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Wang PH, Shah PT, Xing L. Genetic characteristics and geographic distribution of rabies virus in China. Arch Virol 2023; 169:14. [PMID: 38157057 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05947-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
China is one of the largest countries with endemic rabies. In this study, we examined the full-length genome sequences of 87 rabies virus (RABV) strains identified in China from 1931 to 2019. Chinese RABV isolates were divided into two major clades, GI and GII. Clade GI consisted of viruses from the Asian clade, which was further divided into three subclades: Asian1, Asian2, and Asian3. Clade GII consisted of viruses from the Cosmopolitan, Arctic-related, and Indian clades. A phylogeographic network showed that the variation of rabies virus was more closely associated with geographic location than with the host species. Recombination appears to be one of the factors driving the emergence of new viral strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Hua Wang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Pir Tariq Shah
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Li Xing
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi Province, China.
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi Province, China.
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Major Infectious Diseases, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi Province, China.
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Scott TP, Nel LH. Lyssaviruses and the Fatal Encephalitic Disease Rabies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:786953. [PMID: 34925368 PMCID: PMC8678592 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.786953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyssaviruses cause the disease rabies, which is a fatal encephalitic disease resulting in approximately 59,000 human deaths annually. The prototype species, rabies lyssavirus, is the most prevalent of all lyssaviruses and poses the greatest public health threat. In Africa, six confirmed and one putative species of lyssavirus have been identified. Rabies lyssavirus remains endemic throughout mainland Africa, where the domestic dog is the primary reservoir - resulting in the highest per capita death rate from rabies globally. Rabies is typically transmitted through the injection of virus-laden saliva through a bite or scratch from an infected animal. Due to the inhibition of specific immune responses by multifunctional viral proteins, the virus usually replicates at low levels in the muscle tissue and subsequently enters the peripheral nervous system at the neuromuscular junction. Pathogenic rabies lyssavirus strains inhibit innate immune signaling and induce cellular apoptosis as the virus progresses to the central nervous system and brain using viral protein facilitated retrograde axonal transport. Rabies manifests in two different forms - the encephalitic and the paralytic form - with differing clinical manifestations and survival times. Disease symptoms are thought to be due mitochondrial dysfunction, rather than neuronal apoptosis. While much is known about rabies, there remain many gaps in knowledge about the neuropathology of the disease. It should be emphasized however, that rabies is vaccine preventable and dog-mediated human rabies has been eliminated in various countries. The global elimination of dog-mediated human rabies in the foreseeable future is therefore an entirely feasible goal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Louis Hendrik Nel
- Global Alliance for Rabies Control, Manhattan, KS, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Pal P, Yawongsa A, Bhatta R, Shimoda H, Rukkwamsuk T. Animal rabies epidemiology in Nepal from 2005 to 2017. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ONE HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.14202/ijoh.2021.190-195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Animal rabies is endemic in Nepal, and it occurs in two forms. Although governmental and non-governmental agencies are working toward the control of rabies by mass dog vaccination and stray dog population management, there is still massive number of rabies incidence reported to the reference veterinary laboratory, Nepal. Therefore, this study aimed to assess animal species, temporal, regional, and agro-ecological distribution patterns of animal rabies in Nepal from 2005 to 2017.
Materials and Methods: The epidemiological data on animal rabies from the period of 2005 to 2017 were obtained from the Central Veterinary Laboratory, Tripureshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal. The laboratory-confirmed rabies cases were analyzed according to animal species, temporal, regional (developmental zones), and agro-ecological distributions. In addition, descriptive statistics were used to evaluate the distribution patterns of rabies.
Results: From 2005 to 2017, a total of 2771 suspected rabies cases in animals were reported to The Central Veterinary Hospital, Kathmandu. Of which, 1302 were found laboratory-confirmed cases. The rabies cases were most commonly reported and confirmed in dogs followed by other domestic animals. The high occurrences were recorded between 2005 and 2007. However, the incidence was increased during 2016 and 2017. The highest number of rabies cases was recorded in the eastern development zone, and the least number in the central zone at regional level. Likewise, it was highest in the Terai (plain) region and lowest in mountainous areas at agro-ecological zones. The findings also revealed that the occurrences of rabies significantly differed among seasons.
Conclusion: Rabies is present in Nepal throughout the year and all seasons with seasonal variation. Among the animal species, dogs are the primary animals affected with rabies followed by cattle and other domestic animals. At the regional level, eastern development zone had the highest incidence and Central development zone recorded the least. Similarly, the Terai region had the highest incidence rates, and the least overall prevalence rate was observed in mountainous regions among agro-ecological zones. Therefore, the government should implement the strict enforcement of mass dog vaccination and dog population management through one health approach to control rabies incidence in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushkar Pal
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand; Department of Veterinary Pathology and Clinics, Agriculture and Forestry University, Nepal
| | - Adisorn Yawongsa
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Rajesh Bhatta
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Clinics, Agriculture and Forestry University, Nepal
| | - Hiroshi Shimoda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Theera Rukkwamsuk
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
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Use of partial N-gene sequences as a tool to monitor progress on rabies control and elimination efforts in Ethiopia. Acta Trop 2021; 221:106022. [PMID: 34161816 PMCID: PMC8652542 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ethiopia is one of the African countries most affected by rabies. A coarse catalog of rabies viruses (RABV) was created as a benchmark to assess the impact of control and elimination activities. We evaluated a 726 bp amplicon at the end of the N-gene to infer viral lineages in circulation using maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods for phylogenetic reconstruction. We sequenced 228 brain samples from wild and domestic animals collected in five Ethiopian regions during 2010-2017. Results identified co-circulating RABV lineages that are causing recurrent spillover infections into wildlife and domestic animals. We found no evidence of importation of RABVs from other African countries or vaccine-induced cases in the area studied. A divergent RABV lineage might be involved in an independent rabies cycle in jackals. This investigation provides a feasible approach to assess rabies control and elimination efforts in resource-limited countries.
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Khayli M, Lhor Y, Bengoumi M, Zro K, El Harrak M, Bakkouri A, Akrim M, Yaagoubi R, El Berbri I, Kichou F, Berrada J, Bouslikhane M. Using geostatistics to better understand the epidemiology of animal rabies in Morocco: what is the contribution of the predictive value? Heliyon 2021; 7:e06019. [PMID: 33537478 PMCID: PMC7841317 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to characterize the spatial distribution of animal rabies in Morocco in order to provide appropriate control approaches. Descriptive analyses of the epidemiological data show that the number of reported canine rabies cases greatly underestimates the true incidence of the disease. Underreporting subsequently affects the coherence of its spatial distribution. To perform accurate geographic distribution mapping of the disease based on interpolation methods, a data set was created using data between 2000 and 2018 to compare the derived disease cases with known true values in order to identify disease clusters. The subsequent interpolation was conducted using Ordinary Kriging regression methods and the semi variogram to focus on short distances and reduce uncertainty. The estimated clusters of rabies were evaluated using a cross validation step which revealed predicted cases close to the true values. To improve the precision of analysis, the authors displayed georeferenced dog and human rabies cases reported during the last three years, demonstrating reliable results that correspond to the estimated cluster areas similar to the true disease incidence on the field. This work highlights a strong correlation between infrastructure projects (i.e. railways, roads, facilities) and rabies epizootics for several specific locations. This study is the first attempt to use geostatistics to build upon the understanding of animal rabies in Morocco and shed light on the most appropriate strategies to sustainably reduce and mitigate the risk of rabies. There has been little literature on the use of kriging methods in animal health research. Thus, this study also aimed to explore a novel method in the veterinary sciences to establish kriging as a valid and coherent analysis tool to identify the extent to which the geostatistic area can objectively support understanding on animal rabies and saw it as being highly instrumental in coping with gaps in the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounir Khayli
- National Office of Food Safety (ONSSA), Rabat-Instituts, Po. Box 6472, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Youssef Lhor
- National Office of Food Safety (ONSSA), Rabat-Instituts, Po. Box 6472, Rabat, Morocco
| | | | | | | | | | - Mohammed Akrim
- National School of Public Health, Rabat-Instituts, Po. Box 6329, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Reda Yaagoubi
- Hassan II Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, School of Geomatics and Surveying Engineering, Po. Box 6202, Madinat Al Irfane, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Ikhlass El Berbri
- Hassan II Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, Microbiology Immunology and Contagious Diseases Unit, Po. Box 6202, Madinat Al Irfane, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Faouzi Kichou
- Hassan II Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, Pathology and Veterinary Public Health Department, Po.Box 6202, Madinat Al Irfane, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Jaouad Berrada
- Hassan II Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, Microbiology Immunology and Contagious Diseases Unit, Po. Box 6202, Madinat Al Irfane, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Bouslikhane
- Hassan II Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, Microbiology Immunology and Contagious Diseases Unit, Po. Box 6202, Madinat Al Irfane, Rabat, Morocco
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Li H, Liu JJ, Ding SJ, Cai L, Feng Y, Yu PC, Liu SQ, Lu XX, Tao XY, Zhu WY. Human rabies in China: evidence-based suggestions for improved case detection and data gathering. Infect Dis Poverty 2020; 9:60. [PMID: 32487256 PMCID: PMC7266119 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-020-00672-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
China still suffers heavily from rabies, although reported human cases continue to decrease year over year. There are far fewer laboratory-confirmed human cases than clinically diagnosed cases, which is a big problem that needs to be addressed. In this report, we summarize analyses of all specimens from human cases tested in our laboratory over the past 15 years, in order to promote laboratory diagnosis of rabies.
