thermal injection moulding. In order to test their biocompatibility and osteoinductivity. Rat osteoblasts (rOBs) were then cultured and seeded on the composites. The composites were implanted in rat femoral bone defects. Our results showed that lower weight percentages of SWCNTs and MWCNTs (2-4%) improved both their mechanical and thermal decomposition properties. However, further reduction of rOBs cell death was observed in MWCNTs/PHBV. SWCNTs were shown to upregulate the expression of Runx-2 and Bmp-2 in early stage significantly, while MWCNTs showed a stronger long-term effect on Opn and Ocn. The in vivo result was that MWCNTs/PHBV composites induced intact rounding new bone, increased integration with new bone, and earlier completed bone remodeling when compared with SWCNTs. Immunohistochemistry also detected higher expression of RUNX-2 around MWCNTs/PHBV composites. In conclusion, there were no differences observed between SWCNTs and MWCNTs in the reinforcement of PHBV, while MWCNTs/PHBV composites showed better biocompatibility and osteoinductivity both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Pan
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xun Xiao
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinle Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shibing Deng
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Shan
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Yue
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Tian
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Neel R Nabar
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Min Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Hao
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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Bonner JC. Toxicological Effects of Carbon Nanotubes. PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-1762-7.ch056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapidly evolving field of nanotechnology offers many potential societal and economic benefits. Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) are one of the most widely produced engineered nanomaterials and have diverse applications in engineering, electronics, and medicine. They have also been extensively investigated for their toxicological properties. Studies with rodents indicate that CNTs can cause lung fibrosis or granuloma formation, exacerbate pre-existing respiratory disease, cause injury to the sensitive pleural lining of the lungs, and have systemic immunosuppressive effects. CNTs have also been reported to cause genotoxic effects on cultured cells. The fiber-like structure of CNTs has led to comparisons with asbestos fibers; yet the debate over whether CNTs cause mesothelioma remains highly controversial, and evidence thus far is lacking. The aim of this chapter is to overview the evidence in rodent models that CNTs cause lung disease and to discuss the potential of CNTs to cause adverse immune, fibrogenic, or carcinogenic effects in humans as a result of occupational, consumer, or environmental exposure.
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Holland NA, Thompson LC, Vidanapathirana AK, Urankar RN, Lust RM, Fennell TR, Wingard CJ. Impact of pulmonary exposure to gold core silver nanoparticles of different size and capping agents on cardiovascular injury. Part Fibre Toxicol 2016; 13:48. [PMID: 27558113 PMCID: PMC4997661 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-016-0159-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The uses of engineered nanomaterials have expanded in biomedical technology and consumer manufacturing. Furthermore, pulmonary exposure to various engineered nanomaterials has, likewise, demonstrated the ability to exacerbate cardiac ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, the influence of particle size or capping agent remains unclear. In an effort to address these influences we explored response to 2 different size gold core nanosilver particles (AgNP) with two different capping agents at 2 different time points. We hypothesized that a pulmonary exposure to AgNP induces cardiovascular toxicity influenced by inflammation and vascular dysfunction resulting in expansion of cardiac I/R Injury that is sensitive to particle size and the capping agent. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 200 μg of 20 or 110 nm polyvinylprryolidone (PVP) or citrate capped AgNP. One and 7 days following intratracheal instillation serum was analyzed for concentrations of selected cytokines; cardiac I/R injury and isolated coronary artery and aorta segment were assessed for constrictor responses and endothelial dependent relaxation and endothelial independent nitric oxide dependent relaxation. RESULTS AgNP instillation resulted in modest increase in selected serum cytokines with elevations in IL-2, IL-18, and IL-6. Instillation resulted in a derangement of vascular responses to constrictors serotonin or phenylephrine, as well as endothelial dependent relaxations with acetylcholine or endothelial independent relaxations by sodium nitroprusside in a capping and size dependent manner. Exposure to both 20 and 110 nm AgNP resulted in exacerbation cardiac I/R injury 1 day following IT instillation independent of capping agent with 20 nm AgNP inducing marginally greater injury. Seven days following IT instillation the expansion of I/R injury persisted but the greatest injury was associated with exposure to 110 nm PVP capped AgNP resulted in nearly a two-fold larger infarct size compared to naïve. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to AgNP may result in vascular dysfunction, a potentially maladaptive sensitization of the immune system to respond to a secondary insult (e.g., cardiac I/R) which may drive expansion of I/R injury at 1 and 7 days following IT instillation where the extent of injury could be correlated with capping agents and AgNP size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A. Holland
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834 USA
| | - Leslie C. Thompson
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834 USA
| | - Achini K. Vidanapathirana
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834 USA
| | - Rahkee N. Urankar
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834 USA
| | - Robert M. Lust
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834 USA
| | - Timothy R. Fennell
- RTI International, Discovery Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 USA
| | - Christopher J. Wingard
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834 USA
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Chiang HM, Cho KY, Zeng LX, Chiang HL. Characteristics of Carbon Material Formation on SBA-15 and Ni-SBA-15 Templates by Acetylene Decomposition and Their Bioactivity Effects. MATERIALS 2016; 9:ma9050350. [PMID: 28773474 PMCID: PMC5503084 DOI: 10.3390/ma9050350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Carbon spheres and tubes were formed from acetylene decomposition on SBA-15 and Ni-SBA-15 at 650-850 °C. At 650 °C, the decomposed carbons covered the surface of the support, and no carbon spheres and filament materials were formed. Carbon sphere formation occurred at 750 °C-850 °C; with diameters ranging from 0.8 μm-1.1 μm. For Ni-SBA-15, the diameters of the spheres and filaments were 0.8 μm and 62 nm, respectively, at 650 °C. At 750 °C, the diameter of the ball carbon materials ranged from 0.7 μm-0.8 μm, the diameter of the carbon tubes formed was 120-130 nm, and their pore diameter was 8.0 nm-11 nm. At 850 °C, the diameters of ball carbon materials and carbon tubes were similar to those of the materials at the formation temperature, 750 °C. Si, O and C were the main constituents of SBA-15; Ni-SBA-15 and carbon material formation supports. High-ring PAHs (such as BaP (five rings); IND (six rings); DBA (five rings) and B[ghi]P (six rings)) exist in carbon materials. SBA-15 revealed insignificant cytotoxicity, but Ni-SBA-15 inhibited the proliferation of human lung cancer cells (A549). Less inhibition on cell viability and reactive oxidative species (ROS) generation on A549 were determined for carbon material formation on the Ni-SBA-15 compared to the Ni-SBA-15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Mei Chiang
- Department of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Kuan-Yu Cho
- Department of Health Risk Management, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Li-Xuan Zeng
- Department of Health Risk Management, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Hung-Lung Chiang
- Department of Health Risk Management, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
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Li Y, Boraschi D. Endotoxin contamination: a key element in the interpretation of nanosafety studies. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:269-87. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.15.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of toxicity and potential risks of engineered nanoparticles is of particular importance in nanomedicine. Endotoxin, a common contaminant of bacterial origin, has biological effects that can mask the true biological effects of nanoparticles, if its presence is overlooked. In this review, we report the features of nanoparticle contamination by endotoxin, and the different biological effects of endotoxin-contaminated nanoparticles. We will describe different methods for endotoxin detection applied to nanoparticles, and discuss their pros and cons. Eventually, we describe various methods for eliminating endotoxin contamination in nanoparticles. Although there is no universal technique for efficiently removing endotoxin from nanoparticles, specific solutions can be found case by case, which can allow us to perform nanosafety studies in biologically relevant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity & Cytokines, Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Diana Boraschi
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity & Cytokines, Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) present in the environment and in consumer products can cause immunotoxic effects. The immune system is very complex, and in vivo studies are the gold standard for evaluation. Due to the increased amount of NPs that are being developed, cellular screening assays to decrease the amount of NPs that have to be tested in vivo are highly needed. Effects on the unspecific immune system, such as effects on phagocytes, might be suitable for screening for immunotoxicity because these cells mediate unspecific and specific immune responses. They are present at epithelial barriers, in the blood, and in almost all organs. This review summarizes the effects of carbon, metal, and metal oxide NPs used in consumer and medical applications (gold, silver, titanium dioxide, silica dioxide, zinc oxide, and carbon nanotubes) and polystyrene NPs on the immune system. Effects in animal exposures through different routes are compared to the effects on isolated phagocytes. In addition, general problems in the testing of NPs, such as unknown exposure doses, as well as interference with assays are mentioned. NPs appear to induce a specific immunotoxic pattern consisting of the induction of inflammation in normal animals and aggravation of pathologies in disease models. The evaluation of particle action on several phagocyte functions in vitro may provide an indication on the potency of the particles to induce immunotoxicity in vivo. In combination with information on realistic exposure levels, in vitro studies on phagocytes may provide useful information on the health risks of NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonore Fröhlich
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Meng J, Li X, Wang C, Guo H, Liu J, Xu H. Carbon nanotubes activate macrophages into a M1/M2 mixed status: recruiting naïve macrophages and supporting angiogenesis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:3180-3188. [PMID: 25591447 DOI: 10.1021/am507649n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The potential of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in medical applications has been attracting constant research interest as well as raising concerns related to toxicity. The immune system serves as the first line of defense against invasion. In this work, interactions of oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) with macrophages were investigated to unravel the activation profile of macrophages, using cytokine array, ELISA assay, transwell assay, confocal microscopy, and reactive oxygen species examination. Results show that MWCNT initiate phagocytosis of macrophages and upregulate CD14, CD11b, TLR-4/MD2, and CD206, which does not alter the MHCII expression of the macrophages. The macrophages engulfing MWCNT (MWCNT-RAW) secrete a large amount of MIP-1α and MIP-2 to recruit naïve macrophages and produce angiogenesis-related cytokines MMP-9 and VEGF, while inducing much lower levels of proinflammatory cytokines than those activated by LPS. In conclusion, MWCNT activate macrophages into a M1/M2 mixed status, which allows the cells to recruit naïve macrophages and support angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Meng
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, P. R. China
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Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of panel of single- and multiwalled carbon nanotubes: in vitro effects on normal Syrian hamster embryo and immortalized v79 hamster lung cells. J Toxicol 2014; 2014:872195. [PMID: 25548561 PMCID: PMC4274832 DOI: 10.1155/2014/872195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) belong to a specific class of nanomaterials with unique properties. Because of their anticipated use in a wide range of industrial applications, their toxicity is of increasing concern. In order to determine whether specific physicochemical characteristics of CNTs are responsible for their toxicological effects, we investigated the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of eight CNTs representative of each of the commonly encountered classes: single- SW-, double- DW-, and multiwalled (MW) CNTs, purified and raw. In addition, because most previous studies of CNT toxicity were conducted on immortalized cell lines, we decided to compare results obtained from V79 cells, an established cell line, with results from SHE (Syrian hamster embryo) cells, an easy-to-handle normal cell model.
After 24 hours of treatment, MWCNTs were generally found to be more cytotoxic than SW- or DWCNTs. MWCNTs also provoked more genotoxic effects. No correlation could be found between CNT genotoxicity and metal impurities, length, surface area, or induction of cellular oxidative stress, but genotoxicity was seen to increase with CNT width. The toxicity observed for some CNTs leads us to suggest that they might also act by interfering with the cell cycle, but no significant differences were observed between normal and immortalized cells.
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Liu WT, Bien MY, Chuang KJ, Chang TY, Jones T, BéruBé K, Lalev G, Tsai DH, Chuang HC, Cheng TJ. Physicochemical and biological characterization of single-walled and double-walled carbon nanotubes in biological media. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 280:216-225. [PMID: 25164386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
To study the toxicity of nanoparticles under relevant conditions, it is important to reproducibly disperse nanoparticles in biological media in in vitro and in vivo studies. Here, single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) and double-walled nanotubes (DWNTs) were physicochemically and biologically characterized when dispersed in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and bovine serum albumin (BSA). BSA-SWNT/DWNT interaction resulted in a reduction of aggregation and an increase in particle stabilization. Based on the protein sequence coverage and protein binding results, DWNTs exhibited higher protein binding than SWNTs. SWNT and DWNT suspensions in the presence of BSA increased interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels and reduced tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels in A549 cells as compared to corresponding samples in the absence of BSA. We next determined the effects of SWNTs and DWNTs on pulmonary protein modification using bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) as a surrogate collected form BALB/c mice. The BALF proteins bound to SWNTs (13 proteins) and DWNTs (11 proteins), suggesting that these proteins were associated with blood coagulation pathways. Lastly, we demonstrated the importance of physicochemical and biological alterations of SWNTs and DWNTs when dispersed in biological media, since protein binding may result in the misinterpretation of in vitro results and the activation of protein-regulated biological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Te Liu
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Mauo-Ying Bien
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Kai-Jen Chuang
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Public Health, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Ta-Yuan Chang
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Tim Jones
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK.
| | - Kelly BéruBé
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK.
| | - Georgi Lalev
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK.
| | - Dai-Hua Tsai
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Hsiao-Chi Chuang
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Tsun-Jen Cheng
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Public Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Tan XQ, Cheng XL, Zhang L, Wu BW, Liu QH, Meng J, Xu HY, Cao JM. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes impair Kv4.2/4.3 channel activities, delay membrane repolarization and induce bradyarrhythmias in the rat. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101545. [PMID: 24992664 PMCID: PMC4081717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The potential hazardous effects of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on cardiac electrophysiology are seldom evaluated. This study aimed to investigate the impacts of MWCNTs on the Kv4/Ito channel, action potential and heart rhythm and the underlying mechanisms. Methods HEK293 cells were engineered to express Kv4.2 or Kv4.3 with or without KChIP2 expression. A series of approaches were introduced to analyze the effects of MWCNTs on Kv4/Ito channel kinetics, current densities, expression and trafficking. Transmission electron microscopy was performed to observe the internalization of MWCNTs in HEK293 cells and rat cardiomyocytes. Current clamp was employed to record the action potentials of isolated rat cardiomyocytes. Surface ECG and epicardial monophasic action potentials were recorded to monitor heart rhythm in rats in vivo. Vagal nerve discharge monitoring and H&E staining were also performed. Results Induction of MWCNTs into the cytosole through pipette solution soon accelerated the decay of IKv4 in HEK293 cells expressing Kv4.2/4.3 and KChIP2, and promoted the recovery from inactivation when Kv4.2 or Kv4.3 was expressed alone. Longer exposure (6 h) to MWCNTs decreased the IKv4.2 density, Kv4.2/Kv4.3 (but not KChIP2) expression and trafficking towards the plasma membrane in HEK293 cells. In acutely isolated rat ventricular myocytes, pipette MWCNTs also quickly accelerated the decay of IKv4 and prolonged the action potential duration (APD). Intravenous infusion of MWCNTs (2 mg/rat) induced atrioventricular (AV) block and even cardiac asystole. No tachyarrhythmia was observed after MWCNTs administration. MWCNTs did not cause coronary clot but induced myocardial inflammation and increased vagus discharge. Conclusions MWCNTs suppress Kv4/Ito channel activities likely at the intracellular side of plasma membrane, delay membrane repolarization and induce bradyarrhythmia. The delayed repolarization, increased vagus output and focal myocardial inflammation may partially underlie the occurrence of bradyarrhythmias induced by MWCNTs. The study warns that MWCNTs are hazardous to cardiac electrophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qiu Tan
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiu-Li Cheng
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Bo-Wei Wu
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Qing-Hua Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jie Meng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Yan Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Min Cao
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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12
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Ilinskaya AN, Man S, Patri AK, Clogston JD, Crist RM, Cachau RE, McNeil SE, Dobrovolskaia MA. Inhibition of phosphoinositol 3 kinase contributes to nanoparticle-mediated exaggeration of endotoxin-induced leukocyte procoagulant activity. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2014; 9:1311-26. [PMID: 24279459 PMCID: PMC4035470 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.13.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Disseminated intravascular coagulation is an increasing concern for certain types of engineered nanomaterials. Recent studies have shed some light on the nanoparticle physicochemical properties contributing to this toxicity; however, the mechanisms are poorly understood. Leukocyte procoagulant activity (PCA) is a key factor contributing to the initiation of this toxicity. We have previously reported on the exaggeration of endotoxin-induced PCA by cationic dendrimers. Herein, we report an effort to discern the mechanism. MATERIALS & METHODS Poly(amidoamine) dendrimers with various sizes and surface functionalities were studied in vitro by the recalcification test, flow cytometry and other relevant assays. RESULTS & CONCLUSION Cationic dendrimers exaggerated endotoxin-induced PCA, but their anionic or neutral counterparts did not; the cationic charge prompts this phenomenon, but different cationic surface chemistries do not influence it. Cationic dendrimers and endotoxin differentially affect the PCA complex. The inhibition of phosphoinositol 3 kinase by dendrimers contributes to the exaggeration of the endotoxin-induced PCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna N Ilinskaya
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick Inc., NCI-Frederick, 1050 Boyles Street, Building 469, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Sonny Man
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick Inc., NCI-Frederick, 1050 Boyles Street, Building 469, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Anil K Patri
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick Inc., NCI-Frederick, 1050 Boyles Street, Building 469, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Clogston
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick Inc., NCI-Frederick, 1050 Boyles Street, Building 469, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Rachael M Crist
