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Bundurus IA, Balta I, Pet I, Stef L, Popescu CA, McCleery D, Lemon J, Callaway T, Douglas A, Corcionivoschi N. Mechanistic concepts involved in biofilm associated processes of Campylobacter jejuni: persistence and inhibition in poultry environments. Poult Sci 2024; 103:104328. [PMID: 39366290 PMCID: PMC11483643 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 09/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 10/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter species, predominantly Campylobacter jejuni, remains a significant zoonotic pathogen worldwide, with the poultry sector being the primary vector for human transmission. In recent years. there has been a notable rise in the incidence of human campylobacteriosis, necessitating a deeper understanding of the pathogen's survival mechanisms and transmission dynamics. Biofilm presence significantly contributes to C. jejuni persistence in poultry and subsequent food product contamination, and this review describes the intricate processes involved in biofilm formation. The ability of Campylobacter to form biofilms on various surfaces, including stainless steel, plastic, and glass, is a critical survival strategy. Campylobacter biofilms, with their remarkable resilience, protect the pathogen from environmental stresses such as desiccation, pH extremes, biocides and sanitizing agents. This review explores the molecular and genetic mechanisms of C. jejuni biofilm formation, highlighting regulatory genes involved in motility, chemotaxis, and stress responses. Flagellar proteins, particularly flaA, flaB, flaG, and adhesins like cadF and flpA, are identified as the main molecular components in biofilm development. The role of mixed-species biofilms, where C. jejuni integrates into existing biofilms of other bacteria to enhance pathogen resilience, is also discussed. This review also considers alternative interventions to control C. jejuni in poultry production, in the context of increasing antibiotic resistance. It explores the effectiveness of prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, bacteriocins, bacteriophages, vaccines, and organic acids, with a focus on their mechanisms of action in reducing bacterial colonization and biofilm formation. Studies show that mixtures of organic acids and compounds like Carvacrol and Eugenol significantly downregulate genes linked with motility and adhesion, thereby disrupting biofilm integrity. It discusses the impact of environmental factors, such as temperature and oxygen levels on biofilm formation, providing insights into how industrial conditions can be manipulated to reduce contamination. This paper stresses the need for a multifaceted approach to control Campylobacter in poultry, integrating molecular and genetic insights with practical interventions. By advancing our understanding of biofilm dynamics and gene regulation, we aim to inform the development of more effective strategies to enhance food safety and protect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iulia A Bundurus
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I From Timisoara, Timisoara 300645, Romania
| | - Igori Balta
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I From Timisoara, Timisoara 300645, Romania
| | - Ioan Pet
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I From Timisoara, Timisoara 300645, Romania
| | - Lavinia Stef
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I From Timisoara, Timisoara 300645, Romania
| | - Cosmin Alin Popescu
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I From Timisoara, Timisoara 300645, Romania
| | - David McCleery
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT4 3SD, UK
| | - Joanne Lemon
- Chief Scientific Adviser's Office, Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs for Northern Ireland, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT3 9ED, UK
| | - Todd Callaway
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Alastair Douglas
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT4 3SD, UK
| | - Nicolae Corcionivoschi
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I From Timisoara, Timisoara 300645, Romania; Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT4 3SD, UK; Academy of Romanian Scientists, Bucharest 050044, Romania.
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2
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Khairullah AR, Yanestria SM, Effendi MH, Moses IB, Jati Kusala MK, Fauzia KA, Ayuti SR, Fauziah I, Martua Silaen OS, Priscilia Riwu KH, Aryaloka S, Eka Puji Dameanti FNA, Raissa R, Hasib A, Furqoni AH. Campylobacteriosis: A rising threat in foodborne illnesses. Open Vet J 2024; 14:1733-1750. [PMID: 39308719 PMCID: PMC11415892 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2024.v14.i8.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Campylobacteriosis is a foodborne illness that is contracted by eating contaminated food, particularly animal products like meat from diseased animals or corpses tainted with harmful germs. The epidemiology of campylobacteriosis varies significantly between low-, middle-, and high-income countries. Campylobacter has a complicated and poorly known survival strategy for getting past host barriers and causing sickness in humans. The adaptability of Campylobacter to unfavorable environments and the host's immune system seems to be one of the most crucial elements of intestinal colonization. A Campylobacter infection may result in fever, nausea, vomiting, and mild to severe bloody diarrhea in humans. Effective and rapid diagnosis of Campylobacter species infections in animal hosts is essential for both individual treatment and disease management at the farm level. According to the most recent meta-analysis research, the main risk factor for campylobacteriosis is travel, which is followed by eating undercooked chicken, being exposed to the environment, and coming into close contact with livestock. Campylobacter jejuni, and occasionally Campylobacter coli, are the primary causes of Campylobacter gastroenteritis, the most significant Campylobacter infection in humans for public health. The best antibiotic medications for eradicating and decreasing Campylobacter in feces are erythromycin, clarithromycin, or azithromycin. The best strategy to reduce the number of human infections caused by Campylobacter is to restrict the amount of contamination of the poultry flock and its products, even if the majority of infections are contracted through handling or ingestion of chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswin Rafif Khairullah
- Research Center for Veterinary Science, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia
| | | | - Mustofa Helmi Effendi
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | | | - Kartika Afrida Fauzia
- Research Center for Preclinical and Clinical Medicine, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Siti Rani Ayuti
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Ima Fauziah
- Research Center for Veterinary Science, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Otto Sahat Martua Silaen
- Doctoral Program in Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Katty Hendriana Priscilia Riwu
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Pendidikan Mandalika, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Suhita Aryaloka
- Master Program of Veterinary Agribusiness, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | | | - Ricadonna Raissa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Abdullah Hasib
- Research Center for Veterinary Science, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Abdul Hadi Furqoni
- Research Center for Veterinary Science, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia
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3
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Sima CM, Buzilă ER, Trofin F, Păduraru D, Luncă C, Duhaniuc A, Dorneanu OS, Nastase EV. Emerging Strategies against Non-Typhoidal Salmonella: From Pathogenesis to Treatment. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:7447-7472. [PMID: 39057083 PMCID: PMC11275306 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46070442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Even with the intensive efforts by public health programs to control and prevent it, non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) infection remains an important public health challenge. It is responsible for approximately 150 million illnesses and 60,000 deaths worldwide annually. NTS infection poses significant risks with high rates of morbidity and mortality, leading to potential short- and long-term complications. There is growing concern among health authorities about the increasing incidence of antimicrobial resistance, with multidrug resistance totaling 22.6% in Europe, highlighting an urgent need for new therapeutic approaches. Our review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of NTS infection. We outline the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of NTS infection, as well as the events leading to invasive NTS infection and the subsequent complications associated with it. Given the widespread implications of antimicrobial resistance, our review also presents the global landscape of resistance, including multidrug resistance, and delve into the underlying mechanisms driving this resistance. The rising rates of antibiotic resistance frequently lead to treatment failures, emphasizing the importance of investigating alternative therapeutic options. Therefore, in this review we also explore potential alternative therapies that could offer promising approaches to treating NTS infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Mihaela Sima
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity—Microbiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (C.M.S.); (E.R.B.); (F.T.); (C.L.); (A.D.)
- Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases “Sf. Parascheva”, 700116 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Elena Roxana Buzilă
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity—Microbiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (C.M.S.); (E.R.B.); (F.T.); (C.L.); (A.D.)
- Iasi Regional Center for Public Health, National Institute of Public Health, 700465 Iasi, Romania
| | - Felicia Trofin
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity—Microbiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (C.M.S.); (E.R.B.); (F.T.); (C.L.); (A.D.)
| | - Diana Păduraru
- “Dr. C.I. Parhon” Clinical Hospital, 700503 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Cătălina Luncă
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity—Microbiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (C.M.S.); (E.R.B.); (F.T.); (C.L.); (A.D.)
- “Sf. Maria” Children Emergency Hospital, 700309 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alexandru Duhaniuc
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity—Microbiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (C.M.S.); (E.R.B.); (F.T.); (C.L.); (A.D.)
- Iasi Regional Center for Public Health, National Institute of Public Health, 700465 Iasi, Romania
| | - Olivia Simona Dorneanu
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity—Microbiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (C.M.S.); (E.R.B.); (F.T.); (C.L.); (A.D.)
- Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases “Sf. Parascheva”, 700116 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Eduard Vasile Nastase
- Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases “Sf. Parascheva”, 700116 Iasi, Romania;
- Department of Internal Medicine II—Infectious Diseases, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
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Shafiee D, Salpynov Z, Gusmanov A, Khuanbai Y, Mukhatayev Z, Kunz J. Enteric Infection-Associated Reactive Arthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med 2024; 13:3433. [PMID: 38929962 PMCID: PMC11205162 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13123433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to estimate the proportions of individuals infected with Campylobacter, Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella, or Yersinia who develop reactive arthritis. Methods. A systematic review was conducted, encompassing English-language articles published before January 2024, sourced from the Embase, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. This review included observational studies that reported the occurrence of reactive arthritis (ReA) among patients with Campylobacter, Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella, or Yersinia infections. Data extraction was carried out independently by two reviewers. Subsequently, a random-effects meta-analysis was performed, with heterogeneity assessed using the I2 value. Additionally, meta-regression was employed to investigate the potential influence of study-level variables on the observed heterogeneity. Results. A total of 87 studies were identified; 23 reported on ReA development after Campylobacter infection, 7 reported on ReA after Escherichia infection, 30 reported ReA onset after salmonellosis, 14 reported ReA after shigellosis, and 13 reported ReA after Yersinia infection. The proportion of Campylobacter patients who developed ReA was 0.03 (95% CI [0.01, 0.06], I2 = 97.62%); the proportion of Escherichia patients who developed ReA was 0.01 (95% CI [0.00, 0.06], I2 = 92.78%); the proportion of Salmonella patients was 0.04 (95% CI [0.02, 0.08], I2 = 97.67%); the proportion of Shigella patients was 0.01 (95% CI [0.01, 0.03], I2 = 90.64%); and the proportion of Yersinia patients who developed ReA was 0.05 (95% CI [0.02, 0.13], I2 = 96%). Conclusion. A significant proportion of Salmonella, Shigella, and Yersinia cases resulted in ReA. Nonetheless, it is important to interpret the findings cautiously due to the substantial heterogeneity observed between studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darya Shafiee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana 020000, Kazakhstan; (D.S.); (Z.S.); (A.G.); (Z.M.)
| | - Zhandos Salpynov
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana 020000, Kazakhstan; (D.S.); (Z.S.); (A.G.); (Z.M.)
| | - Arnur Gusmanov
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana 020000, Kazakhstan; (D.S.); (Z.S.); (A.G.); (Z.M.)
| | | | - Zhussipbek Mukhatayev
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana 020000, Kazakhstan; (D.S.); (Z.S.); (A.G.); (Z.M.)
- National Laboratory Astana, Astana 020000, Kazakhstan;
| | - Jeannette Kunz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana 020000, Kazakhstan; (D.S.); (Z.S.); (A.G.); (Z.M.)
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Kreling V, Falcone FH, Herrmann F, Kemper L, Amiteye D, Cord-Landwehr S, Kehrenberg C, Moerschbacher BM, Hensel A. High molecular/low acetylated chitosans reduce adhesion of Campylobacter jejuni to host cells by blocking JlpA. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:171. [PMID: 38265503 PMCID: PMC10810038 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13000-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Infections caused by Campylobacter spp. are a major cause of severe enteritis worldwide. Multifactorial prevention strategies are necessary to reduce the prevalence of Campylobacter. In particular, antiadhesive strategies with specific inhibitors of early host-pathogen interaction are promising approaches to reduce the bacterial load. An in vitro flow cytometric adhesion assay was established to study the influence of carbohydrates on the adhesion of C. jejuni to Caco-2 cells. Chitosans with a high degree of polymerization and low degree of acetylation were identified as potent antiadhesive compounds, exerting significant reduction of C. jejuni adhesion to Caco-2 cells at non-toxic concentrations. Antiadhesive and also anti-invasive effects were verified by confocal laser scanning microscopy. For target identification, C. jejuni adhesins FlpA and JlpA were expressed in Escherichia coli ArcticExpress, and the influence of chitosan on binding to fibronectin and HSP90α, respectively, was investigated. While no effects on FlpA binding were found, a strong inhibition of JlpA-HSP90α binding was observed. To simulate real-life conditions, chicken meat was inoculated with C. jejuni, treated with antiadhesive chitosan, and the bacterial load was quantified. A strong reduction of C. jejuni load was observed. Atomic force microscopy revealed morphological changes of C. jejuni after 2 h of chitosan treatment, indicating disturbance of the cell wall and sacculi formation by electrostatic interaction of positively charged chitosan with the negatively charged cell surface. In conclusion, our data indicate promising antiadhesive and anti-invasive potential of high molecular weight, strongly de-acetylated chitosans for reducing C. jejuni load in livestock and food production. KEY POINTS: • Antiadhesive effects of chitosan with high DP/low DA against C. jejuni to host cells • Specific targeting of JlpA/Hsp90α interaction by chitosan • Meat treatment with chitosan reduces C. jejuni load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Kreling
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Franco H Falcone
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstraße 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Fabian Herrmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Leon Kemper
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Daniel Amiteye
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Cord-Landwehr
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Corinna Kehrenberg
- Institute of Veterinary Food Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Straße 92, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Bruno M Moerschbacher
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas Hensel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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Lamichhane B, Mawad AMM, Saleh M, Kelley WG, Harrington PJ, Lovestad CW, Amezcua J, Sarhan MM, El Zowalaty ME, Ramadan H, Morgan M, Helmy YA. Salmonellosis: An Overview of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Innovative Approaches to Mitigate the Antimicrobial Resistant Infections. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:76. [PMID: 38247636 PMCID: PMC10812683 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a major foodborne pathogen and a leading cause of gastroenteritis in humans and animals. Salmonella is highly pathogenic and encompasses more than 2600 characterized serovars. The transmission of Salmonella to humans occurs through the farm-to-fork continuum and is commonly linked to the consumption of animal-derived food products. Among these sources, poultry and poultry products are primary contributors, followed by beef, pork, fish, and non-animal-derived food such as fruits and vegetables. While antibiotics constitute the primary treatment for salmonellosis, the emergence of antibiotic resistance and the rise of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella strains have highlighted the urgency of developing antibiotic alternatives. Effective infection management necessitates a comprehensive understanding of the pathogen's epidemiology and transmission dynamics. Therefore, this comprehensive review focuses on the epidemiology, sources of infection, risk factors, transmission dynamics, and the host range of Salmonella serotypes. This review also investigates the disease characteristics observed in both humans and animals, antibiotic resistance, pathogenesis, and potential strategies for treatment and control of salmonellosis, emphasizing the most recent antibiotic-alternative approaches for infection control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibek Lamichhane
- Department of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Asmaa M. M. Mawad
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Saleh
- Department of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - William G. Kelley
- Department of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Patrick J. Harrington
- Department of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Cayenne W. Lovestad
- Department of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Jessica Amezcua
- Department of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Mohamed M. Sarhan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, King Salman International University (KSIU), Ras Sudr 8744304, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E. El Zowalaty
- Veterinary Medicine and Food Security Research Group, Medical Laboratory Sciences Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women’s Campus, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi 41012, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hazem Ramadan
- Hygiene and Zoonoses Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Melissa Morgan
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Yosra A. Helmy
- Department of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
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Duplessis C, Clarkson KA, Ross Turbyfill K, Alcala AN, Gutierrez R, Riddle MS, Lee T, Paolino K, Weerts HP, Lynen A, Oaks EV, Porter CK, Kaminski R. GMP manufacture of Shigella flexneri 2a Artificial Invaplex (Invaplex AR) and evaluation in a Phase 1 Open-label, dose escalating study administered intranasally to healthy, adult volunteers. Vaccine 2023; 41:6261-6271. [PMID: 37666695 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Shigella species cause severe disease among travelers to, and children living in, endemic countries. Although significant efforts have been made to improve sanitation, increased antibiotic resistance and other factors suggest an effective vaccine is a critical need. Artificial Invaplex (InvaplexAR) is a subunit vaccine approach complexing Shigella LPS with invasion plasmid antigens. In pre-clinical studies, the InvaplexAR vaccine demonstrated increased immunogenicity as compared to the first generation product and was subsequently manufactured under cGMP for clinical testing in a first-in-human Phase 1 study. The primary objective of this study was the safety of S. flexneri 2a InvaplexAR given by intranasal (IN) immunization (without adjuvant) in a single-center, open-label, dose-escalating Phase 1 trial and secondarily to assess immunogenicity to identify a dose of InvaplexAR for subsequent clinical evaluations. Subjects received three IN immunizations of InvaplexAR, two weeks apart, in increasing dose cohorts (10 µg, 50 µg, 250 µg, and 500 μg). Adverse events were monitored using symptom surveillance, memory aids, and targeted physical exams. Samples were collected throughout the study to investigate vaccine-induced systemic and mucosal immune responses. There were no adverse events that met vaccination-stopping criteria. The majority (96%) of vaccine-related adverse events were mild in severity (most commonly nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, and post-nasal drip). Vaccination with InvaplexAR induced anti-LPS serum IgG responses and anti-Invaplex IgA and IgG antibody secreting cell (ASC) responses at vaccine doses ≥250 µg. Additionally, mucosal immune responses and functional antibody responses were seen from the serum bactericidal assay measurements. Notably, the responder rates and the kinetics of ASCs and antibody lymphocyte secretion (ALS) were similar, suggesting that either assay may be employed to identify IgG and IgA secreting cells. Further studies with InvaplexAR will evaluate alternative immunization routes, vaccination schedules and formulations to further optimize immunogenicity. (Clinical Trial Registry Number NCT02445963).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Duplessis
- Naval Medical Research Command, Silver Spring, MD, USA; Current Affiliation: University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Kristen A Clarkson
- Department of Diarrheal Disease Research, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; Current Affiliation: Horizon Therapeutics, Deerfield, IL, USA
| | - K Ross Turbyfill
- Department of Diarrheal Disease Research, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
| | - Ashley N Alcala
- Naval Medical Research Command, Silver Spring, MD, USA; Current Affiliation: Tigermed-BDM, Somerset, NJ, USA
| | - Ramiro Gutierrez
- Naval Medical Research Command, Silver Spring, MD, USA; Current Affiliation: Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Mark S Riddle
- Naval Medical Research Command, Silver Spring, MD, USA; Current Affiliation: University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Tida Lee
- Naval Medical Research Command, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Kristopher Paolino
- Clinical Trials Center, Division of Translational Medicine, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; Current Affiliation: Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Hailey P Weerts
- Department of Diarrheal Disease Research, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; Current Affiliation: National Institute of Allery and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amanda Lynen
- Naval Medical Research Command, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Edwin V Oaks
- Department of Diarrheal Disease Research, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; Current Affiliation: Patuxent Research and Consulting Group, Gambrills, MD, USA
| | - Chad K Porter
- Naval Medical Research Command, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Robert Kaminski
- Department of Diarrheal Disease Research, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; Current Affiliation: Latham BioPharm Group, Cambridge, MA, USA
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8
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Cozzi G, Scagnellato L, Lorenzin M, Savarino E, Zingone F, Ometto F, Favero M, Doria A, Vavricka SR, Ramonda R. Spondyloarthritis with inflammatory bowel disease: the latest on biologic and targeted therapies. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2023:10.1038/s41584-023-00984-8. [PMID: 37386288 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-023-00984-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Spondyloarthritis (SpA) encompasses a heterogeneous group of chronic inflammatory diseases that can affect both axial and peripheral joints, tendons and entheses. Among the extra-articular manifestations, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with considerable morbidity and effects on quality of life. In everyday clinical practice, treatment of these conditions requires a close collaboration between gastroenterologists and rheumatologists to enable early detection of joint and intestinal manifestations during follow-up and to choose the most effective therapeutic regimen, implementing precision medicine for each patient's subtype of SpA and IBD. The biggest issue in this field is the dearth of drugs that are approved for both diseases, as only TNF inhibitors are currently approved for the treatment of full-spectrum SpA-IBD. Janus tyrosine kinase inhibitors are among the most promising drugs for the treatment of peripheral and axial SpA, as well as for intestinal manifestations. Other therapies such as inhibitors of IL-23 and IL-17, phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, α4β7 integrin blockers and faecal microbiota transplantation seem to only be able to control some disease domains, or require further studies. Given the growing interest in the development of novel drugs to treat both conditions, it is important to understand the current state of the art and the unmet needs in the management of SpA-IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Cozzi
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Laura Scagnellato
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Lorenzin
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Edoardo Savarino
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Fabiana Zingone
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Francesca Ometto
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Marta Favero
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Doria
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Stephan R Vavricka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zürich and Center for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Roberta Ramonda
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy.
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Kemper L, Hensel A. Campylobacter jejuni: targeting host cells, adhesion, invasion, and survival. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:2725-2754. [PMID: 36941439 PMCID: PMC10027602 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12456-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni, causing strong enteritis, is an unusual bacterium with numerous peculiarities. Chemotactically controlled motility in viscous milieu allows targeted navigation to intestinal mucus and colonization. By phase variation, quorum sensing, extensive O-and N-glycosylation and use of the flagellum as type-3-secretion system C. jejuni adapts effectively to environmental conditions. C. jejuni utilizes proteases to open cell-cell junctions and subsequently transmigrates paracellularly. Fibronectin at the basolateral side of polarized epithelial cells serves as binding site for adhesins CadF and FlpA, leading to intracellular signaling, which again triggers membrane ruffling and reduced host cell migration by focal adhesion. Cell contacts of C. jejuni results in its secretion of invasion antigens, which induce membrane ruffling by paxillin-independent pathway. In addition to fibronectin-binding proteins, other adhesins with other target structures and lectins and their corresponding sugar structures are involved in host-pathogen interaction. Invasion into the intestinal epithelial cell depends on host cell structures. Fibronectin, clathrin, and dynein influence cytoskeletal restructuring, endocytosis, and vesicular transport, through different mechanisms. C. jejuni can persist over a 72-h period in the cell. Campylobacter-containing vacuoles, avoid fusion with lysosomes and enter the perinuclear space via dynein, inducing signaling pathways. Secretion of cytolethal distending toxin directs the cell into programmed cell death, including the pyroptotic release of proinflammatory substances from the destroyed cell compartments. The immune system reacts with an inflammatory cascade by participation of numerous immune cells. The development of autoantibodies, directed not only against lipooligosaccharides, but also against endogenous gangliosides, triggers autoimmune diseases. Lesions of the epithelium result in loss of electrolytes, water, and blood, leading to diarrhea, which flushes out mucus containing C. jejuni. Together with the response of the immune system, this limits infection time. Based on the structural interactions between host cell and bacterium, the numerous virulence mechanisms, signaling, and effects that characterize the infection process of C. jejuni, a wide variety of targets for attenuation of the pathogen can be characterized. The review summarizes strategies of C. jejuni for host-pathogen interaction and should stimulate innovative research towards improved definition of targets for future drug development. KEY POINTS: • Bacterial adhesion of Campylobacter to host cells and invasion into host cells are strictly coordinated processes, which can serve as targets to prevent infection. • Reaction and signalling of host cell depend on the cell type. • Campylobacter virulence factors can be used as targets for development of antivirulence drug compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Kemper
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas Hensel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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10
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Salmonella Exhibit Altered Cellular Localization in the Presence of HLA-B27 and Codistribute with Endo-Reticular Membrane. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:9493019. [PMID: 36157878 PMCID: PMC9507774 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9493019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enteritica (S. enteritica) induce and require unfolded protein response (UPR) pathways for intracellular replication. Salmonella infections can lead to reactive arthritis (ReA), which can exhibit associations with Human Leucocyte Antigen (HLA)-B∗27 : 05. S. enteritica normally reside in a juxtanuclear position to the Golgi apparatus, representing the formation and residence within the Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV). Changes in cellular localization of infecting Salmonella can alter their ability to replicate. We therefore used isogenic epithelial cell lines expressing physiological levels of HLA-B∗27 : 05 heavy chain (HC) and a control HLA-B allele, HLA-B∗35 : 01.HC to determine any changes in Salmonella localization within epithelial cells. Expression of HLA-B∗27 : 05 but not HLA-B∗35 : 01 was associated with a quantifiable change in S. enteritica cellular distribution away from the Golgi apparatus. Furthermore, the Salmonella requirements for UPR induction and the consequences of the concomitant endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane expansion were determined. Using confocal imaging, S. enteritica bacteria exhibited a significant and quantifiable codistribution with endo-reticular membrane as determined by ER tracker staining. Isogenic S. enterica Typhimurium mutant strains, which can infect but exhibit impaired intracellular growth, demonstrated that the activation of the UPR was dependent on an integral intracellular niche. Therefore, these data identify cellular changes accompanying Salmonella induction of the UPR and in the presence of HLA-B27.
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11
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Walker TA, Grainger R, Quirke T, Roos R, Sherwood J, Mackereth G, Kiedrzynski T, Eyre R, Paine S, Wood T, Jagroop A, Baker MG, Jones N. Reactive arthritis incidence in a community cohort following a large waterborne campylobacteriosis outbreak in Havelock North, New Zealand. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e060173. [PMID: 35667727 PMCID: PMC9171216 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-060173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In August 2016, Campylobacter spp contaminated an untreated reticulated water supply resulting in a large-scale gastroenteritis outbreak affecting an estimated 8320 people. We aimed to determine the incidence of probable reactive arthritis (ReA) cases in individuals with culture-confirmed campylobacteriosis (CC), self-reported probable campylobacteriosis (PC) and those reporting no diarrhoea (ND). DESIGN We conducted a retrospective cohort study to identify incidence of probable ReA cases. We identified cases with new ReA symptoms using an adapted acute ReA (AReA) telephone questionnaire. Those reporting ≥1 symptom underwent a telephone interview with the study rheumatologist. Probable ReA was defined as spontaneous onset of pain suggestive of inflammatory arthritis in ≥1 previously asymptomatic joint for ≥3 days occurring ≤12 weeks after outbreak onset. SETTING Population-based epidemiological study in Havelock North, New Zealand. PARTICIPANTS We enrolled notified CC cases with gastroenteritis symptom onsets 5 August 2016-6 September 2016 and conducted a telephone survey of households supplied by the contaminated water source to enrol PC and ND cases. RESULTS One hundred and six (47.3%) CC, 47 (32.6%) PC and 113 (34.3%) ND cases completed the AReA telephone questionnaire. Of those reporting ≥1 new ReA symptom, 45 (75.0%) CC, 13 (68.4%) PC and 14 (82.4%) ND cases completed the rheumatologist telephone interview. Nineteen CC, 4 PC and 2 ND cases developed probable ReA, resulting in minimum incidences of 8.5%, 2.8% and 0.6% and maximum incidences of 23.9%, 12.4% and 2.15%. DISCUSSION We describe high probable ReA incidences among gastroenteritis case types during a very large Campylobacter gastroenteritis outbreak using a resource-efficient method that is feasible to employ in future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany A Walker
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd, Porirua, The New Zealand
| | - Rebecca Grainger
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Wellington, The New Zealand
| | - Terence Quirke
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd, Porirua, The New Zealand
| | - Rebekah Roos
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd, Porirua, The New Zealand
| | - Jill Sherwood
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd, Porirua, The New Zealand
| | - Graham Mackereth
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd, Porirua, The New Zealand
| | | | - Rachel Eyre
- Hawke's Bay District Health Board, Napier, The New Zealand
| | - Shevaun Paine
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd, Porirua, The New Zealand
| | - Tim Wood
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd, Porirua, The New Zealand
| | - Anita Jagroop
- School of Health and Sport Science, Eastern Institute of Technology, Napier, The New Zealand
| | - Michael G Baker
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, The New Zealand
| | - Nicholas Jones
- Hawke's Bay District Health Board, Napier, The New Zealand
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12
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Sahoo RR, Wakhlu A, Agarwal V. Neglected tropical rheumatic diseases. Clin Rheumatol 2022; 41:1293-1304. [PMID: 35142903 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-022-06090-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The complexities of dealing with rheumatic diseases in tropical countries are diverse and likely due to limited health care infrastructure, lack of diagnostic and therapeutic facilities, impact of dominant prevailing diseases, and the challenges of differentiating from infectious and non-infectious disease mimics. Several tropical diseases present with musculoskeletal and rheumatic manifestations and often pose a diagnostic dilemma to rheumatologists. The diagnosis is often delayed or the disease is misdiagnosed, leading to poor patient outcomes. Endemic tropical diseases like tuberculosis and leprosy have myriad rheumatic presentations and remain important differentials to consider in patients with rheumatic manifestations. Infection with human immunodeficiency virus is a great masquerade and can mimic manifestations of multiple diseases. The role of viral infections in triggering and perpetuating autoimmunity is well known and chikungunya arthritis is a classic example of the same. This review highlights the rheumatic manifestations of tropical diseases and aims to create awareness among the caregivers. Key Points • It is crucial to be aware and identify infectious diseases presenting with rheumatic manifestations in the tropics. • Presentations akin to classic rheumatic syndromes such as rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and vasculitis are common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmi Ranjan Sahoo
- Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology Services, Apollomedics Super Specialty Hospitals, Lucknow, 226012, India
| | - Anupam Wakhlu
- Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology Services, Apollomedics Super Specialty Hospitals, Lucknow, 226012, India
| | - Vikas Agarwal
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow-226014, India.
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13
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Ananthanathorn P, Sukharomana M, Charuvanij S. Clinical profiles of post-infectious arthritis and transient synovitis of the hip in children. Pediatr Int 2022; 64:e15237. [PMID: 35938590 DOI: 10.1111/ped.15237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute inflammatory arthritides can present as a result of immune reaction following infections. Post-infectious arthritis and transient synovitis of the hip in children are included in this disease entity. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical profiles of post-infectious arthritis and transient synovitis of the hip in Thai children. METHODS A retrospective review was performed at a tertiary care hospital in Bangkok, Thailand from January 2005 to July 2017. RESULTS Eighty-six patients (56 boys and 30 girls) were included in this study. Mean age was 8.4 ± 4.8 years. Reactive arthritis was diagnosed in two patients (2.3%) following Salmonella spp. and Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Post-streptococcal reactive arthritis was present in 10 patients (11.6%). Transient synovitis of the hip was found in 30 patients (34.9%). Forty-four patients (51.2%) were clinically diagnosed with post-infectious arthritis. Mono/oligoarthritis was the most common clinical profile (84.9%). The distribution of lower-extremity involvement was as follows: hip, 47.6%; knee, 46.5%; and ankle joints, 30.2%. The documented preceding illness consisted mostly of upper respiratory tract symptoms (30.2%). Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were prescribed for 70 patients (81.4%). CONCLUSION Mono/oligoarthritis of the lower extremity was the main clinical profile. Preceding viral illness was documented in one-third of children. Reactive arthritis was rarely seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paween Ananthanathorn
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Maynart Sukharomana
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sirirat Charuvanij
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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14
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Skotnitzki E, Suchodolski JS, Busch K, Werner M, Zablotski Y, Ballhausen BD, Neuerer F, Unterer S. Frequency of signs of chronic gastrointestinal disease in dogs after an episode of acute hemorrhagic diarrhea. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 36:59-65. [PMID: 34894013 PMCID: PMC8783318 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute enteropathy is a trigger of chronic gastrointestinal (GI) disease in humans. OBJECTIVE To report the prevalence of and explore possible risk factors for signs of chronic GI disease in dogs after an episode of acute hemorrhagic diarrhea (AHD). ANIMALS One hundred and fifty-one dogs, 80 dogs with a historical diagnosis of AHD, 71 control dogs with no history of AHD. METHODS In this retrospective longitudinal study, data were collected from dogs with a historical diagnosis of AHD and healthy controls matched by breed, age and sex, aged between 1 year and 15 years of age, for which a follow-up of at least 12 months after enrolment was available. Dog owners responded to a questionnaire to determine the history of signs of chronic GI disease. RESULTS There was a higher prevalence of signs of chronic GI disease in the dogs with a previous episode of AHD compared to control dogs (AHD 28%; controls 13%; P = .03; odds ratio = 2.57; confidence interval [CI] 95% 1.12-6.31) over a similar observation time (median 4 years; range, 1-12 years). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Severe intestinal mucosal damage and associated barrier dysfunction might trigger chronic GI disease later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Skotnitzki
- Clinic of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Kathrin Busch
- Clinic of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Melanie Werner
- Clinic of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Yury Zablotski
- Clinic of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Felix Neuerer
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine Ismaning, Ismaning, Germany
| | - Stefan Unterer
- Clinic of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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15
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Gamalero L, Ferrara G, Giani T, Cimaz R. Acute Arthritis in Children: How to Discern between Septic and Non-Septic Arthritis? CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 8:912. [PMID: 34682177 PMCID: PMC8535083 DOI: 10.3390/children8100912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The term septic arthritis refers to an infection of the synovial space. This is an infrequent condition in healthy children, but it should be considered a medical emergency potentially leading to irreversible articular damage. Therefore, prompt diagnosis and antimicrobial treatment play a crucial role in improving the prognosis. Although septic arthritis is the most common cause of acute arthritis, many other diseases may mimic a similar clinical picture, constituting a diagnostic challenge for the clinician who first approaches the patient. Herein we analyze the main features of septic arthritis, offering an overview of the main conditions involved in the differential diagnosis and suggesting a diagnostic workup plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Gamalero
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy;
| | | | - Teresa Giani
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Rolando Cimaz
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
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16
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Abstract
Reactive arthritis (ReA) is a form of inflammatory arthritis triggered by a remote antecedent infection, usually in the genitourinary or gastrointestinal tract. It is part of the spondyloarthropathy (SpA) spectrum, an umbrella term for a group of distinct conditions with shared clinical features. Typically, it presents with an asymmetric oligoarthritis of the lower limb joints, and patients may also have sacroiliitis, enthesitis and dactylitis. Other features often seen include anterior uveitis, urethritis and skin manifestations such as pustular lesions on the plantar areas. Although ReA was characterised initially as a sterile arthritis, the detection of metabolically active Chlamydia species in the joint fluid of some affected patients has generated further questions on the pathophysiology of this condition. There are no formal diagnostic criteria, and the diagnosis is mainly clinical. HLA-B27 can support the diagnosis in the correct clinical context, and serves as a prognostic indicator. The majority of patients have a self-limiting course, but some develop chronic SpA and require immunomodulatory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameen Jubber
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, LE1 5WW, UK,
| | - Arumugam Moorthy
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester; College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester
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17
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Meer E, Thrastardottir T, Wang X, Dubreuil M, Chen Y, Gelfand JM, Love TJ, Ogdie A. Risk factors for diagnosis of psoriatic arthritis, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis: A set of parallel case-control studies. J Rheumatol 2021; 49:53-59. [PMID: 34334358 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.210006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare potential risk factors for the diagnosis of psoriatic arthritis (PsA), psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and ankylosing spondylitis (AS). METHODS Four parallel case-control studies were conducted within The Health Improvement Network using data between 1994 and 2015. Patients with PsA, psoriasis, RA, or AS were identified using validated code lists and matched to controls on age, sex, practice, and year. Risk factors were selected in the time prior to diagnosis. Multivariable logistic regression models were constructed for each disease using automated stepwise regression to test potential risk factors. RESULTS Patients with incident PsA (N=7,594), psoriasis (N=111,375), RA (N=28,341), and AS (N=3, 253) were identified and matched to 75,930, 1,113,345, 282,226, and 32,530 controls, respectively. Median diagnosis age was 48 (IQR 38-59), 41 (31-54), 43 (31-54), and 60 (48-71), respectively. In multivariable models, there were some shared and some differing risk factors across all 4 diseases: PsA was associated with obesity, pharyngitis, and skin infections; PsA and psoriasis were associated with obesity and moderate alcohol intake; PsA and AS were associated with uveitis; and PsA and RA were associated with preceding gout. Both RA and AS were associated with current smoking, former moderate drinking, anemia, osteoporosis, and inflammatory bowel disease. All shared former or current smoking as a risk factor; statin use was inversely associated with all 4 diseases. CONCLUSION Shared and different risk factors for PsA, psoriasis, RA, and AS were identified. Statin use was inversely associated with all 4 conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elana Meer
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States; Department of Medicine/Rheumatology, University of Iceland and Landspitali, Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States; Department of Medicine/Rheumatology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States; Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States; Department of Medicine/Rheumatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. Source of Support: This work was supported in part by NIH K23 AR063764 (PI Ogdie) and internal funds from the University of Pennsylvania. Maureen Dubreil was supported by NIH K23 AR06912701. Conflict of Interest: Elana Meer, Telma Thrastardottir, Maureen Dubreuil, Xingmei Wang, and Yong Chen report no conflicts of interest. Joel Gelfand served as a consultant for BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Lilly, Janssen Biologics, Novartis Corp, UCB (DSMB), Neuroderm (DSMB), Dr. Reddy's Labs, Pfizer Inc., and Sun Pharma, receiving honoraria; receives research grants (to the Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania) from Abbvie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Janssen, Novartis Corp, Celgene, Ortho Dermatologics, and Pfizer Inc.; and received payment for continuing medical education work related to psoriasis that was supported indirectly by Lilly, Ortho Dermatologics, and Novartis. Dr. Gelfand is a co-patent holder of resiquimod for treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma. Dr. Gelfand is a Deputy Editor for the Journal of Investigative Dermatology receiving honoraria from the Society for Investigative Dermatology and is a member of the Board of Directors for the International Psoriasis Council, receiving no honoraria. Thorvardur Love has received reimbursement from Celgene for speaking about guidelines for the treatment of psoriatic arthritis. Alexis Ogdie has served as a consultant for Abbvie, Amgen, BMS, Celgene, Corrona, Global Health Living Foundation, Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, and Takeda and has received grants to the University of Pennsylvania from Pfizer and Novartis and to Forward from Amgen. Her husband has received royalties from Novartis. Corresponding Author: Alexis Ogdie, MD MSCE, University of Pennsylvania, Division of Rheumatology, 3400 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104;
| | - Telma Thrastardottir
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States; Department of Medicine/Rheumatology, University of Iceland and Landspitali, Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States; Department of Medicine/Rheumatology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States; Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States; Department of Medicine/Rheumatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. Source of Support: This work was supported in part by NIH K23 AR063764 (PI Ogdie) and internal funds from the University of Pennsylvania. Maureen Dubreil was supported by NIH K23 AR06912701. Conflict of Interest: Elana Meer, Telma Thrastardottir, Maureen Dubreuil, Xingmei Wang, and Yong Chen report no conflicts of interest. Joel Gelfand served as a consultant for BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Lilly, Janssen Biologics, Novartis Corp, UCB (DSMB), Neuroderm (DSMB), Dr. Reddy's Labs, Pfizer Inc., and Sun Pharma, receiving honoraria; receives research grants (to the Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania) from Abbvie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Janssen, Novartis Corp, Celgene, Ortho Dermatologics, and Pfizer Inc.; and received payment for continuing medical education work related to psoriasis that was supported indirectly by Lilly, Ortho Dermatologics, and Novartis. Dr. Gelfand is a co-patent holder of resiquimod for treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma. Dr. Gelfand is a Deputy Editor for the Journal of Investigative Dermatology receiving honoraria from the Society for Investigative Dermatology and is a member of the Board of Directors for the International Psoriasis Council, receiving no honoraria. Thorvardur Love has received reimbursement from Celgene for speaking about guidelines for the treatment of psoriatic arthritis. Alexis Ogdie has served as a consultant for Abbvie, Amgen, BMS, Celgene, Corrona, Global Health Living Foundation, Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, and Takeda and has received grants to the University of Pennsylvania from Pfizer and Novartis and to Forward from Amgen. Her husband has received royalties from Novartis. Corresponding Author: Alexis Ogdie, MD MSCE, University of Pennsylvania, Division of Rheumatology, 3400 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104;
| | - Xingmei Wang
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States; Department of Medicine/Rheumatology, University of Iceland and Landspitali, Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States; Department of Medicine/Rheumatology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States; Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States; Department of Medicine/Rheumatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. Source of Support: This work was supported in part by NIH K23 AR063764 (PI Ogdie) and internal funds from the University of Pennsylvania. Maureen Dubreil was supported by NIH K23 AR06912701. Conflict of Interest: Elana Meer, Telma Thrastardottir, Maureen Dubreuil, Xingmei Wang, and Yong Chen report no conflicts of interest. Joel Gelfand served as a consultant for BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Lilly, Janssen Biologics, Novartis Corp, UCB (DSMB), Neuroderm (DSMB), Dr. Reddy's Labs, Pfizer Inc., and Sun Pharma, receiving honoraria; receives research grants (to the Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania) from Abbvie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Janssen, Novartis Corp, Celgene, Ortho Dermatologics, and Pfizer Inc.; and received payment for continuing medical education work related to psoriasis that was supported indirectly by Lilly, Ortho Dermatologics, and Novartis. Dr. Gelfand is a co-patent holder of resiquimod for treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma. Dr. Gelfand is a Deputy Editor for the Journal of Investigative Dermatology receiving honoraria from the Society for Investigative Dermatology and is a member of the Board of Directors for the International Psoriasis Council, receiving no honoraria. Thorvardur Love has received reimbursement from Celgene for speaking about guidelines for the treatment of psoriatic arthritis. Alexis Ogdie has served as a consultant for Abbvie, Amgen, BMS, Celgene, Corrona, Global Health Living Foundation, Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, and Takeda and has received grants to the University of Pennsylvania from Pfizer and Novartis and to Forward from Amgen. Her husband has received royalties from Novartis. Corresponding Author: Alexis Ogdie, MD MSCE, University of Pennsylvania, Division of Rheumatology, 3400 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104;
| | - Maureen Dubreuil
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States; Department of Medicine/Rheumatology, University of Iceland and Landspitali, Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States; Department of Medicine/Rheumatology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States; Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States; Department of Medicine/Rheumatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. Source of Support: This work was supported in part by NIH K23 AR063764 (PI Ogdie) and internal funds from the University of Pennsylvania. Maureen Dubreil was supported by NIH K23 AR06912701. Conflict of Interest: Elana Meer, Telma Thrastardottir, Maureen Dubreuil, Xingmei Wang, and Yong Chen report no conflicts of interest. Joel Gelfand served as a consultant for BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Lilly, Janssen Biologics, Novartis Corp, UCB (DSMB), Neuroderm (DSMB), Dr. Reddy's Labs, Pfizer Inc., and Sun Pharma, receiving honoraria; receives research grants (to the Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania) from Abbvie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Janssen, Novartis Corp, Celgene, Ortho Dermatologics, and Pfizer Inc.; and received payment for continuing medical education work related to psoriasis that was supported indirectly by Lilly, Ortho Dermatologics, and Novartis. Dr. Gelfand is a co-patent holder of resiquimod for treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma. Dr. Gelfand is a Deputy Editor for the Journal of Investigative Dermatology receiving honoraria from the Society for Investigative Dermatology and is a member of the Board of Directors for the International Psoriasis Council, receiving no honoraria. Thorvardur Love has received reimbursement from Celgene for speaking about guidelines for the treatment of psoriatic arthritis. Alexis Ogdie has served as a consultant for Abbvie, Amgen, BMS, Celgene, Corrona, Global Health Living Foundation, Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, and Takeda and has received grants to the University of Pennsylvania from Pfizer and Novartis and to Forward from Amgen. Her husband has received royalties from Novartis. Corresponding Author: Alexis Ogdie, MD MSCE, University of Pennsylvania, Division of Rheumatology, 3400 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104;
| | - Yong Chen
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States; Department of Medicine/Rheumatology, University of Iceland and Landspitali, Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States; Department of Medicine/Rheumatology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States; Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States; Department of Medicine/Rheumatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. Source of Support: This work was supported in part by NIH K23 AR063764 (PI Ogdie) and internal funds from the University of Pennsylvania. Maureen Dubreil was supported by NIH K23 AR06912701. Conflict of Interest: Elana Meer, Telma Thrastardottir, Maureen Dubreuil, Xingmei Wang, and Yong Chen report no conflicts of interest. Joel Gelfand served as a consultant for BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Lilly, Janssen Biologics, Novartis Corp, UCB (DSMB), Neuroderm (DSMB), Dr. Reddy's Labs, Pfizer Inc., and Sun Pharma, receiving honoraria; receives research grants (to the Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania) from Abbvie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Janssen, Novartis Corp, Celgene, Ortho Dermatologics, and Pfizer Inc.; and received payment for continuing medical education work related to psoriasis that was supported indirectly by Lilly, Ortho Dermatologics, and Novartis. Dr. Gelfand is a co-patent holder of resiquimod for treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma. Dr. Gelfand is a Deputy Editor for the Journal of Investigative Dermatology receiving honoraria from the Society for Investigative Dermatology and is a member of the Board of Directors for the International Psoriasis Council, receiving no honoraria. Thorvardur Love has received reimbursement from Celgene for speaking about guidelines for the treatment of psoriatic arthritis. Alexis Ogdie has served as a consultant for Abbvie, Amgen, BMS, Celgene, Corrona, Global Health Living Foundation, Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, and Takeda and has received grants to the University of Pennsylvania from Pfizer and Novartis and to Forward from Amgen. Her husband has received royalties from Novartis. Corresponding Author: Alexis Ogdie, MD MSCE, University of Pennsylvania, Division of Rheumatology, 3400 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104;
| | - Joel M Gelfand
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States; Department of Medicine/Rheumatology, University of Iceland and Landspitali, Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States; Department of Medicine/Rheumatology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States; Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States; Department of Medicine/Rheumatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. Source of Support: This work was supported in part by NIH K23 AR063764 (PI Ogdie) and internal funds from the University of Pennsylvania. Maureen Dubreil was supported by NIH K23 AR06912701. Conflict of Interest: Elana Meer, Telma Thrastardottir, Maureen Dubreuil, Xingmei Wang, and Yong Chen report no conflicts of interest. Joel Gelfand served as a consultant for BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Lilly, Janssen Biologics, Novartis Corp, UCB (DSMB), Neuroderm (DSMB), Dr. Reddy's Labs, Pfizer Inc., and Sun Pharma, receiving honoraria; receives research grants (to the Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania) from Abbvie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Janssen, Novartis Corp, Celgene, Ortho Dermatologics, and Pfizer Inc.; and received payment for continuing medical education work related to psoriasis that was supported indirectly by Lilly, Ortho Dermatologics, and Novartis. Dr. Gelfand is a co-patent holder of resiquimod for treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma. Dr. Gelfand is a Deputy Editor for the Journal of Investigative Dermatology receiving honoraria from the Society for Investigative Dermatology and is a member of the Board of Directors for the International Psoriasis Council, receiving no honoraria. Thorvardur Love has received reimbursement from Celgene for speaking about guidelines for the treatment of psoriatic arthritis. Alexis Ogdie has served as a consultant for Abbvie, Amgen, BMS, Celgene, Corrona, Global Health Living Foundation, Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, and Takeda and has received grants to the University of Pennsylvania from Pfizer and Novartis and to Forward from Amgen. Her husband has received royalties from Novartis. Corresponding Author: Alexis Ogdie, MD MSCE, University of Pennsylvania, Division of Rheumatology, 3400 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104;
| | - Thorvardur Jon Love
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States; Department of Medicine/Rheumatology, University of Iceland and Landspitali, Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States; Department of Medicine/Rheumatology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States; Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States; Department of Medicine/Rheumatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. Source of Support: This work was supported in part by NIH K23 AR063764 (PI Ogdie) and internal funds from the University of Pennsylvania. Maureen Dubreil was supported by NIH K23 AR06912701. Conflict of Interest: Elana Meer, Telma Thrastardottir, Maureen Dubreuil, Xingmei Wang, and Yong Chen report no conflicts of interest. Joel Gelfand served as a consultant for BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Lilly, Janssen Biologics, Novartis Corp, UCB (DSMB), Neuroderm (DSMB), Dr. Reddy's Labs, Pfizer Inc., and Sun Pharma, receiving honoraria; receives research grants (to the Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania) from Abbvie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Janssen, Novartis Corp, Celgene, Ortho Dermatologics, and Pfizer Inc.; and received payment for continuing medical education work related to psoriasis that was supported indirectly by Lilly, Ortho Dermatologics, and Novartis. Dr. Gelfand is a co-patent holder of resiquimod for treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma. Dr. Gelfand is a Deputy Editor for the Journal of Investigative Dermatology receiving honoraria from the Society for Investigative Dermatology and is a member of the Board of Directors for the International Psoriasis Council, receiving no honoraria. Thorvardur Love has received reimbursement from Celgene for speaking about guidelines for the treatment of psoriatic arthritis. Alexis Ogdie has served as a consultant for Abbvie, Amgen, BMS, Celgene, Corrona, Global Health Living Foundation, Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, and Takeda and has received grants to the University of Pennsylvania from Pfizer and Novartis and to Forward from Amgen. Her husband has received royalties from Novartis. Corresponding Author: Alexis Ogdie, MD MSCE, University of Pennsylvania, Division of Rheumatology, 3400 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104;
| | - Alexis Ogdie
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States; Department of Medicine/Rheumatology, University of Iceland and Landspitali, Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States; Department of Medicine/Rheumatology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States; Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States; Department of Medicine/Rheumatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. Source of Support: This work was supported in part by NIH K23 AR063764 (PI Ogdie) and internal funds from the University of Pennsylvania. Maureen Dubreil was supported by NIH K23 AR06912701. Conflict of Interest: Elana Meer, Telma Thrastardottir, Maureen Dubreuil, Xingmei Wang, and Yong Chen report no conflicts of interest. Joel Gelfand served as a consultant for BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Lilly, Janssen Biologics, Novartis Corp, UCB (DSMB), Neuroderm (DSMB), Dr. Reddy's Labs, Pfizer Inc., and Sun Pharma, receiving honoraria; receives research grants (to the Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania) from Abbvie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Janssen, Novartis Corp, Celgene, Ortho Dermatologics, and Pfizer Inc.; and received payment for continuing medical education work related to psoriasis that was supported indirectly by Lilly, Ortho Dermatologics, and Novartis. Dr. Gelfand is a co-patent holder of resiquimod for treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma. Dr. Gelfand is a Deputy Editor for the Journal of Investigative Dermatology receiving honoraria from the Society for Investigative Dermatology and is a member of the Board of Directors for the International Psoriasis Council, receiving no honoraria. Thorvardur Love has received reimbursement from Celgene for speaking about guidelines for the treatment of psoriatic arthritis. Alexis Ogdie has served as a consultant for Abbvie, Amgen, BMS, Celgene, Corrona, Global Health Living Foundation, Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, and Takeda and has received grants to the University of Pennsylvania from Pfizer and Novartis and to Forward from Amgen. Her husband has received royalties from Novartis. Corresponding Author: Alexis Ogdie, MD MSCE, University of Pennsylvania, Division of Rheumatology, 3400 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104;
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Molecular determinants of peaceful coexistence versus invasiveness of non-Typhoidal Salmonella: Implications in long-term side-effects. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 81:100997. [PMID: 34311996 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.100997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The genus Salmonella represents a wide range of strains including Typhoidal and Non-Typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) isolates that exhibit illnesses of varied pathophysiologies. The more frequent NTS ensues a self-limiting enterocolitis with rare occasions of bacteremia or systemic infections. These self-limiting Salmonella strains are capable of subverting and dampening the host immune system to achieve a more prolonged survival inside the host system thus leading to chronic manifestations. Notably, emergence of new invasive NTS isolates known as invasive Non-Typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) have worsened the disease burden significantly in some parts of the world. NTS strains adapt to attain persister phenotype intracellularly and cause relapsing infections. These chronic infections, in susceptible hosts, are also capable of causing diseases like IBS, IBD, reactive arthritis, gallbladder cancer and colorectal cancer. The present understanding of molecular mechanism of how these chronic infections are manifested is quite limited. The current work is an effort to review the prevailing knowledge emanating from a large volume of research focusing on various forms of NTS infections including those that cause localized, systemic and persistent disease. The review will further dwell into the understanding of how this pathogen contributes to the associated long term sequelae.
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Pogreba-Brown K, Austhof E, Tang X, Trejo MJ, Owusu-Dommey A, Boyd K, Armstrong A, Schaefer K, Bazaco MC, Batz M, Riddle M, Porter C. Enteric Pathogens and Reactive Arthritis: Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Pathogen-Associated Reactive Arthritis. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2021; 18:627-639. [PMID: 34255548 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2020.2910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to estimate the proportion of postinfectious reactive arthritis (ReA) after bacterial enteric infection from one of four selected pathogens. We collected studies from PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase, which assessed the proportion of postinfectious ReA published from January 1, 2000 to April 1, 2018. Papers were screened independently by title, abstract, and full text; papers in English, Spanish, and Portuguese utilizing a case-control (CC) or cohort study design, with a laboratory confirmed or probable acute bacterial enteric infection and subsequent ReA, were included. The proportion of ReA cases was pooled between and across pathogens. Factors that can induce study heterogeneity were explored using univariate meta-regression, including region, sample size, study design, and ReA case ascertainment. Twenty-four articles were included in the final review. The estimated percentage of cases across studies describing Campylobacter-associated ReA (n = 11) was 1.71 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.49-5.84%); Salmonella (n = 17) was 3.9 (95% CI 1.6-9.1%); Shigella (n = 6) was 1.0 (95% CI 0.2-4.9%); and Yersinia (n = 7) was 3.4 (95% CI 0.8-13.7%). Combining all four pathogens, the estimated percentage of cases that developed ReA was 2.6 (95% CI 1.5-4.7%). Due to high heterogeneity reflected by high I2 values, results should be interpreted with caution. However, the pooled proportion developing ReA from studies with sample sizes (N) <1000 were higher compared with N > 1000 (6% vs. 0.3%), retrospective cohort studies were lower (1.1%) compared with CC or prospective cohorts (6.8% and 5.9%, respectively), and those where ReA cases are identified through medical record review were lower (0.3%) than those identified by a specialist (3.9%) or self-report (12%). The estimated percentage of people who developed ReA after infection with Campylobacter, Salmonella, Shigella, or Yersinia is relatively low (2.6). In the United States, this estimate would result in 84,480 new cases of ReA annually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Pogreba-Brown
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Erika Austhof
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Xin Tang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Mario J Trejo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Ama Owusu-Dommey
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Kylie Boyd
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Alexandra Armstrong
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Kenzie Schaefer
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Michael Batz
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark Riddle
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Chad Porter
- Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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20
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Märker-Hermann E. [Update: enterogenic spondylarthritis]. Z Rheumatol 2021; 80:539-551. [PMID: 34046687 DOI: 10.1007/s00393-021-01014-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Spondylarthritis (SpA) is one of the most frequent extraintestinal manifestations of chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Several arthritogenic enterobacterial infections can induce sequelae such as reactive SpA. Studies on the gut-synovium axis in view of genetic, immunological, clinical and therapeutic aspects has made enterogenic SpA a model disease of all forms of SpA. The same applies for investigating IBD, as subclinical gut inflammation seen in SpA patients has provided significant evidence for a better understanding of mucosa-associated early immune events in Crohn's disease (CD). This article summarizes the pathognomonic clinical features, diagnostic steps, differential diagnosis and current pathogenetic models of enterogenic SpA. Knowledge of pathogenetic contexts leads to concrete treatment recommendations. These vary individually depending on the underlying IBD, on the inflammatory intestinal or rheumatic activity and on the rheumatological manifestation pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Märker-Hermann
- Klinik Innere Medizin IV Rheumatologie, klinische Immunologie und Nephrologie, Helios Dr. Horst Schmidt-Kliniken Wiesbaden, Ludwig-Erhard-Str. 100, 65199, Wiesbaden, Deutschland.
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21
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McCowin SE, Moreau GB, Haque R, Noble JA, McDevitt SL, Donowitz JR, Alam MM, Kirkpatrick BD, Petri WA, Marie C. HLA class I and II associations with common enteric pathogens in the first year of life. EBioMedicine 2021; 67:103346. [PMID: 33910121 PMCID: PMC8093888 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND genetic susceptibility to infection is mediated by numerous host factors, including the highly diverse, classical human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes, which are critical genetic determinants of immunity. We systematically evaluated the effect of HLA alleles and haplotypes on susceptibility to 12 common enteric infections in children during the first year of life in an urban slum of Dhaka, Bangladesh. METHODS a birth cohort of 601 Bangladeshi infants was prospectively monitored for diarrhoeal disease. Each diarrhoeal stool sample was analyzed for enteric pathogens by multiplex TaqMan Array Card (TAC). High resolution genotyping of HLA class I (A and B) and II (DRB1, DQA1, and DQB1) genes was performed by next-generation sequencing. We compared the frequency of HLA alleles and haplotypes between infected and uninfected children. FINDINGS we identified six individual allele associations and one five-locus haplotype association. One allele was associated with protection: A*24:02 - EAEC. Five alleles were associated with increased risk: A*24:17 - typical EPEC, B*15:01 - astrovirus, B*38:02 - astrovirus, B*38:02 - Cryptosporidium and DQA1*01:01 - Cryptosporidium. A single five-locus haplotype was associated with protection: A*11:01~B*15:02~DRB1*12:02~DQA1*06:01~DQB1*03:01- adenovirus 40/41. INTERPRETATION our findings suggest a role for HLA in susceptibility to early enteric infection for five pathogens. Understanding the genetic contribution of HLA in susceptibility has important implications in vaccine design and understanding regional differences in incidence of enteric infection. FUNDING this research was supported by the National Institute of Health (NIH) and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayo E. McCowin
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - G. Brett Moreau
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rashidul Haque
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Janelle A. Noble
- Department of Paediatrics, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shana L. McDevitt
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Donowitz
- Children's Hospital of Richmond at Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Md Masud Alam
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Beth D. Kirkpatrick
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - William A. Petri
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Chelsea Marie
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Corresponding author.
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Ehuwa O, Jaiswal AK, Jaiswal S. Salmonella, Food Safety and Food Handling Practices. Foods 2021; 10:907. [PMID: 33919142 PMCID: PMC8143179 DOI: 10.3390/foods10050907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonellosis is the second most reported gastrointestinal disorder in the EU resulting from the consumption of Salmonella-contaminated foods. Symptoms include gastroenteritis, abdominal cramps, bloody diarrhoea, fever, myalgia, headache, nausea and vomiting. In 2018, Salmonella accounted for more than half of the numbers of foodborne outbreak illnesses reported in the EU. Salmonella contamination is mostly associated with produce such as poultry, cattle and their feeds but other products such as dried foods, infant formula, fruit and vegetable products and pets have become important. Efforts aimed at controlling Salmonella are being made. For example, legislation and measures put in place reduced the number of hospitalizations between 2014 and 2015. However, the number of hospitalizations started to increase in 2016. This calls for more stringent controls at the level of government and the private sector. Food handlers of "meat processing" and "Ready to Eat" foods play a crucial role in the spread of Salmonella. This review presents an updated overview of the global epidemiology, the relevance of official control, the disease associated with food handlers and the importance of food safety concerning salmonellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olugbenga Ehuwa
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, College of Sciences and Health, Technological University Dublin—City Campus, Central Quad, Grangegorman, D07 EWV4 Dublin, Ireland; (O.E.); (S.J.)
| | - Amit K. Jaiswal
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, College of Sciences and Health, Technological University Dublin—City Campus, Central Quad, Grangegorman, D07 EWV4 Dublin, Ireland; (O.E.); (S.J.)
- Environmental Sustainability and Health Institute (ESHI), Technological University Dublin—City Campus, Grangegorman, D07 H6K8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Swarna Jaiswal
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, College of Sciences and Health, Technological University Dublin—City Campus, Central Quad, Grangegorman, D07 EWV4 Dublin, Ireland; (O.E.); (S.J.)
- Environmental Sustainability and Health Institute (ESHI), Technological University Dublin—City Campus, Grangegorman, D07 H6K8 Dublin, Ireland
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Prevalence of Human Leukocyte Antigen B27 Positivity and Microbiological Profiles of Patients with Reactive Arthritis – A Cross Sectional Study. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.15.1.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aims to determine the spectrum of etiological agents and to screen HLA-B27 and, related inflammatory markers in patients presenting with symptoms of Spondyloarthritis(SpA) post diarrhea, which can aid in prompt diagnosis of reactive arthritis (ReA). A total of 903 stool samples of patients presenting with diarrhea were collected and screened with microscopic and culture techniques to identify the etiological agents. Blood samples of patients presenting with both diarrhea and arthritis were collected and subjected to C- reactive protein(CRP), Erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR) and Human Leukocyte Antigen B27(HLA-B27) detection tests.Among the total of 903 patients, 20 Salmonella species were isolated. Othergut microbes identified included Escherichia coli 572(63%), Klebsiella species 126(14%), Proteus vulgaris 43(5%), Proteus mirabilis 27(3%), Citrobacter species and Enterococcus species 8(1%), while some of these organisms(3.2%) caused inflammation resulting in ReA. Parasitic etiology was found in 99 patients, among which the most common parasites include Entamoeba histolytica and hookworm, identified through microscopy. Among the total, 29 patients were found to have symptoms of joint pain with articular and extra articular manifestations, and some associated with HLA-B27.
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Sharif K, Bridgewood C, Dubash S, McGonagle D. Intestinal and enthesis innate immunity in early axial spondyloarthropathy. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 59:iv67-iv78. [PMID: 33053197 PMCID: PMC7566539 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keaa408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Axial SpA (axSpA), encompassing AS, is a multifactorial disease that localizes to sites of high spinal biomechanical stress. Much has been written on T cells and adaptive immunity in axSpA, which is understandable given the very strong HLA-B27 disease association. Extra-axial disease characteristically involves the anterior uveal tract, aortic root, lung apex and terminal ileum. Under recent classification, axSpA is classified as an intermediate between autoimmunity and autoinflammatory disease, with the latter term being synonymous with innate immune dysregulation. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the ‘danger signals’ from both the exogenous intestinal microbiotal adjuvants or pathogen-associated molecular patterns that access the circulation and endogenously derived damaged self-tissue or damage-associated molecular patterns derived from entheses and other sites of high biomechanical stress or damage that may serve as key drivers of axSpA onset, evolution, disease flares and eventual outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassem Sharif
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Charlie Bridgewood
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Sayam Dubash
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,National Institute for Health Research, Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals, Leeds, UK
| | - Dennis McGonagle
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,National Institute for Health Research, Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals, Leeds, UK
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Gill T, Rosenbaum JT. Putative Pathobionts in HLA-B27-Associated Spondyloarthropathy. Front Immunol 2021; 11:586494. [PMID: 33537028 PMCID: PMC7848169 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.586494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Spondyloarthritis (SpA) is a group of immune mediated inflammatory diseases with a strong association to the major histocompatibility (MHC) class I molecule, HLA-B27. Although the association between HLA-B27 and AS has been known for almost 50 years, the mechanisms underlying disease pathogenesis are elusive. Over the years, three hypotheses have been proposed to explain HLA-B27 and disease association: 1) HLA B27 presents arthritogenic peptides and thus creates a pathological immune response; 2) HLA-B27 misfolding causes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress which activates the unfolded protein response (UPR); 3) HLA-B27 dimerizes on the cell surface and acts as a target for natural killer (NK) cells. None of these hypotheses explains SpA pathogenesis completely. Evidence supports the hypothesis that HLA-B27-related diseases have a microbial pathogenesis. In animal models of various SpAs, a germ-free environment abrogates disease development and colonizing these animals with gut commensal microbes can restore disease manifestations. The depth of microbial influence on SpA development has been realized due to our ability to characterize microbial communities in the gut using next-generation sequencing approaches. In this review, we will discuss various putative pathobionts in the pathogenesis of HLA-B27-associated diseases. We pursue whether a single pathobiont or a disruption of microbial community and function is associated with HLA-B27-related diseases. Furthermore, rather than a specific pathobiont, metabolic functions of various disease-associated microbes might be key. While the use of germ-free models of SpA have facilitated understanding the role of microbes in disease development, future studies with animal models that mimic diverse microbial communities instead of mono-colonization are indispensable. We discuss the causal mechanisms underlying disease pathogenesis including the role of these pathobionts on mucin degradation, mucosal adherence, and gut epithelial barrier disruption and inflammation. Finally, we review the various uses of microbes as therapeutic modalities including pre/probiotics, diet, microbial metabolites and fecal microbiota transplant. Unravelling these complex host-microbe interactions will lead to the development of new targets/therapies for alleviation of SpA and other HLA-B27 associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejpal Gill
- Division of Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - James T Rosenbaum
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Medicine, and Cell Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Legacy Devers Eye Institute, Portland, OR, United States
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Abstract
Was ist neu?
Epidemiologie und Pathogenese Campylobacter jejuni/enteritidis ist in Westeuropa zu einem der häufigsten Erreger der ReA geworden. Auch nach mit Reisediarrhö assoziierten Escherischia-coli-Infektionen (DEC-Infektionen) können Arthralgien und milde ReA auftreten. HLA-B27 spielt eine Rolle bei der Erregerinvasion und -persistenz in Zellen der Mukosa und als antigenpräsentierendes Molekül. Neu sind Erkenntnisse, dass durch Auslösung einer Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) als Folge einer Fehlfaltung des HLA-B27-Moleküls eine proinflammatorische Stressantwort ausgelöst werden kann und dass enterobakterielle Infektionen diese Reaktion des angeborenen Immunsystems auslösen oder verstärken.
Diagnostik Die Diagnostik beruht nicht auf einzelnen Parametern, sondern auf einer Kombination von klinischen, anamnestischen und serologischen bzw. PCR-basierten Faktoren.
Therapie Antibiotika werden nur zur Therapie einer noch bestehenden Chlamydophilia-trachomatis-Infektion an der Eintrittspforte (urogenital) eingesetzt, nicht aber zur Therapie der posturethritischen oder postenteritischen ReA. Bei therapierefraktären chronischen Verläufen können Biologika (TNF-Inhibitoren) entsprechend ihrer Zulassung bei Spondyloarthritiden eingesetzt werden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Märker-Hermann
- Klinik Innere Medizin IV (Rheumatologie, Klinische Immunologie und Nephrologie), Helios Dr. Horst Schmidt Kliniken Wiesbaden
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Bender TTA, Leyens J, Sellin J, Kravchenko D, Conrad R, Mücke M, Seidel MF. Therapeutic options for patients with rare rheumatic diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2020; 15:308. [PMID: 33129321 PMCID: PMC7603763 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-020-01576-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rare diseases (RDs) in rheumatology as a group have a high prevalence, but randomized controlled trials are hampered by their heterogeneity and low individual prevalence. To survey the current evidence of pharmacotherapies for rare rheumatic diseases, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of RDs in rheumatology for different pharmaco-interventions were included into this meta-analysis if there were two or more trials investigating the same RD and using the same assessment tools or outcome parameters. The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, Embase, and PUBMED were searched up to April 2nd 2020. The overall objective of this study was to identify RCTs of RDs in rheumatology, evaluate the overall quality of these studies, outline the evidence of pharmacotherapy, and summarize recommended therapeutic regimens. Results We screened 187 publications, and 50 RCTs met our inclusion criteria. In total, we analyzed data of 13 different RDs. We identified several sources of potential bias, such as a lack of description of blinding methods and allocation concealment, as well as small size of the study population. Meta-analysis was possible for 26 studies covering six RDs: Hunter disease, Behçet’s disease, giant cell arteritis, ANCA-associated vasculitis, reactive arthritis, and systemic sclerosis. The pharmacotherapies tested in these studies consisted of immunosuppressants, such as corticosteroids, methotrexate and azathioprine, or biologicals. We found solid evidence for idursulfase as a treatment for Hunter syndrome. In Behçet’s disease, apremilast and IF-α showed promising results with regard to total and partial remission, and Tocilizumab with regard to relapse-free remission in giant cell arteritis. Rituximab, cyclophosphamide, and azathioprine were equally effective in ANCA-associated vasculitis, while mepolizumab improved the efficacy of glucocorticoids. The combination of rifampicin and azithromycin showed promising results in reactive arthritis, while there was no convincing evidence for the efficacy of pharmacotherapy in systemic sclerosis. Conclusion For some diseases such as systemic sclerosis, ANCA-associated vasculitis, or Behcet's disease, higher quality trials were available. These RCTs showed satisfactory efficacies for immunosuppressants or biological drugs, except for systemic sclerosis. More high quality RCTs are urgently warranted for a wide spectrum of RDs in rheumatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim T A Bender
- Center for Rare Diseases Bonn, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Judith Leyens
- Children's University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Julia Sellin
- Center for Rare Diseases Bonn, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Rupert Conrad
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Martin Mücke
- Center for Rare Diseases Bonn, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Matthias F Seidel
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Centre Biel-Bienne, Biel, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Purpose of Review The aim of this paper is to provide an overview about reactive arthritis, with an update regarding pathophysiology and therapeutic approach of the disease, outlining the clinical features and diagnostic approach, based on recent literature review. Recent Findings Reactive arthritis is considered to be part of the spectrum of the spondyloarthritis. Its epidemiology is changing worldwide due to several reasons, among them are as follows: different diagnosis approach and clinical presentations, different grades of infection, microbiome changes, etc. The understanding of pathophysiological models is challenging, but recent studies contribute to elucidate the major factors involved in the development of the disease. The management of ReA depends on the triggering agent and the phase of disease, whether it is acute or chronic. Summary The association between the microbiome changes and spondyloarthropathies (ReA) is becoming increasingly evident. The results regarding the biologic treatment on refectory ReA are promising.
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Abstract
Controlled human infection models (CHIMs) are invaluable tools utilized to understand the human response to infection, potentially leading to protective immune mechanisms and allowing efficacy testing of enteric countermeasures, including vaccines, antibiotics, and other products. The development of an improved Shigella CHIM for both Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri is consistent with international efforts, supported by international donors and the World Health Organization, focused on standardizing Shigella CHIMs and using them to accelerate Shigella vaccine development. The use of lyophilized Shigella challenge strains rather than plate-grown inoculum preparations is considered an important step forward in the standardization process. Furthermore, the results of studies such as this justify the development of lyophilized preparations for additional epidemiologically important S. flexneri serotypes, including S. flexneri 3a and S. flexneri 6. Controlled human infection models (CHIMs) are useful for vaccine development. To improve on existing models, we developed a CHIM using a lyophilized preparation of Shigella sonnei strain 53G produced using current good manufacturing practice (cGMP). Healthy adults were enrolled in an open-label dose-ranging study. Following administration of a dose of rehydrated S. sonnei strain 53G, subjects were monitored for development of disease. The first cohort received 500 CFU of 53G, and dosing of subsequent cohorts was based on results from the previous cohort. Subjects were administered ciprofloxacin on day 5 and discharged home on day 8. Subjects returned as outpatients for clinical checks and sample collection. Attack rates increased as the dose of S. sonnei was increased. Among those receiving the highest dose (1,760 CFU), 70% developed moderate to severe diarrhea, 50% had dysentery, and 40% had fever. Antilipopolysaccharide responses were observed across all cohorts. An S. sonnei CHIM using a lyophilized lot of strain 53G was established. A dose in the range of 1,500 to 2,000 CFU of 53G was selected as the dose for future challenge studies using this product. This model will enable direct comparison of study results between institutions and ensure better consistency over time in the challenge inoculum. IMPORTANCE Controlled human infection models (CHIMs) are invaluable tools utilized to understand the human response to infection, potentially leading to protective immune mechanisms and allowing efficacy testing of enteric countermeasures, including vaccines, antibiotics, and other products. The development of an improved Shigella CHIM for both Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri is consistent with international efforts, supported by international donors and the World Health Organization, focused on standardizing Shigella CHIMs and using them to accelerate Shigella vaccine development. The use of lyophilized Shigella challenge strains rather than plate-grown inoculum preparations is considered an important step forward in the standardization process. Furthermore, the results of studies such as this justify the development of lyophilized preparations for additional epidemiologically important S. flexneri serotypes, including S. flexneri 3a and S. flexneri 6.
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Verma A, Sharda S, Rathi B, Somvanshi P, Pandey BD. Elucidating potential molecular signatures through host-microbe interactions for reactive arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease using combinatorial approach. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15131. [PMID: 32934294 PMCID: PMC7492238 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71674-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive Arthritis (ReA), a rare seronegative inflammatory arthritis, lacks exquisite classification under rheumatic autoimmunity. ReA is solely established using differential clinical diagnosis of the patient cohorts, where pathogenic triggers linked to enteric and urogenital microorganisms e.g. Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, Campylobacter, Chlamydia have been reported. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), an idiopathic enteric disorder co-evolved and attuned to present gut microbiome dysbiosis, can be correlated to the genesis of enteropathic arthropathies like ReA. Gut microbes symbolically modulate immune system homeostasis and are elementary for varied disease patterns in autoimmune disorders. The gut-microbiota axis structured on the core host-microbe interactions execute an imperative role in discerning the etiopathogenesis of ReA and IBD. This study predicts the molecular signatures for ReA with co-evolved IBD through the enveloped host-microbe interactions and microbe-microbe 'interspecies communication', using synonymous gene expression data for selective microbes. We have utilized a combinatorial approach that have concomitant in-silico work-pipeline and experimental validation to corroborate the findings. In-silico analysis involving text mining, metabolic network reconstruction, simulation, filtering, host-microbe interaction, docking and molecular mimicry studies results in robust drug target/s and biomarker/s for co-evolved IBD and ReA. Cross validation of the target/s or biomarker/s was done by targeted gene expression analysis following a non-probabilistic convenience sampling. Studies were performed to substantiate the host-microbe disease network consisting of protein-marker-symptom/disease-pathway-drug associations resulting in possible identification of vital drug targets, biomarkers, pathways and inhibitors for IBD and ReA.Our study identified Na(+)/H(+) anti-porter (NHAA) and Kynureninase (KYNU) to be robust early and essential host-microbe interacting targets for IBD co-evolved ReA. Other vital host-microbe interacting genes, proteins, pathways and drugs include Adenosine Deaminase (ADA), Superoxide Dismutase 2 (SOD2), Catalase (CAT), Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme (ACE), carbon metabolism (folate biosynthesis) and methotrexate. These can serve as potential prognostic/theranostic biomarkers and signatures that can be extrapolated to stratify ReA and related autoimmunity patient cohorts for further pilot studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anukriti Verma
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, J-3 Block, Amity University Campus, Sector-125, Noida, UP, 201313, India
| | - Shivani Sharda
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, J-3 Block, Amity University Campus, Sector-125, Noida, UP, 201313, India.
| | - Bhawna Rathi
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, J-3 Block, Amity University Campus, Sector-125, Noida, UP, 201313, India
| | - Pallavi Somvanshi
- Department of Biotechnology, TERI School of Advanced Studies, 10, Institutional Area, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, 110070, India
| | - Bimlesh Dhar Pandey
- Fortis Hospital, B-22, Sector 62, Gautam Buddh Nagar, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201301, India
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Arias I, Herrera D, Bautista-Molano W, Bello-Gualtero JM, De Avila J, Salas-Cuestas F, Romero-Sánchez C. Increasing of SIgA serum levels may reflect subclinical intestinal involvement in non-radiographic axial and peripheral spondyloarthritis. Clin Rheumatol 2020; 40:1343-1351. [PMID: 32876782 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-020-05369-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The evidence shows that previous infection with enteric pathogens is a requirement to develop pSpA. Based on our previous results, variances on regulation of SIgA might influence SpA activity; thus, the aim of this study was to correlate the levels of SIgA, IgA against some enteric bacteria, and IL-17, IL-21, and IL-6 with clinical features in a group of SpA patients. METHODS Twenty-six pSpA, 20 nr-axSpA, 60 healthy volunteers (HV), and 34 patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) were included. All subjects were assessed to measure SIgA, total and specific IgA for enteric bacteria, and IL-17, IL-21, and IL-6 levels and clinical variables. For SpA patients, the diagnosis was verified 5 years after first evaluation to assess the risk of developing r-axSpA. RESULTS SIgA levels were significantly higher in SpA patients than in HV and IBD (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.047, respectively). However, no differences for SIgA neither total IgA were found among the SpA subtypes (p = 0.624). Only IL-6 was higher in SpA than HV (p = 0.013). An inverse correlation was demonstrated for SIgA and BASFI (r: - 0.45; p = 0.003), BASDAI (r: - 0.39; p = 0.0123), ASDAS-CRP (r: - 0.37; p = 0.014), and ASDAS-ESR (r: - 0.45; p = 0.0021). There was no evidence of risk of developing r-axSpA in patients who previously showed high levels of serum antibodies. CONCLUSION The results show that pSpA as well as nr-axSpA share a similar SIgA-intestinal involvement independently of a previous infection. This suggests that serum SIgA increases are evidence of subclinical intestinal compromise which could have influence on disease activity but not in this progression. Key Point • The levels of SIgA, IgA against some enteric bacteria, and IL-17, IL-21, and IL-6 are correlated with clinical features in a group of SpA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivonne Arias
- Instituto de Genética Humana, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Daniel Herrera
- Instituto de Genética Humana, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Wilson Bautista-Molano
- Rheumatology and Immunology Department / Clinical Immunology Group School of Medicine, Hospital Militar Central, Transversal 3ª # 49-00, Bogotá, 110231, Colombia.,Cellular and Molecular Immunology Group/InmuBo, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan Manuel Bello-Gualtero
- Rheumatology and Immunology Department / Clinical Immunology Group School of Medicine, Hospital Militar Central, Transversal 3ª # 49-00, Bogotá, 110231, Colombia.,Cellular and Molecular Immunology Group/InmuBo, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juliette De Avila
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Group/InmuBo, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Fabián Salas-Cuestas
- Rheumatology and Immunology Department / Clinical Immunology Group School of Medicine, Hospital Militar Central, Transversal 3ª # 49-00, Bogotá, 110231, Colombia.,Cellular and Molecular Immunology Group/InmuBo, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Consuelo Romero-Sánchez
- Rheumatology and Immunology Department / Clinical Immunology Group School of Medicine, Hospital Militar Central, Transversal 3ª # 49-00, Bogotá, 110231, Colombia. .,Cellular and Molecular Immunology Group/InmuBo, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Rouhani S, Griffin NW, Yori PP, Olortegui MP, Siguas Salas M, Rengifo Trigoso D, Moulton LH, Houpt ER, Barratt MJ, Kosek MN, Gordon JI. Gut Microbiota Features Associated With Campylobacter Burden and Postnatal Linear Growth Deficits in a Peruvian Birth Cohort. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 71:1000-1007. [PMID: 31773126 PMCID: PMC7428392 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Campylobacter infection is associated with impaired growth of children, even in the absence of symptoms. To examine the underlying mechanisms, we evaluated associations between Campylobacter infection, linear growth, and fecal microbial community features in a prospective birth cohort of 271 children with a high burden of diarrhea and stunting in the Amazonian lowlands of Peru. METHODS Campylobacter was identified using a broadly reactive, genus-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. 16S rRNA-based analyses were used to identify bacterial taxa in fecal samples at ages 6, 12, 18, and 24 months (N = 928). Associations between infection, growth, and gut microbial community composition were investigated using multiple linear regression adjusting for within-child correlations, age, and breastfeeding. Indicator species analyses identified taxa specifically associated with Campylobacter burden. RESULTS Ninety-three percent (251) of children had Campylobacter present in asymptomatic fecal samples during the follow-up period. A 10% increase in the proportion of stools infected was associated with mean reductions of 0.02 length-for-age z scores (LAZ) at 3, 6, and 9 months thereafter (P < .01). We identified 13 bacterial taxa indicative of cumulative Campylobacter burden and 14 taxa significantly associated with high or low burden of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli, norovirus, or Giardia. CONCLUSIONS Campylobacter infection is common in this cohort and associated with changes in microbial community composition. These results support the notion that disruptions to the fecal microbiota may help explain the observed effects of asymptomatic infections on growth in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Rouhani
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicholas W Griffin
- Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Center for Gut Microbiome and Nutrition Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Pablo Peñataro Yori
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Asociación Benéfica Proyectos en Informática Medicina y Salud, Iquitos, Peru
| | | | - Mery Siguas Salas
- Asociación Benéfica Proyectos en Informática Medicina y Salud, Iquitos, Peru
| | | | - Lawrence H Moulton
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Eric R Houpt
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Michael J Barratt
- Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Center for Gut Microbiome and Nutrition Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Margaret N Kosek
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Jeffrey I Gordon
- Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Center for Gut Microbiome and Nutrition Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Zou M, Yang J, Wiechers C, Huehn J. Acute neonatal Listeria monocytogenes infection causes long-term, organ-specific changes in immune cell subset composition. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2020; 10:98-106. [PMID: 32644940 PMCID: PMC7391377 DOI: 10.1556/1886.2020.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) is a food-borne pathogen with a high chance of infecting neonates, pregnant women, elderly and immunocompromised individuals. Lm infection in neonates can cause neonatal meningitis and sepsis with a high risk of severe neurological and developmental sequelae and high mortality rates. However, whether an acute neonatal Lm infection causes long-term effects on the immune system persisting until adulthood has not been fully elucidated. Here, we established a neonatal Lm infection model and monitored the composition of major immune cell subsets at defined time points post infection (p.i.) in secondary lymphoid organs and the intestine. Twelve weeks p.i., the CD8+ T cell population was decreased in colon and mesenteric lymph nodes (mLNs) with an opposing increase in the spleen. In the colon, we observed an accumulation of CD4+ and CD8+ effector/memory T cells with an increase of T-bet+ T helper 1 (Th1) cells. In addition, 12 weeks p.i. an altered composition of innate lymphoid cell (ILC) and dendritic cell (DC) subsets was still observed in colon and mLNs, respectively. Together, these findings highlight organ-specific long-term consequences of an acute neonatal Lm infection on both the adaptive and innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mangge Zou
- 1Department Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Juhao Yang
- 1Department Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Carolin Wiechers
- 1Department Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jochen Huehn
- 1Department Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,2Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Thames HT, Theradiyil Sukumaran A. A Review of Salmonella and Campylobacter in Broiler Meat: Emerging Challenges and Food Safety Measures. Foods 2020; 9:E776. [PMID: 32545362 PMCID: PMC7353592 DOI: 10.3390/foods9060776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Poultry is one of the largest sources of animal-based protein in the United States. Poultry processing has grown from a small local network of plants to nearly 500 plants nationwide. Two of the most persistent bacteria in poultry processing are Salmonella and Campylobacter. It was not until the introduction of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point systems in 1996 that major efforts to reduce bacterial contamination were developed. Traditionally, chlorine has been the industry standard for decontaminating chicken meat. However, antimicrobials such as peracetic acid, cetylpyridinium chloride, and acidified sodium chlorite have replaced chlorine as primary antimicrobials. Despite current interventions, the emergence of stress-tolerant and biofilm-forming Salmonella and Campylobacter is of primary concern. In an effort to offset growing tolerance from microbes, novel techniques such as cold plasma treatment, electrostatic spraying, and bacteriophage-based applications have been investigated as alternatives to conventional treatments, while new chemical antimicrobials such as Amplon and sodium ferrate are investigated as well. This review provides an overview of poultry processing in the United States, major microbes in poultry processing, current interventions, emerging issues, and emerging technologies in antimicrobial treatments.
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Muhammad MH, Idris AL, Fan X, Guo Y, Yu Y, Jin X, Qiu J, Guan X, Huang T. Beyond Risk: Bacterial Biofilms and Their Regulating Approaches. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:928. [PMID: 32508772 PMCID: PMC7253578 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are complex surface attached communities of bacteria held together by self-produced polymer matrixs mainly composed of polysaccharides, secreted proteins, and extracellular DNAs. Bacterial biofilm formation is a complex process and can be described in five main phases: (i) reversible attachment phase, where bacteria non-specifically attach to surfaces; (ii) irreversible attachment phase, which involves interaction between bacterial cells and a surface using bacterial adhesins such as fimbriae and lipopolysaccharide (LPS); (iii) production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) by the resident bacterial cells; (iv) biofilm maturation phase, in which bacterial cells synthesize and release signaling molecules to sense the presence of each other, conducing to the formation of microcolony and maturation of biofilms; and (v) dispersal/detachment phase, where the bacterial cells depart biofilms and comeback to independent planktonic lifestyle. Biofilm formation is detrimental in healthcare, drinking water distribution systems, food, and marine industries, etc. As a result, current studies have been focused toward control and prevention of biofilms. In an effort to get rid of harmful biofilms, various techniques and approaches have been employed that interfere with bacterial attachment, bacterial communication systems (quorum sensing, QS), and biofilm matrixs. Biofilms, however, also offer beneficial roles in a variety of fields including applications in plant protection, bioremediation, wastewater treatment, and corrosion inhibition amongst others. Development of beneficial biofilms can be promoted through manipulation of adhesion surfaces, QS and environmental conditions. This review describes the events involved in bacterial biofilm formation, lists the negative and positive aspects associated with bacterial biofilms, elaborates the main strategies currently used to regulate establishment of harmful bacterial biofilms as well as certain strategies employed to encourage formation of beneficial bacterial biofilms, and highlights the future perspectives of bacterial biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tianpei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences & College of Plant Protection & International College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Tuompo R, Lääveri T, Hannu T, Pakkanen SH, Kirveskari J, Leirisalo-Repo M, Kantele A. Reactive arthritis and other musculoskeletal symptoms associated with acquisition of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli (DEC). Ann Rheum Dis 2020; 79:605-611. [PMID: 32179576 PMCID: PMC7213310 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-216736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Using a prospective research design, we evaluated the association between acquisition of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) and development of reactive arthritis (ReA) and other reactive musculoskeletal (MSK) symptoms among international travellers. Methods A total of 526 study participants were asked to provide pretravel and post-travel stool samples and fill in questionnaires (pretravel, post-travel and 3-week follow-up). A multiplex quantitative PCR assay was deployed to detect five DEC comprising enteroaggregative E. coli, enteropathogenic E. coli, enterotoxigenic E. coli, enterohaemorrhagic E. coli and enteroinvasive E. coli and Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, Yersinia, and Vibrio cholerae. Multivariate analysis was employed to identify factors predisposing to MSK symptoms. New post-travel MSK symptoms reported by participants with DEC were assessed by phone interviews and, if needed, clinically confirmed. Results From among the total of 224 volunteers who returned all questionnaires and stool specimens, 38 (17.0%) reported MSK symptoms. Multivariate analysis revealed that acquisition of DEC was associated with MSK symptoms (OR 3.9; 95% CI 1.2 to 13.3). Of the 151 with only-DEC, four (2.6%) had ReA, two (1.3%) reactive tendinitis and three (2.0%) reactive arthralgia. ReA was mostly mild, and all patients with ReA were negative for human leucocyte antigen B27. Antibiotic treatment of travellers’ diarrhoea did not prevent development of MSK symptoms. Conclusion A total of 17% of volunteers reported post-travel MSK symptoms. DEC acquisition was associated with an increased risk of developing them, yet the ReA incidence remained low and the clinical picture mild. Antibiotic treatment did not protect against development of MSK symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riitta Tuompo
- Inflammation Center, Department of Rheumatology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tinja Lääveri
- Inflammation Center, Department of Infectious diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Hannu
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sari H Pakkanen
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Kirveskari
- Department of Bacteriology, Helsinki University Hospital Laboratory, Helsinki, Finland.,Mobidiag Ltd, Espoo, Finland
| | - Marjatta Leirisalo-Repo
- Inflammation Center, Department of Rheumatology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Kantele
- Inflammation Center, Department of Infectious diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Pogreba-Brown K, Austhof E, Armstrong A, Schaefer K, Villa Zapata L, McClelland DJ, Batz MB, Kuecken M, Riddle M, Porter CK, Bazaco MC. Chronic Gastrointestinal and Joint-Related Sequelae Associated with Common Foodborne Illnesses: A Scoping Review. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2020; 17:67-86. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2019.2692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Pogreba-Brown
- Epidemiology & Biostatistics Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Erika Austhof
- Epidemiology & Biostatistics Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Alexandra Armstrong
- Epidemiology & Biostatistics Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Kenzie Schaefer
- Epidemiology & Biostatistics Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Lorenzo Villa Zapata
- Epidemiology & Biostatistics Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | | | | | - Maria Kuecken
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland
| | - Mark Riddle
- Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland
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Njoga EO, Nwankwo IO, Ugwunwarua JC. Epidemiology of thermotolerant Campylobacter infection in poultry in Nsukka agricultural zone, Nigeria. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ONE HEALTH 2019. [DOI: 10.14202/ijoh.2019.92-98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgrond and Aim: Thermotolerant Campylobacter organisms (TCOs) are primary causes of bacterial foodborne gastroenteritis worldwide. Although all warm-blooded animals are susceptible to colonization by TCOs, food-producing animals, especially poultry, are major reservoirs of the infection for transmission to humans. This epidemiological study for thermotolerant Campylobacter infection (TCI) in poultry was, therefore, conducted to determine the prevalence and to identify the risk factors of TCI in 60 randomly selected poultry farms in Nsukka agricultural zone.
Materials and Methods: A structured questionnaire was used to elicit information on the farmers' involvement in practices that may aggravate TCI in poultry farms. Isolation of TCOs for the determination of prevalence of the infection was done following standard microbiological protocol.
Results: The majority (93.3%) of the farms practiced intensive management system. Farm and individual prevalence of TCI were 78.3% and 19.4%, respectively. The prevalence of 15.7% and 23.6% was recorded for birds reared in urban and rural areas, respectively. Similarly, prevalence rates of 17.2%, 25%, 14.7%, and 24.5% were documented for broiler, layer, male, and female birds, respectively. Major risk factors of TCI found were non-sanitization of drinking water, rearing birds of different ages together, thinning, raising other animals alongside poultry, and overstocking.
Conclusion: Overall prevalence of 19.4% is high from public health and food safety points of view. Farmers' participation in the risk factors for TCI is massive. Significant improvement in biosecurity practices in poultry farms in the study area is therefore imperative; to limit TCI in poultry and hence the risk of human infection through the food chain or at the poultry-human interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Okechukwu Njoga
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Innocent Okwundu Nwankwo
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Joel Chukwudi Ugwunwarua
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
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Hoffmann S, Scallan Walter E. Acute Complications and Sequelae from Foodborne Infections: Informing Priorities for Cost of Foodborne Illness Estimates. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2019; 17:172-177. [PMID: 31593489 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2019.2664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cost of foodborne illness (CoFI) estimates provide estimates of the overall impact of foodborne illnesses, including hospitalizations, long-term complications, and deaths. CoFI estimates are needed in countries that require cost-benefit analysis as part of the process of adopting new regulations, as is the case in the United States. Monetary estimates of the impact of disease also provide a meaningful way of communicating with the public about the impact of foodborne disease. In 2014, researchers at the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service (ERS), published CoFI estimates for 15 pathogens that account for roughly 95% of illnesses and deaths from the 31 major foodborne pathogens included in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) foodborne disease incidence estimates. ERS is currently updating their estimates to include all 31 known pathogens and unspecific agents included in CDC incidence estimates. CoFI estimates are based on quantitative models of the health outcomes people experience as a result of these illnesses and an assessment of the costs associated with these health outcomes. Research on the incidence of foodborne disease provides a starting point for this disease modeling, but it usually must be supplemented by other additional synthesis of research on acute complications and long-term health outcomes of different foodborne diseases. As part of its current work revising CoFI estimates, ERS convened a workshop attended by leading foodborne disease public health scientists to discuss how changes in scientific research on the incidence and outcomes of foodborne illnesses should inform the next revision of ERS's CoFI estimates. This article presents a summary, based on discussion at this workshop, of the state of scientific research available to inform updated economic modeling of the CoFI in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Hoffmann
- Food Economics Division, USDA Economic Research Service, Washington, District of Columbia
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40
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Choi RY, Asquith M, Rosenbaum JT. Fecal transplants in spondyloarthritis and uveitis: ready for a clinical trial? Curr Opin Rheumatol 2019. [PMID: 29538010 DOI: 10.1097/bor.0000000000000506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The intestinal microbiome is thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). There are many shared clinical manifestations between IBD and spondyloarthritis (SpA), of which the most common are peripheral arthritis and uveitis. Clinical overlap along with similar genetics between these diseases suggests a possible shared pathogenetic mechanism, which might center on the intestinal microbiota. In this review, we discuss the available evidence that SpA is a microbiome-driven disease and indicate how SpA-associated uveitis could be tied to gut dysbiosis. We conclude by discussing different treatment paradigms targeting the intestinal microbiome for SpA. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies support the growing evidence of the intestinal microbiome as a crucial player in SpA disease pathogenesis. There is emerging evidence that the gut microbiome may play a causative role in uveitis. SUMMARY The field is beginning to discover a new level of understanding how the intestinal microbiome is involved in SpA. Treatment methods to alter intestinal microbiota to treat SpA-related diseases are still in its infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Y Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute
| | - Mark Asquith
- Division of Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health and Science University
| | - James T Rosenbaum
- Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute.,Division of Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health and Science University.,Legacy Devers Eye Institute, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Cristea D, Trandafir M, Bojinca VC, Ciontea AS, Andrei MM, Popa A, Lixandru BE, Militaru CM, Nascutiu AM, Predeteanu D, Ionescu R, Popescu C, Cotar AI, Popa MI, Spandidos DA, Codita I. Usefulness of complex bacteriological and serological analysis in patients with spondyloarthritis. Exp Ther Med 2019; 17:3465-3476. [PMID: 30988725 PMCID: PMC6447817 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spondyloarthritis (SpA) is a group of associated chronic systemic inflammatory immune-mediated rheumatic diseases affecting axial and peripheral joints and entheses. The aim of the present study was to identify what parameters are useful to determine in order to better understand the correlation between the disease activity/severity and the microbiological results/immune status against intestinal and/or urogenital pathogens. Microorganisms known to trigger SpA, including Klebsiella spp., Yersinia spp., Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp. and Chlamydia spp., were analyzed in various specimens (stool, urine, synovial fluid and serum) collected from 27 randomly selected SpA patients and 26 healthy controls using a combined direct and indirect approach relying on conventional culture technique and nucleic acid-based assays together with serological testing by ELISA. Although Escherichia coli derived from phylogroup A prevailed in the gut microflora of the patients and controls, differences were observed regarding the representatives of the other phylogroups with a higher prevalence of E.coli members of phylogenetic group B1 in the stool specimens of patients. Antibodies against the targeted species were detected in SpA patients and controls, and the serological profiles of the former were more diverse and complex. In conclusion, the detection of anti-bacterial antibodies combined with other specific laboratory investigations should be more extensively used to monitor SpA patients in association with their symptoms and in order to determine and administer more effective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Cristea
- 'Cantacuzino' National Medico-Military Institute for Research and Development, Bucharest 0050096, Romania
| | - Marius Trandafir
- 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 050474, Romania.,Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Hospital Sfanta Maria, Bucharest 011172, Romania
| | - Violeta Claudia Bojinca
- 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 050474, Romania.,Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Hospital Sfanta Maria, Bucharest 011172, Romania
| | - Adriana Simona Ciontea
- 'Cantacuzino' National Medico-Military Institute for Research and Development, Bucharest 0050096, Romania
| | - Melania Mihaela Andrei
- 'Cantacuzino' National Medico-Military Institute for Research and Development, Bucharest 0050096, Romania
| | - Andrei Popa
- 'Cantacuzino' National Medico-Military Institute for Research and Development, Bucharest 0050096, Romania
| | - Brandusa Elena Lixandru
- 'Cantacuzino' National Medico-Military Institute for Research and Development, Bucharest 0050096, Romania
| | - Cornelia Madalina Militaru
- 'Cantacuzino' National Medico-Military Institute for Research and Development, Bucharest 0050096, Romania
| | - Alexandra Maria Nascutiu
- 'Cantacuzino' National Medico-Military Institute for Research and Development, Bucharest 0050096, Romania.,'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 050474, Romania
| | - Denisa Predeteanu
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Hospital Sfanta Maria, Bucharest 011172, Romania
| | - Ruxandra Ionescu
- 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 050474, Romania.,Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Hospital Sfanta Maria, Bucharest 011172, Romania
| | - Claudiu Popescu
- 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 050474, Romania.,'Dr Ion Stoia' Clinical Center for Rheumatic Diseases, Bucharest 030167, Romania
| | - Ani Ioana Cotar
- 'Cantacuzino' National Medico-Military Institute for Research and Development, Bucharest 0050096, Romania
| | - Mircea Ioan Popa
- 'Cantacuzino' National Medico-Military Institute for Research and Development, Bucharest 0050096, Romania.,'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 050474, Romania
| | - Demetrios A Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Irina Codita
- 'Cantacuzino' National Medico-Military Institute for Research and Development, Bucharest 0050096, Romania.,'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 050474, Romania
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Antoniou AN, Lenart I, Kriston-Vizi J, