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Konuma T, Hamatani-Asakura M, Nagai E, Adachi E, Kato S, Isobe M, Monna-Oiwa M, Takahashi S, Yotsuyanagi H, Nannya Y. Cellular and humoral immunogenicity against SARS-CoV-2 vaccination or infection is associated with the memory phenotype of T- and B-lymphocytes in adult allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant recipients. Int J Hematol 2024; 120:229-240. [PMID: 38842630 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-024-03802-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
We conducted a cross-sectional study to evaluate cellular and humoral immunogenicity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination or infection and examine how lymphocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood correlate with cellular and humoral immunogenicity in adult allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) recipients. The median period from SARS-CoV-2 vaccination or infection to sample collection was 110.5 days (range, 6-345 days). The median SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific antibody level was 1761 binding antibody units (BAU)/ml (range, 0 to > 11,360 BAU/ml). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISpot) assay of T cells stimulated with SARS-CoV-2 spike antigens showed that interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)-, interleukin-2 (IL-2)-, and IFN-γ + IL-2-producing T cells were present in 68.9%, 62.0%, and 56.8% of patients, respectively. The antibody level was significantly correlated with frequency of IL-2-producing T cells (P = 0.001) and IFN-γ + IL-2-producing T cells (P = 0.006) but not IFN-γ-producing T cells (P = 0.970). Absolute counts of CD8+ and CD4+ central memory T cells were higher in both IL-2- and IFN-γ + IL-2-producing cellular responders compared with non-responders. These data suggest that cellular and humoral immunogenicity against SARS-CoV-2 vaccination or infection is associated with the memory phenotype of T cells and B cells in adult allogeneic HCT recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Konuma
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Megumi Hamatani-Asakura
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Etsuko Nagai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eisuke Adachi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Applied Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiko Kato
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masamichi Isobe
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Monna-Oiwa
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takahashi
- Division of Clinical Precision Research Platform, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yotsuyanagi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Applied Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Nannya
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Stammkötter C, Thümmler L, Korth J, Marenbach B, Braß P, Horn PA, Lindemann M, Dittmer U, Witzke O, Rohn H, Krawczyk A. Frequency of SARS-CoV-2 Infections among Healthcare Workers in Germany: 3-Year Follow-Up Study. Infect Dis Rep 2024; 16:615-627. [PMID: 39051247 PMCID: PMC11270172 DOI: 10.3390/idr16040047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in 2019 led to a global pandemic with a significant impact on healthcare systems. Healthcare workers were particularly vulnerable due to frequent contact with COVID-19 patients. Despite vaccination, they remained at higher risk as the vaccines provided limited protection against infection with viral variants, like Delta or Omicron BA.1 and BA.5. Three years after the onset of the pandemic, we evaluated SARS-CoV-2 infection frequencies among healthcare workers with varying levels of patient contact: high-risk (frequent COVID-19 patient contact), intermediate-risk (non-COVID-19 patient contact), and low-risk (no patient contact). We assessed their cellular and humoral immune responses based on their vaccination status and number of prior infections. SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies were measured by immunoglobulin ELISA, and neutralizing antibody titers were determined against the viral variants D614G, Delta, and Omicron BA.1 and BA.5. Cellular immune responses were analyzed using an interferon-γ ELISpot. Notably, three years into the pandemic, healthcare workers in daily contact with COVID-19 patients did not have higher infection rates compared to healthcare workers with non-COVID-19 patient contact or no patient contact. Immune responses were similar across all groups, highlighting the effectiveness of vaccination and current hygiene standards in preventing virus transmission from patients to staff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Stammkötter
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (C.S.); (L.T.); (P.B.); (O.W.); (H.R.)
| | - Laura Thümmler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (C.S.); (L.T.); (P.B.); (O.W.); (H.R.)
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (B.M.); (P.A.H.); (M.L.)
| | - Johannes Korth
- Department of Nephrology, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
- Practice for Kidney Diseases, Dialysis and Apheresis, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Beate Marenbach
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (B.M.); (P.A.H.); (M.L.)
| | - Peer Braß
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (C.S.); (L.T.); (P.B.); (O.W.); (H.R.)
| | - Peter A. Horn
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (B.M.); (P.A.H.); (M.L.)
| | - Monika Lindemann
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (B.M.); (P.A.H.); (M.L.)
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - Oliver Witzke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (C.S.); (L.T.); (P.B.); (O.W.); (H.R.)
| | - Hana Rohn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (C.S.); (L.T.); (P.B.); (O.W.); (H.R.)
| | - Adalbert Krawczyk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (C.S.); (L.T.); (P.B.); (O.W.); (H.R.)
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
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3
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Ishihara Y, Naruse H, Fujigaki H, Murakami R, Ando T, Sakurai K, Uehara K, Shimomae K, Sakaguchi E, Hattori H, Sarai M, Ishii J, Fujii R, Ito H, Saito K, Izawa H. Humoral and Cellular Response Induced by Primary Series and Booster Doses of mRNA Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccine in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease: A Longitudinal Study. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:786. [PMID: 39066424 PMCID: PMC11281625 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12070786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Preexisting cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a pivotal risk factor for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We investigated the longitudinal (over 1 year and 9 months) humoral and cellular responses to primary series and booster doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines in patients with CVD. Twenty-six patients with CVD who received monovalent mRNA COVID-19 vaccines were enrolled in this study. Peripheral blood samples were serially drawn nine times from each patient. IgG against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The numbers of interferon-γ-releasing cells in response to SARS-CoV-2 peptides were measured using an enzyme-linked immunospot assay. The RBD-IgG titers increased 2 weeks after the primary series and booster vaccination and waned 6 months after vaccination. The S1-specific T cell responses in patients aged < 75 years were favorable before and after booster doses; however, the Omicron BA.1-specific T cell responses were poor. These results suggest that regular vaccination is useful to maintain long-term antibody levels and has implications for booster dose strategies in patients with CVD. Additional booster doses, including Omicron variant-adapted mRNA vaccines, may be recommended for patients with CVD, regardless of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Ishihara
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fujita Health University Hospital, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan;
| | - Hiroyuki Naruse
- Department of Clinical Pathophysiology, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan; (E.S.); (H.H.)
| | - Hidetsugu Fujigaki
- Department of Advanced Diagnostic System Development, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan; (H.F.); (K.S.)
| | - Reiko Murakami
- Institute for Glyco-Core Research, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan;
| | - Tatsuya Ando
- Department of Joint Research Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan; (T.A.); (K.S.); (H.I.)
| | - Kouhei Sakurai
- Department of Joint Research Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan; (T.A.); (K.S.); (H.I.)
| | - Komei Uehara
- Department of Preventive Medical Sciences, Fujita Health University Graduate of Health Sciences, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan; (K.U.); (K.S.)
| | - Koki Shimomae
- Department of Preventive Medical Sciences, Fujita Health University Graduate of Health Sciences, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan; (K.U.); (K.S.)
| | - Eirin Sakaguchi
- Department of Clinical Pathophysiology, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan; (E.S.); (H.H.)
| | - Hidekazu Hattori
- Department of Clinical Pathophysiology, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan; (E.S.); (H.H.)
| | - Masayoshi Sarai
- Department of Cardiology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan; (M.S.); (J.I.); (H.I.)
| | - Junnichi Ishii
- Department of Cardiology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan; (M.S.); (J.I.); (H.I.)
| | - Ryosuke Fujii
- Department of Medical Sciences, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan;
| | - Hiroyasu Ito
- Department of Joint Research Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan; (T.A.); (K.S.); (H.I.)
| | - Kuniaki Saito
- Department of Advanced Diagnostic System Development, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan; (H.F.); (K.S.)
| | - Hideo Izawa
- Department of Cardiology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan; (M.S.); (J.I.); (H.I.)
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4
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Stefanie S, Koldehoff M, Schenk-Westkamp P, Horn PA, Esser S, Lindemann M. T Cell Responses against Orthopoxviruses in HIV-Positive Patients. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:131. [PMID: 38400115 PMCID: PMC10891540 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
A global outbreak of predominantly sexually transmitted mpox infections, outside endemic regions, was reported in May 2022. Thereafter, risk groups were vaccinated against smallpox, a structurally related orthopoxvirus. In the current study, we analyzed T cell responses against peptides derived from orthopoxviruses in 33 HIV-positive patients after two vaccinations against smallpox and in 10 patients after mpox infection. We established an ELISpot assay, detecting either the secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interferon (IFN)-γ or interleukin (IL)-2. After vaccination, 21 out of 33 patients (64%) showed specific IFN-γ secretion and 18 (55%) specific IL-2 secretion, defined as >3-fold higher specific value than negative control and at least 4 spots above the negative control. After mpox infection, all patients showed specific IFN-γ secretion and 7 out of 10 (70%) IL-2 secretion. In vaccinated patients, IFN-γ responses were significantly lower than in patients with mpox infection (median response 4.5 vs. 21.0 spots, p < 0.001). The same trend was observed for IL-2 responses. After mpox infection, IL-2 ELISpot results positively correlated with CD8+ T cells (p < 0.05). Thus, T cell responses were detectable in two thirds of HIV-positive patients after vaccination and were even more abundant and vigorous after mpox infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sammet Stefanie
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (S.S.); (P.S.-W.); (S.E.)
| | - Michael Koldehoff
- Zotz Klimas, MVZ Düsseldorf, 40210 Düsseldorf, Germany;
- Department of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
- Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Pia Schenk-Westkamp
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (S.S.); (P.S.-W.); (S.E.)
| | - Peter A. Horn
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - Stefan Esser
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (S.S.); (P.S.-W.); (S.E.)
- Institute for Translational HIV Research, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Monika Lindemann
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
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Binayke A, Zaheer A, Vishwakarma S, Singh S, Sharma P, Chandwaskar R, Gosain M, Raghavan S, Murugesan DR, Kshetrapal P, Thiruvengadam R, Bhatnagar S, Pandey AK, Garg PK, Awasthi A. A quest for universal anti-SARS-CoV-2 T cell assay: systematic review, meta-analysis, and experimental validation. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:3. [PMID: 38167915 PMCID: PMC10762233 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00794-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Measuring SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses is crucial to understanding an individual's immunity to COVID-19. However, high inter- and intra-assay variability make it difficult to define T cells as a correlate of protection against COVID-19. To address this, we performed systematic review and meta-analysis of 495 datasets from 94 original articles evaluating SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses using three assays - Activation Induced Marker (AIM), Intracellular Cytokine Staining (ICS), and Enzyme-Linked Immunospot (ELISPOT), and defined each assay's quantitative range. We validated these ranges using samples from 193 SARS-CoV-2-exposed individuals. Although IFNγ ELISPOT was the preferred assay, our experimental validation suggested that it under-represented the SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell repertoire. Our data indicate that a combination of AIM and ICS or FluoroSpot assay would better represent the frequency, polyfunctionality, and compartmentalization of the antigen-specific T cell responses. Taken together, our results contribute to defining the ranges of antigen-specific T cell assays and propose a choice of assay that can be employed to better understand the cellular immune response against viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Binayke
- Immunology Core Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
- Centre for Immunobiology and Immunotherapy, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
- Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Aymaan Zaheer
- Immunology Core Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Siddhesh Vishwakarma
- Immunology Core Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Savita Singh
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Priyanka Sharma
- Immunology Core Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Rucha Chandwaskar
- Department of Microbiology, AMITY University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Mudita Gosain
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | | | | | | | - Ramachandran Thiruvengadam
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
- Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences, Puducherry, India
| | | | | | - Pramod Kumar Garg
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Amit Awasthi
- Immunology Core Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India.
- Centre for Immunobiology and Immunotherapy, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India.