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick Inc., NCI-Frederick, 1050 Boyles Street, Building 469, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Raul E Cachau
- Advanced Biomedical Computing Center, SAIC-Frederick Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Scott E McNeil
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick Inc., NCI-Frederick, 1050 Boyles Street, Building 469, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Marina A Dobrovolskaia
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick Inc., NCI-Frederick, 1050 Boyles Street, Building 469, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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Saito N, Haniu H, Usui Y, Aoki K, Hara K, Takanashi S, Shimizu M, Narita N, Okamoto M, Kobayashi S, Nomura H, Kato H, Nishimura N, Taruta S, Endo M. Safe clinical use of carbon nanotubes as innovative biomaterials. Chem Rev 2014; 114:6040-79. [PMID: 24720563 PMCID: PMC4059771 DOI: 10.1021/cr400341h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Saito
- Institute
for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Hisao Haniu
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Yuki Usui
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
- Research Center for Exotic Nanocarbons, and Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, Wakasato 4-17-1, Nagano 380-8553, Japan
| | - Kaoru Aoki
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Kazuo Hara
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Seiji Takanashi
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shimizu
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Nobuyo Narita
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Masanori Okamoto
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Kobayashi
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nomura
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kato
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Nishimura
- R&D
Center, Nakashima Medical Co. Ltd., Haga 5322, Kita-ku, Okayama 701-1221, Japan
| | - Seiichi Taruta
- Research Center for Exotic Nanocarbons, and Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, Wakasato 4-17-1, Nagano 380-8553, Japan
| | - Morinobu Endo
- Research Center for Exotic Nanocarbons, and Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, Wakasato 4-17-1, Nagano 380-8553, Japan
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14
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Gernand JM, Casman EA. A meta-analysis of carbon nanotube pulmonary toxicity studies--how physical dimensions and impurities affect the toxicity of carbon nanotubes. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2014; 34:583-597. [PMID: 24024907 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This article presents a regression-tree-based meta-analysis of rodent pulmonary toxicity studies of uncoated, nonfunctionalized carbon nanotube (CNT) exposure. The resulting analysis provides quantitative estimates of the contribution of CNT attributes (impurities, physical dimensions, and aggregation) to pulmonary toxicity indicators in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid: neutrophil and macrophage count, and lactate dehydrogenase and total protein concentrations. The method employs classification and regression tree (CART) models, techniques that are relatively insensitive to data defects that impair other types of regression analysis: high dimensionality, nonlinearity, correlated variables, and significant quantities of missing values. Three types of analysis are presented: the RT, the random forest (RF), and a random-forest-based dose-response model. The RT shows the best single model supported by all the data and typically contains a small number of variables. The RF shows how much variance reduction is associated with every variable in the data set. The dose-response model is used to isolate the effects of CNT attributes from the CNT dose, showing the shift in the dose-response caused by the attribute across the measured range of CNT doses. It was found that the CNT attributes that contribute the most to pulmonary toxicity were metallic impurities (cobalt significantly increased observed toxicity, while other impurities had mixed effects), CNT length (negatively correlated with most toxicity indicators), CNT diameter (significantly positively associated with toxicity), and aggregate size (negatively correlated with cell damage indicators and positively correlated with immune response indicators). Increasing CNT N2 -BET-specific surface area decreased toxicity indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M Gernand
- Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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15
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Li Y, Zhang Y, Yan B. Nanotoxicity overview: nano-threat to susceptible populations. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:3671-97. [PMID: 24590128 PMCID: PMC3975361 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15033671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the increasing applications of nanomaterials and nanotechnology, potential danger of nanoparticle exposure has become a critical issue. However, recent nanotoxicity studies have mainly focused on the health risks to healthy adult population. The nanotoxicity effects on susceptible populations (such as pregnant, neonate, diseased, and aged populations) have been overlooked. Due to the alterations in physiological structures and functions in susceptible populations, they often suffer more damage from the same exposure. Thus, it is urgent to understand the effects of nanoparticle exposure on these populations. In order to fill this gap, the potential effects of nanoparticles to pregnant females, neonate, diseased, and aged population, as well as the possible underlying mechanisms are reviewed in this article. Investigations show that responses from susceptible population to nanoparticle exposure are often more severe. Reduced protection mechanism, compromised immunity, and impaired self-repair ability in these susceptible populations may contribute to the aggravated toxicity effects. This review will help minimize adverse effects of nanoparticles to susceptible population in future nanotechnology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Bing Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
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16
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Thompson EA, Sayers BC, Glista-Baker EE, Shipkowski KA, Taylor AJ, Bonner JC. Innate Immune Responses to Nanoparticle Exposure in the Lung. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 1:150-156. [PMID: 26000239 DOI: 10.7178/jeit.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The nanotechnology revolution offers enormous societal and economic benefits for innovation in the fields of engineering, electronics, and medicine. Nevertheless, evidence from rodent studies show that biopersistent engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) stimulate immune, inflammatory, and fibroproliferative responses in the lung, suggesting possible risks for lung diseases or systemic immune disorders as a consequence of occupational, environmental, or consumer exposure. Due to their nanoscale dimensions and increased surface area per unit mass, ENMs have a much greater potential to reach the distal regions of the lung and generate ROS. High aspect ratio ENMs (e.g., nanotubes, nanofibers) activate inflammasomes in macrophages, triggering IL-1β release and neutrophilic infiltration into the lungs. Moreover, some ENMs alter allergen-induced eosinophilic inflammation by immunostimulation, immunosuppression, or modulating the balance between Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, thereby influencing the nature of the inflammatory response. ENMs also migrate from the lungs across epithelial, endothelial, or mesothelial barriers to stimulate or suppress systemic immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Thompson
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brian C Sayers
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ellen E Glista-Baker
