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Crispo M, Muñoz MC, Lacroix F, Kheyi MR, Delverdier M, Croville G, Dirat M, Gaide N, Guerin JL, Le Loc'h G. Pathological investigation of high pathogenicity avian influenza H5N8 in captive houbara bustards (Chlamydotis undulata), the United Arab Emirates 2020. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4235. [PMID: 38378877 PMCID: PMC10879111 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54884-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
At the end of 2020, an outbreak of HPAI H5N8 was registered in captive African houbara bustards (Chlamydotis undulata) in the United Arab Emirates. In order to better understand the pathobiology of this viral infection in bustards, a comprehensive pathological characterization was performed. A total of six birds were selected for necropsy, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, RNAscope in situ hybridization and RT-qPCR and nanopore sequencing on formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue blocks. Gross lesions included mottled and/or hemorrhagic pancreas, spleen and liver and fibrinous deposits on air sacs and intestine. Necrotizing pancreatitis, splenitis and concurrent vasculitis, hepatitis and fibrino-heterophilic peritonitis were identified, microscopically. Viral antigens (nucleoprotein) and RNAs (matrix gene) were both detected within necro-inflammatory foci, parenchymal cells, stromal cells and endothelial cells of affected organs, including the myenteric plexus. Molecular analysis of FFPE blocks successfully detected HPAI H5N8, further confirming its involvement in the lesions observed. In conclusion, HPAI H5N8 in African houbara bustards results in hyperacute/acute forms exhibiting marked pantropism, endotheliotropism and neurotropism. In addition, our findings support the use of FFPE tissues for molecular studies of poorly characterized pathogens in exotic and endangered species, when availability of samples is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Crispo
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France.
| | - Mar Carrasco Muñoz
- Reneco International Wildlife Consultants LLC, PO Box 61741, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Frédéric Lacroix
- Reneco International Wildlife Consultants LLC, PO Box 61741, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed-Reda Kheyi
- Reneco International Wildlife Consultants LLC, PO Box 61741, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Maxence Delverdier
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Guillaume Croville
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Malorie Dirat
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Nicolas Gaide
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Jean Luc Guerin
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Guillaume Le Loc'h
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
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Djurdjević B, Polaček V, Pajić M, Petrović T, Vučićević I, Vidanović D, Aleksić-Kovačević S. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N8 Outbreak in Backyard Chickens in Serbia. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040700. [PMID: 36830487 PMCID: PMC9952722 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In winter 2016/2017, the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N8 was detected in backyard poultry in Serbia for the first time. The second HPAI outbreak case in backyard poultry was reported in 2022, caused by subtype H5N1. This is the first study that documents the laboratory identification and pathology associated with highly pathogenic avian influenza in poultry in Serbia during the first and second introduction waves. In both cases, the diagnosis was based on real-time reverse transcriptase PCR. The most common observed lesions included subepicardial hemorrhages, congestion and hemorrhages in the lungs, and petechial hemorrhages in coelomic and epicardial adipose tissue. Histologically, the observed lesions were mostly nonpurulent encephalitis accompanied by encephalomalacia, multifocal necrosis in the spleen, pancreas, and kidneys, pulmonary congestion, and myocardial and pulmonary hemorrhages. In H5N8-infected chickens, immunohistochemical examination revealed strong positive IHC staining in the brain and lungs. Following these outbreaks, strict control measures were implemented on farms and backyard holdings to prevent the occurrence and spread of the disease. Extensive surveillance of birds for avian influenza virus did not detect any additional cases in poultry. These outbreaks highlight the importance of a rapid detection and response system in order to quickly suppress outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana Djurdjević
- Department of Epizootiology, Clinical diagnostics and DDD, Scientific Veterinary Institute “Novi Sad”, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Correspondence:
| | - Vladimir Polaček
- Department of Epizootiology, Clinical diagnostics and DDD, Scientific Veterinary Institute “Novi Sad”, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Marko Pajić
- Department of Epizootiology, Clinical diagnostics and DDD, Scientific Veterinary Institute “Novi Sad”, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Tamaš Petrović
- Department of Virology, Scientific Veterinary Institute “Novi Sad”, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ivana Vučićević
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dejan Vidanović
- Veterinary Specialized Institute Kraljevo, 36000 Kraljevo, Serbia
| | - Sanja Aleksić-Kovačević
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
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Kayed AE, Kutkat O, Kandeil A, Moatasim Y, El Taweel A, El Sayes M, El-Shesheny R, Aboulhoda BE, Abdeltawab NF, Kayali G, Ali MA, Ramadan MA. Comparative pathogenic potential of avian influenza H7N3 viruses isolated from wild birds in Egypt and their sensitivity to commercial antiviral drugs. Arch Virol 2023; 168:82. [PMID: 36757481 PMCID: PMC9909137 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05646-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Active surveillance and studying the virological features of avian-origin influenza viruses are essential for early warning and preparedness for the next potential pandemic. During our active surveillance of avian influenza viruses in wild birds in Egypt in the period 2014-2017, multiple reassortant low-pathogenic avian influenza H7N3 viruses were isolated. In this study, we investigated and compared the infectivity, pathogenicity, and transmission of four different constellation forms of Egyptian H7N3 viruses in chickens and mice and assessed the sensitivity of these viruses to different commercial antiviral drugs in vitro. Considerable variation in virus pathogenicity was observed in mice infected with different H7N3 viruses. The mortality rate ranged from 20 to 100% in infected mice. Infected chickens showed only ocular clinical signs at three days postinfection as well as systemic viral infection in different organs. Efficient virus replication and transmission in chickens was observed within each group, indicating that these subtypes can spread easily from wild birds to poultry without prior adaptation. Mutations in the viral proteins associated with antiviral drug resistance were not detected, and all strains were sensitive to the antiviral drugs tested. In conclusion, all of the viruses studied had the ability to infect mice and chickens. H7N3 viruses circulating among wild birds in Egypt could threaten poultry production and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed E Kayed
- Environmental Research Division, Centre of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Omnia Kutkat
- Environmental Research Division, Centre of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Kandeil
- Environmental Research Division, Centre of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Yassmin Moatasim
- Environmental Research Division, Centre of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Ahmed El Taweel
- Environmental Research Division, Centre of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El Sayes
- Environmental Research Division, Centre of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Rabeh El-Shesheny
- Environmental Research Division, Centre of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Basma Emad Aboulhoda
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, 12613, Egypt
| | - Nourtan F Abdeltawab
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 12613, Egypt
| | | | - Mohamed A Ali
- Environmental Research Division, Centre of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, 12622, Egypt.
| | - Mohammed A Ramadan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 12613, Egypt.