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6
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Ferreras C, Hernández-Blanco C, Martín-Quirós A, Al-Akioui-Sanz K, Mora-Rillo M, Ibáñez F, Díaz-Almirón M, Cano-Ochando J, Lozano-Ojalvo D, Jiménez-González M, Goterris R, Sánchez-Zapardiel E, de Paz R, Guerra-García P, Queiruga-Parada J, Molina P, Briones ML, Ruz-Caracuel B, Borobia AM, Carcas AJ, Planelles D, Vicario JL, Moreno MÁ, Balas A, Llano M, Llorente A, Del Balzo Á, Cañada C, García MÁ, Calvin ME, Arenas I, Pérez de Diego R, Eguizábal C, Soria B, Solano C, Pérez-Martínez A. Results of phase 2 randomized multi-center study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of infusion of memory T cells as adoptive therapy in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pneumonia and/or lymphopenia (RELEASE NCT04578210). Cytotherapy 2024; 26:25-35. [PMID: 37897472 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS There are currently no effective anti-viral treatments for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-hospitalized patients with hypoxemia. Lymphopenia is a biomarker of disease severity usually present in patients who are hospitalized. Approaches to increasing lymphocytes exerting an anti-viral effect must be considered to treat these patients. Following our phase 1 study, we performed a phase 2 randomized multicenter clinical trial in which we evaluated the efficacy of the infusion of allogeneic off-the-shelf CD45RA- memory T cells containing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific T cells from convalescent donors plus the standard of care (SoC) versus just the SoC treatment. METHODS Eighty-four patients were enrolled in three Spanish centers. The patients were randomized into the infusion of 1 × 106/kg CD45RA- memory T cells or the SoC. We selected four unvaccinated donors based on the expression of interferon gamma SARS-CoV-2-specific response within the CD45RA- memory T cells and the most frequent human leukocyte antigen typing in the Spanish population. RESULTS We analyzed data from 81 patients. The primary outcome for recovery, defined as the proportion of participants in each group with normalization of fever, oxygen saturation sustained for at least 24 hours and lymphopenia recovery through day 14 or at discharge, was met for the experimental arm. We also observed faster lymphocyte recovery in the experimental group. We did not observe any treatment-related adverse events. CONCLUSIONS Adoptive cell therapy with off-the-shelf CD45RA- memory T cells containing SAR-CoV-2-specific T cells is safe, effective and accelerates lymphocyte recovery of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia and/or lymphopenia. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT04578210.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ferreras
- Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, IdiPAZ, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Hernández-Blanco
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital de Emergencias Enfermera Isabel Zendal, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Karima Al-Akioui-Sanz
- Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, IdiPAZ, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Mora-Rillo
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Internal Medicine Department, University Hospital La Paz, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, IdiPAZ, Consorcio Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red CIBER-Infec, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fátima Ibáñez
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jordi Cano-Ochando
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Centro Nacional de Microbiologia, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain; Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Daniel Lozano-Ojalvo
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - María Jiménez-González
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Internal Medicine Department, University Hospital La Paz, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, IdiPAZ, Consorcio Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red CIBER-Infec, Madrid, Spain; Clinical Trials Unit (UCICEC) at Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, IdiPAZ, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Goterris
- Hematology Department, Hospital Clinico Universitario, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Raquel de Paz
- Hematology Department, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Guerra-García
- Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, IdiPAZ, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Pediatric Hemato-Oncology Department, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Pablo Molina
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Beatriz Ruz-Caracuel
- Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, IdiPAZ, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto M Borobia
- Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, IdiPAZ, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Clinical Trials Unit (UCICEC) at Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, IdiPAZ, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Clinical Pharmacology Department, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio J Carcas
- Clinical Trials Unit (UCICEC) at Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, IdiPAZ, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Clinical Pharmacology Department, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Faculty of Medicine Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Planelles
- Department of Histocompatibility, Centro de Transfusión de la Comunidad Valenciana, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Luis Vicario
- Histocompatibility, Centro de Transfusión de la Comunidad de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Moreno
- Histocompatibility, Centro de Transfusión de la Comunidad de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Balas
- Histocompatibility, Centro de Transfusión de la Comunidad de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Llano
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital de Emergencias Enfermera Isabel Zendal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Llorente
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital de Emergencias Enfermera Isabel Zendal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Del Balzo
- Emergency Unit, Internal Medicine Department, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Cañada
- Emergency Unit, Internal Medicine Department, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel García
- Emergency Unit, Internal Medicine Department, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Elena Calvin
- Emergency Unit, Internal Medicine Department, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Arenas
- Emergency Unit, Internal Medicine Department, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca Pérez de Diego
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics of Human Diseases, IdiPAZ Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; Innate Immunity Group, IdiPAZ Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; Interdepartmental Group of Immunodeficiencies, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Eguizábal
- Research Unit, Basque Centre for Blood Transfusion and Human Tissues, Osakidetza, Bizkaia, Spain; Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Bernat Soria
- Health Research Institute-ISABIAL, Alicante University Hospital and Institute of Bioengineering, Miguel Hernández University, Alicante, Spain; University Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Carlos Solano
- Hematology Department, Hospital Clinico Universitario, Valencia, Spain; Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Pérez-Martínez
- Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, IdiPAZ, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Pediatric Hemato-Oncology Department, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Faculty of Medicine Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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7
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Pitiriga VC, Papamentzelopoulou M, Konstantinakou KE, Vasileiou IV, Sakellariou KS, Spyrou NI, Tsakris A. Persistence of T-Cell Immunity Responses against SARS-CoV-2 for over 12 Months Post COVID-19 Infection in Unvaccinated Individuals with No Detectable IgG Antibodies. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1764. [PMID: 38140169 PMCID: PMC10747023 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11121764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune response to SARS-CoV-2 is crucial for preventing reinfection or reducing disease severity. T-cells' long-term protection, elicited either by COVID-19 vaccines or natural infection, has been extensively studied thus far; however, it is still attracting considerable scientific interest. The aim of the present epidemiological study was to define the levels of T-cellular immunity response in a specific group of unvaccinated individuals from the general population with a prior confirmed COVID-19 infection and no measurable levels of IgG antibodies. METHODS We performed a retrospective descriptive analysis of data collected from the medical records of consecutive unvaccinated individuals recovered from COVID-19, who had proceeded to a large private medical center in the Attica region from September 2021 to September 2022 in order to be examined on their own initiative for SARS-CoV-2 T-cell immunity response. The analysis of T-cell responses was divided into three time periods post infection: Group A: up to 6 months; Group B: 6-12 months; Group C: >12 months. The SARS-CoV-2 T-cell response was estimated against spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) structural proteins by performing the T-SPOT. COVID test methodology. SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody levels were measured by the SARS-CoV-2 IgG II Quant assay (Abbott Diagnostics). RESULTS A total of 182 subjects were retrospectively included in the study, 85 females (46.7%) and 97 (53.3%) males, ranging from 19 to 91 years old (mean 50.84 ± 17.2 years). Among them, 59 (32.4%) had been infected within the previous 6 months from the examination date (Group A), 69 (37.9%) had been infected within a time period > 6 months and <1 year (Group B) and 54 (29.7%) had been infected within a time period longer than 1 year from the examination date (Group C). Among the three groups, a positive T-cell reaction against the S antigen was reported in 47/58 (81%) of Group A, 61/69 (88.4%) of Group B and 40/54 (74.1%) of Group C (chi square, p = 0.27). T-cell reaction against the N antigen was present in 45/58 (77.6%) of Group A, 61/69 (88.4%) of Group B and 36/54 (66.7%) of Group C (chi square, p = 0.02). The median Spot-Forming Cells (SFC) count for the S antigen was 18 (range from 0-160) in Group A, 19 (range from 0-130) in Group B and 17 (range from 0-160) in Group C (Kruskal-Wallis test, p = 0.11; pairwise comparisons: groups A-B, p = 0.95; groups A-C, p = 0.89; groups B-C, p = 0.11). The median SFCs count for the N antigen was 14.5 (ranging from 0 to 116) for Group A, 24 (ranging from 0-168) in Group B and 16 (ranging from 0-112) for Group C (Kruskal-Wallis test, p = 0.01; pairwise comparisons: groups A-B, p = 0.02; groups A-C, p = 0.97; groups B-C, p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that protective adaptive T-cellular immunity following natural infection by SARS-CoV-2 may persist for over 12 months, despite the undetectable humoral element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassiliki C. Pitiriga
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Myrto Papamentzelopoulou
- Molecular Biology Unit, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece;
| | - Kanella E. Konstantinakou
- Bioiatriki Healthcare Group, Kifisias 132 and Papada Street, 11526 Athens, Greece; (K.E.K.); (I.V.V.); (K.S.S.); (N.I.S.)
| | - Irene V. Vasileiou
- Bioiatriki Healthcare Group, Kifisias 132 and Papada Street, 11526 Athens, Greece; (K.E.K.); (I.V.V.); (K.S.S.); (N.I.S.)
| | - Konstantina S. Sakellariou
- Bioiatriki Healthcare Group, Kifisias 132 and Papada Street, 11526 Athens, Greece; (K.E.K.); (I.V.V.); (K.S.S.); (N.I.S.)
| | - Natalia I. Spyrou
- Bioiatriki Healthcare Group, Kifisias 132 and Papada Street, 11526 Athens, Greece; (K.E.K.); (I.V.V.); (K.S.S.); (N.I.S.)
| | - Athanasios Tsakris
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, 11527 Athens, Greece;
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Orban ZS, Visvabharathy L, Perez Giraldo GS, Jimenez M, Koralnik IJ. SARS-CoV-2-Specific Immune Responses in Patients With Postviral Syndrome After Suspected COVID-19. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2023; 10:e200159. [PMID: 37612134 PMCID: PMC10448973 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Millions of Americans were exposed to SARS-CoV-2 early in the pandemic but could not get diagnosed with COVID-19 due to testing limitations. Many have developed a postviral syndrome (PVS) including neurologic manifestations similar to those with postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (Neuro-PASC). Owing to those circumstances, proof of SARS-CoV-2 infection was not required for evaluation at Northwestern Medicine's Neuro COVID-19 clinic. We sought to investigate clinical and immunologic findings suggestive of SARS-CoV-2 exposure in patients with PVS. METHODS We measured SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cell-mediated immune responses against Nucleocapsid and Spike proteins in 29 patients with PVS after suspected COVID-19, 32 confirmed age-matched/sex-matched Neuro-PASC (NP) patients, and 18 unexposed healthy controls. Neurologic symptoms and signs, comorbidities, quality of life, and cognitive testing data collected during clinic visits were studied retrospectively. RESULTS Of 29 patients with PVS, 12 (41%) had detectable humoral or cellular immune responses consistent with prior exposure to SARS-CoV-2. Of 12 PVS responders (PVS+), 75% harbored anti-Nucleocapsid and 50% harbored anti-Spike responses. Patients with PVS+ had similar neurologic symptoms as patients with NP, but clinic evaluation occurred 5.3 months later from the time of symptom onset (10.7 vs 5.4 months; p = 0.0006). Patients with PVS+ and NP had similar subjective impairments in quality of life measures including cognitive function and fatigue. Patients with PVS+ had similar results in objective cognitive measures of processing speed, attention, and executive function and better results in working memory than patients with NP. DISCUSSION Antibody and T-cell assays showed evidence of prior SARS-CoV-2 exposure in approximately 40% of the PVS group. Three-quarters of patients with PVS+ had detectable anti-Nucleocapsid and one-half anti-Spike responses, highlighting the importance of multitargeted COVID-19 immunologic evaluation and the limitations of commercially available diagnostic tests. Despite their persistent symptoms, lack of COVID-19 diagnosis likely delayed clinical care in patients with PVS. Our data suggest that millions of Americans presenting with PVS resembling Neuro-PASC were indeed exposed to SARS-CoV-2 at the beginning of the pandemic, and they deserve the same access to care and inclusion in research studies as patients with NP with confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary S Orban
- From the Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Lavanya Visvabharathy
- From the Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Gina S Perez Giraldo
- From the Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Millenia Jimenez
- From the Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Igor J Koralnik
- From the Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.
