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Cao ZY, Wang N, Wei H, Jia JT, Zhang HY, Shang SA, Zhu QQ, Luo XF, Wu JT. The altered functional modular organization in systemic lupus erythematosus: an independent component analysis study. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 16:728-737. [PMID: 34535879 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-021-00528-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the abnormities in functional connectivity (FC) within each modular network and between modular networks in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Twelve meaningful modular networks were identified via independent component analysis from 41 patients and 40 volunteers. Parametric tests were used to compare the intra- and intermodular FC between the groups. Partial correlation analysis was used to seek the relationships between abnormal FCs and the clinical data. Compared to the controls, SLE patients showed decreased intramodular FC in the anterior default mode network (aDMN), posterior default mode network (pDMN), ventral attention network (VAN), and sensorimotor network (SMN) and increased intramodular FC in the medial visual network (mVN) and left frontoparietal network. In addition, SLE patients showed decreased intermodular FC between the SMN and the lateral visual network (lVN), between the SMN and the VAN, and between the pDMN and the lVN and exhibited increased intermodular FC between the SMN and the salience network (SAN), between the pDMN and the SAN, and between the aDMN and the VAN. Moreover, we found several correlations among the abnormal FCs and the Mini-Mental State Examination in SLE patients. Mild cognitive impairment is compensated by the hyperconnectivity between the aDMN and the VAN, while severe cognitive impairment tends to be compensated by the hyperconnectivity between the SMN and the SAN. The FC value between the SMN and the SAN and between the aDMN and the VAN may serve as neuroimaging markers for monitoring cognitive progression in SLE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Ye Cao
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, No.368 Middle Hanjiang Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hua Wei
- Department of Rheumatology, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province, No.98 Nantong West Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie-Ting Jia
- Department of Rheumatology, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province, No.98 Nantong West Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong-Ying Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province, No.98 Nantong West Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Song-An Shang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qing-Qiang Zhu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xian-Fu Luo
- Department of Radiology, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province, No.98 Nantong West Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing-Tao Wu
- Department of Radiology, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Central South University, No.98 Nantong West Road, Yangzhou, 225001, Jiangsu, China.
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Starowicz-Filip A, Prochwicz K, Kłosowska J, Chrobak AA, Krzyżewski R, Myszka A, Rajtar-Zembaty A, Bętkowska-Korpała B, Kwinta B. Is Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination III Sensitive Enough to Detect Cognitive Dysfunctions in Patients with Focal Cerebellar Lesions? Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2021; 37:423-436. [PMID: 34128041 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acab045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The main aim of the study was to evaluate whether the available brief test of mental functions Addenbrooke's cognitive examination III (ACE III) detects cognitive impairment in patients with cerebellar damage. The second goal was to show the ACE III cognitive impairment profile of patients with focal cerebellar lesions. METHOD The study sample consisted of 31 patients with focal cerebellar lesions, 78 patients with supratentorial brain damage, and 31 subjects after spine surgery or with spine degeneration considered as control group, free of organic brain damage. The ACE III was used. RESULTS Patients with cerebellar damage obtained significantly lower results in the ACE III total score and in several subscales: attention, fluency, language, and visuospatial domains than healthy controls without brain damage. With the cut-off level of 89 points, the ACE III was characterized by the sensitivity of 71%, specificity of 72%, and accuracy of 72%. The cerebellar cognitive impairment profile was found to be "frontal-like" and similar to that observed in patients with anterior supratentorial brain damage, with decreased ability to retrieve previously learned material and its preserved recognition, impaired word fluency, and executive dysfunction. The results are consistent with cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome. CONCLUSIONS The ACE III can be used as a sensitive screening tool to detect cognitive impairments in patients with cerebellar damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Starowicz-Filip
- Chair of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Psychology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland.,Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, Kraków, Poland
| | | | | | | | - Roger Krzyżewski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Aneta Myszka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Rajtar-Zembaty
- Chair of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Psychology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Barbara Bętkowska-Korpała
- Chair of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Psychology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Borys Kwinta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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Abnormal topological organization in systemic lupus erythematosus: a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging analysis. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 15:14-24. [PMID: 31903526 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-019-00228-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and graph theory approaches to investigate the topological characteristics of functional networks and their potential correlations with clinical information in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A total of 41 patients and 35 volunteers were consecutively recruited. Detailed clinical data of all participants were recorded. All participants underwent a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging examination. Functional networks were constructed by a Pearson correlation matrix of 116 brain regions. The topological properties were analyzed by graph theory. Parametric tests were used to compare the topological properties between the groups. Partial correlation analysis was used to identify relationships between the abnormal topological properties and the clinical data. The nodal network metrics were abnormal in the SLE patients compared to the controls. Decreased nodal efficiency was identified in the right insula, bilateral putamen, and bilateral Heschl's gyrus in the SLE patients. Decreased degree centrality was also found in the right amygdala and bilateral Heschl's gyrus. In addition, the SLE patients showed decreased network functional connectivity (FC) between several regions, particularly between the basal ganglia and the cerebellum. Moreover, FC values between the right putamen and vermis 6 were positively correlated with Mini-Mental State Examination scores. The nodal efficiency and the degree centrality values in the left Heschl's gyrus were both positively correlated with the course of the disease. The topological structure of the functional network was apparently abnormal in SLE patients. FC values between the right putamen and vermis 6 may serve as a neuroimaging marker for evaluating the progressive cognitive decline in SLE patients. Decreased synergy between the basal ganglia region and the cerebellum in the extrapyramidal system may be one cause of cognitive dysfunction in SLE patients.
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Argyropoulos GPD, van Dun K, Adamaszek M, Leggio M, Manto M, Masciullo M, Molinari M, Stoodley CJ, Van Overwalle F, Ivry RB, Schmahmann JD. The Cerebellar Cognitive Affective/Schmahmann Syndrome: a Task Force Paper. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2020; 19:102-125. [PMID: 31522332 PMCID: PMC6978293 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-019-01068-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sporadically advocated over the last two centuries, a cerebellar role in cognition and affect has been rigorously established in the past few decades. In the clinical domain, such progress is epitomized by the "cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome" ("CCAS") or "Schmahmann syndrome." Introduced in the late 1990s, CCAS reflects a constellation of cerebellar-induced sequelae, comprising deficits in executive function, visuospatial cognition, emotion-affect, and language, over and above speech. The CCAS thus offers excellent grounds to investigate the functional topography of the cerebellum, and, ultimately, illustrate the precise mechanisms by which the cerebellum modulates cognition and affect. The primary objective of this task force paper is thus to stimulate further research in this area. After providing an up-to-date overview of the fundamental findings on cerebellar neurocognition, the paper substantiates the concept of CCAS with recent evidence from different scientific angles, promotes awareness of the CCAS as a clinical entity, and examines our current insight into the therapeutic options available. The paper finally identifies topics of divergence and outstanding questions for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kim van Dun
- Rehabilitation Research Center REVAL, UHasselt, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Michael Adamaszek
- Clinical and Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Center of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Klinik Bavaria Kreischa, An der Wolfsschlucht 1-2, 01703 Kreischa, Germany
| | - Maria Leggio
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Ataxia Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Manto
- Department of Neurology, CHU-Charleroi, 6000 Charleroi, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Marcella Masciullo
- SPInal REhabilitation Lab (SPIRE), IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Molinari