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Prevalence, Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Avian Influenza in Wild Bird Populations in Korea: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020472. [PMID: 36851686 PMCID: PMC9958818 DOI: 10.3390/v15020472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the first recorded outbreak of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus (H5N1) in South Korea in 2003, numerous sporadic outbreaks have occurred in South Korean duck and chicken farms, all of which have been attributed to avian influenza transmission from migratory wild birds. A thorough investigation of the prevalence and seroprevalence of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in wild birds is critical for assessing the exposure risk and for directing strong and effective regulatory measures to counteract the spread of AIVs among wild birds, poultry, and humans. In this study, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis, following the PRISMA guidelines, to generate a quantitative estimate of the prevalence and seroprevalence of AIVs in wild birds in South Korea. An extensive search of eligible studies was performed through electronic databases and 853 records were identified, of which, 49 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The pooled prevalence and seroprevalence were estimated to be 1.57% (95% CI: 0.98, 2.51) and 15.91% (95% CI: 5.89, 36.38), respectively. The highest prevalence and seroprevalence rates were detected in the Anseriformes species, highlighting the critical role of this bird species in the dissemination of AIVs in South Korea. Furthermore, the results of the subgroup analysis also revealed that the AIV seroprevalence in wild birds varies depending on the detection rate, sample size, and sampling season. The findings of this study demonstrate the necessity of strengthening the surveillance for AIV in wild birds and implementing strong measures to curb the spread of AIV from wild birds to the poultry population.
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Abotaleb MM, Mourad A, Fouad E, Abdo W, Nassif SA. Pathogenicity and pathogenesis of a recent highly pathogenic avian influenza subtype H5N8 in mule ducklings in Egypt. Vet World 2023; 16:59-67. [PMID: 36855343 PMCID: PMC9967731 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.59-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim In late 2017, an H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus, clade 2.3.4.4, was isolated from domestic ducks in Egypt, which was associated with high morbidity and low mortality. The pathogenicity increased due to the continuous circulation of virus in ducks. Thus, this study aimed to monitor the pathogenesis and pathogenicity of new H5N8 Avian influenza (AI) virus in mule ducklings. Materials and Methods The lethal dose 50 (LD50) for this new local HPAI H5N8 isolate was calculated. Twenty ducklings were inoculated with 0.1 mL of dilution containing 10 LD50 HPAI per duck. The clinical signs and mortalities were recorded until 30 days post-infection (DPI) to confirm viral pathogenesis. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to detect viral shedding from collected cloacal swabs after 3rd, 5th, 7th, 10th, 14th, 21st, and 30th DPI. The main histopathological lesions associated with the presence of HPAI virus were also recorded on the 3rd and 14th DPI. Results The result showed that the LD50 of the new HPAI H5N8 was 104 log10. Clinical signs were observed after 2nd DPI, but it was clinically severe on 3rd, 4th, and 5th DPI in the form of respiratory and gastric disorders, forming 90% of all diseased ducklings, whereas 30% of the infected ducks only showed nervous signs. The mortality rate peaked on 4th and 5th DPI with a cumulative mortality rate of 60% for the inoculated ducks, whereas no mortality was recorded after 6th DPI. Dead ducks showed typical postmortem lesions of AI disease. Necrosis and ecchymotic or petechial hemorrhages on the heart, pancreas, liver, and spleen were observed, whereas the lung showed pneumonia. With regard to viral shedding, infected ducklings shed the virus from its gut until 7th DPI, but the number of duck shedders gradually decreased until 14th DPI after viral shedding. The histopathological findings indicated that the spleen and thymus showed necrosis and hemorrhages, whereas the brain showed multifocal malacic foci and spread meningitis. Moreover, the lung had intrabronchial hyaline degeneration and fibrinous pneumonia on 3rd DPI. Furthermore, the liver showed multifocal necrotic foci and subcapsular hemorrhage, whereas the kidney showed remarkable tubular degeneration, mostly within the collecting tubules. Furthermore, the heart showed marked myocardiolysis of the cardiac muscle fibers. On 14th DPI, all histopathological lesions of the examined organs were restored to normal. Conclusion The currently circulating HPAI H5N8 virus strain has high virulence, particularly for imported mule ducks that originated from non-vaccinated breeder ducks. Therefore, vaccination and quarantine measures must be applied on imported 1-day-old mule ducklings. Moreover, the pathogenesis must be reviewed and monitored for updating circulating AI strains caused by the continuous and rapid evolution of AI viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M. Abotaleb
- Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Cairo, Egypt,Corresponding author: Mahmoud M. Abotaleb, e-mail: Co-authors: AM: , EF: , WS: , SAN:
| | - Ahlam Mourad
- Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Esraa Fouad
- Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Walied Abdo
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr-Elsheikh University, Egypt
| | - Samir A. Nassif
- Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Cairo, Egypt
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Co-existence and co-infection of influenza A viruses and coronaviruses: Public health challenges. Innovation (N Y) 2022; 3:100306. [PMID: 35992368 PMCID: PMC9384331 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2022.100306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the 20th century, humans have lived through five pandemics caused by influenza A viruses (IAVs) (H1N1/1918, H2N2/1957, H3N2/1968, and H1N1/2009) and the coronavirus (CoV) severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). IAVs and CoVs both have broad host ranges and share multiple hosts. Virus co-circulation and even co-infections facilitate genetic reassortment among IAVs and recombination among CoVs, further altering virus evolution dynamics and generating novel variants with increased cross-species transmission risk. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 may maintain long-term circulation in humans as seasonal IAVs. Co-existence and co-infection of both viruses in humans could alter disease transmission patterns and aggravate disease burden. Herein, we demonstrate how virus-host ecology correlates with the co-existence and co-infection of IAVs and/or CoVs, further affecting virus evolution and disease dynamics and burden, calling for active virus surveillance and countermeasures for future public health challenges.
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Soda K, Tomioka Y, Hidaka C, Matsushita M, Usui T, Yamaguchi T. Susceptibility of common family Anatidae bird species to clade 2.3.4.4e H5N6 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus: an experimental infection study. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:127. [PMID: 35366864 PMCID: PMC8976319 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03222-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
There were large outbreaks of high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) caused by clade 2.3.4.4e H5N6 viruses in the winter of 2016–2017 in Japan, which caused large numbers of deaths among several endangered bird species including cranes, raptors, and birds in Family Anatidae. In this study, susceptibility of common Anatidae to a clade 2.3.4.4e H5N6 HPAI virus was assessed to evaluate their potential to be a source of infection for other birds. Eurasian wigeons (Mareca penelope), mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), and Northern pintails (Anas acuta) were intranasally inoculated with 106, 104, or 102 50% egg infectious dose (EID50) of clade 2.3.4.4e A/teal/Tottori/1/2016 (H5N6).
Results
All birds survived for 10 days without showing any clinical signs of infection. Most ducks inoculated with ≥ 104 EID50 of virus seroconverted within 10 days post-inoculation (dpi). Virus was mainly shed via the oral route for a maximum of 10 days, followed by cloacal route in late phase of infection. Virus remained in the pancreas of some ducks at 10 dpi. Viremia was observed in some ducks euthanized at 3 dpi, and ≤ 106.3 EID50 of virus was recovered from systemic tissues and swab samples including eyeballs and conjunctival swabs.