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Kanis FM, Meier JP, Guldan H, Niller HH, Dahm M, Dansard A, Zander T, Struck F, Soutschek E, Deml L, Möbus S, Barabas S. Performance of T-Track ® SARS-CoV-2, an Innovative Dual Marker RT-qPCR-Based Whole-Blood Assay for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2-Reactive T Cells. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2722. [PMID: 37685260 PMCID: PMC10486492 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13172722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) plays a central role in the control of the virus. In this study, we evaluated the performance of T-Track® SARS-CoV-2, a novel CE-marked quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay, which relies on the combined evaluation of IFNG and CXCL10 mRNA levels in response to the S1 and NP SARS-CoV-2 antigens, in 335 participants with or without a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination, respectively. Of the 62 convalescent donors, 100% responded to S1 and 88.7% to NP antigens. In comparison, of the 68 naïve donors, 4.4% were reactive to S1 and 19.1% to NP. Convalescent donors <50 and ≥50 years of age demonstrated a 100% S1 reactivity and an 89.1% and 87.5% NP reactivity, respectively. T-cell responses by T-Track® SARS-CoV-2 and IgG serology by recomLine SARS-CoV-2 IgG according to the time from the last immunisation (by vaccination or viral infection) were comparable. Both assays showed a persistent cellular and humoral response for at least 36 weeks post immunisation in vaccinated and convalescent donors. Our results demonstrate the very good performance of the T-Track® SARS-CoV-2 molecular assay and suggest that it might be suitable to monitor the SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell response in COVID-19 vaccinations trials and cross-reactivity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hans-Helmut Niller
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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10
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Bormann M, Brochhagen L, Alt M, Otte M, Thümmler L, van de Sand L, Kraiselburd I, Thomas A, Gosch J, Braß P, Ciesek S, Widera M, Dolff S, Dittmer U, Witzke O, Meyer F, Lindemann M, Schönfeld A, Rohn H, Krawczyk A. Immune responses in COVID-19 patients during breakthrough infection with SARS-CoV-2 variants Delta, Omicron-BA.1 and Omicron-BA.5. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1150667. [PMID: 37520539 PMCID: PMC10372796 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1150667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Breakthrough infections with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants are increasingly observed in vaccinated individuals. Immune responses towards SARS-CoV-2 variants, particularly Omicron-BA.5, are poorly understood. We investigated the humoral and cellular immune responses of hospitalized COVID-19 patients during Delta and Omicron infection waves. Methods The corresponding SARS-CoV-2 variant of the respective patients were identified by whole genome sequencing. Humoral immune responses were analyzed by ELISA and a cell culture-based neutralization assay against SARS-CoV-2 D614G isolate (wildtype), Alpha, Delta (AY.43) and Omicron (BA.1 and BA.5). Cellular immunity was evaluated with an IFN-γ ELISpot assay. Results On a cellular level, patients showed a minor IFN-γ response after stimulating PBMCs with mutated regions of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Neutralizing antibody titers against Omicron-BA.1 and especially BA.5 were strongly reduced. Double-vaccinated patients with Delta breakthrough infection showed a significantly increased neutralizing antibody response against Delta compared to double-vaccinated uninfected controls (median complete neutralization titer (NT100) 640 versus 80, p<0.05). Omicron-BA.1 infection increased neutralization titers against BA.1 in double-vaccinated patients (median NT100 of 160 in patients versus 20 in controls, p=0.07) and patients that received booster vaccination (median NT100 of 50 in patients versus 20 in controls, p=0.68). For boosted patients with BA.5 breakthrough infection, we found no enhancing effect on humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2 variants. Conclusion Neutralizing antibody titers against Omicron-BA.1 and especially BA.5 were strongly reduced in SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections. Delta and Omicron-BA.1 but not Omicron-BA.5 infections boosted the humoral immunity in double-vaccinated patients and patients with booster vaccination. Despite BA.5 breakthrough infection, those patients may still be vulnerable for reinfections with BA.5 or other newly emerging variants of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Bormann
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Leonie Brochhagen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Mira Alt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Mona Otte
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Laura Thümmler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Lukas van de Sand
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ivana Kraiselburd
- Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Alexander Thomas
- Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jule Gosch
- Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Peer Braß
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sandra Ciesek
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Branch Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marek Widera
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sebastian Dolff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Oliver Witzke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Folker Meyer
- Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Monika Lindemann
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Andreas Schönfeld
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Hana Rohn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Adalbert Krawczyk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Gashimova NR, Pankratyeva LL, Bitsadze VO, Khizroeva JK, Tretyakova MV, Grigoreva KN, Tsibizova VI, Gris JC, Degtyareva ND, Yakubova FE, Makatsariya AD. Inflammation and Immune Reactions in the Fetus as a Response to COVID-19 in the Mother. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4256. [PMID: 37445296 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12134256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Contracting COVID-19 during pregnancy can harm both the mother and the unborn child. Pregnant women are highly likely to develop respiratory viral infection complications with critical conditions caused by physiological changes in the immune and cardiopulmonary systems. Asymptomatic COVID-19 in pregnant women may be accompanied by fetal inflammatory response syndrome, which has adverse consequences for the newborn's life and health. Purpose: To conduct an inflammatory response assessment of the fetus due to the effects of COVID-19 on the mother during pregnancy by determining pro-inflammatory cytokines, cell markers, T regulatory cells, T cell response, evaluation of cardiac function, and thymus size. Materials and methods: A prospective study included pregnant women (n = 92). The main group consisted of 62 pregnant women with COVID-19 infection: subgroup 1-SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive pregnant women 4-6 weeks before delivery (n = 30); subgroup 2-SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive earlier during pregnancy (n = 32). The control group consisted of 30 healthy pregnant women. In all pregnant women, the levels of circulating cytokines and chemokines (IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, GM-CSF, TNF-α, IFN-γ, MIP-1β, and CXCL-10) were determined in the peripheral blood and after delivery in the umbilical cord blood, and an analysis was performed of the cell markers on dendritic cells, quantitative and functional characteristics of T regulatory cells, and specific T cell responses. The levels of thyroxine and thyroid-stimulating hormone were determined in the newborns of the studied groups, and ultrasound examinations of the thymus and echocardiography of the heart were also performed. Results: The cord blood dendritic cells of newborns born to mothers who suffered from COVID-19 4-6 weeks before delivery (subgroup 1) showed a significant increase in CD80 and CD86 expression compared to the control group (p = 0.023). In the umbilical cord blood samples of children whose mothers tested positive for COVID-19 4-6 weeks before delivery (subgroup 1), the CD4+CCR7+ T cells increased with a concomitant decrease in the proportion of naive CD4+ T cells compared with the control group (p = 0.016). Significantly higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines were detected in the newborns of subgroup 1 compared to the control group. In the newborns of subgroup 1, the functional activity of T regulatory cells was suppressed, compared with the newborns of the control group (p < 0.001). In all pregnant women with a severe coronavirus infection, a weak T cell response was detected in them as well as in their newborns. In newborns whose mothers suffered a coronavirus infection, a decrease in thymus size, transient hypothyroxinemia, and changes in functional parameters according to echocardiography were revealed compared with the newborns of the control group. Conclusions: Fetal inflammatory response syndrome can occur in infants whose mothers suffered from a COVID-19 infection during pregnancy and is characterized by the activation of the fetal immune system and increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The disease severity in a pregnant woman does not correlate with SIRS severity in the neonatal period. It can vary from minimal laboratory parameter changes to the development of complications in the organs and systems of the fetus and newborn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilufar R Gashimova
- Sechenov University, 2 bldg. 4, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Str., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Liudmila L Pankratyeva
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, 1 Samory Mashela Street, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Clinical Research Center, Vorokhobov City Clinical Hospital No 67, 2/44 Salama Adil Str., 123423 Moscow, Russia
| | - Victoria O Bitsadze
- Sechenov University, 2 bldg. 4, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Str., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Jamilya Kh Khizroeva
- Sechenov University, 2 bldg. 4, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Str., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria V Tretyakova
- Sechenov University, 2 bldg. 4, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Str., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Kristina N Grigoreva
- Sechenov University, 2 bldg. 4, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Str., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Valentina I Tsibizova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution "Almazov National Medical Research Centre", Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation 2 Akkuratova Street, 197341 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Jean-Christophe Gris
- Sechenov University, 2 bldg. 4, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Str., 119991 Moscow, Russia
- University of Montpellier, 163 Rue Auguste Broussonnet, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Natalia D Degtyareva
- Sechenov University, 2 bldg. 4, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Str., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Fidan E Yakubova
- Sechenov University, 2 bldg. 4, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Str., 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Nishikubo M, Shimomura Y, Maruoka H, Nasu S, Nishioka T, Sakizono K, Mitsuyuki S, Kubo T, Okada N, Nakagawa D, Kamijo K, Imoto H, Yamamoto R, Nagai Y, Hiramoto N, Yoshioka S, Yonetani N, Matsushita A, Miyakoshi C, Doi A, Ishikawa T. Humoral response and safety of the BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccines in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: An observational study. J Infect Chemother 2023; 29:274-280. [PMID: 36442827 PMCID: PMC9699714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2022.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effectiveness of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines and the optimal timing of vaccine administration in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (Allo-HSCT) recipients remains inadequately investigated. We examine the effectiveness and safety of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines in allo-HSCT recipients. METHOD This prospective observational study included 44 allo-HSCT recipients and 38 healthy volunteers. The proportion of subjects acquiring anti-S1 IgG antibodies were considered as the primary endpoint. The occurrence of adverse events after vaccination and objective deterioration of chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) were defined as secondary endpoints. In addition, we compared the geometric mean titers (GMT) of anti-S1 antibody titers in subgroups based on time interval between transplantation and vaccination. RESULTS A humoral response to the vaccine was evident in 40 (91%) patients and all 38 healthy controls. The GMT of anti-S1 titers in patients and healthy controls were 277 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 120-643) BAU/mL and 532 (95% CI 400-708) BAU/mL, respectively. (p = 0.603). A short time interval between transplantation and vaccination (≤6 months) was associated with low anti-S1 IgG antibody titers. No serious adverse events and deterioration of chronic GVHD were observed. Only one case of new development of mild chronic GVHD was recorded. CONCLUSION Messenger RNA COVID-19 vaccines induce humoral responses in allo-HSCT recipients and can be administered safely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Nishikubo
- Department of Hematology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Shimomura
- Department of Hematology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan,Department of Environmental Medicine and Population Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan,Corresponding author. Department of Hematology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, 2-1-1 Minami-machi, Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hayato Maruoka
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Seiko Nasu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Tomomi Nishioka
- LSI Medience Laboratory, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakizono
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Satoshi Mitsuyuki
- Department of Hematology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Tomoyo Kubo
- Department of Hematology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Naoki Okada
- Department of Hematology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Daishi Nakagawa
- Department of Hematology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Kimimori Kamijo
- Department of Hematology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hiroharu Imoto
- Department of Hematology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Yamamoto
- Department of Hematology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yuya Nagai
- Department of Hematology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Hiramoto
- Department of Hematology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yoshioka
- Department of Hematology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Noboru Yonetani
- Department of Hematology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Akiko Matsushita
- Department of Hematology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Chisato Miyakoshi
- Department of Research Support, Center for Clinical Research and Innovation, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Asako Doi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ishikawa
- Department of Hematology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
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Garofalo E, Biamonte F, Palmieri C, Battaglia AM, Sacco A, Biamonte E, Neri G, Antico GC, Mancuso S, Foti G, Torti C, Costanzo FS, Longhini F, Bruni A. Severe and mild-moderate SARS-CoV-2 vaccinated patients show different frequencies of IFNγ-releasing cells: An exploratory study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281444. [PMID: 36757971 PMCID: PMC9910754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite an apparent effective vaccination, some patients are admitted to the hospital after SARS-CoV-2 infection. The role of adaptive immunity in COVID-19 is growing; nonetheless, differences in the spike-specific immune responses between patients requiring or not hospitalization for SARS-CoV-2 infection remains to be evaluated. In this study, we aim to evaluate the spike-specific immune response in patients with mild-moderate or severeSARS-CoV-2 infection, after breakthrough infection following two doses of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. METHODS We included three cohorts of 15 cases which received the two BNT162b2 vaccine doses in previous 4 to 7 months: 1) patients with severe COVID-19; 2) patients with mild-moderate COVID-19 and 3) vaccinated individuals with a negative SARS-CoV-2 molecular pharyngeal swab (healthy subjects). Anti-S1 and anti-S2 specific SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG titers were measured through a chemiluminescence immunoassay technology. In addition, the frequencies of IFNγ-releasing cells were measured by ELISpot. RESULTS The spike-specific IFNγ-releasing cells were significantly lower in severe patients (8 [0; 26] s.f.c.×106), as compared to mild-moderate patients (135 [64; 159] s.f.c.×106; p<0.001) and healthy subjects (103 [50; 188] s.f.c.×106; p<0.001). The anti-Spike protein IgG levels were similar among the three cohorts of cases (p = 0.098). All cases had an IgM titer below the analytic sensitivity of the test. The Receiver Operating Curve analysis indicated the rate of spike-specific IFNγ-releasing cells can discriminate correctly severe COVID-19 and mild-moderate patients (AUC: 0.9289; 95%CI: 0.8376-1.000; p< 0.0001), with a diagnostic specificity of 100% for s.f.c. > 81.2 x 106. CONCLUSIONS 2-doses vaccinated patients requiring hospitalization for severe COVID-19 show a cellular-mediated immune response lower than mild-moderate or healthy subjects, despite similar antibody titers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Garofalo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital Mater Domini, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Flavia Biamonte
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, "Magna Graecia" University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center of Services (CIS), Molecular Genomics and Pathology, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Camillo Palmieri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, "Magna Graecia" University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Anna Martina Battaglia
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, "Magna Graecia" University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Alessandro Sacco
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, "Magna Graecia" University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Eugenio Biamonte
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital Mater Domini, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Neri
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital Mater Domini, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Serafina Mancuso
- Unit of Biochimica Clinica, University Hospital Mater Domini, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Foti
- Unit of Infectious Disease, Grand Metropolitan Hospital, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Carlo Torti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, "Magna Graecia" University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesco Saverio Costanzo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, "Magna Graecia" University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center of Services (CIS), Molecular Genomics and Pathology, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Federico Longhini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital Mater Domini, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Andrea Bruni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital Mater Domini, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
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14
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Ning B, Chandra S, Rosen J, Multala E, Argrave M, Pierson L, Trinh I, Simone B, Escarra MD, Drury S, Zwezdaryk KJ, Norton E, Lyon CJ, Hu T. Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2-Specific T-Cell Activation with a Rapid On-Chip IGRA. ACS NANO 2023; 17:1206-1216. [PMID: 36595218 PMCID: PMC9878992 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c09018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) that measure pathogen-specific T-cell response rates can provide a more reliable estimate of protection than specific antibody levels but have limited potential for widespread use due to their workflow, personnel, and instrumentation demands. The major vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 have demonstrated substantial efficacy against all of its current variants, but approaches are needed to determine how these vaccines will perform against future variants, as they arise, to inform vaccine and public health policies. Here we describe a rapid, sensitive, nanolayer polylysine-integrated microfluidic chip IGRA read by a fluorescent microscope that has a 5 h sample-to-answer time and uses ∼25 μL of a fingerstick whole blood sample. Results from this assay correlated with those of a comparable clinical IGRA when used to evaluate the T-cell response to SARS-CoV-2 peptides in a population of vaccinated and/or infected individuals. Notably, this streamlined and inexpensive assay is suitable for high-throughput analyses in resource-limited settings for other infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ning
- Center
for Cellular and Molecular Diagnostics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane
University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - Sutapa Chandra
- Center
for Cellular and Molecular Diagnostics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane
University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - Juniper Rosen
- Center
for Cellular and Molecular Diagnostics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane
University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - Evan Multala
- Center
for Cellular and Molecular Diagnostics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane
University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - Melvin Argrave
- Center
for Cellular and Molecular Diagnostics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane
University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - Lane Pierson
- Center
for Cellular and Molecular Diagnostics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane
University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - Ivy Trinh
- Department
of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane
University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - Brittany Simone
- Department
of Physics and Engineering Physics, Tulane
University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Matthew David Escarra
- Department
of Physics and Engineering Physics, Tulane
University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Stacy Drury
- Department
of Psychiatry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
- Tulane
Brain
Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - Kevin J. Zwezdaryk
- Department
of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane
University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - Elizabeth Norton
- Department
of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane
University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - Christopher J. Lyon
- Center
for Cellular and Molecular Diagnostics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane
University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - Tony Hu
- Center
for Cellular and Molecular Diagnostics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane
University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
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15
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Thümmler L, Lindemann M, Horn PA, Lenz V, Konik M, Gäckler A, Boss K, Theodoropoulos F, Besa V, Taube C, Brenner T, Witzke O, Krawczyk A, Rohn H. Early Treatment with Monoclonal Antibodies or Convalescent Plasma Reduces Mortality in Non-Vaccinated COVID-19 High-Risk Patients. Viruses 2022; 15:119. [PMID: 36680159 PMCID: PMC9861454 DOI: 10.3390/v15010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Vulnerable patients such as immunosuppressed or elderly patients are at high risk for a severe course of COVID-19 upon SARS-CoV-2 infection. Immunotherapy with SARS-CoV-2 specific monoclonal antibodies (mAb) or convalescent plasma represents a considerable treatment option to protect these patients from a severe or lethal course of infection. However, monoclonal antibodies are not always available or less effective against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. Convalescent plasma is more commonly available and may represent a good treatment alternative in low-income countries. We retrospectively evaluated outcomes in individuals treated with mAbs or convalescent plasma and compared the 30-day overall survival with a patient cohort that received supportive care due to a lack of SARS-CoV-2 specific therapies between March 2020 and April 2021. Our data demonstrate that mAb treatment is highly effective in preventing severe courses of SARS-CoV-2 infection. All patients treated with mAb survived. Treatment with convalescent plasma improved overall survival to 82% compared with 61% in patients without SARS-CoV-2 targeted therapy. Our data indicate that early convalescent plasma treatment may be an option to improve the overall survival of high-risk COVID-19 patients. This is especially true when other antiviral drugs are not available or their efficacy is significantly reduced, which may be the case with emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Thümmler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Monika Lindemann
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Peter A. Horn
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Veronika Lenz
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Margarethe Konik
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Anja Gäckler
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Kristina Boss
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Fotis Theodoropoulos
- Department of Pneumology, University Medicine Essen—Ruhrlandklinik, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Vasiliki Besa
- Department of Pneumology, University Medicine Essen—Ruhrlandklinik, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Christian Taube
- Department of Pneumology, University Medicine Essen—Ruhrlandklinik, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Brenner
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Oliver Witzke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Adalbert Krawczyk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Hana Rohn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
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16
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Clonal diversity predicts persistence of SARS-CoV-2 epitope-specific T-cell response. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1351. [PMID: 36494499 PMCID: PMC9734123 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04250-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells play a pivotal role in reducing disease severity during SARS-CoV-2 infection and formation of long-term immune memory. We studied 50 COVID-19 convalescent patients and found that T cell response was induced more frequently and persisted longer than circulating antibodies. We identified 756 clonotypes specific to nine CD8+ T cell epitopes. Some epitopes were recognized by highly similar public clonotypes. Receptors for other epitopes were extremely diverse, suggesting alternative modes of recognition. We tracked persistence of epitope-specific response and individual clonotypes for a median of eight months after infection. The number of recognized epitopes per patient and quantity of epitope-specific clonotypes decreased over time, but the studied epitopes were characterized by uneven decline in the number of specific T cells. Epitopes with more clonally diverse TCR repertoires induced more pronounced and durable responses. In contrast, the abundance of specific clonotypes in peripheral circulation had no influence on their persistence.