Methods
From 2005 to 2019, a total of 271 samples from 164 suspected rabies cases were collected from local hospitals by the local Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCs) in China. Saliva, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), serum (blood) and urine were collected for ante-mortem diagnosis, and brain tissue, neck skin tissue and cornea were collected for post-mortem diagnosis. All of the specimens were tested by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and brain tissues were also tested using fluorescent antibody test (FAT). The number of positive test results obtained using different fluids or tissues, and at different stages of the disease, were compared using a chi-square test and a more effective sampling program is recommended.
Results
As the national reference laboratory for rabies surveillance in China, our laboratory has tested 271 samples from 164 suspected rabies cases collected by local CDCs since 2005. We found that saliva gave the highest number of positive test results (32%), compared with CSF and other fluids. We also found that serum or blood specimens collected in the last 3 days of life can test positive by RT-PCR.
Conclusions
Serum or blood samples collected in the last 3 days of a patient’s life can be used to measure viral RNA, which means that serum samples, as well as saliva and CSF, can be used to detect viral RNA for anti-mortem diagnosis of rabies. Because of our findings, we have modified our “National Surveillance Project for Human Rabies”, by adding the collection and testing of serum samples from the end of the survival period. This will improve our national surveillance and laboratory diagnosis of human rabies.
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Tao X, Liu S, Zhu W, Rayner S. Rabies surveillance and control in China over the last twenty years. BIOSAFETY AND HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bsheal.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Lian K, Zhang M, Zhou L, Song Y, Wang G, Wang S. First report of a pseudorabies-virus-infected wolf (Canis lupus) in China. Arch Virol 2019; 165:459-462. [PMID: 31863263 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04502-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We provide the first report of a wolf infected with pseudorabies virus (PRV) in China. We observed the clinical symptoms and also dissected tissue samples from the wolf. The samples were ground under sterile conditions and injected subcutaneously into the necks of rabbits, which subsequently developed intense pruritus symptoms and died. The PRV strain from the wolf was isolated in porcine kidney (PK)-15 cells and was specifically recognized by pig PRV antibody-positive serum, as shown by indirect immunofluorescence. Tissues from the dead wolf and rabbits were examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the PCR-amplified partial glycoprotein E gene was sequenced, which confirmed that the wolf had died as a result of PRV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiqi Lian
- School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, 455000, China.,Academician Workstation of Animal Disease Control and Nutrition Immunity in Henan Province, Anyang, 455000, China.,Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Veterinary Biologics Research and Application, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Mingliang Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Lingling Zhou
- School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Yuwei Song
- School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Guodong Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Shuangshan Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, 455000, China. .,Academician Workstation of Animal Disease Control and Nutrition Immunity in Henan Province, Anyang, 455000, China.
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Rahmahani J, Suwarno S, Yuniarti WM, Rantam FA. Antigenic site of nucleoprotein gene from Indonesian rabies virus isolates. Vet World 2019; 12:724-728. [PMID: 31327911 PMCID: PMC6584851 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.724-728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Several molecular studies on rabies virus (RABV) have been conducted in Indonesia, but it does not give clear information about molecular characteristics of previous RABV isolate in Indonesia. This study was conducted to know the characteristic of circulating RABV to determine a suitable method to control the spreading of RABV in Indonesia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples of infected RABV from dog brain were collected from Sumatera, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Bali Islands. All samples were examined based on nucleoprotein encoding gene to determine the molecular characteristics based on homology and phylogenetic tree compared to Pasteur Virus and RABV that came from another country within Asia (Indonesia, China, Thailand, India, and Korea). The collected samples were processed by one-step reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction using nucleoprotein encoding gene followed by sequencing. The amino acid of its antigenic site of isolated RABV was also analyzed. RESULTS The results showed that isolated RABV has 84-85% similarity compared to Pasteur. According to phylogenetic construction, isolated samples do not share the same lineage toward Pasteur. The homology scores of isolated samples compared to RABV within Asia such as Indonesia, China, Thailand, India, and Korea were 98-99%, 92-93%, 88-89%, 86-88%, and 85-88%, respectively. According to antigenic site analysis compared to Pasteur, it was found that there were amino acid mutations within antigenic Site IV of nucleoprotein. Amino acid mutation from isoleucine to valine occurred in amino acid number 240 of 6 Kalimantan, 7 Kalimantan, and 8 Kalimantan. Amino acid mutation from alanine to aspartate and asparagine to threonine occurred within the same antigenic site in amino acid number 246 and 273 of C4 isolate from Sulawesi. CONCLUSION According to homology and phylogenetic tree analyses, isolated RABV remained different compared to RABV within Asia and Pasteur. The amino acid mutation occurred in antigenic site of nucleoprotein encoding gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jola Rahmahani
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, Department of Veterinary Microbiology Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Mulyorejo, Kampus C Unair, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia
| | - Suwarno Suwarno
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, Department of Veterinary Microbiology Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Mulyorejo, Kampus C Unair, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia
| | - Wiwik Misaco Yuniarti
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Airlangga, Jl. Mulyorejo, Kampus C Unair, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia
| | - Fedik Abdul Rantam
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, Department of Veterinary Microbiology Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Mulyorejo, Kampus C Unair, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia
- Stem Cell Research and Development Center, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, 60111, Indonesia
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Tao XY, Li ML, Wang Q, Baima C, Hong M, Li W, Wu YB, Li YR, Zhao YM, Rayner S, Zhu WY. The reemergence of human rabies and emergence of an Indian subcontinent lineage in Tibet, China. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007036. [PMID: 30640911 PMCID: PMC6349412 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Coordinated surveillance, vaccination and public information efforts have brought the Chinese rabies epizootic under control, but significant numbers of fatalities are still reported annually with some cases occurring in previously rabies free regions. Tibet has remained virtually rabies free for 16 years, but since 2015 one human rabies case has been reported each year. To better understand the origins of these cases, we sequenced three human samples and an additional sample isolated from a dog in 2012. Three genomes were sequenced from brain samples: human case 1 (reported in 2015), human case 3 (2017), and the 2012 dog case. For human case 2 (2016), the rabies N gene was sequenced from a limited saliva sample. Phylogenetic analysis shows that Case 1 (CXZ1501H) and the dog case (CXZ1201D) belong to China IV lineage (equivalent to Arctic-like-2 in global rabies), suggesting an association with a wildlife spillover event. However, Case 2 (CXZ1601H) is placed within the dominant lineage China I, and was most similar with recent strains from neighboring Yunnan province, indicating the current epizootic has finally reached Tibet. Most surprisingly however, was the finding that Case 3 (CXZ1704H) is distinct from other Chinese isolates. This isolate is placed in the Indian Subcontinent clade, similar to recent Nepal strains, indicating that cross-border transmission is a new source for rabies infections. Thus, the complex mixture of the rabies epizootic in Tibet represents a major new challenge for Tibet and national rabies control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Tao
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Mu-Li Li
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Department of Pathology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ciwang Baima
- Tibet Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - Mei Hong
- Tibet Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - Wei Li
- Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yong-Biao Wu
- Wuhou District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan-Rong Li
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Min Zhao
- Department of Parasitology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi
| | - Simon Rayner
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Hybrid Technology Hub - Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Wu-Yang Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Tian H, Feng Y, Vrancken B, Cazelles B, Tan H, Gill MS, Yang Q, Li Y, Yang W, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Lemey P, Pybus OG, Stenseth NC, Zhang H, Dellicour S. Transmission dynamics of re-emerging rabies in domestic dogs of rural China. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007392. [PMID: 30521641 PMCID: PMC6283347 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite ongoing efforts to control transmission, rabies prevention remains a challenge in many developing countries, especially in rural areas of China where re-emerging rabies is under-reported due to a lack of sustained animal surveillance. By taking advantage of detailed genomic and epidemiological data for the re-emerging rabies outbreak in Yunnan Province, China, collected between 1999 and 2015, we reconstruct the demographic and dispersal history of domestic dog rabies virus (RABV) as well as the dynamics of dog-to-dog and dog-to-human transmission. Phylogeographic analyses reveal a lower diffusion coefficient than previously estimated for dog RABV dissemination in northern Africa. Furthermore, epidemiological analyses reveal transmission rates between dogs, as well as between dogs and humans, lower than estimates for Africa. Finally, we show that reconstructed epidemic history of RABV among dogs and the dynamics of rabid dogs are consistent with the recorded human rabies cases. This work illustrates the benefits of combining phylogeographic and epidemic modelling approaches for uncovering the spatiotemporal dynamics of zoonotic diseases, with both approaches providing estimates of key epidemiological parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaiyu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (HT); (HZ); (SD)
| | - Yun Feng
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Dali, China
| | - Bram Vrancken
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Evolutionary and Computational Virology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bernard Cazelles
- Institut de Biologie de l’École Normale Supérieure UMR 8197, Eco-Evolutionary Mathematics, École Normale Supérieure, France
- Unité Mixte Internationnale 209, Mathematical and Computational Modeling of Complex Systems, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement et Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Bondy, France
| | - Hua Tan
- School of Biomedical Informatics, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mandev S. Gill
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Evolutionary and Computational Virology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Qiqi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yidan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Weihong Yang
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Dali, China
| | - Yuzhen Zhang
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Dali, China
| | - Yunzhi Zhang
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Dali, China
| | - Philippe Lemey
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Evolutionary and Computational Virology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Oliver G. Pybus
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nils Chr. Stenseth
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Hailin Zhang
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Dali, China
- * E-mail: (HT); (HZ); (SD)
| | - Simon Dellicour
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Evolutionary and Computational Virology, Leuven, Belgium
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
- * E-mail: (HT); (HZ); (SD)
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Yu PC, Tao XY, Wang LH, Tang Q, Fan LY, Zhang SX, Liu SQ, Lu XX, Wu GZ, Zhu WY. Establishment of a Chinese street rabies virus library and its application for detecting neutralizing activity. Infect Dis Poverty 2018; 7:117. [PMID: 30514379 PMCID: PMC6280407 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-018-0500-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The injection of rabies immune globulin (RIG) is of the utmost importance in the management of category III exposures to rabies-suspect animals. Because of the high cost and limited availability of existing RIG, one possible replacement for RIG is monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against the rabies virus (RABV). Consequently, it is necessary to determine the neutralizing activity of the MAbs against rabies viruses, especially street rabies virus. However, the method to detect the neutralizing activity of MAbs against street rabies virus remains undefined. Methods To establish a method for detecting the neutralizing activity of MAbs against street rabies virus, we constructed a library consisting of 12 strains of street RABV from 11 provinces in China. Using this street RABV library and the Reed–Muench formula, we established a method for detecting the neutralizing titer of the MAbs. The reliability and repeatability of the method were evaluated by repeatedly measuring the neutralizing activity of a MAb and a post vaccination serum. Results A total of 12 strains of street RABV were chosen for inclusion in the street RABV library, which covered six Chinese lineages (China I–China VI) and grew to high titers in N2A cells (> 105 FFD50/ml). On the basis of the library, we constructed the method to detect the neutralizing activity of the MAbs. The results of repeatedly measuring the MAbs and positive serum showed excellent reliability and repeatability of the method established in this study. Conclusions This study established a street RABV library reflecting the epidemiological features of Chinese rabies viruses, which provides a platform for detecting the neutralizing activity of MAbs against rabies viruses circulating in China. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40249-018-0500-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Cheng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Tao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Li-Hua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Qing Tang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Li-Yun Fan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Shu-Xia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Shu-Qing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xue-Xin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Gui-Zhen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Wu-Yang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.
