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Petralla S, Panayotova M, Franchina E, Fricker G, Puris E. Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein 1 as a Potential Therapeutic Target in Alzheimer's Disease. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:948. [PMID: 39065645 PMCID: PMC11279518 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16070948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease impacting the lives of millions of people worldwide. The formation of amyloid β (Aβ) plagues in the brain is the main pathological hallmark of AD. The Aβ deposits are formed due to the imbalance between the production and Aβ clearance in the brain and across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In this respect, low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) plays a significant role by mediating both brain Aβ production and clearance. Due to its important role in AD pathogenesis, LRP1 is considered an attractive drug target for AD therapies. In the present review, we summarize the current knowledge about the role of LRP1 in AD pathogenesis as well as recent findings on changes in LRP1 expression and function in AD. Finally, we discuss the advances in utilizing LRP1 as a drug target for AD treatments as well as future perspectives on LRP1 research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Elena Puris
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 329, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.P.); (M.P.); (E.F.); (G.F.)
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Mohammadi H, Ariaei A, Ghobadi Z, Gorgich EAC, Rustamzadeh A. Which neuroimaging and fluid biomarkers method is better in theranostic of Alzheimer's disease? An umbrella review. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2024; 16:403-417. [PMID: 38497046 PMCID: PMC10940808 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2024.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers are measured to evaluate physiological and pathological processes as well as responses to a therapeutic intervention. Biomarkers can be classified as diagnostic, prognostic, predictor, clinical, and therapeutic. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), multiple biomarkers have been reported so far. Nevertheless, finding a specific biomarker in AD remains a major challenge. Three databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were selected with the keywords of Alzheimer's disease, neuroimaging, biomarker, and blood. The results were finalized with 49 potential CSF/blood and 35 neuroimaging biomarkers. To distinguish normal from AD patients, amyloid-beta42 (Aβ42), plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and neurofilament light (NFL) as potential biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as well as the serum could be detected. Nevertheless, most of the biomarkers fairly change in the CSF during AD, listed as kallikrein 6, virus-like particles (VLP-1), galectin-3 (Gal-3), and synaptotagmin-1 (Syt-1). From the neuroimaging aspect, atrophy is an accepted biomarker for the neuropathologic progression of AD. In addition, Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), tractography (DTT), positron emission tomography (PET), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), can be used to detect AD. Using neuroimaging and CSF/blood biomarkers, in combination with artificial intelligence, it is possible to obtain information on prognosis and follow-up on the different stages of AD. Hence physicians could select the suitable therapy to attenuate disease symptoms and follow up on the efficiency of the prescribed drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Mohammadi
- Department of Bioimaging, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (MUI), Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Armin Ariaei
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Zahra Ghobadi
- Advanced Medical Imaging Ward, Pars Darman Medical Imaging Center, Karaj, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Enam Alhagh Charkhat Gorgich
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Auob Rustamzadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Non-communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
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Schraen-Maschke S, Duhamel A, Vidal JS, Ramdane N, Vaudran L, Dussart C, Buée L, Sablonnière B, Delaby C, Allinquant B, Gabelle A, Bombois S, Lehmann S, Hanon O. The free plasma amyloid Aβ 1-42/Aβ 1-40 ratio predicts conversion to dementia for subjects with mild cognitive impairment with performance equivalent to that of the total plasma Aβ 1-42/Aβ 1-40 ratio. The BALTAZAR study. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 193:106459. [PMID: 38423192 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Blood-based biomarkers are a non-invasive solution to predict the risk of conversion of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to dementia. The utility of free plasma amyloid peptides (not bound to plasma proteins and/or cells) as an early indicator of conversion to dementia is still debated, as the results of studies have been contradictory. In this context, we investigated whether plasma levels of the free amyloid peptides Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-40 and the free plasma Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 ratio are associated with the conversion of MCI to dementia, in particular AD, over three years of follow-up in a subgroup of the BALTAZAR cohort. We also compared their predictive value to that of total plasma Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-40 levels and the total plasma Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 ratio. METHODS The plasma Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-40 peptide assay was performed using the INNO-BIA kit (Fujirebio Europe). Free amyloid levels (defined by the amyloid fraction directly accessible to antibodies of the assay) were obtained with the undiluted plasma, whereas total amyloid levels were obtained after the dilution of plasma (1/3) with a denaturing buffer. Free and total Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-40 levels were measured at inclusion for a subgroup of participants (N = 106) with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) from the BALTAZAR study (a large-scale longitudinal multicenter cohort with a three-year follow-up). Associations between conversion and the free/total plasma Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-40 levels and Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 ratio were analyzed using logistic and Cox Proportional Hazards models. Demographic, clinical, cognitive (MMSE, ADL and IADL), APOE, and MRI characteristics (relative hippocampal volume) were compared using non-parametric (Mann-Whitney) or parametric (Student) tests for quantitative variables and Chi-square or Fisher exact tests for qualitative variables. RESULTS The risk of conversion to dementia was lower for patients in the highest quartile of free plasma Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 (≥ 25.8%) than those in the three lower quartiles: hazard ratio = 0.36 (95% confidence interval [0.15-0.87]), after adjustment for age, sex, education, and APOE ε4 (p-value = 0.022). This was comparable to the risk of conversion in the highest quartile of total plasma Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40: hazard ratio = 0.37 (95% confidence interval [0.16-0.89], p-value = 0.027). However, while patients in the highest quartile of total plasma Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 showed higher MMSE scores and a higher hippocampal volume than patients in the three lowest quartiles of total plasma Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40, as well as normal CSF biomarker levels, the patients in the highest quartile of free plasma Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 did not show any significant differences in MMSE scores, hippocampal volume, or CSF biomarker levels relative to the three lowest quartiles of free plasma Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40. CONCLUSION The free plasma Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 ratio is associated with a risk of conversion from MCI to dementia within three years, with performance comparable to that of the total plasma Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 ratio. Threshold levels of the free and total plasma Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 ratio could be determined, with a 60% lower risk of conversion for patients above the threshold than those below.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schraen-Maschke
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S1172, LiCEND, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, LabEx DISTALZ, Lille, France.
| | - A Duhamel
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, ULR 2694-METRICS: Évaluation des Technologies de Santé et des Pratiques Médicales, Lille, France
| | - J S Vidal
- Université de Paris, EA 4468 and APHP, Hôpital Broca, Memory Resource and Research Centre of de Paris-Broca-Ile de France, Paris, France
| | - N Ramdane
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, ULR 2694-METRICS: Évaluation des Technologies de Santé et des Pratiques Médicales, Lille, France
| | - L Vaudran
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S1172, LiCEND, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, LabEx DISTALZ, Lille, France
| | - C Dussart
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S1172, LiCEND, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, LabEx DISTALZ, Lille, France
| | - L Buée
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S1172, LiCEND, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, LabEx DISTALZ, Lille, France
| | - B Sablonnière
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S1172, LiCEND, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, LabEx DISTALZ, Lille, France
| | - C Delaby
- LBPC-PPC, Université de Montpellier, INM INSERM, IRMB CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - B Allinquant
- UMR-S1266, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Inserm, Paris, France
| | - A Gabelle
- CMRR, Université de Montpellier, INM INSERM, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - S Bombois
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S1172, LiCEND, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, LabEx DISTALZ, Lille, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Département de Neurologie, Centre des Maladies Cognitives et Comportementales, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - S Lehmann
- LBPC-PPC, Université de Montpellier, INM INSERM, IRMB CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - O Hanon
- Université de Paris, EA 4468 and APHP, Hôpital Broca, Memory Resource and Research Centre of de Paris-Broca-Ile de France, Paris, France.
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Ferretti G, Serafini S, Angiolillo A, Monterosso P, Di Costanzo A, Matrone C. Advances in peripheral blood biomarkers of patients with Alzheimer's disease: Moving closer to personalized therapies. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115094. [PMID: 37392653 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, measurable peripheral biomarkers in the plasma of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) have gained considerable clinical interest. Several studies have identified one or more blood signatures that may facilitate the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. For instance, changes in peripheral amyloid β42 (Aβ42) levels have been largely investigated in patients with AD and correlated with the progression of the pathology, although with controversial results. In addition, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) has been identified as an inflammatory biomarker strongly associated with AD, and several studies have consistently suggested the pharmacological targeting of TNFα to reduce systemic inflammation and prevent neurotoxicity in AD. Moreover, alterations in plasma metabolite levels appear to predict the progression of systemic processes relevant to brain functions. In this study, we analyzed the changes in the levels of Aβ42, TNFα, and plasma metabolites in subjects with AD and compared the results with those in healthy elderly (HE) subjects. Differences in plasma metabolites of patients with AD were analyzed with respect to Aβ42, TNFα, and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score, searching for plasma signatures that changed simultaneously. In addition, the phosphorylation levels of the Tyr682 residue of the amyloid precursor protein (APP), which we previously proposed as a biomarker of AD, were measured in five HE and five AD patients, in whom the levels of Aβ42, TNFα, and two plasma lipid metabolites increased simultaneously. Overall, this study highlights the potential of combining different plasma signatures to define specific clinical phenotypes of patient subgroups, thus paving the way for the stratification of patients with AD and development of personalized approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Ferretti
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini, 5 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Sara Serafini
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini, 5 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Angiolillo
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Center for Research and Training in Aging Medicine, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Paola Monterosso
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini, 5 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alfonso Di Costanzo
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Center for Research and Training in Aging Medicine, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Carmela Matrone
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini, 5 80131 Naples, Italy.
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Wang Y, Li Y, Li Y, Li T, Wang Q, Wang Q, Cao S, Li F, Jia J. A blood-based composite panel that screens Alzheimer's disease. Biomark Res 2023; 11:53. [PMID: 37194047 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-023-00485-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood tests would be much easier to implement in the clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) as minimally invasive measurements. Multiple inspection technologies promoted AD-associated blood biomarkers' exploration. However, there was a lack of further screening and validation for these explored blood-based biomarkers. We selected four potential biomarkers to explore their plasma levels in AD and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and developed a composite panel for AD and aMCI screening. METHOD The plasma concentrations of soluble low-density lipoprotein receptor-associated protein 1 (sLRP1), Gelsolin (GSN), Kallikrein 4 (KLK4) and Caspase 3 were measured in the discovery and validation cohort. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was generated to assess the classification panel with the area under the curve (AUC). RESULTS A total of 233 participants (26 CN, 27 aMCI, and 26 AD in the discovery cohort, and 51 CN, 50 aMCI, and 53 AD in the validation cohort) with complete data were included in the study. The plasma concentrations of sLRP1 and Caspase 3 were significantly decreased in AD and aMCI when compared with those in the CN group. Compared with the CN group, the concentrations of KLK4 and GSN were increased in AD, but not in MCI. Interestingly, one of four proteins, sLRP1 in plasma level was higher in Apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 non-carriers than that in APOE ε4 carriers, especially among CN and MCI. No significant difference was found between females and males in the plasma levels of four proteins. The composite panel is based on four blood biomarkers accurately classifying AD from CN (AUC = 0.903-0.928), and MCI from CN (AUC = 0.846-0.865). Moreover, dynamic changes in the plasma levels of four proteins exhibited a significant correlation with cognitive assessment. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, these findings indicate that the plasma levels of sLRP1, KLK4, GSN and Caspase 3 changed with the progression of AD. And their combination could be used to develop a panel for classifying AD and aMCI with high accuracy, which would provide an alternative approach for developing a blood-based test for AD and aMCI screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Li
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Qigeng Wang
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Shuman Cao
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Fangyu Li
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jianping Jia
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, China.
- Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.
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Gong M, Jia J. Contribution of blood-brain barrier-related blood-borne factors for Alzheimer’s disease vs. vascular dementia diagnosis: A pilot study. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:949129. [PMID: 36003963 PMCID: PMC9393528 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.949129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD) are the two most common types of neurodegenerative dementia among the elderly with similar symptoms of cognitive decline and overlapping neuropsychological profiles. Biological markers to distinguish patients with VaD from AD would be very useful. We aimed to investigate the expression of blood-brain barrier (BBB)-related blood-borne factors of soluble low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (sLRP1), cyclophilin A (CyPA), and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) and its correlation with cognitive function between patients with AD and VaD. Materials and methods Plasma levels of sLRP1, CyPA, and MMP9 were analyzed in 26 patients with AD, 27 patients with VaD, and 27 normal controls (NCs). Spearman’s rank correlation analysis was used to explore the relationships among biomarker levels, cognitive function, and imaging references. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to discriminate the diagnosis of AD and VaD. Results Among these BBB-related factors, plasma CyPA levels in the VaD group were significantly higher than that in the AD group (p < 0.05). Plasma sLRP1 levels presented an increasing trend in VaD while maintaining slightly low levels in patients with AD (p > 0.05). Plasma MMP9 in different diagnostic groups displayed the following trend: VaD group > AD group > NC group, but the difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Furthermore, plasma sLRP1 levels were positively related to MoCA scores, and plasma CyPA levels were significantly correlated with MTA scores (p < 0.05) in the AD group. Plasma MMP9 levels were negatively correlated with MoCA scores (p < 0.05) in the VaD groups. No significant correlation was detected between the other factors and different cognitive scores (p > 0.05). ROC analysis showed a good preference of plasma CyPA [AUC = 0.725, 95% CI (0.586–0.865); p = 0.0064] in diagnosis. Conclusion The plasma CyPA level is a reference index when distinguishing between an AD and subcortical ischemic vascular dementia (SIVD) diagnosis. Blood-derived factors associated with the BBB may provide new insights into the differential diagnosis of neurodegenerative dementia and warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Gong
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jianping Jia
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, China
- Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Center of Alzheimer’s Disease, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jianping Jia,
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Falsetti L, Viticchi G, Zaccone V, Guerrieri E, Moroncini G, Luzzi S, Silvestrini M. Shared Molecular Mechanisms among Alzheimer’s Disease, Neurovascular Unit Dysfunction and Vascular Risk Factors: A Narrative Review. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020439. [PMID: 35203654 PMCID: PMC8962428 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia, affecting 24 million individuals. Clinical and epidemiological studies have found several links between vascular risk factors (VRF), neurovascular unit dysfunction (NVUd), blood-brain barrier breakdown (BBBb) and AD onset and progression in adulthood, suggesting a pathogenetic continuum between AD and vascular dementia. Shared pathways between AD, VRF, and NVUd/BBB have also been found at the molecular level, underlining the strength of this association. The present paper reviewed the literature describing commonly shared molecular pathways between adult-onset AD, VRF, and NVUd/BBBb. Current evidence suggests that VRF and NVUd/BBBb are involved in AD neurovascular and neurodegenerative pathology and share several molecular pathways. This is strongly supportive of the hypothesis that the presence of VRF can at least facilitate AD onset and progression through several mechanisms, including NVUd/BBBb. Moreover, vascular disease and several comorbidities may have a cumulative effect on VRF and worsen the clinical manifestations of AD. Early detection and correction of VRF and vascular disease by improving NVUd/BBBd could be a potential target to reduce the overall incidence and delay cognitive impairment in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Falsetti
- Internal and Subintensive Medicine Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria “Ospedali Riuniti” di Ancona, 60100 Ancona, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-071-596-5269
| | - Giovanna Viticchi
- Neurologic Clinic, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (G.V.); (S.L.); (M.S.)
| | - Vincenzo Zaccone
- Internal and Subintensive Medicine Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria “Ospedali Riuniti” di Ancona, 60100 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Emanuele Guerrieri
- Emergency Medicine Residency Program, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy;
| | | | - Simona Luzzi
- Neurologic Clinic, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (G.V.); (S.L.); (M.S.)
| | - Mauro Silvestrini
- Neurologic Clinic, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (G.V.); (S.L.); (M.S.)
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Gao L, Dang L, Wei S, Hu N, Gao F, Peng W, Shang S, Zhao Y, Chen C, Guo X, Huo K, Wang J, Wang J, Qu Q. Peripheral Transport Proteins Were Associated with 4-Year Cognitive Decline in APOE ɛ4 Non-Carriers: A Longitudinal, Population-Based Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 86:801-812. [PMID: 35124644 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soluble low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (sLRP1) and soluble receptor of advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) play major roles in peripheral clearance of amyloid-β (Aβ). OBJECTIVE To determine the relationship between baseline sLRP1/sRAGE and early cognitive decline in a longitudinal study and explore the possible effect of apolipoprotein E (APOE) on their association. METHODS Cognitively normal subjects were followed-up for 4 years. The baseline plasma levels of sLRP1 and sRAGE were measured using commercial ELISA kits. Global cognition was evaluated by Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and cognitive decline was defined as a ≥2-point decrease of MMSE after 4 years. The association between baseline sLRP1/sRAGE and 4-year cognitive decline were analyzed using logistic regression analysis. Interaction analysis was performed to discover the potential effect of APOE genotype on the relationship. RESULTS 769 participants were included in the final analysis, with 122 subjects (15.86%) were cognitive decline. Baseline sLRP1/sRAGE levels were not associated with 4-year cognitive decline after multivariable adjustments in the total cohort. However, there was significant interaction effect between sRAGE and APOE genotype on cognitive decline (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 2.09, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.13-3.86, p = 0.019). Lower levels of sRAGE were associated with increased risk of cognitive decline among APOE ɛ4 non-carriers (adjusted OR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.04-2.48, p = 0.034). CONCLUSION Individuals with lower levels of sRAGE had an increased risk of 4-year cognitive decline in APOE ɛ4 non-carriers, indicating that the association between sRAGE and cognitive decline might depend on the APOE genotype. However, the specific mechanisms need to be further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Gao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Liangjun Dang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shan Wei
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ningwei Hu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fan Gao
- Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Peng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Suhang Shang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaojuan Guo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kang Huo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Huyi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiumin Qu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Spencer JI, Crane M, Pisa M, Waldman AD, DeLuca GC. Out with the old, in with the new: Could plasma exchange be used to fill a therapeutic gap in neurology? J Neurol Sci 2022; 432:120056. [PMID: 34823869 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2021.120056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The global tally of neurological disorders is exponentially rising and yet effective therapies for most remain evasive. There is a great deal of research into novel small molecules, immunotherapies and gene therapies to fill this therapeutic gap. We believe greater focus on plasma exchange as a research and clinical tool may provide useful insight into pathological mechanisms and effective treatment strategies. Plasma exchange has been traditionally used to treat antibody-mediated neurological diseases, such as myasthenia gravis and neuromyelitis optica, but there could be much wider future potential uses in neurology. Plasma exchange is not antibody specific, as it also removes a variety of other plasma-soluble factors, including age-related and disease-associated neurotoxic proteins, such as fibrinogen and amyloid. As research develops into the role of blood-brain barrier and immunological alterations in diseases not typically regarded as immune-driven, interest in neurotoxic plasma proteins grows. Here, we highlight that plasma exchange may have uses outside of antibody-mediated neurological diseases, by removing neurotoxic proteins from the systemic circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan I Spencer
- Centre for Cardiovascular Medicine and Devices, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Level 1 West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Maximillian Crane
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Level 1 West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Marco Pisa
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Level 1 West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Alex D Waldman
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Level 1 West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Gabriele C DeLuca
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Level 1 West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
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10
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Synthesis of human amyloid restricted to liver results in an Alzheimer disease-like neurodegenerative phenotype. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001358. [PMID: 34520451 PMCID: PMC8439475 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Several lines of study suggest that peripheral metabolism of amyloid beta (Aß) is associated with risk for Alzheimer disease (AD). In blood, greater than 90% of Aß is complexed as an apolipoprotein, raising the possibility of a lipoprotein-mediated axis for AD risk. In this study, we report that genetic modification of C57BL/6J mice engineered to synthesise human Aß only in liver (hepatocyte-specific human amyloid (HSHA) strain) has marked neurodegeneration concomitant with capillary dysfunction, parenchymal extravasation of lipoprotein-Aß, and neurovascular inflammation. Moreover, the HSHA mice showed impaired performance in the passive avoidance test, suggesting impairment in hippocampal-dependent learning. Transmission electron microscopy shows marked neurovascular disruption in HSHA mice. This study provides causal evidence of a lipoprotein-Aß /capillary axis for onset and progression of a neurodegenerative process. It has been suggested that peripheral metabolism of amyloid-beta is associated with risk for Alzheimer’s disease. This study reveals that the expression of human amyloid exclusively in the liver induces Alzheimer’s disease-like pathologies in mice, potentially indicating a completely novel pathway of Alzheimer’s disease aetiology and therapies.
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11
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Pickering J, Wong R, Al-Salami H, Lam V, Takechi R. Cognitive Deficits in Type-1 Diabetes: Aspects of Glucose, Cerebrovascular and Amyloid Involvement. Pharm Res 2021; 38:1477-1484. [PMID: 34480263 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03100-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The evidence shows that individuals with type-1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) are at greater risk of accelerated cognitive impairment and dementia. Although, to date the mechanisms are largely unknown. An emerging body of literature indicates that dysfunction of cerebral neurovascular network and plasma dyshomeostasis of soluble amyloid-β in association with impaired lipid metabolism are central to the onset and progression of cognitive deficits and dementia. However, the latter has not been extensively considered in T1DM. Therefore, in this review, we summarised the literature concerning altered lipid metabolism and cerebrovascular function in T1DM as an implication for potential pathways leading to cognitive decline and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Pickering
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
| | - Rachel Wong
- Institute for Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, QLD, 4300, Australia
| | - Hani Al-Salami
- Curtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia.,Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
| | - Virginie Lam
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia.,Curtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
| | - Ryu Takechi
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia. .,Curtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia.
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12
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Hou TT, Han YD, Cong L, Liu CC, Liang XY, Xue FZ, Du YF. Apolipoprotein E Facilitates Amyloid-β Oligomer-Induced Tau Phosphorylation. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 74:521-534. [PMID: 32065788 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hyperphosphorylated tau is one of the key characteristics of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and tau pathology correlates with cognitive impairment in AD better than amyloid-β (Aβ) pathology. Thus, a complete understanding of the relevant factors involved in tau phosphorylation is important for AD treatment. APOEɛ4, the strongest genetic risk factor for AD, was found to be involved in tau pathology in frontotemporal dementia. This result indicated that apolipoprotein E (ApoE) may also participate in tau phosphorylation in AD. In the present study, we injected Aβ oligomer (AβO) into the lateral ventricles of wild-type (WT) mice and apoE-/- mice to test the process of tau phosphorylation in the acute phase. We found that the phosphorylated tau and phosphokinase levels were higher in WT mice than in apoE-/- mice. These phenomena were also confirmed in vitro. ApoE ɛ4-treated apoE-/- neurons exhibited more phosphorylated tau than ApoE ɛ2- and ApoE ɛ3-treated neurons. We also found that AβO induced more serious inflammation in WT mice and in ApoE-positive cultured neurons. Anti-inflammatory treatment reduced the phosphorylated tau level induced by AβOs in ApoE-positive neurons. These results suggest that ApoE may facilitate the phosphorylation of tau induced by AβO via inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Hou
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yun-Dan Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shandong Police Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lin Cong
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Cui-Cui Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Liang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Fu-Zhong Xue
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yi-Feng Du
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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13
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Wang D, Chen F, Han Z, Yin Z, Ge X, Lei P. Relationship Between Amyloid-β Deposition and Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:695479. [PMID: 34349624 PMCID: PMC8326917 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.695479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) is the predominant pathologic protein in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The production and deposition of Aβ are important factors affecting AD progression and prognosis. The deposition of neurotoxic Aβ contributes to damage of the blood-brain barrier. However, the BBB is also crucial in maintaining the normal metabolism of Aβ, and dysfunction of the BBB aggravates Aβ deposition. This review characterizes Aβ deposition and BBB damage in AD, summarizes their interactions, and details their respective mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Zhaoli Han
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenyu Yin
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Xintong Ge
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ping Lei
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin, China
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14
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Jeon MT, Kim KS, Kim ES, Lee S, Kim J, Hoe HS, Kim DG. Emerging pathogenic role of peripheral blood factors following BBB disruption in neurodegenerative disease. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 68:101333. [PMID: 33774194 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The responses of central nervous system (CNS) cells such as neurons and glia in neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) suggest that regulation of neuronal and glial functions could be a strategy for ND prevention and/or treatment. However, attempts to develop such therapeutics for NDs have been hindered by the challenge of blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and continued constitutive neuronal loss. These limitations indicate the need for additional perspectives for the prevention/treatment of NDs. In particular, the disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that accompanies NDs allows brain infiltration by peripheral factors, which may stimulate innate immune responses involved in the progression of neurodegeneration. The accumulation of blood factors like thrombin, fibrinogen, c-reactive protein (CRP) and complement components in the brain has been observed in NDs and may activate the innate immune system in the CNS. Thus, strengthening the integrity of the BBB may enhance its protective role to attenuate ND progression and functional loss. In this review, we describe the innate immune system in the CNS and the contribution of blood factors to the role of the CNS immune system in neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Tae Jeon
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Sung Kim
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), 333, Techno jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Seon Kim
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), 333, Techno jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Suji Lee
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea; Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Jieun Kim
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyang-Sook Hoe
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), 333, Techno jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea.
| | - Do-Geun Kim
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Chen J, Su Y, Pi S, Hu B, Mao L. The Dual Role of Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein 1 in Atherosclerosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:682389. [PMID: 34124208 PMCID: PMC8192809 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.682389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein receptor–related protein-1 (LRP1) is a large endocytic and signaling receptor belonging to the LDL receptor (LDLR) gene family and that is widely expressed in several tissues. LRP1 comprises a large extracellular domain (ECD; 515 kDa, α chain) and a small intracellular domain (ICD; 85 kDa, β chain). The deletion of LRP1 leads to embryonic lethality in mice, revealing a crucial but yet undefined role in embryogenesis and development. LRP1 has been postulated to participate in numerous diverse physiological and pathological processes ranging from plasma lipoprotein homeostasis, atherosclerosis, tumor evolution, and fibrinolysis to neuronal regeneration and survival. Many studies using cultured cells and in vivo animal models have revealed the important roles of LRP1 in vascular remodeling, foam cell biology, inflammation and atherosclerosis. However, its role in atherosclerosis remains controversial. LRP1 not only participates in the removal of atherogenic lipoproteins and proatherogenic ligands in the liver but also mediates the uptake of aggregated LDL to promote the formation of macrophage- and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC)-derived foam cells, which causes a prothrombotic transformation of the vascular wall. The dual and opposing roles of LRP1 may also represent an interesting target for atherosclerosis therapeutics. This review highlights the influence of LRP1 during atherosclerosis development, focusing on its dual role in vascular cells and immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiefang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Su
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shulan Pi
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Mao
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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16
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Janigro D, Bailey DM, Lehmann S, Badaut J, O'Flynn R, Hirtz C, Marchi N. Peripheral Blood and Salivary Biomarkers of Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability and Neuronal Damage: Clinical and Applied Concepts. Front Neurol 2021; 11:577312. [PMID: 33613412 PMCID: PMC7890078 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.577312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the neurovascular unit (NVU), the blood–brain barrier (BBB) operates as a key cerebrovascular interface, dynamically insulating the brain parenchyma from peripheral blood and compartments. Increased BBB permeability is clinically relevant for at least two reasons: it actively participates to the etiology of central nervous system (CNS) diseases, and it enables the diagnosis of neurological disorders based on the detection of CNS molecules in peripheral body fluids. In pathological conditions, a suite of glial, neuronal, and pericyte biomarkers can exit the brain reaching the peripheral blood and, after a process of filtration, may also appear in saliva or urine according to varying temporal trajectories. Here, we specifically examine the evidence in favor of or against the use of protein biomarkers of NVU damage and BBB permeability in traumatic head injury, including sport (sub)concussive impacts, seizure disorders, and neurodegenerative processes such as Alzheimer's disease. We further extend this analysis by focusing on the correlates of human extreme physiology applied to the NVU and its biomarkers. To this end, we report NVU changes after prolonged exercise, freediving, and gravitational stress, focusing on the presence of peripheral biomarkers in these conditions. The development of a biomarker toolkit will enable minimally invasive routines for the assessment of brain health in a broad spectrum of clinical, emergency, and sport settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damir Janigro
- Department of Physiology Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.,FloTBI Inc., Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Damian M Bailey
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvain Lehmann
- IRMB, INM, UFR Odontology, University Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Jerome Badaut
- Brain Molecular Imaging Lab, CNRS UMR 5287, INCIA, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Robin O'Flynn
- IRMB, INM, UFR Odontology, University Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Christophe Hirtz
- IRMB, INM, UFR Odontology, University Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicola Marchi
- Cerebrovascular and Glia Research, Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Functional Genomics (UMR 5203 CNRS-U 1191 INSERM, University of Montpellier), Montpellier, France
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17
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Lai PH, Wang TH, Zhang NY, Wu KC, Yao CCJ, Lin CJ. Changes of blood-brain-barrier function and transfer of amyloid beta in rats with collagen-induced arthritis. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:35. [PMID: 33516259 PMCID: PMC7847579 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02086-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by synovial inflammation, cartilage damage, and systemic inflammation. RA is also associated with the occurrence of neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, the impacts of RA on the function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the disposition of amyloid beta (Aβ), including BBB transport and peripheral clearance of Aβ, were investigated in rats with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), an animal model with similarity to clinical and pathological features of human RA. Methods CIA was induced in female Lewis rats. In addition to neuroinflammation, the integrity and function of the BBB were examined. The expression of Aβ-transporting proteins at brain blood vessels was measured. Blood-to-brain influx and plasma clearance of Aβ were determined. Results Both microgliosis and astrogliosis were significantly increased in the brain of CIA rats, compared with controls. In terms of BBB function, the BBB permeability of sodium fluorescein, a marker compound for BBB integrity, was significantly increased in CIA rats. Moreover, increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) and MMP-9 and decreased expression of tight junction proteins, zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and occludin, were observed in brain microvessels of CIA rats. In related to BBB transport of Aβ, protein expression of the receptor of advanced glycation end product (RAGE) and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) was significantly increased in brain microvessels of CIA rats. Notably, much higher expression of RAGE was identified at the arterioles of the hippocampus of CIA rats. Following an intravenous injection of human Aβ, significant higher brain influx of Aβ was observed in the hippocampus of CIA rats. Conclusions Neuroinflammation and the changes of BBB function were observed in CIA rats. The increased RAGE expression at cerebral blood vessels and enhanced blood-to-brain influx of Aβ indicate the imbalanced BBB clearance of Aβ in RA. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02086-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Hsuan Lai
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 33 Linsen South Road, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Hsuan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 33 Linsen South Road, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nai-You Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 33 Linsen South Road, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chen Wu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 33 Linsen South Road, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Chen Jane Yao
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Dental School, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jung Lin
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 33 Linsen South Road, Taipei, Taiwan.
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18
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Wei J, Dai Y, Wen W, Li J, Ye LL, Xu S, Duan DD. Blood-brain barrier integrity is the primary target of alcohol abuse. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 337:109400. [PMID: 33516661 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The effects of long-term alcohol consumptions on cognitive function remain elusive with contradictory results. Whilst it is widely accepted that long-term intoxication can cause cognitive impairment, moderate drinking can improve cognitive function. In reality, many older people and those with chronic medical conditions are long-term alcohol consumers in Asian countries. Our previous studies have suggested that long-term alcohol consumption can damage blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and aggravate cognitive deficit in APPswe/PS1De9 mice, but little is known about the underlying mechanisms, especially whether this consumption can cause cognitive decline via aggravating BBB damage in people who are exposed to the risk factors for cognitive disorders such as aging or inflammation. These questions were addressed in this study. The mouse models of cognitive deficit induced by d-galactose or lipopolysaccharide, the important risk conditions in human on cognitive function, were used to evaluate the effects of long-term alcohol consumption on the BBB integrity. After alcohol administration for 30 days in these models the BBB integrity was significantly destroyed with remarkably increased permeability and down-regulated protein expression of zonula occludens-1, VE-cadherin, occludin, low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1, receptor for advanced glycation end products, major facilitator superfamily domain-containing protein-2a and aquaporin-4, which is the most closely related with the structure and function of BBB integrity. Meanwhile, the level of oxidative stress in d-galactose mice or inflammatory factors in cortex and serum in lipopolysaccharide mice, which might be involved in the cognitive dysfunctions, was significantly amplified. Furthermore, the impaired memory and hippocampal neuron damage induced by d-galactose and lipopolysaccharide were concurrently aggravated. Collectively, our study provided novel and compelling evidence that the structural and functional proteins for BBB integrity may be the primary targets for the detrimental effects of alcohol abuse that lead to cognitive dysfunction and neurological deficits in high risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangping Wei
- Institute of Material Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, PR China
| | - Yuan Dai
- Institute of Material Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, PR China; School of Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, PR China
| | - Wen Wen
- Institute of Material Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, PR China
| | - Jin Li
- Institute of Material Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, PR China; School of Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, PR China
| | - Lingyu Linda Ye
- Center for Phenomics of Traditional Chinese Medicine and the Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Shijun Xu
- Institute of Material Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, PR China.
| | - Dayue Darrel Duan
- Center for Phenomics of Traditional Chinese Medicine and the Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China.
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19
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Ryan M, Tan VTY, Thompson N, Guévremont D, Mockett BG, Tate WP, Abraham WC, Hughes SM, Williams J. Lentivirus-Mediated Expression of Human Secreted Amyloid Precursor Protein-Alpha Promotes Long-Term Induction of Neuroprotective Genes and Pathways in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 79:1075-1090. [PMID: 33386801 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secreted amyloid precursor protein-alpha (sAPPα) can enhance memory and is neurotrophic and neuroprotective across a range of disease-associated insults, including amyloid-β toxicity. In a significant step toward validating sAPPα as a therapeutic for Alzheimer's disease (AD), we demonstrated that long-term overexpression of human sAPPα (for 8 months) in a mouse model of amyloidosis (APP/PS1) could prevent the behavioral and electrophysiological deficits that develop in these mice. OBJECTIVE To explore the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for the significant physiological and behavioral improvements observed in sAPPα-treated APP/PS1 mice. METHODS We assessed the long-term effects on the hippocampal transcriptome following continuous lentiviral delivery of sAPPα or empty-vector to male APP/PS1 mice and wild-type controls using Affymetrix Mouse Transcriptome Assays. Data analysis was carried out within the Affymetrix Transcriptome Analysis Console and an integrated analysis of the resulting transcriptomic data was performed with Ingenuity Pathway analysis (IPA). RESULTS Mouse transcriptome assays revealed expected AD-associated gene expression changes in empty-vector APP/PS1 mice, providing validation of the assays used for the analysis. By contrast, there were specific sAPPα-associated gene expression profiles which included increases in key neuroprotective genes such as Decorin, betaine-GABA transporter and protocadherin beta-5, subsequently validated by qRT-PCR. An integrated biological pathways analysis highlighted regulation of GABA receptor signaling, cell survival and inflammatory responses. Furthermore, upstream gene regulatory analysis implicated sAPPα activation of Interleukin-4, which can counteract inflammatory changes in AD. CONCLUSION This study identified key molecular processes that likely underpin the long-term neuroprotective and therapeutic effects of increasing sAPPα levels in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Ryan
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Brain Research New Zealand - Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Valerie T Y Tan
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Brain Research New Zealand - Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Nasya Thompson
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Brain Research New Zealand - Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Diane Guévremont
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Brain Research New Zealand - Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Bruce G Mockett
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Brain Research New Zealand - Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Warren P Tate
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Brain Research New Zealand - Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Wickliffe C Abraham
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Brain Research New Zealand - Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Stephanie M Hughes
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Brain Research New Zealand - Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Joanna Williams
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Brain Research New Zealand - Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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20
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Gao L, Wang J, Jiang Y, Wei S, Shang S, Chen C, Dang L, Huo K, Deng M, Wang J, Qu Q. Relationship Between Peripheral Transport Proteins and Plasma Amyloid-β in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease Were Different from Cognitively Normal Controls: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 78:699-709. [PMID: 33016902 DOI: 10.3233/jad-191320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transport proteins, soluble LRP1 (sLRP1) and soluble RAGE (sRAGE), play a pivotal role in the peripheral clearance of plasma amyloid-β (Aβ). However, their relationship is seldom discussed, especially in Alzheimer's disease (AD). OBJECTIVE To explore whether their relationship in patients with AD varied from those in cognitively normal (CN) controls. METHODS We initially recruited 70 patients with AD and 725 CN controls, then applied propensity score matching (PSM) analysis to balance the differences between two groups. Plasma levels of sLRP1, sRAGE, and Aβ were measured using commercial ELISA kits and log transformed when skewed distributed. The relationship between sLRP1/sRAGE and plasma Aβ were analyzed using Pearson's correlation analysis followed by multiple linear regression separately in the original population and matched participants. RESULTS After PSM, 70 patients with AD and 140 matched controls were included for further analysis. Log sLRP1 was positively correlated with plasma Aβ40 in matched CN controls (r = 0.222, p = 0.008) but not in patients with AD (r = 0.137, p = 0.260). After multivariable adjustment, Log sLRP1 remained significantly associated with plasma Aβ40 in the CN group (β= 7.347, p = 0.014) but not in the AD group (β= 10.409, p = 0.105). In contrast, Log sLRP1 was not correlated with plasma Aβ42 in patients with AD or CN controls, and Log sRAGE was consistently not associated with plasma Aβ40 or Aβ42 in either group. CONCLUSION The significant correlation between sLRP1 and plasma Aβ40 present in CN controls was not found in patients with AD, suggesting that their relationship was different in AD. However, the specific mechanisms and its influence on cerebral amyloid burden require further validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Gao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shan Wei
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Suhang Shang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Liangjun Dang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kang Huo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Meiying Deng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Huxian Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiumin Qu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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21
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Cao W, Tian S, Zhang H, Zhu W, An K, Shi J, Yuan Y, Wang S. Association of Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein 1 and Its rs1799986 Polymorphism With Mild Cognitive Impairment in Chinese Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:743. [PMID: 33013281 PMCID: PMC7516055 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) is involved in cerebral glucose metabolism and amyloid-β clearance. This study aimed to investigate the pathogenetic roles of LRP1 and its rs1799986 polymorphism in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods A total of 166 Chinese patients with T2DM were enrolled and divided into two groups according to Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores. Neuropsychological tests were performed. Soluble LRP1 (sLRP1) levels were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the genotype of LRP1 rs1799986 was detected using the Sequenom method. Results Diabetic patients with MCI (n = 60) exhibited significantly lower plasma sLRP1 levels (p = 0.033) and worse glucose control (p = 0.009) than the healthy cognition controls (n = 106). Multivariate regression analysis revealed plasma sLRP1 levels [odds ratio (OR) = 0.971, p = 0.005] and HbA1c (OR = 1.298, p = 0.003) as a risk factor for MCI in diabetic patients, in addition to insulin use and hypertension. However, there was no association between plasma sLRP1 levels and HbA1c. After adjusting for age, sex, and education level, plasma sLRP1 levels in the MCI group were negatively correlated with Stroop Color Word Test B number (r = −0.335, p = 0.011), which represents selective attention, cognitive flexibility, and processing speed. Additionally, patients with T2DM carrying the T allele of LRP1 rs1799986 showed higher Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT) delayed recall scores (p = 0.025). Conclusion Decreased plasma sLRP1 levels are associated with MCI, particularly with attention dysfunction, in patients with T2DM. Moreover, the T allele of LRP1 rs1799986 may decrease susceptibility to MCI. Further studies with large cohorts should be designed to elucidate the roles of LRP1 in hyperglycemia-induced cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuyou Cao
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sai Tian
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haoqiang Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenwen Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ke An
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jijing Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shaohua Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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22
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Interactions between Amyloid-Β Proteins and Human Brain Pericytes: Implications for the Pathobiology of Alzheimer's Disease. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9051490. [PMID: 32429102 PMCID: PMC7290583 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9051490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that is the most common cause of dementia, especially among aging populations. Despite advances in AD research, the underlying cause and the discovery of disease-modifying treatments have remained elusive. Two key features of AD pathology are the aberrant deposition of amyloid beta (amyloid-β or Aβ) proteins in the brain parenchyma and Aβ toxicity in brain pericytes of the neurovascular unit/blood–brain barrier (NVU/BBB). This toxicity induces oxidative stress in pericytes and leads to capillary constriction. The interaction between pericytes and Aβ proteins results in the release of endothelin-1 in the pericytes. Endothelin-1 interacts with ETA receptors to cause pericyte contraction. This pericyte-mediated constriction of brain capillaries can cause chronic hypoperfusion of the brain microvasculature, subsequently leading to the neurodegeneration and cognitive decline observed in AD patients. The interaction between Aβ proteins and brain pericytes is largely unknown and requires further investigation. This review provides an updated overview of the interaction between Aβ proteins with pericytes, one the most significant and often forgotten cellular components of the BBB and the inner blood–retinal barrier (IBRB). The IBRB has been shown to be a window into the central nervous system (CNS) that could allow the early diagnosis of AD pathology in the brain and the BBB using modern photonic imaging systems such as optical coherence tomography (OCT) and two-photon microscopy. In this review, I explore the regulation of Aβ proteins in the brain parenchyma, their role in AD pathobiology, and their association with pericyte function. This review discusses Aβ proteins and pericytes in the ocular compartment of AD patients as well as strategies to rescue or protect pericytes from the effects of Aβ proteins, or to replace them with healthy cells.
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23
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Shi H, Koronyo Y, Rentsendorj A, Regis GC, Sheyn J, Fuchs DT, Kramerov AA, Ljubimov AV, Dumitrascu OM, Rodriguez AR, Barron E, Hinton DR, Black KL, Miller CA, Mirzaei N, Koronyo-Hamaoui M. Identification of early pericyte loss and vascular amyloidosis in Alzheimer's disease retina. Acta Neuropathol 2020; 139:813-836. [PMID: 32043162 PMCID: PMC7181564 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-020-02134-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Pericyte loss and deficient vascular platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β (PDGFRβ) signaling are prominent features of the blood-brain barrier breakdown described in Alzheimer's disease (AD) that can predict cognitive decline yet have never been studied in the retina. Recent reports using noninvasive retinal amyloid imaging, optical coherence tomography angiography, and histological examinations support the existence of vascular-structural abnormalities and vascular amyloid β-protein (Aβ) deposits in retinas of AD patients. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of such retinal vascular pathology were not previously explored. Here, by modifying a method of enzymatically clearing non-vascular retinal tissue and fluorescent immunolabeling of the isolated blood vessel network, we identified substantial pericyte loss together with significant Aβ deposition in retinal microvasculature and pericytes in AD. Evaluation of postmortem retinas from a cohort of 56 human donors revealed an early and progressive decrease in vascular PDGFRβ in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD compared to cognitively normal controls. Retinal PDGFRβ loss significantly associated with increased retinal vascular Aβ40 and Aβ42 burden. Decreased vascular LRP-1 and early apoptosis of pericytes in AD retina were also detected. Mapping of PDGFRβ and Aβ40 levels in pre-defined retinal subregions indicated that certain geometrical and cellular layers are more susceptible to AD pathology. Further, correlations were identified between retinal vascular abnormalities and cerebral Aβ burden, cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), and clinical status. Overall, the identification of pericyte and PDGFRβ loss accompanying increased vascular amyloidosis in Alzheimer's retina implies compromised blood-retinal barrier integrity and provides new targets for AD diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoshen Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Yosef Koronyo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Altan Rentsendorj
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Giovanna C Regis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Julia Sheyn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Dieu-Trang Fuchs
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Andrei A Kramerov
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Eye Program, Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alexander V Ljubimov
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Eye Program, Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Applied Cell Biology and Physiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Oana M Dumitrascu
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anthony R Rodriguez
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - David R Hinton
- Departments of Pathology and Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, USC Roski Eye Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Keith L Black
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Carol A Miller
- Department of Pathology Program in Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nazanin Mirzaei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Maya Koronyo-Hamaoui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Applied Cell Biology and Physiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Bassendine MF, Taylor-Robinson SD, Fertleman M, Khan M, Neely D. Is Alzheimer's Disease a Liver Disease of the Brain? J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 75:1-14. [PMID: 32250293 PMCID: PMC7306895 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Clinical specialization is not only a force for progress, but it has also led to the fragmentation of medical knowledge. The focus of research in the field of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is neurobiology, while hepatologists focus on liver diseases and lipid specialists on atherosclerosis. This article on AD focuses on the role of the liver and lipid homeostasis in the development of AD. Amyloid-β (Aβ) deposits accumulate as plaques in the brain of an AD patient long before cognitive decline is evident. Aβ generation is a normal physiological process; the steady-state level of Aβ in the brain is determined by balance between Aβ production and its clearance. We present evidence suggesting that the liver is the origin of brain Aβ deposits and that it is involved in peripheral clearance of circulating Aβ in the blood. Hence the liver could be targeted to decrease Aβ production or increase peripheral clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret F. Bassendine
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Division of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, UK
| | - Simon D. Taylor-Robinson
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Division of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, UK
| | - Michael Fertleman
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Division of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, UK
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Michael Khan
- University of Warwick & University Hospitals of Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, UK
| | - Dermot Neely
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Blood Sciences, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
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25
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Developing Trojan horses to induce, diagnose and suppress Alzheimer’s pathology. Pharmacol Res 2019; 149:104471. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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26
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de Gonzalo-Calvo D, Elosua R, Vea A, Subirana I, Sayols-Baixeras S, Marrugat J, Llorente-Cortés V. Soluble low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 as a biomarker of coronary risk: Predictive capacity and association with clinical events. Atherosclerosis 2019; 287:93-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.06.904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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27
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Solé M, Esteban-Lopez M, Taltavull B, Fábregas C, Fadó R, Casals N, Rodríguez-Álvarez J, Miñano-Molina AJ, Unzeta M. Blood-brain barrier dysfunction underlying Alzheimer's disease is induced by an SSAO/VAP-1-dependent cerebrovascular activation with enhanced Aβ deposition. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:2189-2202. [PMID: 31047972 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunctions of the vascular system directly contribute to the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The blood-brain barrier (BBB) shows signs of malfunction at early stages of the disease. When Abeta peptide (Aβ) is deposited on brain vessels, it induces vascular degeneration by producing reactive oxygen species and promoting inflammation. These molecular processes are also related to an excessive SSAO/VAP-1 (semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase) enzymatic activity, observed in plasma and in cerebrovascular tissue of AD patients. We studied the contribution of vascular SSAO/VAP-1 to the BBB dysfunction in AD using in vitro BBB models. Our results show that SSAO/VAP-1 expression is associated to endothelial activation by altering the release of pro-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic angioneurins, most highly IL-6, IL-8 and VEGF. It is also related to a BBB structure alteration, with a decrease in tight-junction proteins such as zona occludens or claudin-5. Moreover, the BBB function reveals increased permeability and leukocyte adhesion in cells expressing SSAO/VAP-1, as well as an enhancement of the vascular Aβ deposition induced by mechanisms both dependent and independent of the enzymatic activity of SSAO/VAP-1. These results reveal an interesting role of vascular SSAO/VAP-1 in BBB dysfunction related to AD progression, opening a new window in the search of alternative therapeutic targets for fighting AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montse Solé
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Institute of Neurosciences (INc), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - María Esteban-Lopez
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Institute of Neurosciences (INc), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Biel Taltavull
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Institute of Neurosciences (INc), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Fábregas
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Institute of Neurosciences (INc), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rut Fadó
- Basic Sciences Department, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | - Núria Casals
- Basic Sciences Department, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jose Rodríguez-Álvarez
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Institute of Neurosciences (INc), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Alfredo J Miñano-Molina
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Institute of Neurosciences (INc), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Unzeta
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Institute of Neurosciences (INc), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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28
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Si X, Li Y, Jiang Y, Shang W, Shui G, Lam SM, Blanchard C, Strappe P, Zhou Z. γ-Aminobutyric Acid Attenuates High-Fat Diet-Induced Cerebral Oxidative Impairment via Enhanced Synthesis of Hippocampal Sulfatides. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:1081-1091. [PMID: 30511848 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Long-term high-fat diet (HFD) in rats triggered cerebral oxidative stress, reflected by reactive oxygen species accumulation and antioxidant decline in peripheral and cerebral tissues, together with hippocampal lipid disturbance, particularly for triglyceride accumulation and sulfatide deficiency. Hippocampal formation and cerebral cortex also exhibited pathological changes, characterized by neurofibrillary tangle and reduced Nissl bodies. Sulfatides were noted to protect hippocampal neurons from oxidative damage through the clearance of β-amyloid protein, with apolipoprotein E transporting and low-density lipoprotein receptor binding. Delightedly, we found γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) supplement delivered by rice bran to rats significantly promoted hippocampal sulfatide synthesis and reversed the HFD-induced sulfatide deficiency and oxidative-triggered cerebral impairment. Elevated GABA concentration in hippocampus and the activation of GABA B-type receptors might be the primary contributors. This study demonstrated the potential of GABA-enriched rice bran as a novel dietary supplement to enhance a sulfatide-based therapeutic approach for neurodegenerative diseases in the early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Si
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , China
| | - Yibo Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , China
| | - Yugang Jiang
- Institute of Health and Environment Medicine , Academy of Military Medical Sciences , Tianjin 300050 , China
| | - Wenting Shang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , China
| | - Guanghou Shui
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Sin Man Lam
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Chris Blanchard
- ARC Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Functional Grains , Charles Sturt University , Wagga Wagga , New South Wales 2678 , Australia
| | - Padraig Strappe
- School of Medical and Applied Sciences , Central Queensland University , Rockhampton , Queensland 4700 , Australia
| | - Zhongkai Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , China
- ARC Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Functional Grains , Charles Sturt University , Wagga Wagga , New South Wales 2678 , Australia
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29
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Ide K, Matsuoka N, Yamada H, Furushima D, Kawakami K. Effects of Tea Catechins on Alzheimer's Disease: Recent Updates and Perspectives. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092357. [PMID: 30223480 PMCID: PMC6225145 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders worldwide. Its incidence is gradually increasing because of an aging demographic. Therefore, AD prevention and modification is important to improve the health status of older adults. Oxidative stress is a component of the pathological mechanisms underlying AD. It is caused by a disruption of the balance between reactive oxygen species and antioxidant molecules. This imbalance also causes neuroinflammation. Catechins, which are bioactive components of tea, have antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. Moreover, other potential properties related to AD prevention and modification have been reported in in vitro and in vivo studies. Several clinical studies have also been conducted to date. The current review summarizes recent updates and perspectives of the effects of catechins on AD based on the molecular mechanisms and related clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Ide
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
- Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
- Department of Drug Evaluation and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Norihiro Matsuoka
- Jyoto Hospital, 11-22 Hanatenhigashi 2-chome, Tsurumi-ku Osaka-shi, Osaka 538-0044, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Yamada
- Department of Drug Evaluation and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Furushima
- Department of Drug Evaluation and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Koji Kawakami
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
- Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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30
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Lawrence E, Vegvari C, Ower A, Hadjichrysanthou C, De Wolf F, Anderson RM. A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies Which Measure Alzheimer's Disease Biomarkers. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 59:1359-1379. [PMID: 28759968 PMCID: PMC5611893 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disease, with no effective treatment or cure. A gold standard therapy would be treatment to slow or halt disease progression; however, knowledge of causation in the early stages of AD is very limited. In order to determine effective endpoints for possible therapies, a number of quantitative surrogate markers of disease progression have been suggested, including biochemical and imaging biomarkers. The dynamics of these various surrogate markers over time, particularly in relation to disease development, are, however, not well characterized. We reviewed the literature for studies that measured cerebrospinal fluid or plasma amyloid-β and tau, or took magnetic resonance image or fluorodeoxyglucose/Pittsburgh compound B-positron electron tomography scans, in longitudinal cohort studies. We summarized the properties of the major cohort studies in various countries, commonly used diagnosis methods and study designs. We have concluded that additional studies with repeat measures over time in a representative population cohort are needed to address the gap in knowledge of AD progression. Based on our analysis, we suggest directions in which research could move in order to advance our understanding of this complex disease, including repeat biomarker measurements, standardization and increased sample sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Lawrence
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Carolin Vegvari
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alison Ower
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Frank De Wolf
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Janssen Prevention Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Roy M Anderson
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Pérez-Grijalba V, Fandos N, Canudas J, Insua D, Casabona D, Lacosta AM, Montañés M, Pesini P, Sarasa M. Validation of Immunoassay-Based Tools for the Comprehensive Quantification of Aβ40 and Aβ42 Peptides in Plasma. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 54:751-62. [PMID: 27567833 PMCID: PMC5044780 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in neuroimaging and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker assays have provided evidence of a long preclinical stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This period is being increasingly targeted for secondary prevention trials of new therapies. In this context, the interest of a noninvasive, cost-effective amyloid-β (Aβ) blood-based test does not need to be overstated. Nevertheless, a thorough validation of these bioanalytical methods should be performed as a prerequisite for confident interpretation of clinical results. The aim of this study was to validate ELISA sandwich colorimetric ABtest40 and ABtest42 for the quantification of Aβ40 and Aβ42 in human plasma. The validation parameters assessed included precision, accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, recovery, and dilution linearity. ABtest40 and ABtest42 proved to be specific for their target peptide using Aβ peptides with sequence similar to the target. Mean relative error in the quantification was found to be below 7.5% for both assays, with high intra-assay, inter-assay, and inter-batch precision (CV <9.0% on average). Sensitivity was assessed by determination of the limit of quantification fulfilling precision and accuracy criteria; it was established at 7.60 pg/ml and 3.60 pg/ml for ABtest40 and ABtest42, respectively. Plasma dilution linearity was demonstrated in PBS; however, dilution in a proprietary formulated buffer significantly increased the recovery of both Aβ40 and Aβ42 masked by matrix interactions, allowing a more comprehensive assessment of the free and total peptide levels in the plasma. In conclusion, both assays were successfully validated as tools for the quantification Aβ40 and Aβ42 in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pedro Pesini
- Correspondence to: Pedro Pesini, Araclon Biotech, Via Hispanidad 21, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain. Tel.: +34 976 796 562; E-mail:
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Plasma amyloid β 42/40 ratios as biomarkers for amyloid β cerebral deposition in cognitively normal individuals. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA: DIAGNOSIS, ASSESSMENT & DISEASE MONITORING 2017; 8:179-187. [PMID: 28948206 PMCID: PMC5602863 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadm.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Plasma amyloid β (Aβ) peptides have been previously studied as candidate biomarkers to increase recruitment efficiency in secondary prevention clinical trials for Alzheimer's disease. METHODS Free and total Aβ42/40 plasma ratios (FP42/40 and TP42/40, respectively) were determined using ABtest assays in cognitively normal subjects from the Australian Imaging, Biomarker and Lifestyle Flagship Study. This population was followed-up for 72 months and their cortical Aβ burden was assessed with positron emission tomography. RESULTS Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses showed an inverse association of Aβ42/40 plasma ratios and cortical Aβ burden. Optimized as a screening tool, TP42/40 reached 81% positive predictive value of high cortical Aβ burden, which represents 110% increase over the population prevalence of cortical Aβ positivity. DISCUSSION These findings support the use of plasma Aβ42/40 ratios as surrogate biomarkers of cortical Aβ deposition and enrichment tools, reducing the number of subjects submitted to invasive tests and, consequently, recruitment costs in clinical trials targeting cognitively normal individuals.
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Alemi M, Silva SC, Santana I, Cardoso I. Transthyretin stability is critical in assisting beta amyloid clearance- Relevance of transthyretin stabilization in Alzheimer's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2017; 23:605-619. [PMID: 28570028 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The absence of transthyretin (TTR) in AD mice decreases brain Aβ clearance and reduces the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1). It is possible that neuroprotection by TTR is dependent on its tetramer structural stability, as studies using TTR mutants showed that unstable L55P TTR has low affinity for Aβ, and TTR tetrameric stabilizers such as iododiflunisal ameliorate AD features in vivo. METHODS We firstly investigated TTR folding status in human plasma measuring the resistance to urea denaturation. The importance of TTR stability on Aβ internalization was studied in human cerebral microvascular endothelial (hCMEC/D3) and hepatoma cells (HepG2), by flow cytometry. To investigate the fate of Aβ at the blood-brain barrier, Aβ efflux from hCMEC/D3 cells seeded on transwells was measured using ELISA. Further, to assess Aβ colocalization with lysosomes, Lysotracker was used. Moreover, levels of LRP1 were assessed in the liver and plasma of mice with different TTR backgrounds or treated with iododiflunisal. RESULTS We showed that TTR stability is decreased in AD and that WT TTR and drug-stabilized L55P TTR are able to increase uptake of Aβ. Furthermore, measurement of Aβ efflux showed that stable or stabilized TTR increased Aβ efflux from the basolateral to the apical side. Moreover, HepG2 cells incubated with Aβ in the presence of WT TTR, but not L55P TTR, showed an increased number of lysosomes. Further, in the presence of WT TTR, Aβ peptide colocalized with lysosomes, indicating that only stable TTR assists Aβ internalization, leading to its degradation. Finally, we demonstrated that only stable TTR can increase LRP1 levels. CONCLUSION TTR stabilization exerts a positive effect on Aβ clearance and LRP1 levels, suggesting that TTR protective role in AD is dependent on its stability. These results provide relevant information for the design of TTR-based therapeutic strategies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mobina Alemi
- IBMC- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,i3S- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara C Silva
- IBMC- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,i3S- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,ESTSP- Department of Health Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Santana
- Dementia Clinic, Neurology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra and Faculty of Medicine, Universidade de Coimbra, Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Cardoso
- IBMC- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,i3S- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Shinohara M, Tachibana M, Kanekiyo T, Bu G. Role of LRP1 in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease: evidence from clinical and preclinical studies. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:1267-1281. [PMID: 28381441 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r075796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the LDL receptor (LDLR) family members, the roles of LDLR-related protein (LRP)1 in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), especially late-onset AD, have been the most studied by genetic, neuropathological, and biomarker analyses (clinical studies) or cellular and animal model systems (preclinical studies) over the last 25 years. Although there are some conflicting reports, accumulating evidence from preclinical studies indicates that LRP1 not only regulates the metabolism of amyloid-β peptides (Aβs) in the brain and periphery, but also maintains brain homeostasis, impairment of which likely contributes to AD development in Aβ-independent manners. Several preclinical studies have also demonstrated an involvement of LRP1 in regulating the pathogenic role of apoE, whose gene is the strongest genetic risk factor for AD. Nonetheless, evidence from clinical studies is not sufficient to conclude how LRP1 contributes to AD development. Thus, despite very promising results from preclinical studies, the role of LRP1 in AD pathogenesis remains to be further clarified. In this review, we discuss the potential mechanisms underlying how LRP1 affects AD pathogenesis through Aβ-dependent and -independent pathways by reviewing both clinical and preclinical studies. We also discuss potential therapeutic strategies for AD by targeting LRP1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
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35
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Nelson AR, Sweeney MD, Sagare AP, Zlokovic BV. Neurovascular dysfunction and neurodegeneration in dementia and Alzheimer's disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2016; 1862:887-900. [PMID: 26705676 PMCID: PMC4821735 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vascular insults can initiate a cascade of molecular events leading to neurodegeneration, cognitive impairment, and dementia. Here, we review the cellular and molecular mechanisms in cerebral blood vessels and the pathophysiological events leading to cerebral blood flow dysregulation and disruption of the neurovascular unit and the blood-brain barrier, which all may contribute to the onset and progression of dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Particularly, we examine the link between neurovascular dysfunction and neurodegeneration including the effects of AD genetic risk factors on cerebrovascular functions and clearance of Alzheimer's amyloid-β peptide toxin, and the impact of vascular risk factors, environment, and lifestyle on cerebral blood vessels, which in turn may affect synaptic, neuronal, and cognitive functions. Finally, we examine potential experimental treatments for dementia and AD based on the neurovascular model, and discuss some critical questions to be addressed by future studies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia edited by M. Paul Murphy, Roderick A. Corriveau and Donna M. Wilcock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R Nelson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and the Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Melanie D Sweeney
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and the Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Abhay P Sagare
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and the Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Berislav V Zlokovic
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and the Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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36
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Ramanathan A, Nelson AR, Sagare AP, Zlokovic BV. Impaired vascular-mediated clearance of brain amyloid beta in Alzheimer's disease: the role, regulation and restoration of LRP1. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:136. [PMID: 26236233 PMCID: PMC4502358 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid beta (Aβ) homeostasis in the brain is governed by its production and clearance mechanisms. An imbalance in this homeostasis results in pathological accumulations of cerebral Aβ, a characteristic of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). While Aβ may be cleared by several physiological mechanisms, a major route of Aβ clearance is the vascular-mediated removal of Aβ from the brain across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Here, we discuss the role of the predominant Aβ clearance protein—low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1)—in the efflux of Aβ from the brain. We also outline the multiple factors that influence the function of LRP1-mediated Aβ clearance, such as its expression, shedding, structural modification and transcriptional regulation by other genes. Finally, we summarize approaches aimed at restoring LRP1-mediated Aβ clearance from the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Ramanathan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Amy R Nelson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Abhay P Sagare
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Berislav V Zlokovic
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
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37
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Sweeney MD, Sagare AP, Zlokovic BV. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of neurovascular dysfunction in mild dementia and Alzheimer's disease. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35:1055-68. [PMID: 25899298 PMCID: PMC4640280 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2015.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of age-related dementias. In addition to genetics, environment, and lifestyle, growing evidence supports vascular contributions to dementias including dementia because of AD. Alzheimer's disease affects multiple cell types within the neurovascular unit (NVU), including brain vascular cells (endothelial cells, pericytes, and vascular smooth muscle cells), glial cells (astrocytes and microglia), and neurons. Thus, identifying and integrating biomarkers of the NVU cell-specific responses and injury with established AD biomarkers, amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau, has a potential to contribute to better understanding of the disease process in dementias including AD. Here, we discuss the existing literature on cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of the NVU cell-specific responses during early stages of dementia and AD. We suggest that the clinical usefulness of established AD biomarkers, Aβ and tau, could be further improved by developing an algorithm that will incorporate biomarkers of the NVU cell-specific responses and injury. Such biomarker algorithm could aid in early detection and intervention as well as identify novel treatment targets to delay disease onset, slow progression, and/or prevent AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie D Sweeney
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Abhay P Sagare
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Berislav V Zlokovic
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Mohamed LA, Qosa H, Kaddoumi A. Age-Related Decline in Brain and Hepatic Clearance of Amyloid-Beta is Rectified by the Cholinesterase Inhibitors Donepezil and Rivastigmine in Rats. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:725-36. [PMID: 25782004 PMCID: PMC5248655 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD), accumulation of brain amyloid-β (Aβ) depends on imbalance between production and clearance of Aβ. Several pathways for Aβ clearance have been reported including transport across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and hepatic clearance. The incidence of AD increases with age and failure of Aβ clearance correlates with AD. The cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) donepezil and rivastigmine are used to ease the symptoms of dementia associated with AD. Besides, both drugs have been reported to provide neuroprotective and disease-modifying effects. Here, we investigated the effect of ChEIs on age-related reduced Aβ clearance. Findings from in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated donepezil and rivastigmine to enhance (125)I-Aβ40 clearance. Also, the increase in brain and hepatic clearance of (125)I-Aβ40 was more pronounced in aged compared to young rats, and was associated with significant reduction in brain Aβ endogenous levels determined by ELISA. Furthermore, the enhanced clearance was concomitant with up-regulation in the expression of Aβ major transport proteins P-glycoprotein and LRP1. Collectively, our findings that donepezil and rivastigmine enhance Aβ clearance across the BBB and liver are novel and introduce an additional mechanism by which both drugs could affect AD pathology. Thus, optimizing their clinical use could help future drug development by providing new drug targets and possible mechanisms involved in AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loqman A. Mohamed
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, 1800 Bienville Dr., Monroe, Louisiana 71201, United States
| | - Hisham Qosa
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, 1800 Bienville Dr., Monroe, Louisiana 71201, United States
| | - Amal Kaddoumi
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, 1800 Bienville Dr., Monroe, Louisiana 71201, United States
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Evans AR, Gu L, Guerrero R, Robinson RAS. Global cPILOT analysis of the APP/PS-1 mouse liver proteome. Proteomics Clin Appl 2015; 9:872-84. [PMID: 25620666 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201400149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A quantitative proteomics strategy called combined precursor isotopic labeling and isobaric tagging (cPILOT) was designed to discover alterations in the amyloid precursor protein/presenilin-1 (APP/PS-1) mouse liver proteome. The multiplexing strategy allows simultaneous quantitation of 12 samples in a single experiment. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN For cPILOT samples, six APP/PS-1 and six heterozygous mouse livers were modified using precursor dimethylation (pH 2.5) followed by isobaric tagging (pH 8.0). Samples were pooled, fractioned with strong cation exchange, and analyzed using RPLC-MS(3) for protein identification and relative quantitation. In order to increase proteome coverage, a two-tiered data collection strategy was employed. Six duplex precursor dimethylation experiments were also performed to verify cPILOT protein quantitation. RESULTS The combination of cPILOT with precursor dimethylation data resulted in 2437 total liver proteins identified and 77 differentially expressed proteins in APP/PS-1 liver. Differentially expressed proteins are involved in metabolic processes such as B-oxidation, pyruvate metabolism, and glucose regulation. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE cPILOT expands protein quantitation using isobaric tags and can be applied to any clinical laboratory interested in enhanced multiplexing strategies. Differentially expressed proteins in APP/PS-1 mouse liver suggest the potential use of ketone bodies to alleviate metabolic dysregulation in Alzheimer's disease brain. Our work also suggests alterations in the alanine cycle potentially leading to hyperammonia production, may contribute to Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Liqing Gu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rodolfo Guerrero
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Renã A S Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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40
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González-Marrero I, Giménez-Llort L, Johanson CE, Carmona-Calero EM, Castañeyra-Ruiz L, Brito-Armas JM, Castañeyra-Perdomo A, Castro-Fuentes R. Choroid plexus dysfunction impairs beta-amyloid clearance in a triple transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:17. [PMID: 25705176 PMCID: PMC4319477 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Compromised secretory function of choroid plexus (CP) and defective cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production, along with accumulation of beta-amyloid (Aβ) peptides at the blood-CSF barrier (BCSFB), contribute to complications of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The AD triple transgenic mouse model (3xTg-AD) at 16 month-old mimics critical hallmarks of the human disease: β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) with a temporal- and regional- specific profile. Currently, little is known about transport and metabolic responses by CP to the disrupted homeostasis of CNS Aβ in AD. This study analyzed the effects of highly-expressed AD-linked human transgenes (APP, PS1 and tau) on lateral ventricle CP function. Confocal imaging and immunohistochemistry revealed an increase only of Aβ42 isoform in epithelial cytosol and in stroma surrounding choroidal capillaries; this buildup may reflect insufficient clearance transport from CSF to blood. Still, there was increased expression, presumably compensatory, of the choroidal Aβ transporters: the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) and the receptor for advanced glycation end product (RAGE). A thickening of the epithelial basal membrane and greater collagen-IV deposition occurred around capillaries in CP, probably curtailing solute exchanges. Moreover, there was attenuated expression of epithelial aquaporin-1 and transthyretin (TTR) protein compared to Non-Tg mice. Collectively these findings indicate CP dysfunction hypothetically linked to increasing Aβ burden resulting in less efficient ion transport, concurrently with reduced production of CSF (less sink action on brain Aβ) and diminished secretion of TTR (less neuroprotection against cortical Aβ toxicity). The putative effects of a disabled CP-CSF system on CNS functions are discussed in the context of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lydia Giménez-Llort
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - Conrad E Johanson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Alpert Medical School at Brown University Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Rafael Castro-Fuentes
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of La Laguna Tenerife, Spain
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Malhotra A, Younesi E, Bagewadi S, Hofmann-Apitius M. Linking hypothetical knowledge patterns to disease molecular signatures for biomarker discovery in Alzheimer's disease. Genome Med 2014; 6:97. [PMID: 25484918 PMCID: PMC4256903 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-014-0097-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of compelling candidate Alzheimer's biomarkers remain buried within the literature. Indeed, there should be a systematic effort towards gathering this information through approaches that mine publicly available data and substantiate supporting evidence through disease modeling methods. In the presented work, we demonstrate that an integrative gray zone mining approach can be used as a way to tackle this challenge successfully. METHODS The methodology presented in this work combines semantic information retrieval and experimental data through context-specific modeling of molecular interactions underlying stages in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Information about putative, highly speculative AD biomarkers was harvested from the literature using a semantic framework and was put into a functional context through disease- and stage-specific models. Staging models of AD were further validated for their functional relevance and novel biomarker candidates were predicted at the mechanistic level. RESULTS Three interaction models were built representing three stages of AD, namely mild, moderate, and severe stages. Integrated analysis of these models using various arrays of evidence gathered from experimental data and published knowledge resources led to identification of four candidate biomarkers in the mild stage. Mode of action of these candidates was further reasoned in the mechanistic context of models by chains of arguments. Accordingly, we propose that some of these 'emerging' potential biomarker candidates have a reasonable mechanistic explanation and deserve to be investigated in more detail. CONCLUSIONS Systematic exploration of derived hypothetical knowledge leads to generation of a coherent overview on emerging knowledge niches. Integrative analysis of this knowledge in the context of disease mechanism is a promising approach towards identification of candidate biomarkers taking into consideration the complex etiology of disease. The added value of this strategy becomes apparent particularly in the area of biomarker discovery for neurodegenerative diseases where predictive biomarkers are desperately needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Malhotra
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing (SCAI), Schloss Birlinghoven, 53754 Sankt Augustin, Germany ; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn-Aachen International Center for Information Technology, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Erfan Younesi
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing (SCAI), Schloss Birlinghoven, 53754 Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | - Shweta Bagewadi
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing (SCAI), Schloss Birlinghoven, 53754 Sankt Augustin, Germany ; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn-Aachen International Center for Information Technology, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Hofmann-Apitius
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing (SCAI), Schloss Birlinghoven, 53754 Sankt Augustin, Germany ; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn-Aachen International Center for Information Technology, 53113 Bonn, Germany
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Ouwens DM, van Duinkerken E, Schoonenboom SNM, Herzfeld de Wiza D, Klein M, van Golen L, Pouwels PJW, Barkhof F, Moll AC, Snoek FJ, Teunissen CE, Scheltens P, Diamant M. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of Alzheimer's disease biomarkers in middle-aged patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2014; 57:2208-14. [PMID: 25034377 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3333-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Type 1 diabetes is associated with moderate cognitive decline and cerebral alterations and may lead to an increased risk of dementia, including Alzheimer's disease. This study aimed to investigate the levels of risk markers for Alzheimer's disease in middle-aged patients with type 1 diabetes and controls, and their potential associations with cognitive and cerebral measures. METHODS Levels of β-amyloid (Aβ) 42, Tau, phosphorylated Tau (pTau), the soluble form of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (sLRP1) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (MCSF) were quantified by ELISA in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collected from 37 patients with type 1 diabetes and 15 controls. Associations between biomarkers and determinants of cognitive function and white matter integrity were assessed using hierarchical regression analysis controlling for age, HbA1c and estimated intelligence quotient (IQ). RESULTS CSF levels of pTau, Aβ42 and LRP1 were higher in patients with type 1 diabetes than in controls (all p < 0.05). There was a trend towards increased Tau levels in patients with type 1 diabetes (p = 0.056), while CSF levels of MCSF were similar between patients with type 1 diabetes and controls. Regression analysis showed that elevated CSF sLRP1 levels were associated with better attention (β = 0.518; p = 0.002) and a better speed of information-processing (β = 0.368; p = 0.034), as well as increased integrity of the white matter of the right inferior fronto-occipital tract (β = 0.395; p = 0.022). Furthermore, elevated Tau levels were associated with decreased integrity of the white matter of right inferior fronto-occipital tract (β = -0.584; p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION CSF levels of biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease are altered in patients with type 1 diabetes compared with controls, but the observed profile does not match the profile characterising pre-Alzheimer's disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Margriet Ouwens
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Centre, Auf'm Hennekamp 65, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany,
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Yoon SS, Jo SA. Mechanisms of Amyloid-β Peptide Clearance: Potential Therapeutic Targets for Alzheimer's Disease. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2014; 20:245-55. [PMID: 24130920 PMCID: PMC3794520 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2012.20.3.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) is still best known as a molecule to cause Alzheimer’s disease (AD) through accumulation and deposition within the frontal cortex and hippocampus in the brain. Thus, strategies on developing AD drugs have been focused on the reduc-tion of Aβ in the brain. Since accumulation of Aβ depends on the rate of its synthesis and clearance, the metabolic pathway of Aβ in the brain and the whole body should be carefully explored for AD research. Although the synthetic pathway of Aβ is equally important, we summarize primarily the clearance pathway in this paper because the former has been extensively reviewed in previous studies. The clearance of Aβ from the brain is accomplished by several mechanisms which include non-enzymatic and enzymatic pathways. Nonenzymatic pathway includes interstitial fluid drainage, uptake by microglial phagocytosis, and transport across the blood vessel walls into the circulation. Multiple Aβ-degrading enzymes (ADE) implicated in the clearance process have been identified, which include neprilysin, insulin-degrading enzyme, matrix metalloproteinase-9, glutamate carboxypeptidase II and others. A series of studies on Aβ clearance mechanism provide new insight into the pathogenesis of AD at the molecular level and suggest a new target for the development of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Sun Yoon
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea
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Shinohara M, Sato N, Shimamura M, Kurinami H, Hamasaki T, Chatterjee A, Rakugi H, Morishita R. Possible modification of Alzheimer's disease by statins in midlife: interactions with genetic and non-genetic risk factors. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:71. [PMID: 24795626 PMCID: PMC4005936 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The benefits of statins, commonly prescribed for hypercholesterolemia, in treating Alzheimer's disease (AD) have not yet been fully established. A recent randomized clinical trial did not show any therapeutic effects of two statins on cognitive function in AD. Interestingly, however, the results of the Rotterdam study, one of the largest prospective cohort studies, showed reduced risk of AD in statin users. Based on the current understanding of statin actions and AD pathogenesis, it is still worth exploring whether statins can prevent AD when administered decades before the onset of AD or from midlife. This review discusses the possible beneficial effects of statins, drawn from previous clinical observations, pathogenic mechanisms, which include β-amyloid (Aβ) and tau metabolism, genetic and non-genetic risk factors (apolipoprotein E, cholesterol, sex, hypertension, and diabetes), and other clinical features (vascular dysfunction and oxidative and inflammatory stress) of AD. These findings suggest that administration of statins in midlife might prevent AD in late life by modifying genetic and non-genetic risk factors for AD. It should be clarified whether statins inhibit Aβ accumulation, tau pathological features, and brain atrophy in humans. To answer this question, a randomized controlled study using amyloid positron emission tomography (PET), tau-PET, and magnetic resonance imaging would be useful. This clinical evaluation could help us to overcome this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Shinohara
- Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka UniversitySuita, Japan
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka UniversitySuita, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Sato
- Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka UniversitySuita, Japan
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka UniversitySuita, Japan
| | - Munehisa Shimamura
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Department of Child Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University Office for University-Industry CollaborationSuita, Japan
| | - Hitomi Kurinami
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Department of Child Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University Office for University-Industry CollaborationSuita, Japan
| | - Toshimitsu Hamasaki
- Department of Biomedical Statistics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka UniversitySuita, Japan
| | - Amarnath Chatterjee
- Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka UniversitySuita, Japan
| | - Hiromi Rakugi
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka UniversitySuita, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Morishita
- Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka UniversitySuita, Japan
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Kim DK, Park JD, Choi BS. Mercury-induced amyloid-beta (Aβ) accumulation in the brain is mediated by disruption of Aβ transport. J Toxicol Sci 2014; 39:625-35. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.39.625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Kyeong Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University
| | - Jung-Duck Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University
| | - Byung-Sun Choi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University
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Esteras N, Alquézar C, de la Encarnación A, Villarejo A, Bermejo-Pareja F, Martín-Requero A. Calmodulin levels in blood cells as a potential biomarker of Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2013; 5:55. [PMID: 24499616 PMCID: PMC3978675 DOI: 10.1186/alzrt219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction The clinical features of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) overlap with a number of other dementias and conclusive diagnosis is only achieved at autopsy. Accurate in-life diagnosis requires finding biomarkers suitable for early diagnosis, as well as for discrimination from other types of dementia. Mounting evidence suggests that AD-dependent processes may also affect peripheral cells. We previously reported that calmodulin (CaM) signaling is impaired in AD lymphoblasts. Here, we address the issue as to whether the assessment of CaM levels in peripheral cells could serve as a diagnostic biomarker. Methods A total of 165 subjects were enrolled in the study, including 56 AD patients, 15 patients with mild cognitive impairment, 7 with frontotemporal dementia associated with progranulin mutations, 4 with dementia with Lewy bodies, 20 patients with Parkinson’s disease, 10 with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 5 with progressive supranuclear palsy, and 48 cognitively normal individuals. CaM levels were then analyzed in lymphoblasts, peripheral blood mononuclear cells and plasma. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were employed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of CaM content in identifying AD patients. Results Compared with control individuals, CaM levels were significantly increased in AD cells, but not in the other neurodegenerative disorders. CaM levels differentiated AD from control with a sensitivity of 0.89 and a specificity of 0.82 and were not dependent on disease severity or age. MCI patients also showed higher levels of the protein. Conclusions CaM levels could be considered a peripheral biomarker for AD in its early stage and help to discriminate from other types of dementia.
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Mohamed LA, Kaddoumi A. In Vitro Investigation of Amyloid-β Hepatobiliary Disposition in Sandwich-Cultured Primary Rat Hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:1787-96. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.052514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Martiskainen H, Haapasalo A, Kurkinen KMA, Pihlajamäki J, Soininen H, Hiltunen M. Targeting ApoE4/ApoE receptor LRP1 in Alzheimer's disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 17:781-94. [PMID: 23573918 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.789862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Progressive neuronal loss is a key feature in Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is the most common neurodegenerative disorder in the aging population. Currently, there are no therapeutic means to intervene neuronal damage in AD and therefore innovative approaches to discover novel strategies for the treatment of AD are needed. Based on the prevailing amyloid cascade hypothesis, it is conceivable that lowering the β-amyloid (Aβ) levels is sufficient to slow down the disease process, if started early enough. AREAS COVERED Here, we review genetic and biological functions related to apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 receptor (LRP1)-mediated clearance of Aβ. Furthermore, we discuss the AD-related therapeutic potential of targeting to ApoE receptor LRP1 at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and in the periphery. EXPERT OPINION Due to the recent setbacks in the clinical trials targeting AD, it is instrumental to seek alternative therapeutic approaches, which aim to reduce the accumulation of Aβ in the brain tissue. As the ApoE/LRP1-mediated clearance of Aβ across the BBB is the key event in the regulation of Aβ transcytosis from brain to periphery, direct targeting of this protein entity at the BBB holds a great potential in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henna Martiskainen
- Kuopio University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio, Finland
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Sagare AP, Bell RD, Srivastava A, Sengillo JD, Singh I, Nishida Y, Chow N, Zlokovic BV. A lipoprotein receptor cluster IV mutant preferentially binds amyloid-β and regulates its clearance from the mouse brain. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:15154-66. [PMID: 23580652 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.439570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Soluble low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (sLRP1) binds ~70% of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) in human plasma. In Alzheimer disease (AD) and individuals with mild cognitive impairment converting to AD, plasma sLRP1 levels are reduced and sLRP1 is oxidized, which results in diminished Aβ peripheral binding and higher levels of free Aβ in plasma. Experimental studies have shown that free circulating Aβ re-enters the brain and that sLRP1 and/or its recombinant wild type cluster IV (WT-LRPIV) prevent Aβ from entering the brain. Treatment of Alzheimer APPsw(+/0) mice with WT-LRPIV has been shown to reduce brain Aβ pathology. In addition to Aβ, LRPIV binds multiple ligands. To enhance LRPIV binding for Aβ relative to other LRP1 ligands, we generated a library of LRPIV-derived fragments and full-length LRPIV variants with glycine replacing aspartic acid residues 3394, 3556, and 3674 in the calcium binding sites. Compared with WT-LRPIV, a lead LRPIV-D3674G mutant had 1.6- and 2.7-fold higher binding affinity for Aβ40 and Aβ42 in vitro, respectively, and a lower binding affinity for other LRP1 ligands (e.g. apolipoprotein E2, E3, and E4 (1.3-1.8-fold), tissue plasminogen activator (2.7-fold), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (4.1-fold), and Factor Xa (3.8-fold)). LRPIV-D3674G cleared mouse endogenous brain Aβ40 and Aβ42 25-27% better than WT-LRPIV. A 3-month subcutaneous treatment of APPsw(+/0) mice with LRPIV-D3674G (40 μg/kg/day) reduced Aβ40 and Αβ42 levels in the hippocampus, cortex, and cerebrospinal fluid by 60-80% and improved cerebral blood flow responses and hippocampal function at 9 months of age. Thus, LRPIV-D3674G is an efficient new Aβ clearance therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhay P Sagare
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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Sagare AP, Bell RD, Zlokovic BV. Neurovascular defects and faulty amyloid-β vascular clearance in Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2013; 33 Suppl 1:S87-100. [PMID: 22751174 PMCID: PMC4416477 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2012-129037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The evidence that neurovascular dysfunction is an integral part of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis has continued to emerge in the last decade. Changes in the brain vasculature have been shown to contribute to the onset and progression of the pathological processes associated with AD, such as microvascular reductions, blood brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, and faulty clearance of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) from the brain. Herein, we review the role of the neurovascular unit and molecular mechanisms in cerebral vascular cells behind the pathogenesis of AD. In particular, we focus on molecular pathways within cerebral vascular cells and the systemic circulation that contribute to BBB dysfunction, brain hypoperfusion, and impaired clearance of Aβ from the brain. We aim to provide a summary of recent research findings implicated in neurovascular defects and faulty Aβ vascular clearance contributing to AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhay P. Sagare
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert D. Bell
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Berislav V. Zlokovic
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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