Conclusions
These results indicate that the subject duck species have a potential to be a source of infection of clade 2.3.4.4e HPAI virus to the environment and other birds sharing their habitats. Captive ducks should be reared under isolated or separated circumstances during the HPAI epidemic season to prevent infection and further viral dissemination.
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Landmann M, Scheibner D, Graaf A, Gischke M, Koethe S, Fatola OI, Raddatz B, Mettenleiter TC, Beer M, Grund C, Harder T, Abdelwhab EM, Ulrich R. A Semiquantitative Scoring System for Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Assessment of Lesions and Tissue Tropism in Avian Influenza. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050868. [PMID: 34065126 PMCID: PMC8151536 DOI: 10.3390/v13050868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The main findings of the post-mortem examination of poultry infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) include necrotizing inflammation and viral antigen in multiple organs. The lesion profile displays marked variability, depending on viral subtype, strain, and host species. Therefore, in this study, a semiquantitative scoring system was developed to compare histopathological findings across a wide range of study conditions. Briefly, the severity of necrotizing lesions in brain, heart, lung, liver, kidney, pancreas, and/or lymphocytic depletion in the spleen is scored on an ordinal four-step scale (0 = unchanged, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, 3 = severe), and the distribution of the viral antigen in parenchymal and endothelial cells is evaluated on a four-step scale (0 = none, 1 = focal, 2 = multifocal, 3 = diffuse). These scores are used for a meta-analysis of experimental infections with H7N7 and H5N8 (clade 2.3.4.4b) HPAIV in chickens, turkeys, and ducks. The meta-analysis highlights the rather unique endotheliotropism of these HPAIV in chickens and a more severe necrotizing encephalitis in H7N7-HPAIV-infected turkeys. In conclusion, the proposed scoring system can be used to condensate HPAIV-typical pathohistological findings into semiquantitative data, thus enabling systematic phenotyping of virus strains and their tissue tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Landmann
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.L.); (B.R.)
| | - David Scheibner
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (D.S.); (M.G.); (T.C.M.); (E.M.A.)
| | - Annika Graaf
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (A.G.); (S.K.); (M.B.); (C.G.); (T.H.)
| | - Marcel Gischke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (D.S.); (M.G.); (T.C.M.); (E.M.A.)
| | - Susanne Koethe
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (A.G.); (S.K.); (M.B.); (C.G.); (T.H.)
| | - Olanrewaju I. Fatola
- Institute for Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany;
| | - Barbara Raddatz
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.L.); (B.R.)
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (D.S.); (M.G.); (T.C.M.); (E.M.A.)
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (A.G.); (S.K.); (M.B.); (C.G.); (T.H.)
| | - Christian Grund
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (A.G.); (S.K.); (M.B.); (C.G.); (T.H.)
| | - Timm Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (A.G.); (S.K.); (M.B.); (C.G.); (T.H.)
| | - Elsayed M. Abdelwhab
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (D.S.); (M.G.); (T.C.M.); (E.M.A.)
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.L.); (B.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-341-973-8270
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Lee K, Yu D, Martínez-López B, Yoon H, Kang SI, Hong SK, Lee I, Kang Y, Jeong W, Lee E. Fine-scale tracking of wild waterfowl and their impact on highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in the Republic of Korea, 2014-2015. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18631. [PMID: 33122803 PMCID: PMC7596240 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75698-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild migratory waterfowl are considered one of the most important reservoirs and long-distance carriers of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). Our study aimed to explore the spatial and temporal characteristics of wild migratory waterfowl’s wintering habitat in the Republic of Korea (ROK) and to evaluate the impact of these habitats on the risk of HPAI outbreaks in commercial poultry farms. The habitat use of 344 wild migratory waterfowl over four migration cycles was estimated based on tracking records. The association of habitat use with HPAI H5N8 outbreaks in poultry farms was evaluated using a multilevel logistic regression model. We found that a poultry farm within a wild waterfowl habitat had a 3–8 times higher risk of HPAI outbreak than poultry farms located outside of the habitat. The range of wild waterfowl habitats increased during autumn migration, and was associated with the epidemic peak of HPAI outbreaks on domestic poultry farms in the ROK. Our findings provide a better understanding of the dynamics of HPAI infection in the wildlife–domestic poultry interface and may help to establish early detection, and cost-effective preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyuyoung Lee
- Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance (CADMS), Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Daesung Yu
- Veterinary Epidemiology Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (QIA), Gimcheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Beatriz Martínez-López
- Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance (CADMS), Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Hachung Yoon
- Veterinary Epidemiology Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (QIA), Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Il Kang
- Veterinary Epidemiology Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (QIA), Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Keun Hong
- Veterinary Epidemiology Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (QIA), Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilseob Lee
- Veterinary Epidemiology Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (QIA), Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongmyung Kang
- Veterinary Epidemiology Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (QIA), Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Wooseg Jeong
- Veterinary Epidemiology Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (QIA), Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunesub Lee
- Veterinary Epidemiology Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (QIA), Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
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Dinev I, Zarkov I, Goujgoulova GV, Stoimenov GM, Georgiev G, Kanakov D. Pathologic Evaluation of Influenza A H5N8 Infection Outbreaks in Mule Ducks in Bulgaria. Avian Dis 2020; 64:203-209. [PMID: 32550621 DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086-64.2.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This article outlines pathomorphologic findings of a study involving commercial mule ducks with confirmed influenza A H5N8 infections after a series of outbreaks in Bulgaria. Examinations were carried out after performing necropsy on dead birds from three different age groups (up to 15, 20 to 30, and 40+ days of age) fattened on different farms. Among birds of all ages, gross lesions were present as lesions affecting the heart. Histologically, the myocardium exhibited severe intermyofibrillar edema, moderate to massive hemorrhages, and degenerative changes. All lesions resulted in single or multiple and small to massive myocardial infarctions. Other affected organs included the brain, lungs, liver, spleen, and pancreas. Nonpurulent lymphocytic encephalitis was found postmortem in ducks that had shown prior clinical nervous signs. Among ducks of all ages, a viral antigen in the cardiomyocytes and the epithelium of air capillaries was found through immunohistochemical detection methods. The results of the present study allowed us to conclude that the highly pathogenic avian influenza A H5N8 viral infection may manifest itself as a systemic illness in commercial mule ducks with septicemic lesions, resulting in high morbidity and mortality rates of up to 100%. Pathomorphologic lesions were somewhat different from those previously reported in wild waterfowl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Dinev
- Department of General and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria,
| | - Ivan Zarkov
- Department of Microbiology, Infection and Parasite Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | | | - Georgi M Stoimenov
- Department of Infectious Pathology and Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Forestry, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Georgi Georgiev
- Risk Assessment Center on Food Chain, Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forestry, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Dian Kanakov
- Department of Internal Noninfectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
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11
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Abstract
Climate change and the interaction with humans and domestic species influences disease in avian wildlife. This article provides updated information on emerging disease conditions such as the spread of an Asian tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis, and its associated diseases among migratory birds in the eastern United States; lymphoproliferative disease virus in wild turkeys in the United States; and salmonellosis, particularly among passerines, which has zoonotic potential. In addition, it includes updated information on West Nile virus, Wellfleet Bay virus, and avian influenza and is intended to serve as a complement to the current veterinary literature for veterinarians treating avian wildlife species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan J Tyson-Pello
- Mount Laurel Animal Hospital, 220 Mount Laurel Road, Mount Laurel, NJ 08054, USA.