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13
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Tao XY, Li ML, Guo ZY, Yan JH, Zhu WY. Inner Mongolia: A Potential Portal for the Spread of Rabies to Western China. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2018; 19:51-58. [PMID: 30020856 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2017.2248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the number of human rabies cases in China has decreased annually. However, some western provinces with no human cases for more than 10 years have begun to report rabies cases, and all of the rabies lineages that circulated in western China were found in Inner Mongolia as well. In this study, we generated a phylogenetic tree with all the Inner Mongolia rabies strains available in GenBank and our laboratory, as well as strains from western China and representative viruses from neighboring countries, based on the N gene sequence. Furthermore, the possible relationships underlying the spread of the virus within Inner Mongolia and neighboring regions were analyzed. Three of six rabies lineages of China (China I-VI) were shown to exist in Inner Mongolia, and a spatial cluster analysis supported that the China I lineage, the dominant cluster of China, likely spread to Ningxia from Inner Mongolia. Wild raccoon dog rabies (China IV/Arctic-like-2) may have spread to Inner Mongolia from Russia and likely continued to spread to Qinghai and Tibet. The red fox lineage (China III/Cosmopolitan), which likely spread from Russia and Mongolia, has been shown to circulate in Inner Mongolia and was a serious threat to Xinjiang, which is adjacent to Inner Mongolia. Thus, Inner Mongolia likely became a location where national and international rabies viruses collected and developed into a potential portal for the spread of rabies to western China. To effectively control the spread of rabies in China, both prevention and control of dog and wild animal rabies in Inner Mongolia should be a top priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Tao
- 1 Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Mu-Li Li
- 1 Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,2 Department of Pathology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhen-Yang Guo
- 1 Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,3 School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiang-Hong Yan
- 1 Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,4 Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Wu-Yang Zhu
- 1 Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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14
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Wei XK, He XX, Pan Y, Liu C, Tang HB, Zhong YZ, Li XN, Liang JJ, Luo TR. Evolutionary analysis of rabies virus isolates from Guangxi Province of southern China. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:188. [PMID: 29914504 PMCID: PMC6006964 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1514-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rabies is a severe epidemic in Guangxi province, China, with hundreds of deaths occurring each year. In the past six decades, rabies has emerged three times in Guangxi, and the province has reported the largest number of rabies cases in China. The domestic dog is the principal vector for rabies, and 95% of human cases are associated with transmission from dogs. Results To understand the genetic relationship between street rabies virus (RABV) from Guangxi, genetic diversity analysis was performed using RABV isolates collected between 1999 and 2012. The N gene of 42 RABV isolates, and the P and M genes, as well as fragments of the 3′ terminus (L1–680) and the polymerase activity module of the L gene (Lpam) of 36 RABV isolates were sequenced. In addition, whole genome sequencing was performed for 5 RABV isolates. There was evidence of topological discrepancy in the phylogenetic trees based on different genes of the RABV isolates. Amino acid variation of the deduced N protein exhibited different patterns to those obtained from the P and M proteins reported here, and the previously reported G protein (Tang H. et al., PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 8(10): e3114, 2014), and L1–680 and Lpam. These RABV isolates were divided into three main branches against fixed strains. Conclusion RABV is prevalent in Guangxi province and strains collected over the last two decades belong mainly to three groups (I, II, III). These RABV isolates reveal genetic diversity. Individual RABV genes from Guangxi exhibit different evolutionary characteristics. The results will have benefits for continuing comprehensive rabies surveillance, prevention and control in China. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-018-1514-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Kai Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China.,Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology and Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiao-Xia He
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology and Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Yan Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China.,Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology and Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology and Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Hai-Bo Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China.,Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology and Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Yi-Zhi Zhong
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology and Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiao-Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China.,Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology and Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Jing-Jing Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China.,Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology and Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Ting Rong Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China. .,Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology and Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China.
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15
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Chen J, Liu G, Jin T, Zhang R, Ou X, Zhang H, Lin P, Yao D, Chen S, Luo M, Yang F, Huang D, Sun B, Zhang R. Epidemiological and Genetic Characteristics of Rabies Virus Transmitted Through Organ Transplantation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:86. [PMID: 29637047 PMCID: PMC5880885 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In January 2016, two patients died of rabies after receiving kidney transplants from a common organ donor at a hospital in Changsha, Hunan, China. The medical records, epidemiological data of the organ donor, two kidney and a liver recipients were reviewed. Intravitam saliva samples of the two kidney recipients were tested for rabies virus (RABV) using real-time RT-PCR, and the nucleoprotein (N) gene was amplified and sequenced by Sanger sequencing. Whole genome sequences were analyzed using next-generation sequencing. The N genes of the two kidney recipients showed 100% nucleic acid identity. Phylogenetic analysis of the complete genome, N and glycoprotein (G) genes indicated that the RABV was homologous with dog isolates from the Hunan province and belong to the China I lineage, which is widespread in China. The organ donor was a 22-month-old boy who died from unknown acute progressive encephalitis. After undergoing sub-hypothermia hibernation therapy, rabies-associated symptoms were atypical, and rabies was neglected because serum RABV-specific antibodies were negative. An unknown wound on the forehead of the donor was found 2 months before the onset of symptoms. Based on the clinical, epidemiological, and molecular findings, we speculated that the RABV initially originated in the donor from a dog bite, and was then transmitted to the recipients by organ transplantation. An uncertain exposure history and misdiagnosis played important roles in the spread of the RABV. Rabies should be considered in patients with acute progressive encephalitis of unexplained etiology, especially in potential organ donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfang Chen
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China.,Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guang Liu
- China National Genebank-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,Infection Omics Research Institute, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tao Jin
- China National Genebank-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,Infection Omics Research Institute, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Rusheng Zhang
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Xinhua Ou
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Peng Lin
- China National Genebank-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dong Yao
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Shuilian Chen
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Meiling Luo
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dana Huang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Biancheng Sun
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Renli Zhang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
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16
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Lee HS, Thiem VD, Anh DD, Duong TN, Lee M, Grace D, Nguyen-Viet H. Geographical and temporal patterns of rabies post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) incidence in humans in the Mekong River Delta and Southeast Central Coast regions in Vietnam from 2005 to 2015. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194943. [PMID: 29634746 PMCID: PMC5892892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Vietnam, rabies has been a notifiable disease for more than 40 years. Over the last five years, on average, more than 350,000 people per year have been bitten by dogs and cats while more than 80 human deaths have been reported yearly. No studies have been conducted to evaluate the geographical and temporal patterns of rabies in humans in Vietnam. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to assess the geographical and temporal distributions of rabies post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) incidence in humans in Vietnam from 2005 to 2015. METHODS Average incidence rabies (AIR) PEP rates for every 3 or 4 years (2005-2008, 2009-2012 and 2013-2015) were calculated to describe the spatial distribution of rabies PEP. Hotspot analysis was implemented to identify patterns of spatial significance using the Getis-Ord Gi statistic. For temporal pattern analysis, two regions [Mekong River Delta (MRD) and Southeast Central Coast (SCC)], with the highest incidence rates, and the seasonal-decomposition procedure based on loess (STL), were compared to assess their temporal patterns of rabies PEP. FINDINGS We found hotspots in southern Vietnam and coldspots in northern Vietnam during the study period. Rabies cases were limited to specific areas. In addition, the hotspot analysis showed that new risk areas were identified in each period which were not observed in incidence rate maps. The seasonal plots showed seasonal patterns with a strong peak in February/July and a minor peak in October/December in the MRD region. However, in the SCC, a small peak was detected at the early part of each year and a strong peak in the middle of each year. CONCLUSION Our findings provide insight into understanding the geographical and seasonal patterns of rabies PEP in Vietnam. This study provides evidence to aid policy makers when making decisions and investing resources. Such information may also be utilized to raise public awareness to prevent rabies exposures and reduce unnecessary PEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Suk Lee