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17
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Ocmant A, Roisin S, Mathieu D, Brauner J, De Leener F. Long-Term Dynamic of Anti-TrimericS and Anti-RBD Antibodies in Naive and COVID-19 Recovered mRNA-1273 Vaccine Recipients. Lab Med 2022:6885749. [DOI: 10.1093/labmed/lmac127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
Patients and physicians are increasingly requesting their clinical laboratory to provide SARS-CoV-2 serology interpretation. Our study aimed to assess the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in Moderna-vaccinated health care workers.
Methods
We analyzed the evolution of mRNA-1273 (Moderna)–elicited antibodies by 2 high-throughput assays, TrimericS IgG (Diasorin) and SARS-CoV-2 IgG-II (Abbott).
Results
After the first injection, the COVID-19–recovered vaccinees showed a serological response as strong as that observed 1 month after the second injection in participants without COVID-19 history. Although remaining above the positivity thresholds, the TrimericS immunoglobulin G (IgG) and anti-RBD (receptor-binding domain) IgG levels fell considerably between 1 and 7 months postvaccination, dropping to 10.6% and 13% for the COVID-19 recovered subgroup and to 11.7% and 9.3% for the COVID-19 naive subgroup.
Conclusion
Regardless of the test used, a decrease in circulating anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels should be expected a few months after vaccination. As this decline does not preclude the efficacy of immune response, caution is necessary when interpretating postvaccination serological data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annick Ocmant
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Tivoli , La Louvière , Belgium
| | - Sandrine Roisin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Tivoli , La Louvière , Belgium
| | - Delphine Mathieu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Tivoli , La Louvière Belgium
| | - Jonathan Brauner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Tivoli , La Louvière , Belgium
| | - Frédéric De Leener
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Tivoli , La Louvière Belgium
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18
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Hafızoğlu M, Bas AO, Tavukçuoğlu E, Sahiner Z, Oytun MG, Ulutürk S, Yanık H, Doğu BB, Cankurtaran M, Esendağlı G, Akbıyık F, Çakır B, Ünal S, Halil MG. Memory T cell responses in seronegative older adults following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 2:154-158. [PMID: 38013969 PMCID: PMC9529214 DOI: 10.1016/j.clicom.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Generating memory T cell responses besides humoral immune responses is essential when it comes to the efficacy of a vaccine. In this study, the presence of memory T cell responses after aluminum-adjuvanted inactivated whole-virion SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (CoronaVac) in seronegative and seropositive elderly individuals were examined. CD4+ and CD8+ memory T cell proliferation and IFN-γ production capacities were evaluated. Additionally, clinical frailty scale (CFS) and FRAIL scales of the individuals were scored. CD4+ memory T cell responses more prominent than CD8+ memory T cells. In seronegative individuals, 80% of them had memory CD4+ and IFN-γ, whereas 50% of them had memory CD4+ and all of them had IFN-γ responses. Additionally, 40% of seronegative patients and 50% of seropositive patients had memory CD8+ responses. To sum up, humoral immune responses are not associated with memory T cell responses, and in seronegative individuals, memory T cell responses can be detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Hafızoğlu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Arzu Okyar Bas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ece Tavukçuoğlu
- Department of Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Sahiner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Merve Güner Oytun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sıla Ulutürk
- Department of Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hamdullah Yanık
- Department of Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Burcu Balam Doğu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Cankurtaran
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Güneş Esendağlı
- Department of Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Filiz Akbıyık
- Ankara City Hospital Siemens Healthineers Laboratory, Enterprise Services & Solutions, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Banu Çakır
- Department of Public Health, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Serhat Ünal
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Meltem Gülhan Halil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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19
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Cellular and Humoral Immunity against Different SARS-CoV-2 Variants Is Detectable but Reduced in Vaccinated Kidney Transplant Patients. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10081348. [PMID: 36016235 PMCID: PMC9412329 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10081348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In kidney transplant (KTX) patients, immune responses after booster vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 are inadequately examined. We analyzed these patients a median of four months after a third/fourth vaccination and compared them to healthy controls. Cellular responses were analyzed by interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) ELISpot assays. Neutralizing antibody titers were assessed against SARS-CoV-2 D614G (wild type) and the variants alpha, delta, and omicron by a cell culture-based neutralization assay. Humoral immunity was also determined by a competitive fluorescence assay, using 11 different variants of SARS-CoV-2. Antibody ratios were measured by ELISA. KTX patients showed significantly lower SARS-CoV-2-specific IFN-γ responses after booster vaccination than healthy controls. However, SARS-CoV-2-specific IL-2 responses were comparable to the T cell responses of healthy controls. Cell culture-based neutralizing antibody titers were 1.3-fold higher in healthy controls for D614G, alpha, and delta, and 7.8-fold higher for omicron (p < 0.01). Healthy controls had approximately 2-fold higher concentrations of potential neutralizing antibodies against all 11 variants than KTX patients. However, more than 60% of the KTX patients displayed antibodies to variants of SARS-CoV-2. Thus, KTX patients should be partly protected, due to neutralizing antibodies to variants of SARS-CoV-2 or by cross-reactive T cells, especially those producing IL-2.
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20
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Menges D, Zens KD, Ballouz T, Caduff N, Llanas-Cornejo D, Aschmann HE, Domenghino A, Pellaton C, Perreau M, Fenwick C, Pantaleo G, Kahlert CR, Münz C, Puhan MA, Fehr JS. Heterogenous humoral and cellular immune responses with distinct trajectories post-SARS-CoV-2 infection in a population-based cohort. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4855. [PMID: 35982045 PMCID: PMC9386650 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32573-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To better understand the development of SARS-CoV-2-specific immunity over time, a detailed evaluation of humoral and cellular responses is required. Here, we characterize anti-Spike (S) IgA and IgG in a representative population-based cohort of 431 SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals up to 217 days after diagnosis, demonstrating that 85% develop and maintain anti-S responses. In a subsample of 64 participants, we further assess anti-Nucleocapsid (N) IgG, neutralizing antibody activity, and T cell responses to Membrane (M), N, and S proteins. In contrast to S-specific antibody responses, anti-N IgG levels decline substantially over time and neutralizing activity toward Delta and Omicron variants is low to non-existent within just weeks of Wildtype SARS-CoV-2 infection. Virus-specific T cells are detectable in most participants, albeit more variable than antibody responses. Cluster analyses of the co-evolution of antibody and T cell responses within individuals identify five distinct trajectories characterized by specific immune patterns and clinical factors. These findings demonstrate the relevant heterogeneity in humoral and cellular immunity to SARS-CoV-2 while also identifying consistent patterns where antibody and T cell responses may work in a compensatory manner to provide protection. The persistence of the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 after recovery from infection is an indicator for subsequent protection against infection. Here the authors follow recovered patients and measure antibody and T cell responses and find that these two parts of the immune response may have different longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Menges
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kyra D Zens
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute for Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tala Ballouz
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Caduff
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute for Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Llanas-Cornejo
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hélène E Aschmann
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anja Domenghino
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Zurich (USZ), University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Céline Pellaton
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthieu Perreau
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Craig Fenwick
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Pantaleo
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christian R Kahlert
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Switzerland, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Christian Münz
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Milo A Puhan
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Jan S Fehr
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
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21
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Hoffmann-Vold AM, Distler O, Bruni C, Denton CP, de Vries-Bouwstra J, Matucci Cerinic M, Vonk MC, Gabrielli A. Systemic sclerosis in the time of COVID-19. THE LANCET RHEUMATOLOGY 2022; 4:e566-e575. [PMID: 35891634 PMCID: PMC9302939 DOI: 10.1016/s2665-9913(22)00130-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic represents one of the biggest challenges of the 21st century. In addition to the general effect on society and health-care systems, patients with systemic sclerosis and their physicians face specific challenges related to the chronic nature of their disease, the involvement of multiple organs, and the use of immunosuppressive treatments. Data from registries and single centre cohorts indicate that the risk of contracting SARS-CoV-2 does not seem to increase substantially in people with systemic sclerosis; conversely, severe COVID-19 outcomes are seen more frequently in these patients than in the general population. Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 is therefore highly recommended for patients with systemic sclerosis; however, no specific recommendations are available regarding the different vaccine platforms. Both patients and physicians should be aware that the effectiveness of vaccines might be reduced in patients taking immunosuppressive therapy, because antibody responses might be blunted, specifically in patients treated with rituximab and mycophenolate mofetil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oliver Distler
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cosimo Bruni
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Careggi University Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Christopher P Denton
- Centre for Rheumatology, Royal Free Campus, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Marco Matucci Cerinic
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Careggi University Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases (UnIRAR), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Madelon C Vonk
- Department of the Rheumatic Diseases, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Armando Gabrielli
- Fondazione di Medicina Molecolare e Terapia Cellulare, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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22
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Dub T, Solastie A, Hagberg L, Liedes O, Nohynek H, Haveri A, Virta C, Vara S, Lasander M, Ekström N, Österlund P, Lind K, Valtonen H, Hemmilä H, Ikonen N, Lukkarinen T, Palmu AA, Melin M. High secondary attack rate and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in household transmission study participants, Finland 2020–2021. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:876532. [PMID: 35966873 PMCID: PMC9366099 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.876532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Household transmission studies offer the opportunity to assess both secondary attack rate (SAR) and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies over time. Methods In Spring 2020, we invited confirmed COVID-19 cases and their household members to four visits, where we collected nasopharyngeal and serum samples over 28 days after index case onset. We calculated SAR based on the presence of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies (NAb) and assessed the persistence of NAb and IgG antibodies (Ab) against SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein and nucleoprotein. Results SAR was 45% (39/87), including 35 symptomatic secondary cases. During the initial 28-day follow-up, 62% (80/129) of participants developed NAb. Of those that seroconverted, 90% (63/70), 85% (63/74), and 78% (45/58) still had NAb to early B-lineage SARS-CoV-2 3, 6, and 12 months after the onset of the index case. Anti-spike IgG Ab persisted in 100% (69/69), 97% (72/74), and 93% (55/59) of seroconverted participants after 3, 6, and 12 months, while anti-nucleoprotein IgG Ab levels waned faster, persisting in 99% (68/69), 78% (58/74), and 55% (39/71) of participants, respectively. Conclusion Following detection of a COVID-19 case in a household, other members had a high risk of becoming infected. NAb to early B-lineage SARS-CoV-2 persisted for at least a year in most cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothée Dub
- Infectious Disease Control and Vaccinations Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Solastie
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
- *Correspondence: Anna Solastie,
| | - Lotta Hagberg
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Oona Liedes
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Nohynek
- Infectious Disease Control and Vaccinations Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Haveri
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Camilla Virta
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Saimi Vara
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mervi Lasander
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nina Ekström
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pamela Österlund
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katja Lind
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
- Centre for Military Medicine, Finnish Defence Forces, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Valtonen
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heidi Hemmilä
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
- Centre for Military Medicine, Finnish Defence Forces, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Niina Ikonen
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Lukkarinen
- Health Stations and Internal Medicine Clinic, Social and Health Care Sector, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arto A. Palmu
- Department of Public Health Solutions, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Tampere, Finland
| | - Merit Melin
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
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23
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Boongird S, Setthaudom C, Kitpermkiat R, Prasongtanakij S, Srisala S, Chuengsaman P, Nongnuch A, Assanatham M, Kiertiburanakul S, Malathum K, Phuphuakrat A, Bruminhent J. Durability of Humoral and Cellular Immunity after an Extended Primary Series with Heterologous Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Prime-Boost and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 in Dialysis Patients (ICON3). Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10071064. [PMID: 35891228 PMCID: PMC9323398 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The durability of a three-dose extended primary series of COVID-19 vaccine in dialysis patients remains unknown. Here, we assessed dynamic changes in SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cell-mediated immunity at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months after the extended primary series in 29 hemodialyzed (HD), 28 peritoneal dialyzed (PD) patients, and 14 healthy controls. Participants received two doses of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine followed by a dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine. At 6 months, median anti-RBD IgG titers (IQR) significantly declined from baseline in the HD (1741 (1136−3083) BAU/mL vs. 373 (188−607) BAU/mL) and PD (1093 (617−1911) BAU/mL vs. 180 (126−320) BAU/mL) groups, as did the mean percent inhibition of neutralizing antibodies (HD: 96% vs. 81%; PD: 95% vs. 73%) (all p < 0.01). Age and post-vaccination serological response intensity were predictors of early humoral seroprotection loss. In contrast, cell-mediated immunity remained unchanged. In conclusion, humoral immunity declined substantially in dialysis patients, while cell-mediated immunity remained stable 6 months after the extended heterologous primary series of two inactivated SARS-CoV-2/ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine. A booster dose could be considered in dialysis patients 3 months after this unique regimen, particularly in the elderly or those with a modest initial humoral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarinya Boongird
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (S.B.); (R.K.); (A.N.); (M.A.)