- Neuro-Robot Rehabilitation Lab, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Richard B. Ivry
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Jeremy D. Schmahmann
- Ataxia Unit, Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
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Cui D, Zhang L, Zheng F, Wang H, Meng Q, Lu W, Liu Z, Yin T, Qiu J. Volumetric reduction of cerebellar lobules associated with memory decline across the adult lifespan. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2020; 10:148-159. [PMID: 31956538 DOI: 10.21037/qims.2019.10.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background The human cerebellum plays an essential role in motor control, is involved in cognitive function and helps to regulate emotional responses. However, little is known about the relationship between cerebellar lobules and age-related memory decline. We aimed to investigate volume alterations in cerebellar lobules at different ages and assess their correlations with reduced memory recall abilities. Methods A sample of 275 individuals were divided into the following four groups: 20-35 years (young), 36-50 years (early-middle age), 51-65 years (late-middle age), and 66-89 years (old). Volumes of the cerebellar lobules were obtained using volBrain software. Analysis of covariance and post hoc analysis were used to analyze group differences in cerebellar lobular volumes, and multiple comparisons were performed using the Bonferroni method. Spearman correlation was used to investigate the relationship between lobular volumes and memory recall scores. Results In this study, we found that older adults had smaller cerebellar volumes than the other subjects. Volumetric decreases in size were noted in bilateral lobule VI and lobule crus I. Moreover, the volumes of bilateral lobule crus I, lobule VI, and right lobule IV were significantly associated with memory recall scores. Conclusions In the present study, we found that some lobules of the cerebellum appear more predisposed to age-related changes than other lobules. These findings provide further evidence that specific regions of the cerebellum could be used to assess the risk of memory decline across the adult lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Cui
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China.,College of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an 271016, China
| | - Li Zhang
- College of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an 271016, China.,Medical Engineering and Technology Research Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an 271016, China.,Imaging-X Joint Laboratory, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an 271016, China
| | - Fenglian Zheng
- College of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an 271016, China.,Medical Engineering and Technology Research Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an 271016, China.,Imaging-X Joint Laboratory, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an 271016, China
| | - Huiqin Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Qingjian Meng
- College of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an 271016, China
| | - Wen Lu
- College of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an 271016, China
| | - Zhipeng Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Tao Yin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Jianfeng Qiu
- College of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an 271016, China.,Medical Engineering and Technology Research Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an 271016, China.,Imaging-X Joint Laboratory, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an 271016, China
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Argyropoulos GPD, van Dun K, Adamaszek M, Leggio M, Manto M, Masciullo M, Molinari M, Stoodley CJ, Van Overwalle F, Ivry RB, Schmahmann JD. The Cerebellar Cognitive Affective/Schmahmann Syndrome: a Task Force Paper. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2019. [PMID: 31522332 DOI: 10.1007/s12311‐019‐01068‐8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sporadically advocated over the last two centuries, a cerebellar role in cognition and affect has been rigorously established in the past few decades. In the clinical domain, such progress is epitomized by the "cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome" ("CCAS") or "Schmahmann syndrome." Introduced in the late 1990s, CCAS reflects a constellation of cerebellar-induced sequelae, comprising deficits in executive function, visuospatial cognition, emotion-affect, and language, over and above speech. The CCAS thus offers excellent grounds to investigate the functional topography of the cerebellum, and, ultimately, illustrate the precise mechanisms by which the cerebellum modulates cognition and affect. The primary objective of this task force paper is thus to stimulate further research in this area. After providing an up-to-date overview of the fundamental findings on cerebellar neurocognition, the paper substantiates the concept of CCAS with recent evidence from different scientific angles, promotes awareness of the CCAS as a clinical entity, and examines our current insight into the therapeutic options available. The paper finally identifies topics of divergence and outstanding questions for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kim van Dun
- Rehabilitation Research Center REVAL, UHasselt, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Michael Adamaszek
- Clinical and Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Center of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Klinik Bavaria Kreischa, An der Wolfsschlucht 1-2, 01703, Kreischa, Germany
| | - Maria Leggio
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Ataxia Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Manto
- Department of Neurology, CHU-Charleroi, 6000, Charleroi, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, University of Mons, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Marcella Masciullo
- SPInal REhabilitation Lab (SPIRE), IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Molinari
- Neuro-Robot Rehabilitation Lab, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Richard B Ivry
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy D Schmahmann
- Ataxia Unit, Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Ailion AS, Roberts SR, Crosson B, King TZ. Neuroimaging of the component white matter connections and structures within the cerebellar-frontal pathway in posterior fossa tumor survivors. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2019; 23:101894. [PMID: 31229941 PMCID: PMC6593203 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Introduction In posterior fossa tumor survivors, lower white matter integrity (WMI) in the right cerebellar-left frontal pathway has been well documented and appears to be related to proximity to the cerebellum, radiation treatment, as well as time since treatment in both cranial radiation and surgery-only treatment groups. The current study investigated theories of transneural degeneration following cerebellar tumor resection that may underlie or relate to reductions in WMI and regional brain volumes using correlations. We hypothesized a positive relationship between the volume of the right cerebellum and known white matter output pathways, as well as with the volume of structures that receive cerebellar projections along the pathway. Methods Adult survivors of childhood brain tumors were recruited (n = 29; age, M = 22 years, SD = 5; 45% female). Age- and gender-matched controls were also included (n = 29). Participants completed 3 T diffusion-weighted and T1 MPRAGE MRI scans. Brain structure volume relative to intracranial vault served as regional volumetric measures. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and radial diffusivity (RD) served as WMI measures. In the survivor group, partial correlations between WMI and regional volume included controlling for disease severity. Results In posterior fossa tumor survivors, the volumes of the cerebellum, thalamus, and frontal lobe were correlated with WMI of the thalamic-frontal segment of the cerebellar-frontal pathway (r = 0.41–0.49, p < .05). Cerebellar atrophy was correlated with reduced WMI in the cerebellar-rubral segment (FA, r = −0.32 p > .05; RD, r = 0.53, p < .01). In the no-radiation survivor group, the regional volume of each structure along the pathway was associated with WMI in the cerebellar-rubral segment. In the radiation survivor group, significant correlations were found between the regional brain volume of each structure and the thalamic-frontal segment of the pathway. Discussion The results of this multimodal neuroimaging study provide correlational evidence that the mechanism of injury subsequent to brain tumor treatment may be different depending on type of treatment(s). Without radiation, the primary mechanism of injury is cerebellar tumor growth, resection, and hydrocephalus. Therefore, the most proximal connection to that injury (cerebellar-rubral pathway) was correlated with reductions in volume along the pathway. In contrast, the survivor group treated with radiation may have had possible radiation-induced demyelination of the thalamic-frontal portion of the pathway, based on a strong correlation with volume loss in the cerebellum, red nucleus, thalamus, and frontal lobe. Cerebellar atrophy predicted lower white matter integrity (WMI) in the cerebellar-rubral segment. The no-radiation group showed a correlational pattern that is consistent with possible transneural degeneration. The radiation group showed a correlational pattern consistent with theories of neurodevelopmental vulnerability to radiation-induced demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa S Ailion
- Department of Psychology, the Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, United States of America
| | - Simone Renée Roberts
- Department of Psychology, the Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, United States of America; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, United States of America; Atlanta VA Center of Excellence for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, United States of America
| | - Bruce Crosson
- Department of Psychology, the Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, United States of America; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, United States of America; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, United States of America; Atlanta VA Center of Excellence for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, United States of America
| | - Tricia Z King
- Department of Psychology, the Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, United States of America.