- International Livestock Research Institute, Hanoi, Vietnam
- * E-mail:
| | - Vu Dinh Thiem
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dang Duc Anh
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tran Nhu Duong
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Mihye Lee
- Medical Microbiology Department, The Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
| | - Delia Grace
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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17
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Fischer S, Freuling CM, Müller T, Pfaff F, Bodenhofer U, Höper D, Fischer M, Marston DA, Fooks AR, Mettenleiter TC, Conraths FJ, Homeier-Bachmann T. Defining objective clusters for rabies virus sequences using affinity propagation clustering. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006182. [PMID: 29357361 PMCID: PMC5794188 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is caused by lyssaviruses, and is one of the oldest known zoonoses. In recent years, more than 21,000 nucleotide sequences of rabies viruses (RABV), from the prototype species rabies lyssavirus, have been deposited in public databases. Subsequent phylogenetic analyses in combination with metadata suggest geographic distributions of RABV. However, these analyses somewhat experience technical difficulties in defining verifiable criteria for cluster allocations in phylogenetic trees inviting for a more rational approach. Therefore, we applied a relatively new mathematical clustering algorythm named ‘affinity propagation clustering’ (AP) to propose a standardized sub-species classification utilizing full-genome RABV sequences. Because AP has the advantage that it is computationally fast and works for any meaningful measure of similarity between data samples, it has previously been applied successfully in bioinformatics, for analysis of microarray and gene expression data, however, cluster analysis of sequences is still in its infancy. Existing (516) and original (46) full genome RABV sequences were used to demonstrate the application of AP for RABV clustering. On a global scale, AP proposed four clusters, i.e. New World cluster, Arctic/Arctic-like, Cosmopolitan, and Asian as previously assigned by phylogenetic studies. By combining AP with established phylogenetic analyses, it is possible to resolve phylogenetic relationships between verifiably determined clusters and sequences. This workflow will be useful in confirming cluster distributions in a uniform transparent manner, not only for RABV, but also for other comparative sequence analyses. Rabies is one of the oldest known zoonoses, caused by lyssaviruses. In recent years, more than 21,000 nucleotide sequences for rabies viruses (RABV) have been deposited in public databases. In this study, a novel mathematical approach called affinity propagation (AP) clustering, a highly powerful tool, to verifiably divide full genome RABV sequences into genetic clusters, was used. A panel of existing and novel RABV full genome sequences was used to demonstrate the application of AP for RABV clustering. Using a combination of AP with established phylogenetic analyses is useful in resolving phylogenetic relationships between more objectively determined clusters and sequences. This workflow will help to substantiate a transparent cluster distribution, not only for RABV, but also for other comparative sequence analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Fischer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Conrad M. Freuling
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Florian Pfaff
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ulrich Bodenhofer
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Dirk Höper
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Mareike Fischer
- Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Denise A. Marston
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Characterization of Lyssaviruses, Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony R. Fooks
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Characterization of Lyssaviruses, Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Franz J. Conraths
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Timo Homeier-Bachmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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18
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Zhang JM, Zhang ZS, Deng YQ, Wu SL, Wang W, Yan YS. Incidence of human rabies and characterization of rabies virus nucleoprotein gene in dogs in Fujian Province, Southeast China, 2002-2012. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:599. [PMID: 28854892 PMCID: PMC5577672 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2698-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rabies is a global fatal infectious viral disease that is characterized by a high mortality after onset of clinical symptoms. Recently, there has been an increase in the incidence of rabies in China. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of human rabies and characterize the rabies virus nucleoprotein gene in dogs sampled from Fujian Province, Southeast China from 2002 to 2012. Methods Data pertaining to human rabies cases in Fujian Province during the period from 2002 through 2012 were collected, and the epidemiological profiles were described. The saliva and brain specimens were collected from dogs in Quanzhou, Longyan and Sanming cities of the province, and the rabies virus antigen was determined in the canine saliva specimens using an ELISA assay. Rabies virus RNA was extracted from canine brain specimens, and rabies virus nucleoprotein gene was amplified using a nested RT-PCR assay, followed by sequencing and genotyping. Results A total of 226 human rabies cases were reported in Fujian Province from 2002 to 2012, in which 197 cases were detected in three cities of Quanzhou, Longyan and Sanming. ELISA assay revealed positive rabies virus antigen in six of eight rabid dogs and 165 of 3492 seemingly healthy dogs. The full-length gene fragment of the rabies virus nucleoprotein gene was amplified from the brain specimens of seven rabid dogs and 12 seemingly healthy dogs. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis revealed that these 19 rabies virus nucleoprotein genes all belonged to genotype I, and were classified into three genetic groups. Sequencing analysis showed a 99.7% to 100% intra-group and an 86.4% to 89.3% inter-group homology. Conclusions This study is the first description pertaining to the epidemiological characteristics of human rabies cases and characterization of the rabies virus nucleoprotein gene in dogs in Fujian Province, Southeast China. Our findings may provide valuable knowledge for the development of strategies targeting the prevention and control of rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ming Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Quanzhou First Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 248 East Street, Quanzhou City, Fujian Province, 362002, China.,School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, 350004, China
| | - Zhi-Shan Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Quanzhou First Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 248 East Street, Quanzhou City, Fujian Province, 362002, China.
| | - Yan-Qin Deng
- Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, 350001, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, 350001, China
| | - Shou-Li Wu
- School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, 350004, China.,Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, 350001, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, 350001, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, No. 117 Yangxiang, Meiyuan, Wuxi City, Jiangsu Province, 214064, China. .,Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi City, Jiangsu Province, 214064, China. .,Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasites and Vector Control Technology, Wuxi City, Jiangsu Province, 214064, China.
| | - Yan-Sheng Yan
- School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, 350004, China.,Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, 350001, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, 350001, China
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19
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Molecular characterization of atypical antigenic variants of canine rabies virus reveals its reintroduction by wildlife vectors in southeastern Mexico. Arch Virol 2017; 162:3629-3637. [PMID: 28819692 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3529-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Rabies is an infectious viral disease that is practically always fatal following the onset of clinical signs. In Mexico, the last case of human rabies transmitted by dogs was reported in 2006 and canine rabies has declined significantly due to vaccination campaigns implemented in the country. Here we report on the molecular characterization of six rabies virus strains found in Yucatan and Chiapas, remarkably, four of them showed an atypical reaction pattern when antigenic characterization with a reduced panel of eight monoclonal antibodies was performed. Phylogenetic analyses on the RNA sequences unveiled that the three atypical strains from Yucatan are associated with skunks. Analysis using the virus entire genome showed that they belong to a different lineage distinct from the variants described for this animal species in Mexico. The Chiapas atypical strain was grouped in a lineage that was considered extinct, while the others are clustered within classic dog variants.
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20
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Ma C, Hao X, Deng H, Wu R, Liu J, Yang Y, Li S, Han Y, Wei M, Zhang J, Wang J, Li H, Tian H, Xu B, Yu P, Wu X. Re-emerging of rabies in Shaanxi province, China, from 2009 to 2015. J Med Virol 2017; 89:1511-1519. [PMID: 28112421 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
To explore the epidemiological, phylogeographic, and migration characteristics of human rabies in Shaanxi province, China from 2009 to 2015. The collected data were described and the sequenced glycoprotein (G) and nucleoprotein (N) genes were implemented to estimate the evolutionary rates and phylogeographic patterns using BEAST v.1.8.2. A total of 269 rabies cases were reported and 70.26% of the cases were male and 61.71% were between the ages of 19-59. The majority of the cases were farmers (83.27%). The estimated evolutionary rate of the N genes was 2.4 × 10-4 substitutions/site/year and the G genes was 3.4 × 10-4 . The time of the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) was estimated around 1990. We detected viral migration paths from Sichuan, Guizhou, and Hunan to Hanzhong prefecture of Shaanxi and then spreaded to Xi'an and other prefectures. The main population affected by rabies virus was male adult farmers. The evolution rate of rabies viruses in Shaanxi was similar with the prior results reported by others and the ancestor virus should be circulating in neighboring province Sichuan around 1990 and then transmitted to Shaanxi. Promptly standard wound treatment and timely post-exposure prophylaxis should be compulsory for the dog-bitten victims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaofeng Ma
- Xi'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoyun Hao
- Xi'an Medical Emergency Center, Xi'an, China
| | | | - Rui Wu
- Xi'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, China
| | - Jifeng Liu
- Xi'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Xi'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, China
| | - Shen Li
- Shaanxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, China
| | - Yifei Han
- Hanzhong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, China
| | - Mingmin Wei
- Weinan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, China
| | - Junjun Zhang
- Xianyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingjun Wang
- Shaanxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, China
| | - Hengxin Li
- Xi'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, China
| | - Huaiyu Tian
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Xu
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Pengbo Yu
- Shaanxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaokang Wu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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21
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Shi N, Zhang Y, Zheng H, Zhu Z, Wang D, Li S, Li Y, Yang L, Zhang J, Bai Y, Lu Q, Zhang Z, Luo F, Yu C, Li L. Immunogenicity, safety and antibody persistence of a purified vero cell cultured rabies vaccine (Speeda) administered by the Zagreb regimen or Essen regimen in post-exposure subjects. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:1-8. [PMID: 28121231 PMCID: PMC5489304 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1279770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To compare the safety, immunogenicity and long-term effect of a purified vero cell cultured rabies vaccine in post-exposure subjects following 2 intramuscular regimens, Zagreb or Essen regimen. METHODS Serum samples were collected before vaccination and on days 7, 14, 42, 180 and 365 post vaccination. Solicited adverse events were recorded for 7 d following each vaccine dose, and unsolicited adverse events throughout the entire study period. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01821911 and NCT01827917). RESULTS No serious adverse events were reported. Although Zagreb regimen had a higher incidence of adverse reactions than Essen regimen at the first and second injection, the incidence was similar at the third and fourth injection between these 2 groups as well. At day 42, 100% subjects developed adequate rabies virus neutralizing antibody concentrations (≥ 0.5IU/ml) for both regimens. At days 180 and 365, the antibody level decreased dramatically, however, the percentage of subjects with adequate antibody concentrations still remained high (above 75% and 50% respectively). None of confirmed rabies virus exposured subjects had rabies one year later, and percentage of subjects with adequate antibody concentrations reached 100% at days 14 and 42. CONCLUSIONS Rabies post-exposure prophylaxis vaccination with PVRV following a Zagreb regimen had a similar safety, immunogenicity and long-term effect to the Essen regimen in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianmin Shi
- Chaoyang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yibin Zhang
- Liaoning Chengda biological Limited by Share Ltd, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Huizhen Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhenggang Zhu
- Wuhan City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Dingming Wang
- Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, P.R. China
| | - Sihai Li
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Yuhua Li
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Liqing Yang
- Chaoyang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Junnan Zhang
- Chaoyang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yunhua Bai
- Chaoyang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Lu
- Chaoyang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Chaoyang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Fengji Luo
- Chaoyang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Chun Yu
- Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, P.R. China
| | - Li Li
- Chaoyang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P.R. China
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Zhang Y, Vrancken B, Feng Y, Dellicour S, Yang Q, Yang W, Zhang Y, Dong L, Pybus OG, Zhang H, Tian H. Cross-border spread, lineage displacement and evolutionary rate estimation of rabies virus in Yunnan Province, China. Virol J 2017; 14:102. [PMID: 28578663 PMCID: PMC5457581 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0769-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rabies is an important but underestimated threat to public health, with most cases reported in Asia. Since 2000, a new epidemic wave of rabies has emerged in Yunnan Province, southwestern China, which borders three countries in Southeast Asia. Method We estimated gene-specific evolutionary rates for rabies virus using available data in GenBank, then used this information to calibrate the timescale of rabies virus (RABV) spread in Asia. We used 452 publicly available geo-referenced complete nucleoprotein (N) gene sequences, including 52 RABV sequences that were recently generated from samples collected in Yunnan between 2008 and 2012. Results The RABV N gene evolutionary rate was estimated to be 1.88 × 10−4 (1.37–2.41 × 10−4, 95% Bayesian credible interval, BCI) substitutions per site per year. Phylogenetic reconstructions show that the currently circulating RABV lineages in Yunnan result from at least seven independent introductions (95% BCI: 6–9 introductions) and represent each of the three main Asian RABV lineages, SEA-1, -2 and -3. We find that Yunnan is a sink location for the domestic spread of RABV and connects RABV epidemics in North China, South China, and Southeast Asia. Cross-border spread from southeast Asia (SEA) into South China, and intermixing of the North and South China epidemics is also well supported. The influx of RABV into Yunnan from SEA was not well-supported, likely due to the poor sampling of SEA RABV diversity. We found evidence for a lineage displacement of the Yunnan SEA-2 and -3 lineages by Yunnan SEA-1 strains, and considered whether this could be attributed to fitness differences. Conclusion Overall, our study contributes to a better understanding of the spread of RABV that could facilitate future rabies virus control and prevention efforts. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-017-0769-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Zhang
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Dali, China
| | - Bram Vrancken
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yun Feng
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Dali, China
| | - Simon Dellicour
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Qiqi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Weihong Yang
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Dali, China
| | - Yunzhi Zhang
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Dali, China
| | - Lu Dong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Hailin Zhang
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Dali, China.
| | - Huaiyu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
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23
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Ruan S. Modeling the transmission dynamics and control of rabies in China. Math Biosci 2017; 286:65-93. [PMID: 28188732 PMCID: PMC7094565 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Human rabies was first recorded in ancient China in about 556 BC and is still one of the major public-health problems in China. From 1950 to 2015, 130,494 human rabies cases were reported in Mainland China with an average of 1977 cases per year. It is estimated that 95% of these human rabies cases are due to dog bites. The purpose of this article is to provide a review about the models, results, and simulations that we have obtained recently on studying the transmission of rabies in China. We first construct a basic susceptible, exposed, infectious, and recovered (SEIR) type model for the spread of rabies virus among dogs and from dogs to humans and use the model to simulate the human rabies data in China from 1996 to 2010. Then we modify the basic model by including both domestic and stray dogs and apply the model to simulate the human rabies data from Guangdong Province, China. To study the seasonality of rabies, in Section 4 we further propose a SEIR model with periodic transmission rates and employ the model to simulate the monthly data of human rabies cases reported by the Chinese Ministry of Health from January 2004 to December 2010. To understand the spatial spread of rabies, in Section 5 we add diffusion to the dog population in the basic SEIR model to obtain a reaction-diffusion equation model and determine the minimum wave speed connecting the disease-free equilibrium to the endemic equilibrium. Finally, in order to investigate how the movement of dogs affects the geographically inter-provincial spread of rabies in Mainland China, in Section 6 we propose a multi-patch model to describe the transmission dynamics of rabies between dogs and humans and use the two-patch submodel to investigate the rabies virus clades lineages and to simulate the human rabies data from Guizhou and Guangxi, Hebei and Fujian, and Sichuan and Shaanxi, respectively. Some discussions are provided in Section 7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigui Ruan
- Department of Mathematics, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA.
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24
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Tricou V, Bouscaillou J, Kamba Mebourou E, Koyanongo FD, Nakouné E, Kazanji M. Surveillance of Canine Rabies in the Central African Republic: Impact on Human Health and Molecular Epidemiology. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004433. [PMID: 26859829 PMCID: PMC4747513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although rabies represents an important public health threat, it is still a neglected disease in Asia and Africa where it causes tens of thousands of deaths annually despite available human and animal vaccines. In the Central African Republic (CAR), an endemic country for rabies, this disease remains poorly investigated. METHODS To evaluate the extent of the threat that rabies poses in the CAR, we analyzed data for 2012 from the National Reference Laboratory for Rabies, where laboratory confirmation was performed by immunofluorescence and PCR for both animal and human suspected cases, and data from the only anti-rabies dispensary of the country and only place where post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is available. Both are located in Bangui, the capital of the CAR. For positive samples, a portion of the N gene was amplified and sequenced to determine the molecular epidemiology of circulating strains. RESULTS In 2012, 966 exposed persons visited the anti-rabies dispensary and 632 received a post-exposure rabies vaccination. More than 90% of the exposed persons were from Bangui and its suburbs and almost 60% of them were under 15-years of age. No rabies-related human death was confirmed. Of the 82 samples from suspected rabid dogs tested, 69 were confirmed positive. Most of the rabid dogs were owned although unvaccinated. There was a strong spatiotemporal correlation within Bangui and within the country between reported human exposures and detection of rabid dogs (P<0.001). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that three variants belonging to Africa I and II lineages actively circulated in 2012. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that canine rabies was endemic in the CAR in 2012 and had a detrimental impact on human health as shown by the hundreds of exposed persons who received PEP. Implementation of effective public health interventions including mass dog vaccination and improvement of the surveillance and the access to PEP are urgently needed in this country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vianney Tricou
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Fidèle Dieudonné Koyanongo