| | - Chavachol Setthaudom
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Rungthiwa Kitpermkiat
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (S.B.); (R.K.); (A.N.); (M.A.)
| | - Somsak Prasongtanakij
- Office of Research, Academic Affairs and Innovation, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (S.P.); (S.S.)
| | - Supanart Srisala
- Office of Research, Academic Affairs and Innovation, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (S.P.); (S.S.)
| | - Piyatida Chuengsaman
- Banphaeo-Charoenkrung Peritoneal Dialysis Center, Banphaeo Dialysis Group, Banphaeo Hospital, Bangkok 10120, Thailand;
| | - Arkom Nongnuch
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (S.B.); (R.K.); (A.N.); (M.A.)
| | - Montira Assanatham
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (S.B.); (R.K.); (A.N.); (M.A.)
| | - Sasisopin Kiertiburanakul
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (S.K.); (K.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Kumthorn Malathum
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (S.K.); (K.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Angsana Phuphuakrat
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (S.K.); (K.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Jackrapong Bruminhent
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (S.K.); (K.M.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-2201-1581
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24
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Ding J, Liu C, Wang Z, Guo H, Zhang K, Ma L, Wang B, Zhao H, Song M, Guan X. Characteristics and Prognosis of Antibody Non-responders With Coronavirus Disease 2019. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:813820. [PMID: 35795627 PMCID: PMC9251059 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.813820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been spreading globally. Information regarding the characteristics and prognosis of antibody non-responders to COVID-19 is limited. Methods In this retrospective, single-center study, we included all patients with confirmed COVID-19 using real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) admitted to the Fire God Mountain hospital from February 3, 2020, to April 14, 2020. A total of 1,921 patients were divided into the antibody-negative (n = 94) and antibody-positive (n = 1,827) groups, and 1:1 propensity score matching was used to match the two groups. Results In the antibody-negative group, 40 patients (42.6%) were men, and 49 (52.1%) were older than 65 years. Cough was the most common symptom in the antibody negative group. White blood cell counts, neutrophils, C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, interleukin-6, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, creatine kinase isoenzyme, urea nitrogen, and creatinine were significantly higher in the antibody-negative patients than in the antibody-positive group (P < 0.005). The number of days of nucleic acid-negative conversion in the antibody-negative group was shorter than that in the antibody-positive group (P < 0.001). The hospitalization time of the antibody-negative patients was shorter than that of the antibody-positive patients (P < 0.001). Conclusion Some COVID-19 patients without specific antibodies had mild symptoms; however, the inflammatory reaction caused by innate clinical immunity was more intense than those associated with antibodies. Non-specific immune responses played an essential role in virus clearance. There was no direct correlation between excessive inflammatory response and adverse outcomes in patients. The risk of reinfection and vaccination strategies for antibody-negative patients need to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Ding
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Eighth Medical Centre, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Changxin Liu
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Eighth Medical Centre, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Eighth Medical Centre, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Guo
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Eighth Medical Centre, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kan Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Eighth Medical Centre, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Eighth Medical Centre, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Eighth Medical Centre, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Huijun Zhao
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Eighth Medical Centre, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Manya Song
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Eighth Medical Centre, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xizhou Guan
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Eighth Medical Centre, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xizhou Guan
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25
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Cellular and Humoral Immunity after the Third Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 in Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplant Recipients. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10060972. [PMID: 35746580 PMCID: PMC9230894 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10060972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Protecting vulnerable groups from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is mandatory. Immune responses after a third vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 are insufficiently studied in patients after hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT). We analyzed immune responses before and after a third vaccination in HSCT patients and healthy controls. Cellular immunity was assessed using interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) ELISpots. Furthermore, this is the first report on neutralizing antibodies against 11 variants of SARS-CoV-2, analyzed by competitive fluorescence assay. Humoral immunity was also measured by neutralization tests assessing cytopathic effects and by ELISA. Neither HSCT patients nor healthy controls displayed significantly higher SARS-CoV-2-specific IFN-γ or IL-2 responses after the third vaccination. However, after the third vaccination, cellular responses were 2.6-fold higher for IFN-γ and 3.2-fold higher for IL-2 in healthy subjects compared with HSCT patients. After the third vaccination, neutralizing antibodies were significantly higher (p < 0.01) in healthy controls, but not in HSCT patients. Healthy controls vs. HSCT patients had 1.5-fold higher concentrations of neutralizing antibodies against variants and 1.2-fold higher antibody concentrations against wildtype. However, half of the HSCT patients exhibited neutralizing antibodies to variants of SARS-CoV-2, which increased only slightly after a third vaccination.
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26
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Mauro D, Ciancio A, Di Vico C, Passariello L, Rozza G, Pasquale MD, Pantano I, Cannistrà C, Bucci L, Scriffignano S, Riccio F, Patrone M, Scalise G, Ruscitti P, Montemurro MV, Giordano A, Vietri MT, Ciccia F. Serological Response to BNT162b2 Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Patients with Inflammatory Rheumatic Diseases: Results From the RHEUVAX Cohort. Front Immunol 2022; 13:901055. [PMID: 35784360 PMCID: PMC9247185 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.901055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveIn the light of the current COVID-19 epidemic and the availability of effective vaccines, this study aims to identify factors associated with non-response to anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines as immunological alteration associated with immune rheumatic diseases (IRD) and immunosuppressive medications may impair the response to vaccination.MethodsVolunteers in the health profession community with IRD, age, and sex-matched controls (CTRL) who underwent vaccination with two doses of BNT162b2 were recruited for this study. Anti-Trimeric Spike protein antibodies were assayed eight ± one weeks after the second vaccine dose. Univariate and logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors independently associated with non-response and low antibody titers.ResultsSamples were obtained from 237 IRD patients (m/f 73/164, mean age 57, CI 95% [56-59]): 4 autoinflammatory diseases (AI), 62 connective tissue diseases (CTD), 86 rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 71 spondylarthritis (SpA) and 14 vasculitis (Vsc). 232 CTRL were recruited (m/f 71/161, mean age 57, CI 95% [56-58]). Globally, IRD had a lower seroconversion rate (88.6% vs 99.6%, CI 95% OR [1.61-5.73], p<0.001) and lower antibody titer compared to controls (median (IQR) 403 (131.5-1012) versus 1160 (702.5-1675), p<0.001). After logistic regression, age, corticosteroid (CCS), Abatacept and Mycophenolate Mofetil (MMF) use were associated with non-response. Lower antibody titer was associated with the use of MMF, ABA, CCS, Rituximab, tumor necrosis factor inhibitor, JAK inhibitors, and higher age.ConclusionThe response to anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines is often impaired in IRD patients under treatment and may pose them at higher risk of severe COVID-19. Specific vaccination protocols are desirable for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Mauro
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “L.Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
- *Correspondence: Daniele Mauro, ; Francesco Ciccia,
| | - Antonio Ciancio
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “L.Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Di Vico
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “L.Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Luana Passariello
- Unit of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “L.Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Gelsomina Rozza
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “L.Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Dora Pasquale
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “L.Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Ilenia Pantano
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “L.Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Carlo Cannistrà
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “L.Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Bucci
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “L.Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Silvia Scriffignano
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “L.Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Flavia Riccio
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “L.Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Martina Patrone
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “L.Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Scalise
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “L.Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Piero Ruscitti
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Biotechnological & Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Montemurro
- Clinical Directorate, University Hospital of Università degli Studi della Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Head Office, University Hospital of Università degli Studi della Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Vietri
- Unit of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “L.Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Ciccia
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “L.Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
- *Correspondence: Daniele Mauro, ; Francesco Ciccia,
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27
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Wirsching S, Harder L, Heymanns M, Gröndahl B, Hilbert K, Kowalzik F, Meyer C, Gehring S. Long-Term, CD4 + Memory T Cell Response to SARS-CoV-2. Front Immunol 2022; 13:800070. [PMID: 35514974 PMCID: PMC9065554 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.800070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The first cases of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) were reported by Chinese authorities at the end of 2019. The disease spread quickly and was declared a global pandemic shortly thereafter. To respond effectively to infection and prevent viral spread, it is important to delineate the factors that affect protective immunity. Herein, a cohort of convalescent healthcare workers was recruited and their immune responses were studied over a period of 3 to 9 months following the onset of symptoms. A cross-reactive T cell response to SARS-CoV-2 and endemic coronaviruses, i.e., OC43 and NL63, was demonstrated in the infected, convalescent cohort, as well as a cohort composed of unexposed individuals. The convalescent cohort, however, displayed an increased number of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells relative to the unexposed group. Moreover, unlike humoral immunity and quickly decreasing antibody titers, T cell immunity in convalescent individuals was maintained and stable throughout the study period. This study also suggests that, based on the higher CD4 T cell memory response against nucleocapsid antigen, future vaccine designs may include nucleocapsid as an additional antigen along with the spike protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Wirsching
- Children's Hospital, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Laura Harder
- Children's Hospital, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Heymanns
- Children's Hospital, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Britta Gröndahl
- Children's Hospital, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Katja Hilbert
- Children's Hospital, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Frank Kowalzik
- Children's Hospital, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Claudius Meyer
- Children's Hospital, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stephan Gehring
- Children's Hospital, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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28
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Yang J, Lv Y, Zhu Y, Li S, Tao J, Chang L, Zhu M, Zhao J, Wang Y, Wu C, Zhao W. Baseline T-lymphocyte and cytokine indices in sheep peripheral blood. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:165. [PMID: 35513847 PMCID: PMC9074339 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03268-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sheep are an important livestock species worldwide and an essential large-animal model for animal husbandry and veterinary research. Understanding fundamental immune indicators, especially T-lymphocyte parameters, is necessary for research on sheep diseases and vaccines, to better understand the immune response to bacteria and viruses for reducing the use of antibiotics and improving the welfare of sheep. We randomly selected 36 sheep of similar ages to analyze cell-related immune indicators in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The proportions of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in PBMCs were detected by flow cytometry. We used Concanavalin A (Con A) and Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)/Ionomycin to stimulate PBMCs, and measured the expression of IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17A using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and enzyme-linked immunospot assay (ELISpot). Simultaneously, PMA/Ionomycin/brefeldin A (BFA) was added to PBMCs, then the expression of IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17A was detected by flow cytometry after 4 h of culturing. In addition, we observed the proliferation of PBMCs stimulated with Con A for 3, 4, and 5 days. Results The proportions of CD4+ T lymphocytes (18.70 ± 4.21%) and CD8+ T lymphocytes (8.70 ± 3.65%) were generally consistent among individuals, with a CD4/CD8 ratio of 2.40 ± 0.79. PBMCs produced high levels of IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17A after stimulation with PMA/Ionomycin and Con A. Furthermore, PMA/Ionomycin stimulation of PBMC yielded significantly higher cytokine levels than Con A stimulation. Flow cytometry showed that the level of IFN-γ (51.49 ± 11.54%) in CD8+ T lymphocytes was significantly (p < 0.001) higher than that in CD4+ T lymphocytes (14.29 ± 3.26%); IL-4 (16.13 ± 6.81%) in CD4+ T lymphocytes was significantly (p < 0.001) higher than that in CD8+ T lymphocytes (1.84 ± 1.33%), There was no difference in IL-17A between CD4+ (2.83 ± 0.98%) and CD8+ T lymphocytes (1.34 ± 0.67%). The proliferation of total lymphocytes, CD4+ T lymphocytes, and CD8+ T lymphocytes continued to increase between days 3 and 5; however, there were no significant differences in proliferation between the cell types during the stimulation period. Conclusions Evaluating primary sheep immune indicators, especially T lymphocytes, is significant for studying cellular immunity. This study provided valuable data and theoretical support for assessing the immune response of sheep to pathogens and improving sheep welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihui Yang
- Center of Scientifc Technology of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.,Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Common Infectious Diseases, Yinchuan, China.,School of Basic Medical Science of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yongxue Lv
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Common Infectious Diseases, Yinchuan, China.,School of Basic Medical Science of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yazhou Zhu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Common Infectious Diseases, Yinchuan, China.,School of Basic Medical Science of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Shasha Li
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Common Infectious Diseases, Yinchuan, China.,School of Basic Medical Science of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jia Tao
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Common Infectious Diseases, Yinchuan, China.,School of Basic Medical Science of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Liangliang Chang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Common Infectious Diseases, Yinchuan, China.,School of Basic Medical Science of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Mingxing Zhu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Common Infectious Diseases, Yinchuan, China.,School of Basic Medical Science of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jiaqing Zhao
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Common Infectious Diseases, Yinchuan, China.,School of Basic Medical Science of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yana Wang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Common Infectious Diseases, Yinchuan, China.,School of Basic Medical Science of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Changyou Wu
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Common Infectious Diseases, Yinchuan, China. .,School of Basic Medical Science of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.