| | - Glenn H Olsen
- USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, 12302 Beech Forest Road, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
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12
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Caliendo V, Leijten L, Begeman L, Poen MJ, Fouchier RAM, Beerens N, Kuiken T. Enterotropism of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N8 from the 2016/2017 epidemic in some wild bird species. Vet Res 2020; 51:117. [PMID: 32928280 PMCID: PMC7491185 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00841-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2016/2017, H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus of the Goose/Guangdong lineage spread from Asia to Europe, causing the biggest and most widespread HPAI epidemic on record in wild and domestic birds in Europe. We hypothesized that the wide dissemination of the 2016 H5N8 virus resulted at least partly from a change in tissue tropism from the respiratory tract, as in older HPAIV viruses, to the intestinal tract, as in low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses, allowing more efficient faecal-oral transmission. Therefore, we determined the tissue tropism and associated lesions in wild birds found dead during the 2016 H5N8 epidemic, as well as the pattern of attachment of 2016 H5N8 virus to respiratory and intestinal tissues of four key wild duck species. We found that, out of 39 H5N8-infected wild birds of 12 species, four species expressed virus antigen in both respiratory and intestinal epithelium, one species only in respiratory epithelium, and one species only in intestinal epithelium. Virus antigen expression was association with inflammation and necrosis in multiple tissues. The level of attachment to wild duck intestinal epithelia of 2016 H5N8 virus was comparable to that of LPAI H4N5 virus, and higher than that of 2005 H5N1 virus for two of the four duck species and chicken tested. Overall, these results indicate that 2016 H5N8 may have acquired a similar enterotropism to LPAI viruses, without having lost the respirotropism of older HPAI viruses of the Goose/Guangdong lineage. The increased enterotropism of 2016 H5N8 implies that this virus had an increased chance to persist long term in the wild waterbird reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Caliendo
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lonneke Leijten
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lineke Begeman
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein J Poen
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nancy Beerens
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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13
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Pathological Changes in Natural Infection of Pheasants with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A (H5N8) in Bulgaria. J Vet Res 2019; 63:497-502. [PMID: 31934658 PMCID: PMC6950441 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2019-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The study of histopathological changes caused by influenza A (H5N8) viral infection in bird species is essential for the understanding of their role in the spread of this highly infectious virus. However, there are few such studies under natural conditions in minor gallinaceous species. This article describes the pathomorphological findings in Colchis pheasants infected naturally with H5N8 during an epizootic outbreak in Bulgaria. Material and Methods Samples of internal organs of 10 carcasses were collected for histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation, virus isolation and identification, and nucleic acid detection. Results Consistent macroscopic findings were lesions affecting the intestine, heart, lung, and pancreas. Congestion and mononuclear infiltrate were common findings in the small intestine, as were necrosis and lymphoid clusters in the lamina propria of the caeca. Congestion with small focal necrosis and gliosis with multifocal nonpurulent encephalitis were observed in the brain. Myocardial interstitial oedema and degenerative necrobiotic processes were also detected. Immunohistological analysis confirmed systemic infection and revealed influenza virus nucleoprotein in all analysed organs. Conclusion Variable necrosis was observed in the brain, liver, trachea, heart, small intestine, and caeca. Viral antigen was commonly found in the brain, heart, lung and trachea. Contact with migrating waterfowls was suspected as a reason for the outbreak.
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14
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Prokopyeva EA, Zinserling VA, Bae YC, Kwon Y, Kurskaya OG, Sobolev IA, Kozhin PM, Komissarov A, Fadeev A, Petrov V, Shestopalov AM, Sharshov KA. Pathology of A(H5N8) (Clade 2.3.4.4) Virus in Experimentally Infected Chickens and Mice. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2019; 2019:4124865. [PMID: 31354812 PMCID: PMC6637675 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4124865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of novel highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) in migratory birds raises serious concerns as these viruses have the potential to spread during fall migration. We report the identification of novel HPAIV A(H5N8) clade 2.3.4.4 virus that was isolated from sick domestic duck at commercial farm during the second wave of spread that began in October and affected poultry (ducks; chiсkens) in several European regions of Russia and Western Siberia in 2016. The strain was highly lethal in experimental infection of chickens and mice with IVPI = 2.34 and MLD50 = 1.3log10 EID50, accordingly. Inoculation of chickens with the HPAIV A/H5N8 demonstrated neuroinvasiveness, multiorgan failure, and death of chickens on the 3rd day post inoculation. Virus replicated in all collected organ samples in high viral titers with the highest titer in the brain (6.75±0.1 log10TCID50/ml). Effective virus replication was found in the following cells: neurons and glial cells of a brain; alveolar cells and macrophages of lungs; epithelial cells of a small intestine; hepatocytes and Kupffer cells of a liver; macrophages and endothelial cells of a spleen; and the tubular epithelial cells of kidneys. These findings advance our understanding of histopathological effect of A(H5N8) HPAIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A. Prokopyeva
- Department of Experimental Research, Federal Research Center for Basic and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
- Medical Department, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Vsevolod A. Zinserling
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Federal Research Centre, Saint Petersburg 197341, Russia
| | - You-Chan Bae
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongkuk Kwon
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Olga G. Kurskaya
- Department of Experimental Research, Federal Research Center for Basic and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
| | - Ivan A. Sobolev
- Department of Experimental Research, Federal Research Center for Basic and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
| | - Peter M. Kozhin
- Department of Experimental Research, Federal Research Center for Basic and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
| | - Andrey Komissarov
- Department of etiology and epidemiology, Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Saint Petersburg 197376, Russia
| | - Artem Fadeev
- Department of etiology and epidemiology, Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Saint Petersburg 197376, Russia
| | - Vladimir Petrov
- Department of Experimental Research, Federal Research Center for Basic and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
| | - Alexander M. Shestopalov
- Department of Experimental Research, Federal Research Center for Basic and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
| | - Kirill A. Sharshov
- Department of Experimental Research, Federal Research Center for Basic and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
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15