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kelly A Shipkowski
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alexia J Taylor
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - James C Bonner
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Heister E, Brunner EW, Dieckmann GR, Jurewicz I, Dalton AB. Are carbon nanotubes a natural solution? Applications in biology and medicine. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:1870-1891. [PMID: 23427832 DOI: 10.1021/am302902d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes and materials based on carbon nanotubes have many perceived applications in the field of biomedicine. Several highly promising examples have been highlighted in the literature, ranging from their use as growth substrates or tissue scaffolds to acting as intracellular transporters for various therapeutic and diagnostic agents. In addition, carbon nanotubes have a strong optical absorption in the near-infrared region (in which tissue is transparent), which enables their use for biological imaging applications and photothermal ablation of tumors. Although these advances are potentially game-changing, excitement must be tempered somewhat as several bottlenecks exist. Carbon nanotube-based technologies ultimately have to compete with and out-perform existing technologies in terms of performance and price. Moreover, issues have been highlighted relating to toxicity, which presents an obstacle for the transition from preclinical to clinical use. Although many studies have suggested that well-functionalized carbon nanotubes appear to be safe to the treated animals, mainly rodents, long-term toxicity issues remains to be elucidated. In this report, we systematically highlight some of the most promising biomedical application areas of carbon nanotubes and review the interaction of carbon nanotubes with cultured cells and living organisms with a particular focus on in vivo biodistribution and potential adverse health effects. To conclude, future challenges and prospects of carbon nanotubes for biomedical applications will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Heister
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
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18
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Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) consist of a family of carbon built nanoparticles, whose biological effects depend on their physical characteristics and other constitutive chemicals (impurities and functions attached). CNTs are considered the twenty first century material due to their unique physicochemical characteristics and applicability to industrial product. The use of these materials steadily increases worldwide and toxic outcomes need to be studied for each nanomaterial in depth to prevent adverse effects to humans and the environment. Entrance into the body is physical, and usually few nanoparticles enter the body; however, once there, they are persistent due to their limited metabolisms, so their removal is slow, and chronic cumulative health effects are studied. Oxidative stress is the main mechanism of toxicity but size, agglomeration, chirality as well as impurities and functionalization are some of the structural and chemical characteristic contributing to the CNTs toxicity outcomes. Among the many toxicity pathways, interference with cytoskeleton and fibrous mechanisms, cell signaling, membrane perturbations and the production of cytokines, chemokines and inflammation are some of the effects resulting from exposure to CNTs. The aim of this review is to offer an up-to-date scope of the effects of CNTs on biological systems with attention to mechanisms of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury Rodriguez-Yañez
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
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19
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Laverny G, Casset A, Purohit A, Schaeffer E, Spiegelhalter C, de Blay F, Pons F. Immunomodulatory properties of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy subjects and allergic patients. Toxicol Lett 2012; 217:91-101. [PMID: 23266719 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the immunomodulatory activity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy donors and mite-allergic subjects. Freshly prepared PBMCs, stimulated or not with Toll-like receptor (TLR)1-9 agonists, a T cell mitogen (phytohemagglutinin A) or mite allergen extract were cultured in the presence or absence of MWCNTs. Secretion of TNF-α, IL-2, IL-5, IL-6, IL-12/23p40 or IFN-γ was quantified in the culture supernatants by ELISA. Basal secretion of all the cytokines was not altered by MWCNTs in PBMCs from both healthy donors and allergic subjects. In PBMCs from healthy donors, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-12/23p40 secretion in response to the TLR4 agonist, lipopolysaccharide was however increased in a dose-dependent manner by MWCNTs. Significant increases in the release of these cytokines were also observed in PBMCs stimulated with a TLR2 or TLR3 agonist. MWCNTs also increased the release of IL-2 and IFN-γ by PBMCs stimulated with a T cell mitogen. In contrast, MWCNTs inhibited allergen-induced IL-5 secretion by PBMCs from mite-allergic subjects. As well, MWCNTs altered the capacity of PBMC-derived monocytes to differentiate into functional dendritic cells. All together, our data suggest that according to its immune cell target, MWCNTs may either promote or suppress immune responses in humans. Further investigations are necessary to fully understand the complexity behind interactions of engineered nanoparticles with the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Laverny
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
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20
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Patel H, Kwon S. Multi-walled carbon nanotube-induced inflammatory response and oxidative stress in a dynamic cell growth environment. J Biol Eng 2012; 6:22. [PMID: 23148460 PMCID: PMC3552678 DOI: 10.1186/1754-1611-6-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND Rapid increase in multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) production for their industrial and biomedical applications has led to concerns over the effects of MWCNTs on human health and the environment. Both animal and in vitro studies have provided important findings about MWCNT-induced effects on the lung cells or tissues. In vitro studies have provided a considerable amount of fundamental information on MWCNT-induced effects on the specific lung cells. However, the cell culture systems used in those studies were limited by the absence of dynamic nature of lung tissues. We hypothesized that MWCNT-induced cellular responses such as proliferation, inflammation, and oxidative stress under dynamic cell growth environment may differ from those under static cell growth environment. RESULTS In this study, we used a dynamic cell growth condition to mimic mechanically dynamic environment of the lung and characterized interleukin 8 (IL-8), reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione (GSH), and cell proliferation for three days following exposure of MWCNTs at different concentrations (5, 10, and 20 μg/ml) to A549 cell monolayer under both static and dynamic cell growth conditions. Our results demonstrated the distinct differences in the levels of inflammatory response and oxidative stress between static and dynamic cell growth conditions. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the dynamic cell growth system used in this study provided important changes in cellular responses that were not found in the static cell growth system and were similar to animal studies. The dynamic cell growth system can be considered as a viable alternative to in vivo test system in combination with existing in vitro static cell growth systems to evaluate the effect of MWCNTs on cellular responses in the respiratory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemang Patel
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, 84322-4105, Logan, UT, USA.