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Primorac D, Vrdoljak K, Brlek P, Pavelić E, Molnar V, Matišić V, Erceg Ivkošić I, Parčina M. Adaptive Immune Responses and Immunity to SARS-CoV-2. Front Immunol 2022; 13:848582. [PMID: 35603211 PMCID: PMC9114812 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.848582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the medical field has been forced to apply the basic knowledge of immunology with the most up-to-date SARS-CoV-2 findings and translate it to the population of the whole world in record time. Following the infection with the viral antigen, adaptive immune responses are activated mainly by viral particle encounters with the antigen-presenting cells or B cell receptors, which induce further biological interactions to defend the host against the virus. After the infection has been warded off, the immunological memory is developed. The SARS-CoV cellular immunity has been shown to persist even 17 years after the infection, despite the undetectable humoral component. Similar has been demonstrated for the SARS-CoV-2 T cell memory in a shorter period by assessing interferon-gamma levels when heparinized blood is stimulated with the virus-specific peptides. T cells also play an irreplaceable part in a humoral immune reaction as the backbone of a cellular immune response. They both provide the signals for B cell activation and the maturation, competence, and memory of the humoral response. B cell production of IgA was shown to be of significant influence in mediating mucosal immunity as the first part of the defense mechanism and in the development of nasal vaccines. Here, we interpret the recent SARS-CoV-2 available research, which encompasses the significance and the current understanding of adaptive immune activity, and compare it among naive, exposed, and vaccinated blood donors. Our recent data showed that those who recovered from COVID-19 and those who are vaccinated with EMA-approved vaccines had a long-lasting cellular immunity. Additionally, we analyze the humoral responses in immunocompromised patients and memory mediated by cellular immunity and the impact of clonality in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic regarding breakthrough infections and variants of concern, both B.1.617.2 (Delta) and B.1.1.529 (Omicron) variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragan Primorac
- St. Catherine Specialty Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
- Medical School, University of Split, Split, Croatia
- Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Medical School, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- Medical School REGIOMED, Coburg, Germany
- Eberly College of Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- The Henry C. Lee College of Criminal Justice and Forensic Sciences, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT, United States
| | | | - Petar Brlek
- St. Catherine Specialty Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Vilim Molnar
- St. Catherine Specialty Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vid Matišić
- St. Catherine Specialty Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Erceg Ivkošić
- St. Catherine Specialty Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Marijo Parčina
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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30
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Primorac D, Brlek P, Matišić V, Molnar V, Vrdoljak K, Zadro R, Parčina M. Cellular Immunity-The Key to Long-Term Protection in Individuals Recovered from SARS-CoV-2 and after Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:442. [PMID: 35335076 PMCID: PMC8953558 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10030442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous clinical and epidemiological studies have shown that over time antibody titers decrease, and they do not provide long-term mucosa protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Additionally, the increase in breakthrough infections that occur more frequently in the vaccinated than in the study participants with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection has recently become a priority public health concern. We measured the amount of interferon-gamma (Quan-T-Cell ELISA) and the level of antibodies (Anti-SARS-CoV-2 QuantiVac ELISA IgG) in the blood of the same patients simultaneously to compare cellular and humoral immunity. A total of 200 study participants (before Omicron variant appearance) were divided into four groups whose levels of cellular and humoral immunity we compared: study participants previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 (group 1); study participants vaccinated with EMA-approved vaccines (group 2); study participants previously infected with SARS-CoV-2, and vaccination history (group 3); and study participants without a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination (group 4). Our results showed that study participants who received one of the EMA-approved vaccines and who recovered from COVID-19 (group 3) had significantly higher levels of cellular immunity and antibody titers in comparison with groups 1 and 2. Additionally, we have noticed that the study participants previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 and the study participants vaccinated with EMA-approved vaccines had a long-lasting cellular immunity. Furthermore, antibody levels showed a negative correlation with time since the last contact with a viral antigen, while cellular immunity within 20 months showed as long-term protection. Moreover, out of 200 study participants, only 1 study participant who recovered from COVID-19 (0.5%) was re-infected, while a total of 6 study participants (3%) were infected with SARS-CoV-2 after receiving the vaccine. This study suggests that cellular immunity-unlike humoral immunity, thanks to memory T cells-represents long-term protection in individuals recovered from SARS-CoV-2 and after vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragan Primorac
- St. Catherine Specialty Hospital, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Medical School, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802, USA
- The Henry C. Lee College of Criminal Justice and Forensic Sciences, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
- Medical School REGIOMED, 96450 Coburg, Germany
- School of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Medical School, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Medical School, University of Mostar, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- National Forensic Sciences University, Gujarat 382007, India
| | - Petar Brlek
- St. Catherine Specialty Hospital, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vid Matišić
- St. Catherine Specialty Hospital, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vilim Molnar
- St. Catherine Specialty Hospital, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Renata Zadro
- St. Catherine Specialty Hospital, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijo Parčina
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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31
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Portilho AI, Gimenes Lima G, De Gaspari E. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: An Adaptable Methodology to Study SARS-CoV-2 Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses. J Clin Med 2022; 11:1503. [PMID: 35329828 PMCID: PMC8948777 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11061503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay is a versatile technique, which can be used for several applications. It has enormously contributed to the study of infectious diseases. This review highlights how this methodology supported the science conducted in COVID-19 pandemics, allowing scientists to better understand the immune response against SARS-CoV-2. ELISA can be modified to assess the functionality of antibodies, as avidity and neutralization, respectively by the standardization of avidity-ELISA and surrogate-neutralization methods. Cellular immunity can also be studied using this assay. Products secreted by cells, like proteins and cytokines, can be studied by ELISA or its derivative Enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assay. ELISA and ELISA-based methods aided the area of immunology against infectious diseases and is still relevant, for example, as a promising approach to study the differences between natural and vaccine-induced immune responses against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Izeli Portilho
- Immunology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Sao Paulo 01246-902, SP, Brazil; (A.I.P.); (G.G.L.)
- Graduate Program Interunits in Biotechnology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabrielle Gimenes Lima
- Immunology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Sao Paulo 01246-902, SP, Brazil; (A.I.P.); (G.G.L.)
- Graduate Program Interunits in Biotechnology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth De Gaspari
- Immunology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Sao Paulo 01246-902, SP, Brazil; (A.I.P.); (G.G.L.)
- Graduate Program Interunits in Biotechnology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-900, SP, Brazil
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32
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Bruminhent J, Setthaudom C, Kitpermkiat R, Kiertiburanakul S, Malathum K, Assanatham M, Nongnuch A, Phuphuakrat A, Chaumdee P, Janphram C, Thotsiri S, Chuengsaman P, Boongird S. Immunogenicity of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine after a two-dose inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccination of dialysis patients and kidney transplant recipients. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3587. [PMID: 35246578 PMCID: PMC8897448 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07574-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination with inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virus produces suboptimal immune responses among kidney transplant (KT), peritoneal dialyzed (PD), and hemodialyzed (HD) patients. Participants were vaccinated with two-dose inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (V2) and a third dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (V3) at 1–2 months after V2. We enrolled 106 participants: 31 KT, 28 PD, and 31 HD patients and 16 controls. Among KT, PD, and HD groups, median (IQR) of anti-receptor binding domain antibody levels were 1.0 (0.4–26.8), 1092.5 (606.9–1927.2), and 1740.9 (1106–3762.3) BAU/mL, and percent neutralization was 0.9 (0–9.9), 98.8 (95.9–99.5), and 99.4 (98.8–99.7), respectively, at two weeks after V3. Both parameters were significantly increased from V2 across all groups (p < 0.05). Seroconversion and neutralization positivity rates in PD, HD, and control groups were 100% but were impaired in KT patients (39% and 16%, respectively). S1-specific T-cell counts were increased in PD and HD groups (p < 0.05) but not in KT patients. The positive S1-specific T-cell responder rate was > 90% in PD, HD, and control groups, which was higher than that in KT recipients (74%, p < 0.05). The heterologous inactivated virus/ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination strategy elicited greater immunogenicity among dialysis patients; however, inadequate responses remained among KT recipients (TCTR20210226002).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackrapong Bruminhent
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Ramathibodi Excellence Center for Organ Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, 270 Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Chavachol Setthaudom
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rungthiwa Kitpermkiat
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Sasisopin Kiertiburanakul
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kumthorn Malathum
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Montira Assanatham
- Ramathibodi Excellence Center for Organ Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, 270 Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Arkom Nongnuch
- Ramathibodi Excellence Center for Organ Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, 270 Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Angsana Phuphuakrat
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pongsathon Chaumdee
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chitimaporn Janphram
- Somdech Phra Debaratana Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sansanee Thotsiri
- Somdech Phra Debaratana Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Piyatida Chuengsaman
- Banphaeo Dialysis Group, Banphaeo-Charoenkrung Peritoneal Dialysis Center, Banphaeo Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sarinya Boongird
- Ramathibodi Excellence Center for Organ Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, 270 Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand. .,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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33
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Jahn M, Korth J, Dorsch O, Anastasiou OE, Krawczyk A, Brochhagen L, van de Sand L, Sorge-Hädicke B, Tyczynski B, Witzke O, Dittmer U, Dolff S, Wilde B, Kribben A. Decline of Humoral Responses 6 Months after Vaccination with BNT162b2 (Pfizer–BioNTech) in Patients on Hemodialysis. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020327. [PMID: 35214785 PMCID: PMC8878048 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study analyzed binding and neutralizing antibody titers up to 6 months after standard vaccination with BNT162b2 (two doses of 30 µg each) in SARS-CoV-2 naïve patients (n = 59) on hemodialysis. Humoral vaccine responses were measured before and 6, 12, and 24 weeks after the first vaccination. A chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA) was used to quantify SARS-CoV-2 IgG against the spike glycoprotein. SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing activity was tested against the wild-type virus. A multivariable binary regression model was used to identify risk factors for the absence of humoral immune responses at 6 months. At week 6, vaccine-specific seroconversion was detected in 96.6% of all patients with median anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgGs of 918 BAU/mL. At weeks 12 and 24, seroconversion rates decreased to 91.5% and 79.7%, and corresponding median binding antibody titers declined to 298 BAU/mL and 89 BAU/mL, respectively. Neutralizing antibodies showed a decay from 79.6% at week 6 to 32.8% at week 24. The risk factor with the strongest association for vanishing immune responses was low serum albumin (p = 0.018). Regarding vaccine-specific humoral responses 6 months after the standard BNT162b2 vaccination schedule, SARS-CoV-2 naïve patients receiving hemodialysis must be considered at risk of becoming infected with SARS-CoV-2 and being infectious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Jahn
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (J.K.); (B.T.); (B.W.); (A.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Johannes Korth
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (J.K.); (B.T.); (B.W.); (A.K.)
| | - Oliver Dorsch
- KfH Kuratorium für Dialyse und Nierentransplantation e.V, Friesener Straße 37a, 96317 Kronach, Germany;
| | - Olympia Evdoxia Anastasiou
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstr. 179, 45147 Essen, Germany; (O.E.A.); (U.D.)
| | - Adalbert Krawczyk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany; (A.K.); (L.B.); (L.v.d.S.); (O.W.); (S.D.)
| | - Leonie Brochhagen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany; (A.K.); (L.B.); (L.v.d.S.); (O.W.); (S.D.)
| | - Lukas van de Sand
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany; (A.K.); (L.B.); (L.v.d.S.); (O.W.); (S.D.)
| | - Burkhard Sorge-Hädicke
- KfH Kuratorium für Dialyse und Nierentransplantation e.V, Alfried-Krupp-Str. 43, 45131 Essen, Germany;
| | - Bartosz Tyczynski
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (J.K.); (B.T.); (B.W.); (A.K.)
| | - Oliver Witzke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany; (A.K.); (L.B.); (L.v.d.S.); (O.W.); (S.D.)
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstr. 179, 45147 Essen, Germany; (O.E.A.); (U.D.)
| | - Sebastian Dolff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany; (A.K.); (L.B.); (L.v.d.S.); (O.W.); (S.D.)
| | - Benjamin Wilde
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (J.K.); (B.T.); (B.W.); (A.K.)
| | - Andreas Kribben
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (J.K.); (B.T.); (B.W.); (A.K.)