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Anis A, AboElkhair M, Ibrahim M. Characterization of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 virus from Egyptian domestic waterfowl in 2017. Avian Pathol 2018; 47:400-409. [PMID: 29701481 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2018.1470606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In 2016, the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N8 virus was detected in wild birds for the first time in Egypt. In the present study, we identified the HPAI virus H5N8 of clade 2.3.4.4 from domestic waterfowl in Egypt, suggesting its transmission to the domestic poultry from the migratory birds. Based on partial haemagglutinin gene sequence, this virus has a close genetic relationship with subtype H5N8 viruses circulating in Asia and Europe. Pathologically, H5N8 virus in hybrid duck induced nervous signs accompanied by encephalomalacia, haemorrhages, nonsuppurative encephalitis and nonsuppurative vasculitis. The granular layer of cerebellum showed multifocal areas of hydropic degeneration and the Purkinje cell neurons were necrotized or lost. Additionally, the lung, kidney and spleen were congested, and necrotizing pancreatitis was also observed. The co-circulation of both HPAI H5N1 and H5N8 subtypes with the low pathogenic avian influenza H9N2 subtype complicate the control of avian influenza in Egypt with the possibility of emergence of new reassortant viruses. Therefore, continuous monitoring with implementation of strict control measures is required. Research highlights HPAI H5N8 virus clade 2.3.4.4 was detected in domestic ducks and geese in Egypt in 2017. Phylogenetically, the virus was closely related to HPAI H5N8 viruses identified in Asia and Europe Nonsuppurative encephalitis was widely observed in HPAI H5N8 virus-infected ducks. Degeneration of the cerebellar granular layer was found in most of the brain tissues examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anis Anis
- a Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , University of Sadat City , Menoufiya , Egypt
| | - Mohammed AboElkhair
- b Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , University of Sadat City , Menoufiya , Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Ibrahim
- c Department of Birds and Rabbit Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , University of Sadat City , Menoufiya , Egypt
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16
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Kim WH, An JU, Kim J, Moon OK, Bae SH, Bender JB, Cho S. Risk factors associated with highly pathogenic avian influenza subtype H5N8 outbreaks on broiler duck farms in South Korea. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:1329-1338. [PMID: 29673109 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) subtype H5N8 outbreaks occurred in poultry farms in South Korea in 2014 resulting in significant damage to the poultry industry. Between 2014 and 2016, the pandemic disease caused significant economic loss and social disruption. To evaluate the risk factors for HPAI infection in broiler duck farms, we conducted a retrospective case-control study on broiler duck farms. Forty-three farms with confirmed laboratories on premises were selected as the case group, and 43 HPAI-negative farms were designated as the control group. Control farms were matched based on farm location and were within a 3-km radius from the case premises. Spatial and environmental factors were characterized by site visit and plotted through a geographic information system (GIS). Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were developed to assess possible risk factors associated with HPAI broiler duck farm infection. Four final variables were identified as risk factors in a final multivariable logistic model: "Farms with ≥7 flocks" (odds ratio [OR] = 6.99, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.34-37.04), "Farm owner with ≥15 years of raising poultry career" (OR = 7.91, 95% CI 1.69-37.14), "Presence of any poultry farms located within 500 m of the farm" (OR = 6.30, 95% CI 1.08-36.93) and "Not using a faecal removal service" (OR = 27.78, 95% CI 3.89-198.80). This highlights that the HPAI H5N8 outbreaks in South Korea were associated with farm owner education, number of flocks and facilities and farm biosecurity. Awareness of these factors may help to reduce the spread of HPAI H5N8 across broiler duck farms in Korea during epidemics. Greater understanding of the risk factors for H5N8 may improve farm vulnerability to HPAI and other subtypes and help to establish policies to prevent re-occurrence. These findings are relevant to global prevention recommendations and intervention protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- W-H Kim
- BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - J-U An
- BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - J Kim
- BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - O-K Moon
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Korea
| | - S H Bae
- Department of Geography Education, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - J B Bender
- Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - S Cho
- BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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17
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Stoute S, Crossley B, Shivaprasad HL. Study of an Outbreak of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N8 in Commercial Pekin Ducks ( Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) in California. Avian Dis 2018; 62:101-108. [PMID: 29620470 DOI: 10.1637/11773-112017-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A February 2015 outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N8 in a flock of commercial Pekin ducks ( Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) in California was investigated in detail. Approximately 17,349 five-wk-old ducks experienced an increased mortality from a normal of eight birds per day to 24, 18, 24, 33, and 61 birds per day, respectively, in the last 5 days prior to flock depopulation. Clinically, there was decreased water and feed consumption, and approximately 1.0% of the affected flock exhibited neurologic signs. Necropsy of five clinically ill ducks revealed pale, patchy areas on the epicardium in two birds, pale foci of necrosis in the liver of one bird, and airsacculitis in three birds. Histopathology revealed multifocal nonsuppurative encephalomyelitis, myocarditis, myositis, pancreatitis, hepatitis, and glossitis. Immunohistochemistry revealed avian influenza virus (AIV) nucleoprotein in the nucleus and cytoplasm of various cells in the aforementioned organs, as well as in the skin and feathers. Eight of the 10 sera samples tested were positive for avian influenza antibodies by agar gel immunodiffusion serology. Oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs taken from 15 birds, as well as from the lungs, livers, pancreas, and spleen, were positive for AIV by real-time reverse transcriptase (rRT) PCR. AIV was isolated and typed as Eurasian lineage HPAI H5N8, clade 2.3.4.4, by the National Veterinary Services Laboratory, Ames, IA. Extensive surveillance of birds for AIV around the 10-km zone did not reveal any additional cases. Ducks on the affected premises were humanely euthanatized by foam and composted in-house, the houses were heated to 57 C for 4 days, and swabs were taken periodically from the compost to ensure negativity for AIV by rRT-PCR. The compost and litter were then removed, and the house was pressure cleaned, disinfected, and repopulated approximately 120 days after euthanatization of the ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Stoute
- A California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, Turlock Branch, 1550 N. Soderquist Road, Turlock, CA 95381
| | - Beate Crossley
- B California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, Davis Branch, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616
| | - H L Shivaprasad
- C California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, Tulare Branch, 18830 Road 112, Tulare, CA 93274
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18
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Virulence of an H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza is enhanced by the amino acid substitutions PB2 E627K and HA A149V. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 54:347-354. [PMID: 28750900 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel reassortant H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus was recently identified in Asia, Europe, and North America. The H5N8 HPAI virus has raised serious concerns regarding the potential risk for human infection. However, the molecular changes responsible for allowing mammalian infection in H5N8 HPAI viruses are not clear. The objective of this study was to identify amino acid substitutions that are potentially associated with the adaptation of H5N8 HPAI viruses to mammals. In this study, an avian-origin H5N8 virus was adapted to mice through serial lung-to-lung passage. The virulence of mouse-adapted virus was increased and adaptive mutations, HA (A149V) and PB2 (E627K), were detected after the ninth passage in each series of mice. Reverse genetics were used to generate reassortants of the wild type and mouse-adapted viruses. Substitutions in the HA (A149V) and PB2 (E627K) proteins led to enhanced viral virulence in mice, the viruses displayed expanded tissue tropism, and increased replication kinetics in mammalian cells. Continued surveillance in poultry for amino acid changes that might indicate H5N8 HPAI viruses pose a threat to human health is required.