- Service de Santé Publique Vétérinaire, Agence Nationale du Développement de l'Elevage, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Emmanuel Nakouné
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic
- Laboratoire National de Référence pour la Rage, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Mirdad Kazanji
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic
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25
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Tao XY, Guo ZY, Li H, Jiao WT, Shen XX, Zhu WY, Rayner S, Tang Q. Rabies Cases in the West of China Have Two Distinct Origins. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004140. [PMID: 26484668 PMCID: PMC4618851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In China, rabies remains an ongoing threat to public health. Although control efforts have been effective in reducing the number of annual cases, the virus continues to spread into new areas. Tibet, Qinghai, Gansu and Ningxia in western China have, until recently, reported only a handful of events. However, since 2011, there have been increasing numbers of cases recorded in these areas. In this study, we report the collection and analysis of samples collected from these regions. We find that cases originate from two different sources. Strains collected from Gansu and Ningxia are closely related to the primary lineage associated with the current epizootic, whereas those from Tibet and Qinghai are related to the Arctic-like-2 lineage that is most commonly associated with wildlife cases in China. Thus, it appears that while the epizootic is beginning to encroach into Gansu and Ningxia, Tibet and Qinghai a significant number of rabies cases originate from wildlife. Overall, the number of annual cases of human rabies reported in China has been decreasing since 2007. However, some Western provinces, where few human cases have been reported in recent years, are beginning to see increasing incidence of rabies. Specifically, Ningxia, Qinghai and Gansu began to report human cases respectively from 2011, 2012 and 2013, while Tibet had its first laboratory confirmed dog rabies case in 2012. Consequently, as part of the national rabies surveillance program, we collected specimens from biting dogs or human saliva from suspected rabies cases in these areas, and after sequencing positive samples, performed a phylogenetic analysis based on the nucleoprotein gene complete sequences. Our results indicate that while Ningxia and Gansu rabies strains are very close to the lineage associated with most cases in mainland China, Tibet and Qinghai strains belong to the global Arctic-like-2 clade, which is typically associated with wild life in China and neighboring countries. Thus, it appears that, rabies reemergence in the west of China has two distinct origins, and Tibet and Qinghai rabies cases were isolated events rather than an indication of the ongoing epizootic in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Tao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhen-Yang Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wen-Tao Jiao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Xin Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wu-Yang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Simon Rayner
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- * E-mail: (SR); (QT)
| | - Qing Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail: (SR); (QT)
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Brunker K, Marston DA, Horton DL, Cleaveland S, Fooks AR, Kazwala R, Ngeleja C, Lembo T, Sambo M, Mtema ZJ, Sikana L, Wilkie G, Biek R, Hampson K. Elucidating the phylodynamics of endemic rabies virus in eastern Africa using whole-genome sequencing. Virus Evol 2015; 1:vev011. [PMID: 27774283 PMCID: PMC5014479 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vev011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Many of the pathogens perceived to pose the greatest risk to humans are viral zoonoses, responsible for a range of emerging and endemic infectious diseases. Phylogeography is a useful tool to understand the processes that give rise to spatial patterns and drive dynamics in virus populations. Increasingly, whole-genome information is being used to uncover these patterns, but the limits of phylogenetic resolution that can be achieved with this are unclear. Here, whole-genome variation was used to uncover fine-scale population structure in endemic canine rabies virus circulating in Tanzania. This is the first whole-genome population study of rabies virus and the first comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of rabies virus in East Africa, providing important insights into rabies transmission in an endemic system. In addition, sub-continental scale patterns of population structure were identified using partial gene data and used to determine population structure at larger spatial scales in Africa. While rabies virus has a defined spatial structure at large scales, increasingly frequent levels of admixture were observed at regional and local levels. Discrete phylogeographic analysis revealed long-distance dispersal within Tanzania, which could be attributed to human-mediated movement, and we found evidence of multiple persistent, co-circulating lineages at a very local scale in a single district, despite on-going mass dog vaccination campaigns. This may reflect the wider endemic circulation of these lineages over several decades alongside increased admixture due to human-mediated introductions. These data indicate that successful rabies control in Tanzania could be established at a national level, since most dispersal appears to be restricted within the confines of country borders but some coordination with neighbouring countries may be required to limit transboundary movements. Evidence of complex patterns of rabies circulation within Tanzania necessitates the use of whole-genome sequencing to delineate finer scale population structure that can that can guide interventions, such as the spatial scale and design of dog vaccination campaigns and dog movement controls to achieve and maintain freedom from disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstyn Brunker
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; The Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Woodham Lane, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Denise A Marston
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Woodham Lane, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Daniel L Horton
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Woodham Lane, KT15 3NB, UK; School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Sarah Cleaveland
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; The Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Anthony R Fooks
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Woodham Lane, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Rudovick Kazwala
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Chanasa Ngeleja
- Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania, Temeke Veterinary, Mandela Road, P.O. BOX 9254
| | - Tiziana Lembo
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; The Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Maganga Sambo
- Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, United Republic of Tanzania, P.O. Box 53
| | - Zacharia J Mtema
- Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, United Republic of Tanzania, P.O. Box 53
| | - Lwitiko Sikana
- Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, United Republic of Tanzania, P.O. Box 53
| | - Gavin Wilkie
- MRC Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Sir Michael Stoker Building, Garscube Campus, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Roman Biek
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; The Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Katie Hampson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; The Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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El-Tholoth M, El-Beskawy M, Hamed MF. Identification and genetic characterization of rabies virus from Egyptian water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) bitten by a fox. Virusdisease 2015; 26:141-6. [PMID: 26396980 PMCID: PMC4571590 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-015-0263-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is caused by negative strand RNA-virus classified in the genus Lyssavirus, family Rhabdoviridae of the order Mononegavirales. The aim of the present study was to identify and analyze nucleotides sequence of nucleoprotein (N) gene of rabies virus (RABV) from two cases of water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) bitten by a fox in Egypt, 2013. The diseased buffaloes showed nervous manifestations with fever. Specimens from brains of the buffaloes with suspected rabies were collected. RABV in collected samples was identified using direct fluorescent antibody (dFA) technique, histopathological examination and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Also, nucleotides sequence of partially amplified nucleoprotein (N) gene was compared with the other street strains of RABV available on GenBank. The results revealed that RABV antigen was identified in the brains of diseased buffaloes by dFA technique and the characteristic intracytoplasmic inclusions (Negri bodies) and RABV nucleic acid were detected by histopathology and RT-PCR, respectively. The identified virus showed close genetic relationship with street strains identified previously from dogs in different Governorates in Egypt and with strains identified in Israel and Jordan indicating transmission of the virus between Egyptian Governorates with a potential transmission from and/or to our neighboring countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El-Tholoth
- />Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516 Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Beskawy
- />Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohamed F. Hamed
- />Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Zhang HL, Zhang YZ, Yang WH, Tao XY, Li H, Ding JC, Feng Y, Yang DJ, Zhang J, He J, Shen XX, Wang LH, Zhang YZ, Song M, Tang Q. Molecular epidemiology of reemergent rabies in Yunnan Province, southwestern China. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 20:1433-42. [PMID: 25144604 PMCID: PMC4178403 DOI: 10.3201/eid2009.130440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This province is a focal point for spread of rabies between Southeast Asia and China. Yunnan Province in China borders 3 countries (Vietnam, Laos, and Myanmar) in Southeast Asia. In the 1980s, a large-scale rabies epidemic occurred in this province, which subsided by the late 1990s. However, 3 human cases of rabies in 2000 indicated reemergence of the disease in 1 county. In 2012, rabies was detected in 77 counties; 663 persons died of rabies during this new epidemic. Fifty two rabies virus strains obtained during 2008–2012 were identified and analyzed phylogenetically by sequencing the nucleoprotein gene. Of the 4 clades identified, clades YN-A and YN-C were closely related to strains from neighboring provinces, and clade YN-B was closely related to strains from Southeast Asia, but formed a distinct branch. Rabies virus diversity might be attributed to dog movements among counties, provinces, and neighboring countries. These findings suggest that Yunnan Province is a focal point for spread of rabies between Southeast Asia and China.
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Gundamaraju R, Vemuri RC, Sau Kuen L, Manikam R, Singla RK, Sekaran SD, Chakrapani R. The science of rabies in tropical regions: From epidemiological pandemonium to prevention. FRONTIERS IN LIFE SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/21553769.2015.1041186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Tang HB, Pan Y, Wei XK, Lu ZL, Lu W, Yang J, He XX, Xie LJ, Zeng L, Zheng LF, Xiong Y, Minamoto N, Luo TR. Re-emergence of rabies in the Guangxi province of Southern China. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3114. [PMID: 25275567 PMCID: PMC4183421 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human rabies cases in the Guangxi province of China decreased from 839 in 1982 to 24 in 1995, but subsequently underwent a sharp increase, and has since maintained a high level. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS 3,040 brain samples from normal dogs and cats were collected from 14 districts of Guangxi and assessed by RT-PCR. The brain samples showed an average rabies virus (RV) positivity rate of 3.26%, but reached 4.71% for the period Apr 2002 to Dec 2003. A total of 30 isolates were obtained from normal dogs and 28 isolates from rabid animals by the mouse inoculation test (MIT). Six representative group I and II RV isolates showed an LD50 of 10-5.35/ml to 10-6.19/ml. The reactivity of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to group I and II RV isolates from the Guangxi major epidemic showed that eight anti-G MAbs showed strong reactivity with isolates of group I and II with titers of ≥10,000; however, the MAbs 9-6, 13-3 and 12-14 showed lower reactivity. Phylogenetic analysis based on the G gene demonstrated that the Guangxi RV isolates have similar topologies with strong bootstrap values and are closely bonded. Alignment of deduced amino acids revealed that the mature G protein has four substitutions A96S, L132F, N436S, and A447I specific to group I, and 13 substitutions T90M, Y168C, S204G, T249I, P253S, S289T, V332I, Q382H, V427I, L474P, R463K Q486H, and T487N specific to group II, coinciding with the phylogenetic analysis of the isolates. CONCLUSIONS Re-emergence of human rabies has mainly occurred in rural areas of Guangxi since 1996. The human rabies incidence rate increased is related with RV positive rate of normal dogs. The Guangxi isolates tested showed a similar pathogenicity and antigenicity. The results of phylogenetic analysis coincide with that of alignment of deduced amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Bo Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Guangxi, China