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Sheu YS, Liang Y, Desmond JE. Disruption of Cerebellar Prediction in Verbal Working Memory. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:61. [PMID: 30846935 PMCID: PMC6393359 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that the right cerebellum contributes to verbal working memory, but the functional role of this contribution remains unclear. In an established theory of motor control, the cerebellum is thought to predict sensory consequences of movements through an internal "forward model." Here, we hypothesize a similar predictive process can generalize to cerebellar non-motor function, and that the right cerebellum plays a predictive role that is beneficial for rapidly engaging the phonological loop in verbal working memory. To test this hypothesis, double-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was administered over either the right cerebellum or right occipital lobe (control site), on half the trials, to interrupt the rehearsal of a 6-letter sequence. We found that cerebellar stimulation resulted in greater errors in participants' report of the letter in the current position. Additional analyses revealed that immediately after cerebellar TMS, participants were more likely to use out of date information to predict the next letter in the sequence. This pattern of errors is consistent with TMS causing a temporary disruption of state estimation and cerebellar forward model function, leading to prediction errors in the phonological loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Shin Sheu
- Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Yu Liang
- Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - John E Desmond
- Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Peterburs J, Blevins LC, Sheu YS, Desmond JE. Cerebellar contributions to sequence prediction in verbal working memory. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:485-499. [PMID: 30390152 PMCID: PMC6373538 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-018-1784-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Verbal working memory is one of the most studied non-motor functions with robust cerebellar involvement. While the superior cerebellum (lobule VI) has been associated with articulatory control, the inferior cerebellum (lobule VIIIa) has been linked to phonological storage. The present study was aimed to elucidate the differential roles of these regions by investigating whether the cerebellum might contribute to verbal working memory via predictions based on sequence learning/detection. 19 healthy adult subjects completed an fMRI-based Sternberg task which included repeating and novel letter sequences that were phonologically similar or dissimilar. It was hypothesized that learning a repeating sequence of study letters would reduce phonological storage demand and associated right inferior cerebellar activations and that this effect would be modulated by phonological similarity of the study letters. Specifically, while increased phonological storage demand due to high phonological similarity was expected to be reflected in increased right inferior cerebellar activations for similar relative to dissimilar study letters, the reduction in activation for repeating relative to novel sequences was expected to be more profound for phonologically similar than for dissimilar study letters, especially at higher memory load. Results confirmed the typical effects of cognitive load (5 vs. 2 study letters) and phonological similarity in several cerebellar and neocortical brain regions as well as in behavioral data (accuracy and response time). Importantly, activations in superior and inferior cerebellar regions were differentially modulated as a function of similarity and sequence novelty, indicating that particularly lobule VIIIa may contribute to verbal working memory by generating predictions of letter sequences that reduce the likelihood of phonological loop failure before stored items need to be retrieved. The present study is consistent with other investigations that support prediction, which can be based on sequence learning or detection, as an overarching cerebellar function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Peterburs
- Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Biological Psychology, Institute of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Laura C Blevins
- Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Yi-Shin Sheu
- Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John E Desmond
- Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Marusak HA, Iadipaolo AS, Harper FW, Elrahal F, Taub JW, Goldberg E, Rabinak CA. Neurodevelopmental consequences of pediatric cancer and its treatment: applying an early adversity framework to understanding cognitive, behavioral, and emotional outcomes. Neuropsychol Rev 2018; 28:123-175. [PMID: 29270773 PMCID: PMC6639713 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-017-9365-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Today, children are surviving pediatric cancer at unprecedented rates, making it one of modern medicine's true success stories. However, we are increasingly becoming aware of several deleterious effects of cancer and the subsequent "cure" that extend beyond physical sequelae. Indeed, survivors of childhood cancer commonly report cognitive, emotional, and psychological difficulties, including attentional difficulties, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). Cognitive late- and long-term effects have been largely attributed to neurotoxic effects of cancer treatments (e.g., chemotherapy, cranial irradiation, surgery) on brain development. The role of childhood adversity in pediatric cancer - namely, the presence of a life-threatening disease and endurance of invasive medical procedures - has been largely ignored in the existing neuroscientific literature, despite compelling research by our group and others showing that exposure to more commonly studied adverse childhood experiences (i.e., domestic and community violence, physical, sexual, and emotional abuse) strongly imprints on neural development. While these adverse childhood experiences are different in many ways from the experience of childhood cancer (e.g., context, nature, source), they do share a common element of exposure to threat (i.e., threat to life or physical integrity). Therefore, we argue that the double hit of early threat and cancer treatments likely alters neural development, and ultimately, cognitive, behavioral, and emotional outcomes. In this paper, we (1) review the existing neuroimaging research on child, adolescent, and adult survivors of childhood cancer, (2) summarize gaps in our current understanding, (3) propose a novel neurobiological framework that characterizes childhood cancer as a type of childhood adversity, particularly a form of early threat, focusing on development of the hippocampus and the salience and emotion network (SEN), and (4) outline future directions for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary A Marusak
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Ave., Suite 2190, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
| | - Allesandra S Iadipaolo
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Ave., Suite 2190, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Felicity W Harper
- Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Farrah Elrahal
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Ave., Suite 2190, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Taub
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Elimelech Goldberg
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Kids Kicking Cancer, Southfield, MI, USA
| | - Christine A Rabinak
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Ave., Suite 2190, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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Turk KW, Flanagan ME, Josephson S, Keene CD, Jayadev S, Bird TD. Psychosis in Spinocerebellar Ataxias: a Case Series and Study of Tyrosine Hydroxylase in Substantia Nigra. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2018; 17:143-151. [PMID: 28887803 PMCID: PMC5843512 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-017-0882-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxias are a genetically heterogeneous group of degenerative diseases typically characterized by progressive ataxia and to various degrees, neuropathy, amyotrophy, and ocular abnormalities. There is increasing evidence for non-motor manifestations associated with cerebellar syndromes including cognitive and psychiatric features. We studied a retrospective clinical case series of eight subjects with spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) 2, 3, 7, and 17, all displaying features of psychosis, and also measured tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) staining of the substantia nigra (SN) at autopsy, among four of the subjects. We hypothesized that increased dopamine production in the SN may underlie the pathophysiology of psychosis in SCAs, given evidence of increased dopamine production in the SN in schizophrenia, as measured by TH staining. We analyzed differences in TH staining between the SCA psychosis cohort (n = 4), a heterogeneous ataxic cohort without psychosis (n = 22), and non-diseased age- and sex-matched control group (n = 12). SCA subjects with psychosis did not differ significantly in TH staining versus ataxic cases without psychosis. There was, however, increased TH staining in the ataxic cohort with and without psychosis (n = 26), compared to non-diseased controls (n = 12). Psychotic features were similar across subjects, with the presence of delusions, paranoia, and auditory hallucinations. Our findings are preliminary because of small numbers of subjects and variable neuropathology; however, they suggest that psychosis is a clinical feature of SCAs and may be under-recognized. While the underlying pathophysiology remains to be fully established, it may be related to extra-cerebellar pathology, including a possible propensity for increased dopamine activity in the SN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine W Turk
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain Campus, 150 S. Huntington Ave., Boston, MA, USA
- Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E. Concord St., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Margaret E Flanagan
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Samuel Josephson
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA, USA
| | - C Dirk Keene
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Suman Jayadev
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Thomas D Bird
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Healthcare System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA, USA
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12
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Luo X, Chen G, Jia Y, Gong J, Qiu S, Zhong S, Zhao L, Chen F, Lai S, Qi Z, Huang L, Wang Y. Disrupted Cerebellar Connectivity With the Central Executive Network and the Default-Mode Network in Unmedicated Bipolar II Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:705. [PMID: 30618876 PMCID: PMC6305495 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Bipolar disorder (BD) is a common psychiatric disease. Although structural and functional abnormalities of the cerebellum in BD patients have been reported by recent neuroimaging studies, the cerebellar-cerebral functional connectivity (FC) has not yet been examined. The present study aims to investigate the FC between the cerebellum and cerebrum, particularly the central executive network (CEN) and the default-mode network (DMN) in bipolar II disorder (BD II). Methods: Ninety-four patients with unmedicated BD II depression and 100 healthy controls (HCs) underwent the resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Seed-based connectivity analyses were performed using cerebellar seeds previously identified as being involved in the CEN (bilateral Crus Ia) and DMN (bilateral Crus Ib). Results: Compared with HCs, BD II depression patients appeared decreased FC in the right Crus Ia-left dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and -left anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), the right Crus Ib-left medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), -left middle temporal gyrus (MTG), and -left inferior temporal gyrus (ITG). No altered FC between the left Crus Ia or Crus Ib and the cerebral regions was found. Conclusions: Patients with BD II depression showed disrupted FC between the cerebellum and the CEN (mainly in the left dlPFC and ACC) and DMN (mainly in the left mPFC and temporal lobe), suggesting the significant role of the cerebellum-CEN and -DMN connectivity in the pathogenesis of BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Luo
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanmao Chen
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanbin Jia
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - JiaYing Gong
- Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaojuan Qiu
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuming Zhong
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lianping Zhao
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Radiology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shunkai Lai
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhangzhang Qi
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Huang
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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13
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Shiroma A, Nishimura M, Nagamine H, Miyagi T, Hokama Y, Watanabe T, Murayama S, Tsutsui M, Tominaga D, Ishiuchi S. Cerebellar Contribution to Pattern Separation of Human Hippocampal Memory Circuits. THE CEREBELLUM 2017; 15:645-662. [PMID: 26439485 PMCID: PMC5097115 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-015-0726-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum is a crucial structure for cognitive function as well as motor control. Benign brain tumors such as schwannomas, meningiomas, and epidermoids tend to occur in the cerebellopontine angle cisterns and may cause compression of the posterior lateral cerebellum near the superior posterior fissure, where the eloquent area for cognitive function was recently identified. The present study examined cognitive impairment in patients with benign cerebellar tumors before and after surgical intervention in order to clarify the functional implications of this region in humans. Patients with cerebellar tumors showed deficits in psychomotor speed and working memory compared with healthy controls. Moreover, these impairments were more pronounced in patients with right cerebellar tumors. Functional magnetic resonance imaging during performance of a lure task also demonstrated that cerebellar tumors affected pattern separation or the ability to distinguish similar experiences of episodic memory or events with discrete, non-overlapping representations, which is one of the important cognitive functions related to the hippocampus. The present findings indicate that compression of the human posterior lateral cerebellum affects hippocampal memory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayano Shiroma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara-machi, Nakagami-gun, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan
| | - Masahiko Nishimura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara-machi, Nakagami-gun, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan
| | - Hideki Nagamine
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara-machi, Nakagami-gun, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Miyagi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara-machi, Nakagami-gun, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan
| | - Yohei Hokama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara-machi, Nakagami-gun, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan
| | - Takashi Watanabe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara-machi, Nakagami-gun, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan
| | - Sadayuki Murayama
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara-machi, Nakagami-gun, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan
| | - Masato Tsutsui
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara-machi, Nakagami-gun, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tominaga
- Okinawa Study Center, The Open University of Japan, 1Senbru, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0219, Japan
| | - Shogo Ishiuchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara-machi, Nakagami-gun, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan.