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19
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Isidoro-Ayza M, Afonso CL, Stanton JB, Knowles S, Ip HS, White CL, Fenton H, Ruder MG, Dolinski AC, Lankton J. Natural Infections With Pigeon Paramyxovirus Serotype 1: Pathologic Changes in Eurasian Collared-Doves ( Streptopelia decaocto) and Rock Pigeons ( Columba livia) in the United States. Vet Pathol 2017; 54:695-703. [PMID: 28382855 DOI: 10.1177/0300985817695782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pigeon paramyxovirus serotype 1 (PPMV-1) is a globally distributed, virulent member of the avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 serogroup that causes mortality in columbiformes and poultry. Following introduction into the United States in the mid-1980s, PPMV-1 rapidly spread causing numerous mortality events in Eurasian collared-doves ( Streptopelia decaocto) (ECDOs) and rock pigeons ( Columba livia) (ROPIs). The investigators reviewed pathological findings of 70 naturally infected, free-ranging columbiforms from 25 different mortality events in the United States. Immunohistochemistry targeting PPMV-1 nucleoprotein was used to determine the tissue distribution of the virus in a subset of 17 birds from 10 of the studied outbreaks. ECDOs (61 birds) and ROPIs (9 birds) were the only species in which PPMV-1-associated disease was confirmed by viral isolation and presence of histologic lesions. Acute to subacute tubulointerstitial nephritis and necrotizing pancreatitis were the most frequent histologic lesions, with immunolabeling of viral antigen in renal tubular epithelial cells and pancreatic acinar epithelium. Lymphoid depletion of bursa of Fabricius and spleen was common, but the presence of viral antigen in these organs was inconsistent among infected birds. Hepatocellular necrosis was occasionally present with immunolabeling of hypertrophic Kupffer cells, and immunopositive eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies were present in hepatocytes of 1 ECDO. Immunopositive lymphocytic choroiditis was present in 1 ECDO, while lymphocytic meningoencephalitis was frequent in ROPIs in absence of immunolabeling. This study demonstrates widespread presence of PPMV-1 antigen in association with histologic lesions, confirming the lethal potential of this virus in these particular bird species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Isidoro-Ayza
- 1 Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - C L Afonso
- 2 Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USA
| | - J B Stanton
- 3 Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - S Knowles
- 4 National Wildlife Health Center-US Geological Survey, Madison, WI, USA
| | - H S Ip
- 4 National Wildlife Health Center-US Geological Survey, Madison, WI, USA
| | - C L White
- 4 National Wildlife Health Center-US Geological Survey, Madison, WI, USA
| | - H Fenton
- 5 Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Athens, GA, USA
| | - M G Ruder
- 5 Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Athens, GA, USA
| | - A C Dolinski
- 6 Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - J Lankton
- 4 National Wildlife Health Center-US Geological Survey, Madison, WI, USA
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20
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Mishra A, Vijayakumar P, Raut AA. Emerging avian influenza infections: Current understanding of innate immune response and molecular pathogenesis. Int Rev Immunol 2017; 36:89-107. [PMID: 28272907 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2017.1291640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) cause severe disease in gallinaceous poultry species, domestic ducks, various aquatic and terrestrial wild bird species as well as humans. The outcome of the disease is determined by complex interactions of multiple components of the host, the virus, and the environment. While the host-innate immune response plays an important role for clearance of infection, excessive inflammatory immune response (cytokine storm) may contribute to morbidity and mortality of the host. Therefore, innate immunity response in avian influenza infection has two distinct roles. However, the viral pathogenic mechanism varies widely in different avian species, which are not completely understood. In this review, we summarized the current understanding and gaps in host-pathogen interaction of avian influenza infection in birds. In first part of this article, we summarized influenza viral pathogenesis of gallinaceous and non-gallinaceous avian species. Then we discussed innate immune response against influenza infection, cytokine storm, differential host immune responses against different pathotypes, and response in different avian species. Finally, we reviewed the systems biology approach to study host-pathogen interaction in avian species for better characterization of molecular pathogenesis of the disease. Wild aquatic birds act as natural reservoir of AIVs. Better understanding of host-pathogen interaction in natural reservoir is fundamental to understand the properties of AIV infection and development of improved vaccine and therapeutic strategies against influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Mishra
- a Pathogenomics Laboratory , OIE Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases , Bhopal , Madhya Pradesh , India
| | - Periyasamy Vijayakumar
- a Pathogenomics Laboratory , OIE Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases , Bhopal , Madhya Pradesh , India
| | - Ashwin Ashok Raut
- a Pathogenomics Laboratory , OIE Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases , Bhopal , Madhya Pradesh , India
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21
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Kang HM, Lee EK, Song BM, Heo GB, Jung J, Jang I, Bae YC, Jung SC, Lee YJ. Experimental infection of mandarin duck with highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N8 and H5N1) viruses. Vet Microbiol 2016; 198:59-63. [PMID: 28062008 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N8 virus was first detected in poultry and wild birds in South Korea in January 2014. Here, we determined the pathogenicity and transmissibility of three different clades of H5 viruses in mandarin ducks to examine the potential for wild bird infection. H5N8 (clade 2.3.4.4) replicated more efficiently in the upper and lower respiratory tract of mandarin ducks than two previously identified H5N1 virus clades (clades 2.2 and 2.3.2.1). However, none of the mandarin ducks infected with H5N8 and H5N1 viruses showed severe clinical signs or mortality, and gross lesions were only observed in a few tissues. Viral replication and shedding were greater in H5N8-infected ducks than in H5N1-infected ducks. Recovery of all viruses from control duck in contact with infected ducks indicated that the highly pathogenic H5 viruses spread horizontally through contact. Taken together, these results suggest that H5N8 viruses spread efficiently in mandarin ducks. Further studies of pathogenicity in wild birds are required to examine possible long-distance dissemination via migration routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Mi Kang
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyoung Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Min Song
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong-Beom Heo
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Joojin Jung
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Jang