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Murugesan K, Jagannathan P, Altamirano J, Maldonado YA, Bonilla HF, Jacobson KB, Parsonnet J, Andrews JR, Shi RZ, Boyd S, Pinsky BA, Singh U, Banaei N. Long-Term Accuracy of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Interferon-γ Release Assay and Its Application in Household Investigation. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 75:e314-e321. [PMID: 35079772 PMCID: PMC8807306 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An immunodiagnostic assay that sensitively detects a cell-mediated immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is needed for epidemiological investigation and for clinical assessment of T- cell-mediated immune response to vaccines, particularly in the context of emerging variants that might escape antibody responses. METHODS The performance of a whole blood interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) release assay (IGRA) for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 antigen-specific T cells was evaluated in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) convalescents tested serially up to 10 months post-infection and in healthy blood donors. SARS-CoV-2 IGRA was applied in contacts of households with index cases. Freshly collected blood in the lithium heparin tube was left unstimulated, stimulated with a SARS-CoV-2 peptide pool, and stimulated with mitogen. RESULTS The overall sensitivity and specificity of IGRA were 84.5% (153/181; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 79.0-89.0) and 86.6% (123/142; 95% CI: 80.0-91.2), respectively. The sensitivity declined from 100% (16/16; 95% CI: 80.6-100) at 0.5-month post-infection to 79.5% (31/39; 95% CI: 64.4-89.2) at 10 months post-infection (P < .01). The IFN-γ response remained relatively robust at 10 months post-infection (3.8 vs 1.3 IU/mL, respectively). In 14 households, IGRA showed a positivity rate of 100% (12/12) and 65.2% (15/23), and IgG of 50.0% (6/12) and 43.5% (10/23) in index cases and contacts, respectively, exhibiting a difference of + 50% (95% CI: +25.4 to +74.6) and +21.7% (95% CI: +9.23 to +42.3), respectively. Either IGRA or IgG was positive in 100% (12/12) of index cases and 73.9% (17/23) of contacts. CONCLUSIONS The SARS-CoV-2 IGRA is a useful clinical diagnostic tool for assessing cell-mediated immune response to SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanagavel Murugesan
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Prasanna Jagannathan
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Altamirano
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yvonne A Maldonado
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hector F Bonilla
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Karen B Jacobson
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Julie Parsonnet
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jason R Andrews
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Run-Zhang Shi
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Scott Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin A Pinsky
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA,Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA,Clinical Virology Laboratory, Stanford Health Care, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Upinder Singh
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA,Department of Microbiology and Immunology
| | - Niaz Banaei
- Corresponding Author: Niaz Banaei MD , 3375 Hillview Ave, Rm. 1602, Palo Alto, Ca 94304 USA, Phone 650-736-8052,
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35
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Sabalza M, Heckler I, Elhage A, Venkataraman I, Henry B. COVID-19: Testing Landscape Post-Infection, -Vaccination, and Future Perspectives. Viral Immunol 2022; 35:5-14. [PMID: 35020523 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2021.0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak a global pandemic. Although molecular testing remains the gold standard for COVID-19 diagnosis, serological testing enables the evaluation of the immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and vaccination, and can be used to assess community viral spread. This review summarizes and analyzes the current landscape of SARS-CoV-2 testing in the United States and includes guidance on both when and why it is important to use direct pathogen detection and/or serological testing. The usefulness of monitoring humoral and cellular immune responses in infected and vaccinated patients is also addressed. Finally, this review considers current challenges, future perspectives for SARS-CoV-2 testing, and how diagnostics are being adapted as the virus evolves.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aya Elhage
- EUROIMMUN US, Mountain Lakes, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Brandon Henry
- Clinical Laboratory, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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36
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Li X, Chan JMC, Lam B, Lung DC, Lung KC, Chow CKY, Tam T, Chiu KHY, Hung LL, Hung IFN, Cheng VCC, To KKW, Yuen KY. Coronavirus Disease 2019 Messenger RNA Vaccines Associated With Delayed Onset of Breakthrough Infections and Fewer Radiographic Abnormalities. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 75:e905-e908. [PMID: 34984442 PMCID: PMC8755373 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab1062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This retrospective study of incoming travelers with coronavirus disease 2019 showed that individuals immunized by messenger RNA vaccines had significantly longer postvaccination intervals (median, 30.5 days) to breakthrough infection, lower white blood cell counts and lactate dehydrogenase levels on admission, and fewer radiographic abnormalities than those immunized by inactivated virus vaccine, who paradoxically had lower respiratory viral load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infection Disease, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China,Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jacky Man-Chun Chan
- Department of Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bosco Lam
- Department of Microbiology, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China
| | - David Christopher Lung
- Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China,Department of Pathology, Hong Kong Children’s Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kwok-Cheung Lung
- Department of Medicine, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China
| | - Christina Kin-Yi Chow
- Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tracey Tam
- Quality & Safety Division, Hospital Authority, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kelvin Hei-Yeung Chiu
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling-Lung Hung
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ivan Fan-Ngai Hung
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China
| | - Vincent Chi-Chung Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kelvin Kai-Wang To
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infection Disease, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China,Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infection Disease, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China,Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Kwok-Yung Yuen, , State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China
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Pabbi S, Tiwari A, Aggarwal G, Marik A, Sharma S, Singh M, Gupta S, Golia S. Sero-prevalence of COVID-19 in blood donors of North India – Single-center report. GLOBAL JOURNAL OF TRANSFUSION MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/gjtm.gjtm_6_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Vizcarra P, Haemmerle J, Velasco H, Velasco T, Fernández-Escribano M, Vallejo A, Casado JL. BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine Reactogenicity: The key role of immunity. Vaccine 2021; 39:7367-7374. [PMID: 34802792 PMCID: PMC8580836 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.10.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We examined the impact of pre-existing SARS-CoV-2-specific cellular immunity on BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine reactogenicity. Of 96 healthcare workers (HCWs), 76% reported any vaccine reaction (first dose: 70%, second dose: 67%), none of which was severe. Following first dose, systemic reactions were significantly more frequent among HCWs with past infection than in infection-naïve individuals, and among HCWs with pre-existing cellular immunity than in those without it. The rate of systemic reactions after second dose was 1.7 and 2.0-times higher than after first dose among infection-naïve HCWs and those without pre-existing cellular immunity, respectively. Levels of SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cells before vaccination were higher in HCWs with systemic reactions after the first dose than in those without them. BNT162b2 vaccine reactogenicity after first dose is attributable to pre-existing cellular immunity elicited by prior COVID-19 or cross-reactivity. Reactogenicity following second dose suggests an immunity-boosting effect. Overall, these data may reduce negative attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccines. Study Registration. The study was registered on clinicaltrials.gov, NCT04402827.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Vizcarra
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Ctra. Colmenar Km 9, Madrid 28034, Spain; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Ctra. Colmenar Km 9, Madrid 28034, Spain.
| | - Johannes Haemmerle
- Department of Prevention of Occupational Risks, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Ctra. Colmenar Km 9, Madrid 28034, Spain
| | - Hector Velasco
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Ctra. Colmenar Km 9, Madrid 28034, Spain; Laboratory of Immunovirology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Ctra Colmenar Km 9, Madrid 28034, Spain; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Ctra. Colmenar Km 9, Madrid 28034, Spain
| | - Tamara Velasco
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Ctra. Colmenar Km 9, Madrid 28034, Spain
| | - Marina Fernández-Escribano
- Department of Prevention of Occupational Risks, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Ctra. Colmenar Km 9, Madrid 28034, Spain
| | - Alejandro Vallejo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Ctra. Colmenar Km 9, Madrid 28034, Spain; Laboratory of Immunovirology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Ctra Colmenar Km 9, Madrid 28034, Spain; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Ctra. Colmenar Km 9, Madrid 28034, Spain
| | - José L Casado
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Ctra. Colmenar Km 9, Madrid 28034, Spain; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Ctra. Colmenar Km 9, Madrid 28034, Spain
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Does infection with or vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 lead to lasting immunity? THE LANCET. RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2021; 9:1450-1466. [PMID: 34688434 PMCID: PMC8530467 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(21)00407-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Many nations are pursuing the rollout of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines as an exit strategy from unprecedented COVID-19-related restrictions. However, the success of this strategy relies critically on the duration of protective immunity resulting from both natural infection and vaccination. SARS-CoV-2 infection elicits an adaptive immune response against a large breadth of viral epitopes, although the duration of the response varies with age and disease severity. Current evidence from case studies and large observational studies suggests that, consistent with research on other common respiratory viruses, a protective immunological response lasts for approximately 5-12 months from primary infection, with reinfection being more likely given an insufficiently robust primary humoral response. Markers of humoral and cell-mediated immune memory can persist over many months, and might help to mitigate against severe disease upon reinfection. Emerging data, including evidence of breakthrough infections, suggest that vaccine effectiveness might be reduced significantly against emerging variants of concern, and hence secondary vaccines will need to be developed to maintain population-level protective immunity. Nonetheless, other interventions will also be required, with further outbreaks likely to occur due to antigenic drift, selective pressures for novel variants, and global population mobility.
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Malipiero G, Moratto A, Infantino M, D'Agaro P, Piscianz E, Manfredi M, Grossi V, Benvenuti E, Bulgaresi M, Benucci M, Villalta D. Assessment of humoral and cellular immunity induced by the BNT162b2 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in healthcare workers, elderly people, and immunosuppressed patients with autoimmune disease. Immunol Res 2021; 69:576-583. [PMID: 34417958 PMCID: PMC8379062 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-021-09226-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The development of vaccines to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection has mainly relied on the induction of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) to the Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, but there is growing evidence that T cell immune response can contribute to protection as well. In this study, an anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) antibody assay and an INFγ-release assay (IGRA) were used to detect humoral and cellular responses to the Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 vaccine in three separate cohorts of COVID-19-naïve patients: 108 healthcare workers (HCWs), 15 elderly people, and 5 autoimmune patients treated with immunosuppressive agents. After the second dose of vaccine, the mean values of anti-RBD antibodies (Abs) and INFγ were 123.33 U/mL (range 27.55-464) and 1513 mIU/mL (range 145-2500) in HCWs and 210.7 U/mL (range 3-500) and 1167 mIU/mL (range 83-2500) in elderly people. No correlations between age and immune status were observed. On the contrary, a weak but significant positive correlation was found between INFγ and anti-RBD Abs values (rho = 0.354, p = 0.003). As to the autoimmune cohort, anti-RBD Abs were not detected in the two patients with absent peripheral CD19+B cells, despite high INFγ levels being observed in all 5 patients after vaccination. Even though the clinical relevance of T cell response has not yet been established as a correlate of vaccine-induced protection, IGRA testing has showed optimal sensitivity and specificity to define vaccine responders, even in patients lacking a cognate antibody response to the vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Malipiero
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Ospedale S-Maria degli Angeli, Pordenone, Italy
| | - Anna Moratto
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Ospedale S-Maria degli Angeli, Pordenone, Italy
| | - Maria Infantino
- Immunology and Allergy Laboratory Unit, San Giovanni Di Dio Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Pierlanfranco D'Agaro
- Laboratory for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Elisa Piscianz
- Laboratory for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Mariangela Manfredi
- Immunology and Allergy Laboratory Unit, San Giovanni Di Dio Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Valentina Grossi
- Immunology and Allergy Laboratory Unit, San Giovanni Di Dio Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Enrico Benvenuti
- Geriatric Unit Firenze-Empoli, Santa Maria Annunziata Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Matteo Bulgaresi
- Geriatric Unit Firenze-Empoli, Santa Maria Annunziata Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Maurizio Benucci
- Rheumatology Unit, San Giovanni Di Dio Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Danilo Villalta
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Ospedale S-Maria degli Angeli, Pordenone, Italy.
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Toscano S, Chisari CG, Patti F. Multiple Sclerosis, COVID-19 and Vaccines: Making the Point. Neurol Ther 2021; 10:627-649. [PMID: 34625925 PMCID: PMC8500471 DOI: 10.1007/s40120-021-00288-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) outbreak a pandemic. In this context, several studies and clinical trials have been conducted since then, and many are currently ongoing, leading to the development of several COVID-19 vaccines with different mechanisms of action. People affected by multiple sclerosis (MS) have been considered high-risk subjects in most countries and prioritized for COVID-19 vaccination. However, the management of MS during the COVID-19 pandemic has represented a new challenge for MS specialists, particularly because of the initial lack of guidelines and differing recommendations. Despite an initial hesitation in prescribing disease-modifying drugs (DMDs) in naïve and already treated patients with MS, most national neurology associations and organizations agree on not stopping treatment. However, care is needed especially for patients treated with immune-depleting drugs, which also require some attentions in programming vaccine administration. Many discoveries and new research results have accumulated in a short time on COVID-19, resulting in a need for summarizing the existing evidence on this topic. In this review, we describe the latest research results on the immunological aspects of SARS-CoV-2 infection speculating about their impact on COVID-19 vaccines' mechanisms of action and focused on the management of MS during the COVID pandemic according to the most recent guidelines and recommendations. Finally, the efficacy of COVID-19 and other well-known vaccines against infectious disease in patients with MS on DMDs is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Toscano
- Department G. F. Ingrassia, Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Clara G Chisari
- Department G. F. Ingrassia, Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Patti
- Department G. F. Ingrassia, Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy.