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21
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Matsumoto M, Serizawa H, Sunaga M, Kato H, Takahashi M, Hirata-Koizumi M, Ono A, Kamata E, Hirose A. No toxicological effects on acute and repeated oral gavage doses of single-wall or multi-wall carbon nanotube in rats. J Toxicol Sci 2012; 37:463-74. [PMID: 22687986 DOI: 10.2131/jts.37.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Three female Crl:CD(SD) rats/group were dosed with single wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) or multi wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) four times by gavage at a total of 50 mg/kg bw or 200 mg/kg bw (four equally divided doses at one-hour intervals). Acute oral doses of SWCNT and MWCNT caused neither death nor toxicological effects, and thus the oral LD<inf>50 </inf>values for SWCNT and MWCNT were considered to be greater than 50 mg/kg bw and 200 mg/kg bw, in rats respectively. Five or ten Crl:CD(SD) rats/sex were dosed with SWCNT once daily by gavage at a dose of 0 (control), 0.125, 1.25 or 12.5 mg/kg bw/day for 28 days with a 14-day recovery period (0 and 12.5 mg/kg bw/day groups). Six or twelve Crl:CD(SD) rats/sex were dosed with MWCNT once daily by gavage at a dose of 0 (control), 0.5, 5.0 or 50 mg/kg bw/day for 28 days with a 14-day recovery period (0 and 50 mg/kg bw/day groups). Based on no toxicological effects, the no observed adverse effect levels (NOAELs) of repeated dose toxicity of SWCNT and MWCNT were considered to be 12.5 mg/kg bw/day and 50 mg/kg bw/day (the highest dose tested), respectively. It was suggested that SWCNT and MWCNT dosed by gavage reached the gastro-intestinal tract as agglomerates and were mostly excreted via feces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Matsumoto
- Division of Risk Assessment, Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Bonner JC. Carbon nanotubes as delivery systems for respiratory disease: do the dangers outweigh the potential benefits? Expert Rev Respir Med 2012; 5:779-87. [PMID: 22082164 DOI: 10.1586/ers.11.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticle drug-delivery systems offer the potential for improved efficacy of treatment, and yet there are also potential risks associated with these novel therapeutic strategies. An attractive property of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is that the tube- or fiber-like structure allows for extensive functionalization and loading of cargo. However, a large body of evidence indicates that CNTs may have adverse effects if used in drug delivery as they have been shown to cause pulmonary fibrosis and exacerbate lung disease in rodents with pre-existing lung diseases. Major factors that cause these toxic effects are the high aspect ratio, durability and residual metal content that generate reactive oxygen species. Therefore, careful consideration should be given to the possibility that lung inflammation or fibrosis could be significant side effects caused by a CNT-based drug-delivery system, thereby outweighing any potential beneficial effects of therapeutic treatment. However, functionalization of CNTs to modulate aspect ratio, biodegradability and to remove residual metals could allow for safe design of CNTs for use in drug delivery in certain circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Bonner
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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23
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Hussain S, Al-Nsour F, Rice AB, Marshburn J, Ji Z, Zink JI, Yingling B, Walker NJ, Garantziotis S. Cerium dioxide nanoparticles do not modulate the lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response in human monocytes. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:1387-97. [PMID: 22457596 PMCID: PMC3310407 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s29429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerium dioxide (CeO(2)) nanoparticles have potential therapeutic applications and are widely used for industrial purposes. However, the effects of these nanoparticles on primary human cells are largely unknown. The ability of nanoparticles to exacerbate pre-existing inflammatory disorders is not well documented for engineered nanoparticles, and is certainly lacking for CeO(2) nanoparticles. We investigated the inflammation-modulating effects of CeO(2) nanoparticles at noncytotoxic concentrations in human peripheral blood monocytes. METHODS CD14(+) cells were isolated from peripheral blood samples of human volunteers. Cells were exposed to either 0.5 or 1 μg/mL of CeO(2) nanoparticles over a period of 24 or 48 hours with or without lipopolysaccharide (10 ng/mL) prestimulation. Modulation of the inflammatory response was studied by measuring secreted tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, macrophage chemotactic protein-1, interferon-gamma, and interferon gamma-induced protein 10. RESULTS CeO(2) nanoparticle suspensions were thoroughly characterized using dynamic light scattering analysis (194 nm hydrodynamic diameter), zeta potential analysis (-14 mV), and transmission electron microscopy (irregular-shaped particles). Transmission electron microscopy of CD14(+) cells exposed to CeO(2) nanoparticles revealed that these nanoparticles were efficiently internalized by monocytes and were found either in vesicles or free in the cytoplasm. However, no significant differences in secreted cytokine profiles were observed between CeO(2) nanoparticle-treated cells and control cells at noncytotoxic doses. No significant effects of CeO(2) nanoparticle exposure subsequent to lipopolysaccharide priming was observed on cytokine secretion. Moreover, no significant difference in lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine production was observed after exposure to CeO(2) nanoparticles followed by lipopolysaccharide exposure. CONCLUSION CeO(2) nanoparticles at noncytotoxic concentrations neither modulate pre-existing inflammation nor prime for subsequent exposure to lipopolysaccharides in human monocytes from healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salik Hussain
- Clinical Research Unit, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/National Institute of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA.
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24
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Hussain S, Vanoirbeek JAJ, Hoet PHM. Interactions of nanomaterials with the immune system. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 4:169-83. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salik Hussain
- Unit of Functional and Adaptive Biology, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Responses to Xenobiotics, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
- Research Unit for Lung Toxicology, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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25
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Double-walled carbon nanotubes trigger IL-1β release in human monocytes through Nlrp3 inflammasome activation. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2011; 8:987-95. [PMID: 22100755 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Because of their outstanding physical properties, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are promising new materials in the field of nanotechnology. It is therefore imperative to assess their adverse effects on human health. Monocytes/macrophages that recognize and eliminate the inert particles constitute the main target of CNTs. In this article, we report our finding that double-walled CNTs (DWCNTs) synergize with Toll-like receptor agonists to enhance IL-1β release in human monocytes. We show that DWCNTs-induced IL-1β secretion is exclusively linked to caspase-1 and to Nlrp3 inflammasome activation in human monocytes. We also establish that this activation requires DWCNTs phagocytosis and potassium efflux, but not reactive oxygen specied (ROS) generation. Moreover, inhibition of lysosomal acidification or cathepsin-B activation reduces DWCNT-induced IL-1β secretion, suggesting that Nlrp3 inflammasome activation occurs via lysosomal destabilization. Thus, DWCNTs present a health hazard due to their capacity to activate Nlrp3 inflammasome, recalling the inflammation caused by asbestos and hence demonstrating that they should be used with caution.