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - You-Chan Bae
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Chan Jung
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Jeong Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Globig A, Starick E, Homeier T, Pohlmann A, Grund C, Wolf P, Zimmermann A, Wolf C, Heim D, Schlößer H, Zander S, Beer M, Conraths FJ, Harder TC. Epidemiological and Molecular Analysis of an Outbreak of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4 in a German Zoo: Effective Disease Control with Minimal Culling. Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 64:1813-1824. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Globig
- Insitute of Epidemiology; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut; Greifswald-Insel Riems Germany
| | - E. Starick
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut; Greifswald-Insel Riems Germany
| | - T. Homeier
- Insitute of Epidemiology; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut; Greifswald-Insel Riems Germany
| | - A. Pohlmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut; Greifswald-Insel Riems Germany
| | - C. Grund
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut; Greifswald-Insel Riems Germany
| | - P. Wolf
- State Laboratory of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania for Animal Health and Food Safety; Rostock Germany
| | | | - C. Wolf
- State Laboratory of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania for Animal Health and Food Safety; Rostock Germany
| | - D. Heim
- State Laboratory of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania for Animal Health and Food Safety; Rostock Germany
| | - H. Schlößer
- Hansestadt Rostock; Veterinary and Food Safety Office; Rostock Germany
| | - S. Zander
- Hansestadt Rostock; Veterinary and Food Safety Office; Rostock Germany
| | - M. Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut; Greifswald-Insel Riems Germany
| | - F. J. Conraths
- Insitute of Epidemiology; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut; Greifswald-Insel Riems Germany
| | - T. C. Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut; Greifswald-Insel Riems Germany
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23
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Poen MJ, Verhagen JH, Manvell RJ, Brown I, Bestebroer TM, van der Vliet S, Vuong O, Scheuer RD, van der Jeugd HP, Nolet BA, Kleyheeg E, Müskens GJDM, Majoor FA, Grund C, Fouchier RAM. Lack of virological and serological evidence for continued circulation of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 virus in wild birds in the Netherlands, 14 November 2014 to 31 January 2016. Euro Surveill 2016; 21:30349. [PMID: 27684783 PMCID: PMC5073202 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2016.21.38.30349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2014, H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of the A/Goose/Guangdong/1/1996 lineage emerged in poultry and wild birds in Asia, Europe and North America. Here, wild birds were extensively investigated in the Netherlands for HPAI H5N8 virus (real-time polymerase chain reaction targeting the matrix and H5 gene) and antibody detection (haemagglutination inhibition and virus neutralisation assays) before, during and after the first virus detection in Europe in late 2014. Between 21 February 2015 and 31 January 2016, 7,337 bird samples were tested for the virus. One HPAI H5N8 virus-infected Eurasian wigeon (Anas penelope) sampled on 25 February 2015 was detected. Serological assays were performed on 1,443 samples, including 149 collected between 2007 and 2013, 945 between 14 November 2014 and 13 May 2015, and 349 between 1 September and 31 December 2015. Antibodies specific for HPAI H5 clade 2.3.4.4 were absent in wild bird sera obtained before 2014 and present in sera collected during and after the HPAI H5N8 emergence in Europe, with antibody incidence declining after the 2014/15 winter. Our results indicate that the HPAI H5N8 virus has not continued to circulate extensively in wild bird populations since the 2014/15 winter and that independent maintenance of the virus in these populations appears unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein J Poen
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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24
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Devlin JM, Vaz PK, Coppo MJ, Browning GF. Impacts of poultry vaccination on viruses of wild bird. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 19:23-9. [PMID: 27359320 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Spillover of viruses from farmed poultry into wild birds is a relatively new area of study at the livestock-wildlife interface. These transmission events can threaten the health of wild birds. There is growing evidence of transmission of vaccine viruses from poultry to wild birds, including attenuated vaccine strains of Newcastle disease virus and infectious bronchitis virus, and also spread of virulent viruses that may have evolved under the pressure of vaccine use, such as Marek's disease virus. Viral contaminants of poultry vaccines, including reticuloendotheliosis virus, may also be transmitted to wild birds and result in disease. New, vectored vaccines are less likely to directly spread to wild birds but this risk may rise as a result of recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne M Devlin
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, The Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Paola K Vaz
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, The Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Mauricio Jc Coppo
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, The Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Glenn F Browning
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, The Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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25
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Bányai K, Bistyák AT, Thuma Á, Gyuris É, Ursu K, Marton S, Farkas SL, Hortobágyi E, Bacsadi Á, Dán Á. Neuroinvasive influenza virus A(H5N8) in fattening ducks, Hungary, 2015. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 43:418-23. [PMID: 27215706 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A virus H5N8 was detected in far east Asian countries during 2014 and emerged in late 2014 in European countries. Hungary reported a HPAI A(H5N8) outbreak during late winter of 2015 at a Pekin duck fattening facility. Epidemiologic monitoring was extended to holdings in neighboring areas and nearby habitats used by wild birds but failed to identify the source of infection. In addition to respiratory symptoms, the affected birds showed lethargy and neuronal signs, including torticollis. Consistent with this finding, influenza A virus antigen was detected in large quantity in the brain. Molecular analysis of the identified strain showed very close genetic relationship (and >99% nucleotide sequence identity) with co-circulating HPAI A(H5N8) strains. A number of unique or rarely detected amino acid changes was detected in the HA (T220I, R512G), the M2 (I39M), the NA (T211I), the NS1 (P85T), and the PB2 (I261V) proteins of the Hungarian strain. Further studies are needed to demonstrate whether any of these mutations can be linked to neuroinvasiveness and neurovirulence in ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztián Bányai
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1143 Budapest, Hungária krt. 21, Hungary.