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14
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Reichert JL, Chocholous M, Leiss U, Pletschko T, Kasprian G, Furtner J, Kollndorfer K, Krajnik J, Slavc I, Prayer D, Czech T, Schöpf V, Dorfer C. Neuronal correlates of cognitive function in patients with childhood cerebellar tumor lesions. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180200. [PMID: 28692686 PMCID: PMC5503240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
While it has been shown that cerebellar tumor lesions have an impact on cognitive functions, the extent to which they shape distant neuronal pathways is still largely undescribed. Thus, the present neuroimaging study was designed to investigate different aspects of cognitive function and their neuronal correlates in patients after childhood cerebellar tumor surgery. An alertness task, a working memory task and an incompatibility task were performed by 11 patients after childhood cerebellar tumor surgery and 17 healthy controls. Neuronal correlates as reflected by alterations in functional networks during tasks were assessed using group independent component analysis. We were able to identify eight networks involved during task performance: default mode network, precuneus, anterior salience network, executive control network, visual network, auditory and sensorimotor network and a cerebellar network. For the most ‘basic’ cognitive tasks, a weaker task-modulation of default mode network, left executive control network and the cerebellar network was observed in patients compared to controls. Results for higher-order tasks are in line with a partial restoration of networks responsible for higher-order task execution. Our results provide tentative evidence that the synchronicity of brain activity in patients was at least partially restored in the course of neuroplastic reorganization, particularly for networks related to higher-order cognitive processes. The complex activation patterns underline the importance of testing several cognitive functions to assess the specificity of cognitive deficits and neuronal reorganization processes after brain lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna L. Reichert
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed, Graz, Austria
| | - Monika Chocholous
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center–CNS Tumors Unit (CCC-CNS), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrike Leiss
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center–CNS Tumors Unit (CCC-CNS), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Pletschko
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center–CNS Tumors Unit (CCC-CNS), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor Kasprian
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Furtner
- Comprehensive Cancer Center–CNS Tumors Unit (CCC-CNS), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kathrin Kollndorfer
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jacqueline Krajnik
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Irene Slavc
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center–CNS Tumors Unit (CCC-CNS), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Prayer
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Czech
- Comprehensive Cancer Center–CNS Tumors Unit (CCC-CNS), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Schöpf
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed, Graz, Austria
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Dorfer
- Comprehensive Cancer Center–CNS Tumors Unit (CCC-CNS), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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15
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Ailion AS, Hortman K, King TZ. Childhood Brain Tumors: a Systematic Review of the Structural Neuroimaging Literature. Neuropsychol Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11065-017-9352-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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16
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Moore DM, D'Mello AM, McGrath LM, Stoodley CJ. The developmental relationship between specific cognitive domains and grey matter in the cerebellum. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2017; 24:1-11. [PMID: 28088647 PMCID: PMC5429176 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that the cerebellum is involved in cognition and cognitive development, yet little is known about the developmental relationship between cerebellar structure and cognitive subdomains in children. We used voxel-based morphometry to assess the relationship between cerebellar grey matter (GM) and language, reading, working memory, executive function, and processing speed in 110 individuals aged 8-17 years from the Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition, and Genetics (PING) Study. Further, we examined the effect of age on the relationships between cerebellar GM and cognition. Higher scores on vocabulary, reading, working memory, and set-shifting were associated with increased GM in the posterior cerebellum (lobules VI-IX), in regions which are typically engaged during cognitive tasks in healthy adults. For reading, working memory, and processing speed, the relationship between cerebellar GM and cognitive performance changed with age in specific cerebellar subregions. As in adults, posterior lobe cerebellar GM was associated with cognitive performance in a pediatric population, and this relationship mirrored the known developmental trajectory of posterior cerebellar GM. These findings provide further evidence that specific regions of the cerebellum support cognition and cognitive development, and suggest that the strength of this relationship depends on developmental stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea M Moore
- Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Anila M D'Mello
- Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Lauren M McGrath
- School of Education, American University, Washington, DC, USA; Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, American University, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Catherine J Stoodley
- Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC, USA; Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, American University, Washington, DC, USA.
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17
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Stoodley CJ, MacMore JP, Makris N, Sherman JC, Schmahmann JD. Location of lesion determines motor vs. cognitive consequences in patients with cerebellar stroke. Neuroimage Clin 2016; 12:765-775. [PMID: 27812503 PMCID: PMC5079414 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar lesions can cause motor deficits and/or the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome (CCAS; Schmahmann's syndrome). We used voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping to test the hypothesis that the cerebellar motor syndrome results from anterior lobe damage whereas lesions in the posterolateral cerebellum produce the CCAS. Eighteen patients with isolated cerebellar stroke (13 males, 5 females; 20-66 years old) were evaluated using measures of ataxia and neurocognitive ability. Patients showed a wide range of motor and cognitive performance, from normal to severely impaired; individual deficits varied according to lesion location within the cerebellum. Patients with damage to cerebellar lobules III-VI had worse ataxia scores: as predicted, the cerebellar motor syndrome resulted from lesions involving the anterior cerebellum. Poorer performance on fine motor tasks was associated primarily with strokes affecting the anterior lobe extending into lobule VI, with right-handed finger tapping and peg-placement associated with damage to the right cerebellum, and left-handed finger tapping associated with left cerebellar damage. Patients with the CCAS in the absence of cerebellar motor syndrome had damage to posterior lobe regions, with lesions leading to significantly poorer scores on language (e.g. right Crus I and II extending through IX), spatial (bilateral Crus I, Crus II, and right lobule VIII), and executive function measures (lobules VII-VIII). These data reveal clinically significant functional regions underpinning movement and cognition in the cerebellum, with a broad anterior-posterior distinction. Motor and cognitive outcomes following cerebellar damage appear to reflect the disruption of different cerebro-cerebellar motor and cognitive loops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine J. Stoodley
- Department of Psychology and Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, American University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jason P. MacMore
- Ataxia Unit, Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nikos Makris
- Center for Morphometric Analysis, Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Janet C. Sherman
- Psychology Assessment Center, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeremy D. Schmahmann
- Ataxia Unit, Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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18
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Stoodley CJ, Limperopoulos C. Structure-function relationships in the developing cerebellum: Evidence from early-life cerebellar injury and neurodevelopmental disorders. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2016; 21:356-64. [PMID: 27184461 PMCID: PMC5282860 DOI: 10.1016/j.siny.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The increasing appreciation of the role of the cerebellum in motor and non-motor functions is crucial to understanding the outcomes of acquired cerebellar injury and developmental lesions in high-risk fetal and neonatal populations, children with cerebellar damage (e.g. posterior fossa tumors), and neurodevelopmental disorders (e.g. autism). We review available data regarding the relationship between the topography of cerebellar injury or abnormality and functional outcomes. We report emerging structure-function relationships with specific symptoms: cerebellar regions that interconnect with sensorimotor cortices are associated with motor impairments when damaged; disruption to posterolateral cerebellar regions that form circuits with association cortices impact long-term cognitive outcomes; and midline posterior vermal damage is associated with behavioral dysregulation and an autism-like phenotype. We also explore the impact of age and the potential role for critical periods on cerebellar structure and child function. These findings suggest that the cerebellum plays a critical role in motor, cognitive, and social-behavioral development, possibly via modulatory effects on the developing cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine J Stoodley
- Department of Psychology and Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, American University, Washington DC, USA.