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Guangxi, China
| | - Yan Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Guangxi, China
| | - Xian-Kai Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Guangxi, China
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhuan-Ling Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Guangxi, China
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Guangxi, China
| | - Wu Lu
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Guangxi, China
| | - Jian Yang
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiao-Xia He
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Guangxi, China
| | - Lin-Juan Xie
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Guangxi, China
| | - Lan Zeng
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Guangxi, China
| | - Lie-Feng Zheng
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangxi, China
| | - Yi Xiong
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangxi, China
| | - Nobuyuki Minamoto
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Guangxi, China
| | - Ting Rong Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Guangxi, China
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Guangxi, China
- * E-mail:
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Tang HB, Lu ZL, Zhong YZ, He XX, Zhong TZ, Pan Y, Wei XK, Luo Y, Liao SH, Minamoto N, Luo TR. Characterization of the biological properties and complete genome sequence analysis of a cattle-derived rabies virus isolate from the Guangxi province of southern China. Virus Genes 2014; 49:417-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-014-1108-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Song M, Tang Q, Rayner S, Tao XY, Li H, Guo ZY, Shen XX, Jiao WT, Fang W, Wang J, Liang GD. Human rabies surveillance and control in China, 2005-2012. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:212. [PMID: 24742224 PMCID: PMC4004447 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rabies reemerged in China during the 1990s with a gradual increase in the number and geographical dispersion of cases. As a consequence, a national surveillance program was introduced in 2005 to investigate the outbreak in terms of vaccination coverage, PEP treatment, and geographical and social composition. Methods The surveillance program was coordinated at the national level by the Chinese Center for Disease Control (CCDC) with data collected by regional health centres and provincial CCDCs, and from other official sources. Various statistical and multivariate analysis techniques were then used to evaluate the role and significance of implemented policies and strategies related to rabies prevention and control over this period. Results From 2005–2012, 19,221 cases were reported across 30 provinces, but these primarily occurred in rural areas of southern and eastern China, and were predominantly associated with farmers, students and preschool children. In particular, detailed analysis of fatalities reported from 2010 to 2011 shows they were associated with very low rates of post exposure treatment compared to the cases with standard PEP. Nevertheless, regulation of post-exposure prophylaxis quality, together with improved management and vaccination of domesticated animals, has improved prevention and control of rabies. Conclusions The various control policies implemented by the government has played a key role in reducing rabies incidences in China. However, level of PEP treatment varies according to sex, age, degree and site of exposure, as well as the source of infection. Regulation of PEP quality together with improved management and vaccination of domesticated animals have also helped to improve prevention and control of rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qing Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Tao XY, Tang Q, Rayner S, Guo ZY, Li H, Lang SL, Yin CP, Han N, Fang W, Adams J, Song M, Liang GD. Molecular phylodynamic analysis indicates lineage displacement occurred in Chinese rabies epidemics between 1949 to 2010. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2294. [PMID: 23875035 PMCID: PMC3708843 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies remains a serious problem in China with three epidemics since 1949 and the country in the midst of the third epidemic. Significantly, the control of each outbreak has been followed by a rapid reemergence of the disease. In 2005, the government implemented a rabies national surveillance program that included the collection and screening of almost 8,000 samples. In this work, we analyzed a Chinese dataset comprising 320 glycoprotein sequences covering 23 provinces and eight species, spanning the second and third epidemics. Specifically, we investigated whether the three epidemics are associated with a single reemerging lineage or a different lineage was responsible for each epidemic. Consistent with previous results, phylogenetic analysis identified six lineages, China I to VI. Analysis of the geographical composition of these lineages revealed they are consistent with human case data and reflect the gradual emergence of China I in the third epidemic. Initially, China I was restricted to south China and China II was dominant. However, as the epidemic began to spread into new areas, China I began to emerge, whereas China II remained confined to south China. By the latter part of the surveillance period, almost all isolates were China I and contributions from the remaining lineages were minimal. The prevalence of China II in the early stages of the third epidemic and its established presence in wildlife suggests that it too replaced a previously dominant lineage during the second epidemic. This lineage replacement may be a consequence of control programs that were dominated by dog culling efforts as the primary control method in the first two epidemics. This had the effect of reducing dominant strains to levels comparable with other localized background stains. Our results indicate the importance of effective control strategies for long term control of the disease. Since 1949, there have been three rabies epidemics in China. The country is currently in the midst of a third epidemic. After the first two epidemics were brought under control, there was a rapid reemergence of the disease. In 2005, the government implemented a national surveillance program and as part of this work, samples were collected from humans and animals and screened for rabies. Positive samples were sequenced and combined with other publicly available sequences to form a dataset that spanned almost all epidemic regions in China. A phylogenetic tree was constructed the clustering of isolates according to geographic origin and lineage was investigated. We found that most isolates were grouped into two lineages China I and China II. However, the proportion of isolates in these lineages changed over time until almost all new isolates were placed in China I, indicating it has emerged as the dominant lineage. Furthermore, the significantly higher number of China II isolates compared to remaining lineages together with its established presence in wildlife suggests that it was dominant in the second epidemic, suggesting that lineage replacement also occurred during the previous epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Tao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (QT); (SR)
| | - Simon Rayner
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- * E-mail: (QT); (SR)
| | - Zhen-Yang Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Lin Lang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Cui-Ping Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Na Han
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Fang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - James Adams
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Miao Song
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Liupanshui Vocational and Technical College, Liupanshui, Guizhou, China
| | - Guo-Dong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Tao X, Guo Z, Li H, Han N, Tang Q, Liang G. Investigation of the evolutionary history of the lyssaviruses. Virol Sin 2013; 28:186-9. [PMID: 23760598 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-013-3334-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Investigation and analysis of rabies viral infection and distribution in China in 2005-2012. Virol Sin 2013; 28:183-5. [PMID: 23689982 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-013-3324-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Ward MP. Review of rabies epidemiology and control in South, South East and East Asia: past, present and prospects for elimination. Zoonoses Public Health 2013. [PMID: 23180493 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2012.01489.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is a serious public health problem in Asia. It causes substantial animal welfare, economic and human health impacts, with approximately 39,000 human deaths each year. Domestic dogs are the main reservoir and source of rabies in Asia. Common constraints for the control of rabies in the countries of Asia include inadequate resources; lack of political commitment to control programs; lack of consensus on strategy; weak intersectoral coordination and inadequate management structure; insensitive surveillance systems; limited accessibility to modern rabies vaccine and supply problems; lack of public awareness and public cooperation; and the existence of myths and religious issues. In this review, we summarize the epidemiology of rabies in both human and animals in each South and South East Asian country, the past and current approaches to control and the prospect for rabies elimination. We conclude that defining the cost of rabies to society and communicating this to decisionmakers might be the key to achieving such an advance.
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Molecular characterization of China human rabies vaccine strains. Virol Sin 2013; 28:116-23. [PMID: 23575734 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-013-3314-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the molecular characteristics of China human rabies vaccine strains, we report the full-length genome of the aG strain and present a comprehensive analysis of this strain and almost all available lyssavirus genomes (58 strains) from GenBank (as of Jan 6, 2011). It is generally considered that the G protein plays a predominant role in determining the pathogenicity of the virus, to this end we predicted the tertiary structure of the G protein of aG strain, CTN181 strain and wild type strain HN10 based on the crystal structure of Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) G. The predicted RABV G structure has a similar topology to VSV G and the ectodomain can be divided into 4 distinct domains DI - DIV. By mapping the characterized mutations to this structure between China vaccine strains and their close street strains, we speculate that the G303(P-H) mutations of CTN181 and HN10 causing DII 3D change may be associated with the II attenuated virulence in both strains. Specifically, the two signature mutations (G165P and G231P) in the aG strain are within ßsheets, suggesting that both sites are of structural importance.
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Genetic diversity and molecular evolution of the rabies virus matrix protein gene in China. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 16:248-53. [PMID: 23453987 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the diversity of rabies virus (RABV) matrix protein (M) gene in the current Chinese rabies epidemic, we fully examined M gene of 63 street RABVs (Virus isolated from naturally infected animals), and performed phylogenetic and mutational analysis. Our results indicate that the Chinese RABV M gene is well conserved with 90.6% to 100% amino acid similarity. Analysis of the mutations indicates that the sequences can be divided into four groups with each group defined by distinct substitutions. The PPxY motif and residue E58, which are essential for efficient virus production and pathogenicity, were completely conserved. The estimated mean rate of nucleotide substitution was 4.6×10(-4) substitutions per site per year, and the estimated average time of the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) was 265 years ago based on the M gene of Chinese street RABVs, which are similar to previously reported values for the glycoprotein (G) and nucleoprotein (N) gene. This indicates that the genomic RNA of RABVs circulating worldwide is stable; G, N and M genes are evolving at a similar rate. This study showed that although the Chinese RABV strains could be divided into distinct clades based on the phylogenetic analysis, their functional domains of M proteins were highly conserved.
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Complete genome sequence of a rabies virus isolate from cattle in guangxi, southern china. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2013; 1:genomeA00137-12. [PMID: 23405368 PMCID: PMC3569373 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00137-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A street rabies virus (RV) isolate, GXHXN, was obtained from brain tissue of rabid cattle in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of China in 2009. GXHXN is the first isolate from cattle in China with its entire genome sequenced and is closely related to BJ2011E from horse in Beijing, WH11 from donkey in the Hubei Province, and isolates from dogs in the Guangxi and Fujian Provinces, with homologies of 97.6% to 99.6%. It is more distantly related to isolates from domestic cat, pig, Chinese ferret badger, and vaccine strains, with homologies of 83.1% to 88.0%.