| | - Andrea Tóthné Bistyák
- National Food Chain Safety Office, Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, Tábornok u. 2, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ákos Thuma
- National Food Chain Safety Office, Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, Tábornok u. 2, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva Gyuris
- National Food Chain Safety Office, Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, Tábornok u. 2, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Ursu
- National Food Chain Safety Office, Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, Tábornok u. 2, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Marton
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1143 Budapest, Hungária krt. 21, Hungary
| | - Szilvia L Farkas
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1143 Budapest, Hungária krt. 21, Hungary
| | - Eleonóra Hortobágyi
- National Food Chain Safety Office, Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, Tábornok u. 2, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Árpád Bacsadi
- National Food Chain Safety Office, Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, Tábornok u. 2, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Dán
- National Food Chain Safety Office, Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, Tábornok u. 2, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
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26
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Chang CF, King CC, Wan CH, Chang YC, Chan TC, David Lee CC, Chou PHB, Li ZRT, Li YT, Tseng TJ, Lee PF, Chang CH. Lessons from the Largest Epidemic of Avian Influenza Viruses in Taiwan, 2015. Avian Dis 2016; 60:156-71. [DOI: 10.1637/11168-051915-reg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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27
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Shin JH, Lee KS, Kim SH, Hwang JK, Woo C, Kim J, Kim JH, Suh JH, Jeong J, Wang SJ, Chung HM, Yu SD, Choi KH, Mo IP. Tracking Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) with GPS Satellite Transmitters Along Their Migration Route Through Northeast Asia. Avian Dis 2016; 60:311-5. [DOI: 10.1637/11096-042015-reg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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28
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Berhane Y, Kobasa D, Embury-Hyatt C, Pickering B, Babiuk S, Joseph T, Bowes V, Suderman M, Leung A, Cottam-Birt C, Hisanaga T, Pasick J. Pathobiological Characterization of a Novel Reassortant Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Virus Isolated in British Columbia, Canada, 2015. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23380. [PMID: 26988892 PMCID: PMC4796896 DOI: 10.1038/srep23380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current study, we describe the pathobiologic characteristics of a novel reassortant virus - A/chicken/BC/FAV-002/2015 (H5N1) belonging to clade 2.3.4.4 that was isolated from backyard chickens in British Columbia, Canada. Sequence analyses demonstrate PB1, PA, NA and NS gene segments were of North American lineage while PB2, HA, NP and M were derived from a Eurasian lineage H5N8 virus. This novel virus had a 19 amino acid deletion in the neuraminidase stalk. We evaluated the pathogenic potential of this isolate in various animal models. The virus was highly pathogenic to mice with a LD50 of 10 plaque forming units (PFU), but had limited tissue tropism. It caused only subclinical infection in pigs which did result in seroconversion. This virus was highly pathogenic to chickens, turkeys, juvenile Muscovy ducks (Cairnia moschata foma domestica) and adult Chinese geese (Anser cynoides domesticus) causing a systemic infection in all species. The virus was also efficiently transmitted and resulted in mortality in naïve contact ducks, geese and chickens. Our findings indicate that this novel H5N1 virus has a wide host range and enhanced surveillance of migratory waterfowl may be necessary in order to determine its potential to establish itself in the wild bird reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohannes Berhane
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 3M4.,Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Darwyn Kobasa
- Public Health Agency of Canada, National Microbiology Laboratory, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Carissa Embury-Hyatt
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 3M4
| | - Brad Pickering
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 3M4
| | - Shawn Babiuk
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 3M4.,Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Tomy Joseph
- Animal Health Centre, Ministry of Agriculture, Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada V3G 2M3
| | - Victoria Bowes
- Animal Health Centre, Ministry of Agriculture, Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada V3G 2M3
| | - Mathew Suderman
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 3M4
| | - Anders Leung
- Public Health Agency of Canada, National Microbiology Laboratory, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Colleen Cottam-Birt
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 3M4
| | - Tamiko Hisanaga
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 3M4
| | - John Pasick
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 3M4
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29
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Saito T, Tanikawa T, Uchida Y, Takemae N, Kanehira K, Tsunekuni R. Intracontinental and intercontinental dissemination of Asian H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (clade 2.3.4.4) in the winter of 2014-2015. Rev Med Virol 2015; 25:388-405. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takehiko Saito
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center; National Institute of Animal Health National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO); Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences; Gifu University; Gifu City Japan
| | - Taichiro Tanikawa
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center; National Institute of Animal Health National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO); Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Yuko Uchida
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center; National Institute of Animal Health National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO); Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Takemae
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center; National Institute of Animal Health National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO); Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Katsushi Kanehira
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center; National Institute of Animal Health National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO); Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Ryota Tsunekuni
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center; National Institute of Animal Health National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO); Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
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30
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Mahmoud EA. Hemato-biochemical and pathological changes on avian influenza in naturally infected domestic ducks in Egypt. Vet World 2015; 8:1177-82. [PMID: 27047014 PMCID: PMC4774652 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.1177-1182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Few studies have been made in regard to avian influenza (AI) in ducks, thus the aim of this work was planned to investigate the hematological, biochemical, and pathological changes in domestic Egyptian ducks naturally infected with AI. MATERIALS AND METHODS 30 duck from private backyards 3-month-old 15 were clinically healthy (Group 1) and the other fifteen (Group 2) were naturally diseased with AI (H5N1). The disease was diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction as H5N1. RESULTS Duck showed cyanosis, subcutaneous edema of head and neck with nervous signs (torticollis). Hematological studies revealed a microcytic hypochromic anemia. Biochemical studies revealed a significant decrease in total protein, albumin and globulin concentration with significant increase of activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, Υ-glutamyl transpeptidase, lactic acid dehydrogenase and creatine phsphokinase. Prominent increase in creatinine and uric acid in addition to hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia were significantly detected in the infected ducks. Histopathological finding confirm these investigations. CONCLUSION The highly pathogenic AIV (A/H5N1) became more severe infectious to ducks than before and causes nervous manifestations and blindness which were uncommon in ducks. Besides the significant increases of hepatic enzymes, brain, heart, and renal markers as a response to virus damage to these organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essam A. Mahmoud
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig City, Sharkia Province, Egypt
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31
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Wild bird surveillance for highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 in North America. Virol J 2015; 12:151. [PMID: 26411256 PMCID: PMC4584468 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0377-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is unknown how the current Asian origin highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 viruses arrived, but these viruses are now poised to become endemic in North America. Wild birds harbor these viruses and have dispersed them at regional scales. What is unclear is how the viruses may be moving from the wild bird reservoir into poultry holdings. Active surveillance of live wild birds is likely the best way to determine the true distribution of these viruses. We also suggest that sampling be focused on regions with the greatest risk for poultry losses and attempt to define the mechanisms of transfer to enhance biosecurity. Responding to the recent outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza in North America requires an efficient plan with clear objectives and potential management outcomes.
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32
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Wild waterfowl migration and domestic duck density shape the epidemiology of highly pathogenic H5N8 influenza in the Republic of Korea. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 34:267-77. [PMID: 26079277 PMCID: PMC4539883 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Phylogeographic analyses of H5N8, including 49 new sequences from South Korea. H5N8 movement was mostly among areas dense in wild and domestic ducks. New viral introductions to South Korea occurred at time of wild bird migration. H5N8 epidemiology is shaped by wild waterfowl migration and domestic duck density. H5N8 may have entered Europe at least twice, and Asia at least three times.
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses threaten human and animal health yet their emergence is poorly understood, partly because sampling of the HPAI Asian-origin H5N1 lineage immediately after its identification in 1996 was comparatively sparse. The discovery of a novel H5N8 virus in 2013 provides a new opportunity to investigate HPAI emergence in greater detail. Here we investigate the origin and transmission of H5N8 in the Republic of Korea, the second country to report the new strain. We reconstruct viral spread using phylogeographic methods and interpret the results in the context of ecological data on poultry density, overwintering wild bird numbers, and bird migration patterns. Our results indicate that wild waterfowl migration and domestic duck density were important to H5N8 epidemiology. Specifically, we infer that H5N8 entered the Republic of Korea via Jeonbuk province, then spread rapidly among western provinces where densities of overwintering waterfowl and domestic ducks are higher, yet rarely persisted in eastern regions. The common ancestor of H5N8 in the Republic of Korea was estimated to have arrived during the peak of inward migration of overwintering birds. Recent virus isolations likely represent re-introductions via bird migration from an as-yet unsampled reservoir. Based on the limited data from outside the Republic of Korea, our data suggest that H5N8 may have entered Europe at least twice, and Asia at least three times from this reservoir, most likely carried by wild migrating birds.
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