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26
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Particulate matter–induced hypersusceptibility to infection. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 128:906; author reply 906. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Wang X, Katwa P, Podila R, Chen P, Ke PC, Rao AM, Walters DM, Wingard CJ, Brown JM. Multi-walled carbon nanotube instillation impairs pulmonary function in C57BL/6 mice. Part Fibre Toxicol 2011; 8:24. [PMID: 21851604 PMCID: PMC3170188 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-8-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are widely used in many disciplines due to their unique physical and chemical properties. Therefore, some concerns about the possible human health and environmental impacts of manufactured MWCNTs are rising. We hypothesized that instillation of MWCNTs impairs pulmonary function in C57BL/6 mice due to development of lung inflammation and fibrosis. Methods MWCNTs were administered to C57BL/6 mice by oropharyngeal aspiration (1, 2, and 4 mg/kg) and we assessed lung inflammation and fibrosis by inflammatory cell infiltration, collagen content, and histological assessment. Pulmonary function was assessed using a FlexiVent system and levels of Ccl3, Ccl11, Mmp13 and IL-33 were measured by RT-PCR and ELISA. Results Mice administered MWCNTs exhibited increased inflammatory cell infiltration, collagen deposition and granuloma formation in lung tissue, which correlated with impaired pulmonary function as assessed by increased resistance, tissue damping, and decreased lung compliance. Pulmonary exposure to MWCNTs induced an inflammatory signature marked by cytokine (IL-33), chemokine (Ccl3 and Ccl11), and protease production (Mmp13) that promoted the inflammatory and fibrotic changes observed within the lung. Conclusions These results further highlight the potential adverse health effects that may occur following MWCNT exposure and therefore we suggest these materials may pose a significant risk leading to impaired lung function following environmental and occupational exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojia Wang
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA.
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28
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Evaluation of biocompatible dispersants for carbon nanotube toxicity tests. Arch Toxicol 2011; 85:1499-508. [PMID: 21656221 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-011-0723-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Dispersion is one of the key obstacles to evaluating the in vitro and in vivo toxicity of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), as the aggregation or agglomeration of CNTs in culture media or vehicles complicates the interpretation of the toxicity test results. Thus, to test the dispersion of CNTs in biocompatible solutions, 5 known biocompatible dispersants were selected that are widely used for nanomaterial toxicity evaluation studies. Single-wall nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multi-wall nanotubes (MWCNTs) were both dispersed in these dispersants and their macrodispersion evaluated using a light absorbance method. The dispersion stability of the dispersed SWCNTs and MWCNTs was also evaluated for 16 weeks, plus the dispersants were tested for their innate toxicity using trypan blue dye exclusion, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage, and neutral red assays. All the dispersants were found to be biocompatible in the cytotoxicity tests when compared with a positive control of 2% Triton X-100. In the dispersion tests, 0.02, 0.1, and 0.5% MWCNTs and SWCNTs were diluted in the respective dispersants. Distilled water and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) both showed a poor macrodispersion of only 1-13% for the various CNT concentrations. In 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC), the 0.02 and 0.1% MWCNTs showed a macrodispersion of 11 and 74%, respectively, while the 0.02 and 0.1% SWCNTs showed a macrodispersion of 15 and 16%, respectively. In 0.5% bovine serum albumin (BSA), the 0.02, 0.1, and 0.5% MWCNTs showed a very good macrodispersion of 32, 53, and 70%, respectively, yet the 0.02% SWCNTs only showed a macrodispersion of 17%. In 1% Tween 80, the 0.02-0.5% SWNCTs exhibited a good macrodispersion of 27-81%, whereas the 0.02-05% MWCNTs only showed a macrodispersion of 13-23%. The dispersion stability of the CNTs during 16 weeks was in the following descending order of BSA, Tween 80, DPPC, and DMSO for the MWCNTs and BSA, DPPC, Tween 80, and DMSO for the SWNCTs. Thus, appropriate dispersants are proposed according to the type of CNT, experiment concentration, and treatment duration. Also, it is suggested that the dispersibility, dispersion stability, and biocompatibility of the selected dispersant should all be confirmed before a toxicity evaluation.
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A single intratracheal instillation of single-walled carbon nanotubes induced early lung fibrosis and subchronic tissue damage in mice. Arch Toxicol 2011; 85:1121-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-011-0655-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Toxicoproteomic evaluation of carbon nanomaterials in vitro. J Proteomics 2011; 74:2703-12. [PMID: 21406258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Revised: 02/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have already been successfully implemented in various fields, and they are anticipated to have innovative applications in medical science. However, CNTs have asbestos-like properties, such as their nanoscale size and high aspect ratio (>100). Moreover, CNTs may persist in the body for a long time. These properties are thought to cause malignant mesothelioma and lung cancer. However, based on conventional toxicity assessment systems, the carcinogenicity of asbestos and CNTs is unclear. The reason for late countermeasures against asbestos is that reliable, long-term safety assessments have not yet been developed by toxicologists. Therefore, a new type of long-term safety assessment, different from the existing methods, is needed for carbon nanomaterials. Recently, we applied a proteomic approach to the safety assessment of carbon nanomaterials. In this review, we discuss the basic concept of our approach, the results, the problems, and the possibility of a long-term safety assessment for carbon nanomaterials using the toxicoproteomic approach.