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Horiuchi H, Sasaki H, Miyazaki K, Miyata N, Yoshimura Y, Tachikawa N. Recovery from severe persistent COVID-19 without evidence of an anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody response in a man with mantle cell lymphoma treated with rituximab. J Infect Chemother 2021; 28:329-332. [PMID: 34887178 PMCID: PMC8612813 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2021.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Lymphoma has been reported to worsen the prognosis of COVID-19 partly because it disturbs the normal production of antibodies. We treated a man with mantle cell lymphoma treated with rituximab, who developed severe COVID-19 with viral shedding that lasted for 78 days. He stayed in the intensive care unit for 28 days and did not respond to any treatment against COVID-19. His increased oxygen demand at rest eventually resolved despite the absence of anti-SARS-CoV-2-IgG. This case illustrates that recovery from COVID-19 can occur without antibody production, and that even patients with an inability to produce antibodies can recover from severe COVID-19. It also illustrates that lymphoma patients who develop severe COVID-19 while on rituximab therapy can recover from a prolonged viral shedding state if the acute lung injury can be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Horiuchi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yokohama Municipal Citizen's Hospital. 1-1 Mitsuzawanishi-cho, Kanagawa Ward, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 221-0855, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Sasaki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yokohama Municipal Citizen's Hospital. 1-1 Mitsuzawanishi-cho, Kanagawa Ward, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 221-0855, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Miyazaki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yokohama Municipal Citizen's Hospital. 1-1 Mitsuzawanishi-cho, Kanagawa Ward, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 221-0855, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Miyata
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yokohama Municipal Citizen's Hospital. 1-1 Mitsuzawanishi-cho, Kanagawa Ward, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 221-0855, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Yoshimura
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yokohama Municipal Citizen's Hospital. 1-1 Mitsuzawanishi-cho, Kanagawa Ward, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 221-0855, Japan
| | - Natsuo Tachikawa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yokohama Municipal Citizen's Hospital. 1-1 Mitsuzawanishi-cho, Kanagawa Ward, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 221-0855, Japan
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Tamari R, Politikos I, Knorr DA, Vardhana SA, Young JC, Marcello LT, Doddi S, Devlin SM, Ramanathan LV, Pessin MS, Dunn E, Palazzo M, Bravo CD, Papanicolaou GA, Kamboj M, Perales MA, Chung DJ, Shah GL. Predictors of Humoral Response to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination after Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation and CAR T-cell Therapy. Blood Cancer Discov 2021; 2:577-585. [PMID: 34778798 PMCID: PMC8580614 DOI: 10.1158/2643-3230.bcd-21-0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular therapies including allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (allo-HCT) and autologous hematopoietic cell transplant (auto-HCT) and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy render patients severely immunocompromised for extended periods after therapy, and data on responses to COVID-19 vaccines are limited. We analyzed anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG Ab (spike Ab) titers and neutralizing Ab among 217 recipients of cellular treatments (allo-HCT, n = 149; auto-HCT, n = 61; CAR T-cell therapy, n = 7). At 3 months after vaccination, 188 patients (87%) had positive spike Ab levels and 139 (77%) had positive neutralization activity compared with 100% for both in 54 concurrent healthy controls. Time from cellular therapy to vaccination and immune recovery post-cellular therapy were associated with response. Vaccination against COVID-19 is an important component of post-cellular therapy care, and predictors of quantitative and qualitative response are critical in informing clinical decisions about optimal timing of vaccines and the requirement for booster doses. Significance Identifying predictors of response to vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 in patients following cellular therapy is critical to managing this highly vulnerable patient population. To date, this is the most comprehensive study evaluating quantitative and qualitative responses to vaccination, providing parameters most predictive of response and potentially informing booster vaccination strategies.See related article by Chung et al., p. 568. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 549.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roni Tamari
- Adult Bone Marrow Transplant Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Ioannis Politikos
- Adult Bone Marrow Transplant Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - David A Knorr
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
- Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Santosha A Vardhana
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
- Lymphoma Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Jennifer C Young
- Adult Bone Marrow Transplant Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - LeeAnn T Marcello
- Adult Bone Marrow Transplant Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Sital Doddi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Sean M Devlin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Lakshmi V Ramanathan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Melissa S Pessin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Erica Dunn
- Adult Bone Marrow Transplant Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Meighan Palazzo
- Adult Bone Marrow Transplant Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Christina D Bravo
- Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Genovefa A Papanicolaou
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Mini Kamboj
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Miguel Angel Perales
- Adult Bone Marrow Transplant Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - David J Chung
- Adult Bone Marrow Transplant Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Gunjan L Shah
- Adult Bone Marrow Transplant Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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Shekarkar Azgomi M, La Manna MP, Badami GD, Ragonese P, Trizzino A, Dieli F, Caccamo N. A Rapid and Simple Multiparameter Assay to Quantify Spike-Specific CD4 and CD8 T Cells after SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination: A Preliminary Report. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1576. [PMID: 34829805 PMCID: PMC8615821 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
mRNA and Adenovirus vaccines for COVID-19 are used to induce humoral and cell-mediated immunity, with the aim to generate both SARS-CoV-2 B and T memory cells. In present study, we described a simple assay to detect and quantify Spike-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses induced by vaccination in healthy donors and in subjects with B cell compart impairment, in which antibody response is absent due to primary immunodeficiencies or CD20 depleting therapy. We detect and quantified memory T cell immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 evocated by vaccination in both groups, irrespective to the humoral response. Furthermore, we identified TNF-α as the main cytokine produced by T memory cells, after antigen-specific stimulation in vitro, that could be considered, other than IFN-γ, an additional biomarker of induction of T memory cells upon vaccination. Further studies on the vaccine-induced T cell responses could be crucial, not only in healthy people but also in immunocompromised subjects, where antigen specific T cells responses play a protective role against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Shekarkar Azgomi
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnostic and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (M.S.A.); (M.P.L.M.); (G.D.B.); (F.D.)
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Marco Pio La Manna
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnostic and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (M.S.A.); (M.P.L.M.); (G.D.B.); (F.D.)
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Giusto Davide Badami
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnostic and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (M.S.A.); (M.P.L.M.); (G.D.B.); (F.D.)
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Paolo Ragonese
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Antonino Trizzino
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, A.R.N.A.S. Civico Di Cristina and Benfratelli Hospital, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Francesco Dieli
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnostic and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (M.S.A.); (M.P.L.M.); (G.D.B.); (F.D.)
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Nadia Caccamo
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnostic and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (M.S.A.); (M.P.L.M.); (G.D.B.); (F.D.)
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
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Long-Term SARS-CoV-2 Specific Immunity Is Affected by the Severity of Initial COVID-19 and Patient Age. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10194606. [PMID: 34640623 PMCID: PMC8509457 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10194606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is currently the greatest medical challenge. Although crucial to the future management of the pandemic, the factors affecting the persistence of long-term SARS-CoV-2 immunity are not well understood. Therefore, we determined the extent of important correlates of SARS-CoV-2 specific protection in 200 unvaccinated convalescents after COVID-19. To investigate the effective memory response against the virus, SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell and humoral immunity (including virus-neutralizing antibodies) was determined over a period of one to eleven months. SARS-CoV-2 specific immune responses were present in 90% of individual patients. Notably, immunosuppressed patients did not have long-term SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell immunity. In our cohort, the severity of the initial illness influenced SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell immune responses and patients’ humoral immune responses to Spike (S) protein over the long-term, whereas the patients’ age influenced Membrane (M) protein-specific T cell responses. Thus, our study not only demonstrated the long-term persistence of SARS-CoV-2 specific immunity, it also determined COVID-19 severity and patient age as significant factors affecting long-term immunity.
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Erkul GSA, Erkul S, Parlar AI, Cekirdekci A. A Probable Covid-19 Case Presented with Acute Upper Limb İschemia. Ann Vasc Surg 2021; 76:285-288. [PMID: 33992721 PMCID: PMC8118708 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The arterial revascularization procedure is still a challenging issue in Covid-19 associated limb ischemia. Herein we aimed to present a case of a 64 year-old woman with acute ischemic signs in upper extremity who was diagnosed as a probable Covid-19 case incidentally after admission. Although late admission and failed recurrent embolectomies lead to an eventful course, intra-arterial thrombolysis seemed to present a benefitable treatment option for our patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulen Sezer Alptekin Erkul
- Correspondence to: Gulen Sezer Alptekin Erkul, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kutahya University of Health Sciences, Yunus Emre Mah. Mescid-i Aksa Sok. Park Bulvar Evleri No: 1, Kütahya43020, Turkey
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47
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Longueira Y, Polo ML, Turk G, Laufer N. Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies among COVID19 biobank donors in Argentina. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08140. [PMID: 34642643 PMCID: PMC8494997 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Biobanks are instrumental for accelerating research. Early in SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the Argentinean Biobank of Infectious Diseases (BBEI) initiated the COVID19 collection and started its characterization. Blood samples from subjects with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection either admitted to health institutions or outpatients, were enrolled. Highly exposed seronegative individuals, were also enrolled. Longitudinal samples were obtained in a subset of donors, including persons who donated plasma for therapeutic purposes (plasma donors). SARS-CoV-2-specific IgM and IgG levels, IgG titers and IgG viral neutralization capacity were determined. Out of 825 donors, 57.1% were females and median age was 41 years (IQR 32-53 years). Donors were segregated as acute or convalescent donors, and mild versus moderate/severe disease donors. Seventy-eight percent showed seroconversion to SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies. Specific IgM and IgG showed comparable positivity rates in acute donors. IgM detectability rate declined in convalescent donors while IgG detectability remained elevated in early (74,8%) and late (83%) convalescent donors. Among donors with follow-up samples, IgG levels seemed to decline more rapidly in plasma donors. IgG levels were higher with age, disease severity, number of symptoms, and more durable in moderate/severe disease donors. Levels and titers of anti-spike/RBD IgG strongly correlated with neutralization activity against WT virus. The BBEI-COVID19 collection serves a dual role in this SARS-CoV-2 global crisis. First, it feeds researchers and developers transferring samples and data to fuel research projects. Second, it generates highly needed local data to understand and frame the regional dynamics of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesica Longueira
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET – Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Laura Polo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET – Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Gabriela Turk
- CONICET – Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia Laufer
- CONICET – Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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48
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Ameratunga R, Longhurst H, Steele R, Lehnert K, Leung E, Brooks AES, Woon ST. Common Variable Immunodeficiency Disorders, T-Cell Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines, and the Risk of Chronic COVID-19. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2021; 9:3575-3583. [PMID: 34182162 PMCID: PMC8230758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2021.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 has had a calamitous effect on the global community. Despite intense study, the immunologic response to the infection is only partially understood. In addition to older age and ethnicity, patients with comorbidities including obesity, diabetes, hypertension, coronary artery disease, malignancy, renal, and pulmonary disease may experience severe outcomes. Some patients with primary immunodeficiency (PID) and secondary immunodeficiency also appear to be at increased risk from COVID-19. In addition to vulnerability to SARS-CoV-2, patients with PIDs often have chronic pulmonary disease and may not respond to vaccines, which exacerbates their long-term risk. Patients with common variable immunodeficiency disorders, the most frequent symptomatic PID in adults and children, have a spectrum of B- and T-cell defects. It may be possible to stratify their risk for severe COVID-19 based on age, ethnicity, the severity of the T-cell defect, and the presence of other comorbidities. Patients with common variable immunodeficiency disorders and other immunodeficiencies are at risk for Chronic COVID-19, a dangerous stalemate between a suboptimal immune response and SARS-CoV-2. Intra-host viral evolution could result in the rapid emergence of vaccine-resistant mutants and variants of high consequence; it is a public health emergency. Vaccination and prevention of Chronic COVID-19 in immunodeficient patients is therefore of the utmost priority. Having a reliable diagnostic assay for T-cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is critical for evaluating responses to vaccines in these patients. New treatments for SARS-CoV-2 such as NZACE2-Pātari are likely to be particularly beneficial for immunodeficient patients, especially those who fail to mount a robust T-cell response to COVID-19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Ameratunga
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Auckland Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Virology and Immunology, Auckland Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Hilary Longhurst
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Auckland Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard Steele
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Auckland Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wellington Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Klaus Lehnert
- Centre for Brain Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Euphemia Leung
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anna E S Brooks
- Maurice Wilkins Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - See-Tarn Woon
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Auckland Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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49
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Rha MS, Shin EC. Activation or exhaustion of CD8 + T cells in patients with COVID-19. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:2325-2333. [PMID: 34413488 PMCID: PMC8374113 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00750-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to CD4+ T cells and neutralizing antibodies, CD8+ T cells contribute to protective immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an ongoing pandemic disease. In patients with COVID-19, CD8+ T cells exhibiting activated phenotypes are commonly observed, although the absolute number of CD8+ T cells is decreased. In addition, several studies have reported an upregulation of inhibitory immune checkpoint receptors, such as PD-1, and the expression of exhaustion-associated gene signatures in CD8+ T cells from patients with COVID-19. However, whether CD8+ T cells are truly exhausted during COVID-19 has been a controversial issue. In the present review, we summarize the current understanding of CD8+ T-cell exhaustion and describe the available knowledge on the phenotypes and functions of CD8+ T cells in the context of activation and exhaustion. We also summarize recent reports regarding phenotypical and functional analyses of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cells and discuss long-term SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T-cell memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Seok Rha
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
- The Center for Epidemic Preparedness, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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50
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Lindemann M, Klisanin V, Thümmler L, Fisenkci N, Tsachakis-Mück N, Ditschkowski M, Schwarzkopf S, Klump H, Reinhardt HC, Horn PA, Koldehoff M. Humoral and Cellular Vaccination Responses against SARS-CoV-2 in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1075. [PMID: 34696183 PMCID: PMC8537291 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and infection in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients is not yet clear. In the current study, HSCT recipients prior to and post vaccination were tested for SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity. Antibodies against spike (S) 1 were assessed by Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG ELISA (Euroimmun). Cellular immunity was analyzed by an in house interferon-gamma ELISpot and T-SPOT.COVID (Oxford Immunotec), using altogether seven SARS-CoV-2-specific antigens. In 117 HSCT patients vaccinated twice, SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies were significantly higher than in HSCT controls pre vaccination (p < 0.0001). After the second vaccination, we observed a median antibody ratio of 4.7 and 68% positive results, whereas 35 healthy controls reached a median ratio of 9.0 and 100% positivity. ELISpot responses in patients were significantly (p < 0.001) reduced to ≤33% of the controls. After the second vaccination, female HSCT patients and female healthy controls showed significantly higher antibody responses than males (6.0 vs. 2.1 and 9.2 vs. 8.2, respectively; p < 0.05). Cellular immunity was diminished in patients irrespective of sex. In conclusion, especially male HSCT recipients showed impaired antibody responses after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Changing the vaccine schedule or composition could help increase vaccine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Lindemann
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (L.T.); (N.F.); (S.S.); (H.K.); (P.A.H.)
| | - Vesna Klisanin
- Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (V.K.); (N.T.-M.); (M.D.); (H.C.R.); (M.K.)
| | - Laura Thümmler
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (L.T.); (N.F.); (S.S.); (H.K.); (P.A.H.)
| | - Neslinur Fisenkci
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (L.T.); (N.F.); (S.S.); (H.K.); (P.A.H.)
| | - Nikolaos Tsachakis-Mück
- Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (V.K.); (N.T.-M.); (M.D.); (H.C.R.); (M.K.)
| | - Markus Ditschkowski
- Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (V.K.); (N.T.-M.); (M.D.); (H.C.R.); (M.K.)
| | - Sina Schwarzkopf
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (L.T.); (N.F.); (S.S.); (H.K.); (P.A.H.)
| | - Hannes Klump
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (L.T.); (N.F.); (S.S.); (H.K.); (P.A.H.)
| | - Hans Christian Reinhardt
- Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (V.K.); (N.T.-M.); (M.D.); (H.C.R.); (M.K.)
| | - Peter A. Horn
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (L.T.); (N.F.); (S.S.); (H.K.); (P.A.H.)
| | - Michael Koldehoff
- Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (V.K.); (N.T.-M.); (M.D.); (H.C.R.); (M.K.)
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