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40
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Guo Z, Tao X, Yin C, Han N, Yu J, Li H, Liu H, Fang W, Adams J, Wang J, Liang G, Tang Q, Rayner S. National borders effectively halt the spread of rabies: the current rabies epidemic in China is dislocated from cases in neighboring countries. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2039. [PMID: 23383359 PMCID: PMC3561166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
China has seen a massive resurgence of rabies cases in the last 15 years with more than 25,000 human fatalities. Initial cases were reported in the southwest but are now reported in almost every province. There have been several phylogenetic investigations into the origin and spread of the virus within China but few reports investigating the impact of the epidemic on neighboring countries. We therefore collected nucleoprotein sequences from China and South East Asia and investigated their phylogenetic and phylogeographic relationship. Our results indicate that within South East Asia, isolates mainly cluster according to their geographic origin. We found evidence of sporadic exchange of strains between neighboring countries, but it appears that the major strain responsible for the current Chinese epidemic has not been exported. This suggests that national geographical boundaries and border controls are effective at halting the spread of rabies from China into adjacent regions. We further investigated the geographic structure of Chinese sequences and found that the current epidemic is dominated by variant strains that were likely present at low levels in previous domestic epidemics. We also identified epidemiological linkages between high incidence provinces consistent with observations based on surveillance data from human rabies cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyang Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory for Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoyan Tao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Cuiping Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Na Han
- State Key Laboratory for Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jinning Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Haizhou Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - James Adams
- State Key Laboratory for Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Guodong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (QT); (SR)
| | - Simon Rayner
- State Key Laboratory for Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- * E-mail: (QT); (SR)
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Wang L, Wu H, Tao X, Li H, Rayner S, Liang G, Tang Q. Genetic and evolutionary characterization of RABVs from China using the phosphoprotein gene. Virol J 2013; 10:14. [PMID: 23294868 PMCID: PMC3548735 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the function of the phosphoprotein (P) gene of the rabies virus (RABV) has been well studied in laboratory adapted RABVs, the genetic diversity and evolution characteristics of the P gene of street RABVs remain unclear. The objective of the present study was to investigate the mutation and evolution of P genes in Chinese street RABVs. RESULTS The P gene of 77 RABVs from brain samples of dogs and wild animals collected in eight Chinese provinces through 2003 to 2008 were sequenced. The open reading frame (ORF) of the P genes was 894 nucleotides (nt) in length, with 85-99% (80-89%) amino acid (nucleotide) identity compared with the laboratory RABVs and vaccine strains. Phylogenetic analysis based on the P gene revealed that Chinese RABVs strains could be divided into two distinct clades, and several RABV variants were found to co circulating in the same province. Two conserved (CD1, 2) and two variable (VD1, 2) domains were identified by comparing the deduced primary sequences of the encoded P proteins. Two sequence motifs, one believed to confer binding to the cytoplasmic dynein light chain LC8 and a lysine-rich sequence were conserved throughout the Chinese RABVs. In contrast, the isolates exhibited lower conservation of one phosphate acceptor and one internal translation initiation site identified in the P protein of the rabies challenge virus standard (CVS) strain. Bayesian coalescent analysis showed that the P gene in Chinese RABVs have a substitution rate (3.305x10(-4) substitutions per site per year) and evolution history (592 years ago) similar to values for the glycoprotein (G) and nucleoprotein (N) reported previously. CONCLUSION Several substitutions were found in the P gene of Chinese RABVs strains compared to the laboratory adapted and vaccine strains, whether these variations could affect the biological characteristics of Chinese RABVs need to be further investigated. The substitution rate and evolution history of P gene is similar to G and N gene, combine the topology of phylogenetic tree based on the P gene is similar to the G and N gene trees, indicate that the P, G and N genes are equally valid for examining the phylogenetics of RABVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai St., Changping Dist, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Hui Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai St., Changping Dist, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xiaoyan Tao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai St., Changping Dist, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai St., Changping Dist, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Simon Rayner
- State Key Laboratory for Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Guodong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai St., Changping Dist, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Qing Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai St., Changping Dist, Beijing, 102206, China
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Both L, Banyard AC, van Dolleweerd C, Horton DL, Ma JKC, Fooks AR. Passive immunity in the prevention of rabies. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2012; 12:397-407. [PMID: 22541629 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(11)70340-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Prevention of clinical disease in those exposed to viral infection is an important goal of human medicine. Using rabies virus infection as an example, we discuss the advances in passive immunoprophylaxis, most notably the shift from the recommended polyclonal human or equine immunoglobulins to monoclonal antibody therapies. The first rabies-specific monoclonal antibodies are undergoing clinical trials, so passive immunisation might finally become an accessible, affordable, and routinely used part of global health practices for rabies. Coupled with an adequate supply of modern tissue-culture vaccines, replacing the less efficient and unsafe nerve-tissue-derived rabies vaccines, the burden of this disease could be substantially reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Both
- Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, Division of Clinical Sciences, St George's University of London, London, UK
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43
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Yu J, Li H, Tang Q, Rayner S, Han N, Guo Z, Liu H, Adams J, Fang W, Tao X, Wang S, Liang G. The spatial and temporal dynamics of rabies in China. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1640. [PMID: 22563518 PMCID: PMC3341336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Recent years have seen a rapid increase in the number of rabies cases in China and an expansion in the geographic distribution of the virus. In spite of the seriousness of the outbreak and increasing number of fatalities, little is known about the phylogeography of the disease in China. In this study, we report an analysis of a set of Nucleocapsid sequences consisting of samples collected through the trial Chinese National Surveillance System as well as publicly available sequences. This sequence set represents the most comprehensive dataset from China to date, comprising 210 sequences (including 57 new samples) from 15 provinces and covering all epidemic regions. Using this dataset we investigated genetic diversity, patterns of distribution, and evolutionary history. RESULTS Our analysis indicates that the rabies virus in China is primarily defined by two clades that exhibit distinct population subdivision and translocation patterns and that contributed to the epidemic in different ways. The younger clade originated around 1992 and has properties that closely match the observed spread of the recent epidemic. The older clade originated around 1960 and has a dispersion pattern that suggests it represents a strain associated with a previous outbreak that remained at low levels throughout the country and reemerged in the current epidemic. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide new insight into factors associated with the recent epidemic and are relevant to determining an effective policy for controlling the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinning Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Simon Rayner
- State Key Laboratory for Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Han
- State Key Laboratory for Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenyang Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Haizhou Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - James Adams
- State Key Laboratory for Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Tao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shumei Wang
- Department Of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Guodong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Recent emergence of the Arctic rabies virus lineage. Virus Res 2011; 163:352-62. [PMID: 22100340 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The rabies viruses that circulate in Arctic countries and in much of northern and central Asia are phylogenetically closely related and collectively referred to as the Arctic/Arctic-like (AL) lineage. The emergence and spread of this lineage is of significant interest given that rabies remains a serious zoonotic disease in many parts of Asia, especially in India where the prevalence of dog rabies leads to frequent human exposures and deaths. Previous molecular epidemiological studies of rabies viruses in India identified the AL lineage as the type circulating across much of the country. To further explore the relationship of Indian and Arctic rabies viruses, a collection of samples recovered from Rajasthan state in northern India was characterised at the N gene locus. Combination of these data with a larger collection of samples from India, central/northern Asia and the Arctic has permitted detailed phylogenetic analysis of this viral lineage and estimation of its time-frame of emergence. These analyses suggest that most current Indian viruses emerged from a common progenitor within the last 40 years and that the entire Arctic/AL lineage emerged within the last 200 years, a time-frame in accord with historical records of the invasion of Canada by the Arctic clade.
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Meng S, Sun Y, Wu X, Tang J, Xu G, Lei Y, Wu J, Yan J, Yang X, Rupprecht CE. Evolutionary dynamics of rabies viruses highlights the importance of China rabies transmission in Asia. Virology 2010; 410:403-9. [PMID: 21195445 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Rabies in Asia is emerging as a serious public health issue. To explore the possible origin, phylogenetic relationships, and evolutionary dynamics of Asian Rabies viruses (RABV), we examined 200 complete nucleoprotein (N) gene sequences from RABV isolates in the region. Phylogeny supported the classification of Asian RABVs into five distinct clusters in lyssavirus genotype 1. Our geospatial and temporal analyses demonstrated that China appears to be the prime source of Asian RABVs. Understanding of rabies transmission and associated human activities, such as dog translocation, can help rabies control and elimination in Asia through collaborative efforts or programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengli Meng
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products, Wuhan, 430060, China.
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Transmission dynamics of rabies in China over the last 40 years: 1969-2009. J Clin Virol 2010; 49:47-52. [PMID: 20650678 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2010.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2010] [Revised: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rabies is a serious reemerging zoonosis in China. The molecular evolution and transmission patterns of rabies virus inferred from historical data can provide guidelines for better disease control and prevention in the future. OBJECTIVES To investigate the epidemiology and evolutionary dynamics of the rabies virus in China. STUDY DESIGN The molecular evolution of 132 viral glycoprotein gene sequences of Chinese rabies viruses collected in 17 provinces and 3 municipalities between 1969 and 2009 was analyzed. RESULTS Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Chinese rabies viruses are subdivided into 6 lineages (A-F) within Lyssavirus genotype 1. Lineage A represents the widely dispersed cosmopolitan lineage while lineage B is closely related to Arctic-like rabies viruses. The remaining lineages (C-F) are typical of those circulating across much of Southeast Asia. The evolutionary rate for Chinese rabies virus was 1.532 x 10(-4) substitutions per site per year, and the corresponding common ancestor was in about 1115. CONCLUSIONS The phylogeographic structure demonstrated Chinese rabies viruses have been transmitted intra-provincially and extra-provincially due to human-related activities.
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47
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Gong W, Jiang Y, Za Y, Zeng Z, Shao M, Fan J, Sun Y, Xiong Z, Yu X, Tu C. Temporal and spatial dynamics of rabies viruses in China and Southeast Asia. Virus Res 2010; 150:111-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2010] [Revised: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 02/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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