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van der Zande M, Junker R, Walboomers XF, Jansen JA. Carbon Nanotubes in Animal Models: A Systematic Review on Toxic Potential. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2011; 17:57-69. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2010.0472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meike van der Zande
- Department of Biomaterials, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rüdiger Junker
- Department of Biomaterials, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - X. Frank Walboomers
- Department of Biomaterials, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - John A. Jansen
- Department of Biomaterials, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Johnston HJ, Hutchison GR, Christensen FM, Peters S, Hankin S, Aschberger K, Stone V. A critical review of the biological mechanisms underlying the in vivo and in vitro toxicity of carbon nanotubes: The contribution of physico-chemical characteristics. Nanotoxicology 2011; 4:207-46. [PMID: 20795897 DOI: 10.3109/17435390903569639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This critical review of the available human health safety data, relating to carbon nanotubes (CNTs), was conducted in order to assess the risks associated with CNT exposure. Determining the toxicity related to CNT exploitation is of great relevance and importance due to the increased potential for human exposure to CNTs within occupational, environmental and consumer settings. When this information is combined with knowledge on the likely exposure levels of humans to CNTs, it will enable risk assessments to be conducted to assess the risks posed to human health. CNTs are a diverse group of materials and vary with regards to their wall number (single and multi-walled CNTs are evident), length, composition, and surface chemistry. The attributes of CNTs that were identified as being most likely to drive the observed toxicity have been considered, and include CNT length, metal content, tendency to aggregate/agglomerate and surface chemistry. Of particular importance, is the contribution of the fibre paradigm to CNT toxicity, whereby the length of CNTs appears to be critical to their toxic potential. Mechanistic processes that are critical to CNT toxicity will also be discussed, with the findings insinuating that CNTs can exert an oxidative response that stimulates inflammatory, genotoxic and cytotoxic consequences. Consequently, it may transpire that a common mechanism is responsible for driving CNT toxicity, despite the fact that CNTs are a diverse population of materials. The similarity of the structure of CNTs to that of asbestos has prompted concern surrounding the exposure of humans, and so the applicability of the fibre paradigm to CNTs will be evaluated. It is also necessary to determine the systemic availability of CNTs following exposure, to determine where potential targets of toxicity are, and to thereby direct in vitro investigations within the most appropriate target cells. CNTs are therefore a group of materials whose useful exploitable properties prompts their increased production and utilization within diverse applications, so that ensuring their safety is of vital importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helinor J Johnston
- Centre for Nano Safety, School of Life Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK.
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Inoue KI. Promoting effects of nanoparticles/materials on sensitive lung inflammatory diseases. Environ Health Prev Med 2010; 16:139-43. [PMID: 21431802 DOI: 10.1007/s12199-010-0177-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the adverse health effects of nanoparticles/materials have been proposed and are being clarified, their facilitating effects on preexisting pathological conditions have not been fully established. We provide insights into the environmental immunotoxicity of nanoparticles as an aggravating factor in hypersusceptible subjects, especially those with respiratory disorders, using our in vivo models. We first examined the effects of nanoparticles/materials on lung inflammation induced by bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) as a test model against innate immunity, and demonstrated that nanoparticles instilled through both an intratracheal tube and an inhalation system can exacerbate lung inflammation. Secondly, we examined the effects of nanoparticles/materials on allergic pathophysiology, and showed that repetitive pulmonary exposure to nanoparticles has aggravating effects on allergic airway inflammation, including adjuvant effects on Th2-milieu. Taken together, nanoparticle exposure may synergistically facilitate pathological inflammatory conditions in the lung via both innate and adaptive immunological abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichiro Inoue
- Department of Public Health and Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan.
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Nagai H, Toyokuni S. Biopersistent fiber-induced inflammation and carcinogenesis: lessons learned from asbestos toward safety of fibrous nanomaterials. Arch Biochem Biophys 2010; 502:1-7. [PMID: 20599674 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2010] [Revised: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Nano-sized durable fibrous materials such as carbon nanotubes have raised safety concerns similar to those raised by asbestos. However, the mechanism by which particulates with ultrafine structure cause inflammation and ultimately cancer (e.g. malignant mesothelioma and lung cancer) is largely unknown. This is partially because the particulates are not uniform and they vary in a plethora of factors. Such variances include length, diameter, surface area, density, shape, contaminant metals (including iron) and crystallinity. Each of these factors is involved in particulate toxicity both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, the elicited biological responses are incredibly complicated. Various kinds of fibers were evaluated with different cells, animals and methods. The aim of this review is to concisely summarize previous reports from the standpoint that activation of macrophages and mesothelial injury are the two major mechanisms of inflammation and possibly cancer. Importantly, these two mechanisms appear to be interacting with each other. However, there is a lack of data on the interplay of macrophage and mesothelium especially in vivo. Since fibrous nanomaterials present potential applications in various fields, it is necessary to develop standard evaluation methods to minimize risks for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Nagai
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Aichi, Japan
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Cesta MF, Ryman-Rasmussen JP, Wallace DG, Masinde T, Hurlburt G, Taylor AJ, Bonner JC. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide enhances PDGF signaling and pulmonary fibrosis in rats exposed to carbon nanotubes. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2009; 43:142-51. [PMID: 19738159 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2009-0113oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineered multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) represent a possible health risk for pulmonary fibrosis due to their fiber-like shape and potential for persistence in the lung. We postulated that bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a ubiquitous agent in the environment that causes lung inflammation, would enhance fibrosis caused by MWCNT. Rats were exposed to LPS and then intratracheally instilled with MWCNT or carbon black (CB) nanoparticles 24 hours later. Pulmonary fibrosis was observed 21 days after MWCNT exposure, but not with CB. LPS alone caused no fibrosis but enhanced MWCNT-induced fibrosis. LPS plus CB did not significantly increase fibrosis. MWCNT increased platelet-derived growth factor-AA (PDGF-AA), a major mediator of fibrosis. PDGF-AA production in response to MWCNT, but not CB, was synergistically enhanced by LPS. Immunostaining showed PDGF-AA in bronchiolar epithelial cells and macrophages. Since macrophages engulfed MWCNT, were positive for PDGF-AA, and mediate fibroblast responses, experiments were performed with rat lung macrophages (NR8383 cells) and rat lung fibroblasts in vitro. LPS exposure increased PDGF-A mRNA levels in NR8383 cells and enhanced MWCNT-induced PDGF-A mRNA levels. Moreover, LPS increased MWCNT- or CB-induced PDGF receptor-alpha (PDGF-Ralpha) mRNA in fibroblasts. Our data suggest that LPS exacerbates MWCNT-induced lung fibrosis by amplifying production of PDGF-AA in macrophages and epithelial cells, and by increasing PDGF-Ralpha on pulmonary fibroblasts. Our findings also suggest that individuals with pre-existing pulmonary inflammation are at greater risk for the potential adverse effects of MWCNT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark F Cesta
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27695-7633, USA
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