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19
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Moberget T, Hilland E, Andersson S, Lundar T, Due-Tønnessen BJ, Heldal A, Ivry RB, Endestad T. Patients with focal cerebellar lesions show reduced auditory cortex activation during silent reading. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2016; 161:18-27. [PMID: 26341544 PMCID: PMC4775464 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Functional neuroimaging studies consistently report language-related cerebellar activations, but evidence from the clinical literature is less conclusive. Here, we attempt to bridge this gap by testing the effect of focal cerebellar lesions on cerebral activations in a reading task previously shown to involve distinct cerebellar regions. Patients (N=10) had lesions primarily affecting medial cerebellum, overlapping cerebellar regions activated during the presentation of random word sequences, but distinct from activations related to semantic prediction generation and prediction error processing. In line with this pattern of activation-lesion overlap, patients did not differ from matched healthy controls (N=10) in predictability-related activations. However, whereas controls showed increased activation in bilateral auditory cortex and parietal operculum when silently reading familiar words relative to viewing letter strings, this effect was absent in the patients. Our results highlight the need for careful lesion mapping and suggest possible roles for the cerebellum in visual-to-auditory mapping and/or inner speech.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Hilland
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stein Andersson
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tryggve Lundar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Aasta Heldal
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Richard B Ivry
- Psychology Department, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Tor Endestad
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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20
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Peterburs J, Desmond JE. The role of the human cerebellum in performance monitoring. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2016; 40:38-44. [PMID: 27372055 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
While the cerebellum has traditionally been thought of as mainly involved in motor functions, evidence has been accumulating for cerebellar contributions also to non-motor, cognitive functions. The notion of a cerebellar internal model underlying prediction and processing of sensory events and coordination and fine-tuning of appropriate responses has put the cerebellum right at the interface of motor behavior and cognition. Along these lines, the cerebellum may critically contribute to performance monitoring, a set of cognitive and affective functions underlying adaptive behavior. This review presents and integrates evidence from recent neuroimaging and clinical studies for a cerebellar role in performance monitoring with focus on sensory prediction, error and conflict processing, response inhibition, and feedback learning. Together with evidence for involvement in articulatory monitoring during working memory, these findings suggest monitoring as the cerebellum's overarching function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Peterburs
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 52, 48149 Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - John E Desmond
- Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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21
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Moberget T, Ivry RB. Cerebellar contributions to motor control and language comprehension: searching for common computational principles. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1369:154-71. [PMID: 27206249 PMCID: PMC5260470 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The past 25 years have seen the functional domain of the cerebellum extend beyond the realm of motor control, with considerable discussion of how this subcortical structure contributes to cognitive domains including attention, memory, and language. Drawing on evidence from neuroanatomy, physiology, neuropsychology, and computational work, sophisticated models have been developed to describe cerebellar function in sensorimotor control and learning. In contrast, mechanistic accounts of how the cerebellum contributes to cognition have remained elusive. Inspired by the homogeneous cerebellar microanatomy and a desire for parsimony, many researchers have sought to extend mechanistic ideas from motor control to cognition. One influential hypothesis centers on the idea that the cerebellum implements internal models, representations of the context-specific dynamics of an agent's interactions with the environment, enabling predictive control. We briefly review cerebellar anatomy and physiology, to review the internal model hypothesis as applied in the motor domain, before turning to extensions of these ideas in the linguistic domain, focusing on speech perception and semantic processing. While recent findings are consistent with this computational generalization, they also raise challenging questions regarding the nature of cerebellar learning, and may thus inspire revisions of our views on the role of the cerebellum in sensorimotor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torgeir Moberget
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Richard B. Ivry
- Department of Psychology, and the Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
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22
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Peterburs J, Cheng DT, Desmond JE. The Association Between Eye Movements and Cerebellar Activation in a Verbal Working Memory Task. Cereb Cortex 2015; 26:3802-13. [PMID: 26286918 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been argued that cerebellar activations during cognitive tasks may masquerade as cognition, while actually reflecting processes related to movement planning or motor learning. The present study investigated whether the cerebellar load effect for verbal working memory, that is, increased activations in lobule VI/Crus I and lobule VIIB/VIIIA, is related to eye movements and oculomotor processing. Fifteen participants performed an fMRI-based Sternberg verbal working memory task. Oculomotor and cognitive task demands were manipulated by using closely and widely spaced stimuli, and high and low cognitive load. Trial-based quantitative eye movement parameters were obtained from concurrent eye tracking. Conventional MRI analysis replicated the cerebellar load effect in lobules VI and VIIB/VIIIa. With quantitative eye movement parameters as regressors, analysis yielded very similar activation patterns. While load effect and eye regressor generally recruited spatially distinct neocortical and cerebellar regions, conjunction analysis showed that a small subset of prefrontal areas implicated in the load effect also responded to the eye regressor. The present results indicate that cognitive load-dependent activations in lateral superior and posteroinferior cerebellar regions in the Sternberg task are independent of eye movements occurring during stimulus encoding. This is inconsistent with the notion that cognitive load-dependent cerebellar activations merely reflect oculomotor processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Peterburs
- Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Muenster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Dominic T Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - John E Desmond
- Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Law N, Smith ML, Greenberg M, Bouffet E, Taylor MD, Laughlin S, Malkin D, Liu F, Moxon-Emre I, Scantlebury N, Mabbott D. Executive function in paediatric medulloblastoma: The role of cerebrocerebellar connections. J Neuropsychol 2015; 11:174-200. [DOI: 10.1111/jnp.12082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Law
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Psychology; Collaborative Program in Neuroscience; University of Toronto; Ontario Canada
| | - Mary Lou Smith
- Department of Psychology; Collaborative Program in Neuroscience; University of Toronto; Ontario Canada
- Department of Psychology; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Mark Greenberg
- Pediatric Oncology Group of Ontario; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Division of Hematology/Oncology; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Eric Bouffet
- Division of Hematology/Oncology; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Michael D. Taylor
- Division of Neurosurgery; Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Suzanne Laughlin
- Diagnostic Imaging; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - David Malkin
- Pediatric Oncology Group of Ontario; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Division of Hematology/Oncology; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Pediatrics; University of Toronto; Ontario Canada
| | - Fang Liu
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Iska Moxon-Emre
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Psychology; Collaborative Program in Neuroscience; University of Toronto; Ontario Canada
- Pediatric Oncology Group of Ontario; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Nadia Scantlebury
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Donald Mabbott
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Psychology; Collaborative Program in Neuroscience; University of Toronto; Ontario Canada
- Division of Hematology/Oncology; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Ontario Canada
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24
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Liao DA, Kronemer SI, Yau JM, Desmond JE, Marvel CL. Motor system contributions to verbal and non-verbal working memory. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:753. [PMID: 25309402 PMCID: PMC4173669 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Working memory (WM) involves the ability to maintain and manipulate information held in mind. Neuroimaging studies have shown that secondary motor areas activate during WM for verbal content (e.g., words or letters), in the absence of primary motor area activation. This activation pattern may reflect an inner speech mechanism supporting online phonological rehearsal. Here, we examined the causal relationship between motor system activity and WM processing by using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to manipulate motor system activity during WM rehearsal. We tested WM performance for verbalizable (words and pseudowords) and non-verbalizable (Chinese characters) visual information. We predicted that disruption of motor circuits would specifically affect WM processing of verbalizable information. We found that TMS targeting motor cortex slowed response times (RTs) on verbal WM trials with high (pseudoword) vs. low (real word) phonological load. However, non-verbal WM trials were also significantly slowed with motor TMS. WM performance was unaffected by sham stimulation or TMS over visual cortex (VC). Self-reported use of motor strategy predicted the degree of motor stimulation disruption on WM performance. These results provide evidence of the motor system’s contributions to verbal and non-verbal WM processing. We speculate that the motor system supports WM by creating motor traces consistent with the type of information being rehearsed during maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana A Liao
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA ; Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Sharif I Kronemer
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Yau
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA ; Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine Houston, TX, USA
| | - John E Desmond
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Cherie L Marvel
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA ; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
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25
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Mariën P, Ackermann H, Adamaszek M, Barwood CHS, Beaton A, Desmond J, De Witte E, Fawcett AJ, Hertrich I, Küper M, Leggio M, Marvel C, Molinari M, Murdoch BE, Nicolson RI, Schmahmann JD, Stoodley CJ, Thürling M, Timmann D, Wouters E, Ziegler W. Consensus paper: Language and the cerebellum: an ongoing enigma. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2014; 13:386-410. [PMID: 24318484 PMCID: PMC4090012 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-013-0540-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In less than three decades, the concept "cerebellar neurocognition" has evolved from a mere afterthought to an entirely new and multifaceted area of neuroscientific research. A close interplay between three main strands of contemporary neuroscience induced a substantial modification of the traditional view of the cerebellum as a mere coordinator of autonomic and somatic motor functions. Indeed, the wealth of current evidence derived from detailed neuroanatomical investigations, functional neuroimaging studies with healthy subjects and patients and in-depth neuropsychological assessment of patients with cerebellar disorders shows that the cerebellum has a cardinal role to play in affective regulation, cognitive processing, and linguistic function. Although considerable progress has been made in models of cerebellar function, controversy remains regarding the exact role of the "linguistic cerebellum" in a broad variety of nonmotor language processes. This consensus paper brings together a range of different viewpoints and opinions regarding the contribution of the cerebellum to language function. Recent developments and insights in the nonmotor modulatory role of the cerebellum in language and some related disorders will be discussed. The role of the cerebellum in speech and language perception, in motor speech planning including apraxia of speech, in verbal working memory, in phonological and semantic verbal fluency, in syntax processing, in the dynamics of language production, in reading and in writing will be addressed. In addition, the functional topography of the linguistic cerebellum and the contribution of the deep nuclei to linguistic function will be briefly discussed. As such, a framework for debate and discussion will be offered in this consensus paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Mariën
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Neurolinguistics, CLIN, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium,
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26
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Knight SJ, Conklin HM, Palmer SL, Schreiber JE, Armstrong CL, Wallace D, Bonner M, Swain MA, Evankovich KD, Mabbott DJ, Boyle R, Huang Q, Zhang H, Anderson VA, Gajjar A. Working memory abilities among children treated for medulloblastoma: parent report and child performance. J Pediatr Psychol 2014; 39:501-11. [PMID: 24627465 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsu009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the 5-year postsurgical developmental trajectory of working memory (WM) in children with medulloblastoma using parent and performance-based measures. METHOD This study included 167 patients treated for medulloblastoma. Serial assessments of WM occurred at predetermined time points for 5 years. RESULTS There was a subtle, statistically significant increase in parental concern about WM, coupled with a statistically significant decrease in age-standardized scores on performance-based measures. However, whole-group mean scores on both parent and performance-based measures remained in the age-expected range. Posterior fossa syndrome was consistently associated with poorer WM. Younger age at treatment and higher treatment intensity were associated with greater negative change in WM performance only. CONCLUSIONS Most children treated for medulloblastoma display WM within the age-appropriate range according to parent report and performance. However, the subtle negative changes over time and identified subgroups at increased risk highlight the need for ongoing monitoring of this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Knight
- Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Children's Cancer Centre and Psychology Department, Royal Children's Hospital, Victorian Paediatric Rehabilitation Service, Monash Children's, Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Department of Psychology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Neuro-Oncology Program, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Royal Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Department of Psychology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Psychology Service, Sydney Children's Hospital, Department of Biostatistics St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, and Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research HospitalClinical Sciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Children's Cancer Centre and Psychology Department, Royal Children's Hospital, Victorian Paediatric Rehabilitation Service, Monash Children's, Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Department of Psychology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Neuro-Oncology Program, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Royal Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Department of Psychology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Psychology Service, Sydney Children's Hospital, Department of Biostatistics St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, and Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research HospitalClinical Sciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Children's Cancer Centre and Psychology Department, Royal Children's Hospital, Victorian Paediatric Rehabilitation Service, Monash Children's, Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Department of Psychology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Neuro-Oncology Program, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Royal Children's Hospital, D
| | - Heather M Conklin
- Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Children's Cancer Centre and Psychology Department, Royal Children's Hospital, Victorian Paediatric Rehabilitation Service, Monash Children's, Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Department of Psychology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Neuro-Oncology Program, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Royal Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Department of Psychology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Psychology Service, Sydney Children's Hospital, Department of Biostatistics St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, and Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
| | - Shawna L Palmer
- Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Children's Cancer Centre and Psychology Department, Royal Children's Hospital, Victorian Paediatric Rehabilitation Service, Monash Children's, Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Department of Psychology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Neuro-Oncology Program, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Royal Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Department of Psychology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Psychology Service, Sydney Children's Hospital, Department of Biostatistics St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, and Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
| | - Jane E Schreiber
- Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Children's Cancer Centre and Psychology Department, Royal Children's Hospital, Victorian Paediatric Rehabilitation Service, Monash Children's, Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Department of Psychology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Neuro-Oncology Program, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Royal Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Department of Psychology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Psychology Service, Sydney Children's Hospital, Department of Biostatistics St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, and Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
| | - Carol L Armstrong
- Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Children's Cancer Centre and Psychology Department, Royal Children's Hospital, Victorian Paediatric Rehabilitation Service, Monash Children's, Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Department of Psychology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Neuro-Oncology Program, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Royal Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Department of Psychology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Psychology Service, Sydney Children's Hospital, Department of Biostatistics St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, and Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
| | - Dana Wallace
- Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Children's Cancer Centre and Psychology Department, Royal Children's Hospital, Victorian Paediatric Rehabilitation Service, Monash Children's, Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Department of Psychology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Neuro-Oncology Program, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Royal Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Department of Psychology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Psychology Service, Sydney Children's Hospital, Department of Biostatistics St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, and Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
| | - Melanie Bonner
- Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Children's Cancer Centre and Psychology Department, Royal Children's Hospital, Victorian Paediatric Rehabilitation Service, Monash Children's, Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Department of Psychology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Neuro-Oncology Program, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Royal Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Department of Psychology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Psychology Service, Sydney Children's Hospital, Department of Biostatistics St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, and Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
| | - Michelle A Swain
- Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Children's Cancer Centre and Psychology Department, Royal Children's Hospital, Victorian Paediatric Rehabilitation Service, Monash Children's, Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Department of Psychology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Neuro-Oncology Program, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Royal Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Department of Psychology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Psychology Service, Sydney Children's Hospital, Department of Biostatistics St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, and Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
| | - Karen D Evankovich
- Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Children's Cancer Centre and Psychology Department, Royal Children's Hospital, Victorian Paediatric Rehabilitation Service, Monash Children's, Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Department of Psychology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Neuro-Oncology Program, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Royal Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Department of Psychology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Psychology Service, Sydney Children's Hospital, Department of Biostatistics St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, and Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
| | - Donald J Mabbott
- Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Children's Cancer Centre and Psychology Department, Royal Children's Hospital, Victorian Paediatric Rehabilitation Service, Monash Children's, Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Department of Psychology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Neuro-Oncology Program, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Royal Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Department of Psychology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Psychology Service, Sydney Children's Hospital, Department of Biostatistics St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, and Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
| | - Robyn Boyle
- Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Children's Cancer Centre and Psychology Department, Royal Children's Hospital, Victorian Paediatric Rehabilitation Service, Monash Children's, Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Department of Psychology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Neuro-Oncology Program, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Royal Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Department of Psychology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Psychology Service, Sydney Children's Hospital, Department of Biostatistics St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, and Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
| | - Qinlei Huang
- Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Children's Cancer Centre and Psychology Department, Royal Children's Hospital, Victorian Paediatric Rehabilitation Service, Monash Children's, Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Department of Psychology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Neuro-Oncology Program, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Royal Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Department of Psychology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Psychology Service, Sydney Children's Hospital, Department of Biostatistics St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, and Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
| | - Hui Zhang
- Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Children's Cancer Centre and Psychology Department, Royal Children's Hospital, Victorian Paediatric Rehabilitation Service, Monash Children's, Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Department of Psychology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Neuro-Oncology Program, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Royal Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Department of Psychology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Psychology Service, Sydney Children's Hospital, Department of Biostatistics St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, and Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
| | - Vicki A Anderson
- Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Children's Cancer Centre and Psychology Department, Royal Children's Hospital, Victorian Paediatric Rehabilitation Service, Monash Children's, Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Department of Psychology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Neuro-Oncology Program, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Royal Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Department of Psychology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Psychology Service, Sydney Children's Hospital, Department of Biostatistics St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, and Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research HospitalClinical Sciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Children's Cancer Centre and Psychology Department, Royal Children's Hospital, Victorian Paediatric Rehabilitation Service, Monash Children's, Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Department of Psychology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Neuro-Oncology Program, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Royal Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Department of Psychology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Psychology Service, Sydney Children's Hospital, Department of Biostatistics St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, and Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
| | - Amar Gajjar
- Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Children's Cancer Centre and Psychology Department, Royal Children's Hospital, Victorian Paediatric Rehabilitation Service, Monash Children's, Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Department of Psychology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Neuro-Oncology Program, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Royal Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Department of Psychology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Psychology Service, Sydney Children's Hospital, Department of Biostatistics St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, and Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
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E KH, Chen SHA, Ho MHR, Desmond JE. A meta-analysis of cerebellar contributions to higher cognition from PET and fMRI studies. Hum Brain Mapp 2014; 35:593-615. [PMID: 23125108 PMCID: PMC3866223 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing interest in cerebellar function and its involvement in higher cognition have prompted much research in recent years. Cerebellar presence in a wide range of cognitive functions examined within an increasing body of neuroimaging literature has been observed. We applied a meta-analytic approach, which employed the activation likelihood estimate method, to consolidate results of cerebellar involvement accumulated in different cognitive tasks of interest and systematically identified similarities among the studies. The current analysis included 88 neuroimaging studies demonstrating cerebellar activations in higher cognitive domains involving emotion, executive function, language, music, timing and working memory. While largely consistent with a prior meta-analysis by Stoodley and Schmahmann ([2009]: Neuroimage 44:489-501), our results extended their findings to include music and timing domains to provide further insights into cerebellar involvement and elucidate its role in higher cognition. In addition, we conducted inter- and intradomain comparisons for the cognitive domains of emotion, language, and working memory. We also considered task differences within the domain of verbal working memory by conducting a comparison of the Sternberg with the n-back task, as well as an analysis of the differential components within the Sternberg task. Results showed a consistent cerebellar presence in the timing domain, providing evidence for a role in time keeping. Unique clusters identified within the domain further refine the topographic organization of the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren-Happuch E
- Division of Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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28
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Computerized assessment of cognitive late effects among adolescent brain tumor survivors. J Neurooncol 2013; 113:333-40. [PMID: 23525951 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-013-1123-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Advantages of computerized assessment of neuropsychological functions include improved standardization and increased reliability of response time variables. Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) is a computerized battery developed for monitoring recovery following mild brain injuries that assesses attention, memory and processing speed. Despite evidence that core areas of deficit among cancer survivors are those assessed by ImPACT, it has not previously been used with this population. Twenty four childhood brain tumor (BT) survivors treated with conformal radiation therapy (mean age = 15.7 ± 1.6; mean age at irradiation = 9.8 ± 2.5), twenty solid tumor (ST) survivors treated without CNS-directed therapy (mean age = 16.2 ± 1.8) and twenty healthy siblings (mean age = 15.1 ± 1.6 years) were administered an age modified version of ImPACT. Additional computerized measures of working memory and recognition memory were administered. Univariate ANOVAs revealed group differences (p < 0.05) on measures of recognition memory, spatial working memory, processing speed and reaction time, with BT survivors performing significantly worse than ST survivors and siblings. Pearson correlation coefficients revealed significant associations between ImPACT memory tasks and computerized forced choice recognition tasks (rs = 0.30-0.33, p < 0.05). Multiple surgical resections, hydrocephalus and CSF shunt placement most consistently predicted worse ImPACT performance using linear mixed models (p < 0.05). The ImPACT test battery demonstrated sensitivity to cognitive late effects experienced by some BT survivors with clinical predictors of performance consistent with the pediatric oncology literature. Correlations with measures of similar constructs provide evidence for convergent validity. Findings offer initial support for the utility of ImPACT for monitoring of cognitive late effects.
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29
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van den Bosch GE, El Marroun H, Schmidt MN, Tibboel D, Manoach DS, Calhoun VD, White TJH. Brain connectivity during verbal working memory in children and adolescents. Hum Brain Mapp 2012; 35:698-711. [PMID: 23233279 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Working memory (WkM) is a fundamental cognitive process that serves as a building block for higher order cognitive functions. While studies have shown that children and adolescents utilize similar brain regions during verbal WkM, there have been few studies that evaluate the developmental differences in brain connectivity. Our goal was to study the development of brain connectivity related to verbal WkM in typically developing children and adolescents. Thirty-five healthy children and adolescents, divided into three groups: 9-12 (children), 13-16 (young adolescents), and 17-19 (older adolescents) years, were included in this functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study. The verbal WkM task involved a modified Sternberg item recognition paradigm using three different loads. Brain connectivity analysis was performed using independent component analyses and regressing the components with the design matrix to determine task-related networks. Connectivity analyses resulted in four components associated solely with encoding, four solely with recognition and two with both. Two networks demonstrated age-related differences with respect to load, (1) the left motor area and right cerebellum, and 2) the left prefrontal cortex, left parietal lobe, and right cerebellum. Post hoc analyses revealed that the first network showed significant effects of age between children and the two older groups. There was increasing connectivity with increasing load for adolescents. The second network demonstrated age-related differences between children and older adolescents. Children have higher task-related connectivity at lower loads, but they tend to equalize with the adolescents with higher loads. Finally, a non-load related network involving the orbital frontal and anterior cingulate cortices showed less connectivity in children. Hum Brain Mapp 35:698-711, 2014. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerbrich E van den Bosch
- Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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30
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Abstract
While longitudinal studies of children treated for brain tumors have consistently revealed declines on measures of intellectual functioning, greater specification of cognitive changes following treatment is imperative for isolating vulnerable neural systems and developing targeted interventions. Accordingly, this cross-sectional study evaluated the performance of childhood brain tumor survivors (n = 50) treated with conformal radiation therapy, solid tumor survivors (n = 40) who had not received central nervous system (CNS) -directed therapy, and healthy sibling controls (n = 40) on measures of working memory [Digit Span and computerized self-ordered search (SOS) tasks]. Findings revealed childhood brain tumor survivors were impaired on both traditional [Digit Span Backward- F(2,127) = 5.98; p < .01] and experimental [SOS-Verbal- F(2,124) = 4.18; p < .05; SOS-Object- F(2,126) = 5.29; p < .01] measures of working memory, and performance on working memory measures correlated with intellectual functioning (Digit Span Backward- r = .45; p < .0001; SOS- r = -.32 to -.26; p < .01). Comparison of performance on working memory tasks to recognition memory tasks (computerized delayed match-to-sample) offered some support for greater working memory impairment. This pattern of findings is consistent with vulnerability in functional networks that include prefrontal brain regions and has implications for the clinical management of children with brain tumors.
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31
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Cooper FE, Grube M, Von Kriegstein K, Kumar S, English P, Kelly TP, Chinnery PF, Griffiths TD. Distinct critical cerebellar subregions for components of verbal working memory. Neuropsychologia 2012; 50:189-97. [PMID: 22133495 PMCID: PMC4040406 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A role for the cerebellum in cognition has been proposed based on studies suggesting a profile of cognitive deficits due to cerebellar stroke. Such studies are limited in the determination of the detailed organisation of cerebellar subregions that are critical for different aspects of cognition. In this study we examined the correlation between cognitive performance and cerebellar integrity in a specific degeneration of the cerebellar cortex: Spinocerebellar Ataxia type 6 (SCA6). The results demonstrate a critical relationship between verbal working memory and grey matter density in superior (bilateral lobules VI and crus I of lobule VII) and inferior (bilateral lobules VIIIa and VIIIb, and right lobule IX) parts of the cerebellum. We demonstrate that distinct cerebellar regions subserve different components of the prevalent psychological model for verbal working memory based on a phonological loop. The work confirms the involvement of the cerebellum in verbal working memory and defines specific subsystems for this within the cerebellum.
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32
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Cooper FE, Grube M, Elsegood KJ, Welch JL, Kelly TP, Chinnery PF, Griffiths TD. The contribution of the cerebellum to cognition in Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 6. Behav Neurol 2010; 23:3-15. [PMID: 20714057 PMCID: PMC4040404 DOI: 10.3233/ben-2010-0265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study sought evidence for a specific cerebellar contribution to cognition by characterising the cognitive phenotype of Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 6 (SCA-6); an autosomal dominant genetic disease which causes a highly specific late-onset cerebellar degeneration. A comprehensive neuropsychological assessment was administered to 27 patients with genetically confirmed SCA-6. General intellectual ability, memory and executive function were examined using internationally standardised tests (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III, Wechsler Memory Scale-III, Delis and Kaplan Executive Function System, Brixton Spatial Anticipation test). The patient group showed no evidence of intellectual or memory decline. However, tests of executive function involving skills of cognitive flexibility, inhibition of response and verbal reasoning and abstraction demonstrated significant impairment at the group level with large effect sizes. The results demonstrate an executive deficit due to SCA-6 that can be conceptualised as parallel to the motor difficulties suffered by these patients: the data support a role for the cerebellum in the regulation and coordination of cognitive, as well as motor processes that is relevant to individual performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freya E Cooper
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
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Kirschen MP, Chen SHA, Desmond JE. Modality specific cerebro-cerebellar activations in verbal working memory: an fMRI study. Behav Neurol 2010; 23:51-63. [PMID: 20714061 PMCID: PMC2944406 DOI: 10.3233/ben-2010-0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Verbal working memory (VWM) engages frontal and temporal/parietal circuits subserving the phonological loop, as well as, superior and inferior cerebellar regions which have projections from these neocortical areas. Different cerebro-cerebellar circuits may be engaged for integrating aurally- and visually-presented information for VWM. The present fMRI study investigated load (2, 4, or 6 letters) and modality (auditory and visual) dependent cerebro-cerebellar VWM activation using a Sternberg task. FMRI revealed modality-independent activations in left frontal (BA 6/9/44), insular, cingulate (BA 32), and bilateral inferior parietal/supramarginal (BA 40) regions, as well as in bilateral superior (HVI) and right inferior (HVIII) cerebellar regions. Visual presentation evoked prominent activations in right superior (HVI/CrusI) cerebellum, bilateral occipital (BA19) and left parietal (BA7/40) cortex while auditory presentation showed robust activations predominately in bilateral temporal regions (BA21/22). In the cerebellum, we noted a visual to auditory emphasis of function progressing from superior to inferior and from lateral to medial regions. These results extend our previous findings of fMRI activation in cerebro-cerebellar networks during VWM, and demonstrate both modality dependent commonalities and differences in activations with increasing memory load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Kirschen
- Department of Radiology and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Marvel CL, Desmond JE. Functional topography of the cerebellum in verbal working memory. Neuropsychol Rev 2010; 20:271-9. [PMID: 20563894 PMCID: PMC2945881 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-010-9137-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Speech-both overt and covert-facilitates working memory by creating and refreshing motor memory traces, allowing new information to be received and processed. Neuroimaging studies suggest a functional topography within the sub-regions of the cerebellum that subserve verbal working memory. Medial regions of the anterior cerebellum support overt speech, consistent with other forms of motor execution such as finger tapping, whereas lateral portions of the superior cerebellum support speech planning and preparation (e.g., covert speech). The inferior cerebellum is active when information is maintained across a delay, but activation appears to be independent of speech, lateralized by modality of stimulus presentation, and possibly related to phonological storage processes. Motor (dorsal) and cognitive (ventral) channels of cerebellar output nuclei can be distinguished in working memory. Clinical investigations suggest that hyper-activity of cerebellum and disrupted control of inner speech may contribute to certain psychiatric symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherie L Marvel
- Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1620 McElderry St., Reed Hall 2205B, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Marvel CL, Desmond JE. The contributions of cerebro-cerebellar circuitry to executive verbal working memory. Cortex 2010; 46:880-95. [PMID: 19811779 PMCID: PMC2872048 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2009.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Revised: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 08/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Contributions of cerebro-cerebellar function to executive verbal working memory were examined using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while 16 subjects completed two versions of the Sternberg task. In both versions subjects were presented with two or six target letters during the encoding phase, which were held in memory during the maintenance phase. A single probe letter was presented during the retrieval phase. In the "match condition", subjects decided whether the probe matched the target letters. In the "executive condition", subjects created a new probe by counting two alphabetical letters forward (e.g., f-->h) and decided whether the new probe matched the target letters. Neural activity during the match and executive conditions was compared during each phase of the task. There were four main findings. First, cerebro-cerebellar activity increased as a function of executive load. Second, the dorsal cerebellar dentate co-activated with the supplementary motor area (SMA) during encoding. This likely represented the formation of an articulatory (motor) trajectory. Third, the ventral cerebellar dentate co-activated with anterior prefrontal regions Brodmann Area (BA) 9/46 and the pre-SMA during retrieval. This likely represented the manipulation of information and formation of a response. A functional dissociation between the dorsal "motor" dentate and "cognitive" ventral dentate agrees with neuroanatomical tract tracing studies that have demonstrated separate neural pathways involving each region of the dentate: the dorsal dentate projects to frontal motor areas (including the SMA), and the ventral dentate projects to frontal cognitive areas (including BA 9/46 and the pre-SMA). Finally, activity during the maintenance phase in BA 9, anterior insula, pre-SMA and ventral dentate predicted subsequent accuracy of response to the probe during the retrieval phase. This finding underscored the significant contribution of the pre-SMA/ventral dentate pathway--observed several seconds prior to any motor response to the probe--to executive verbal working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherie L Marvel
- Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutes, 1620 McElderry Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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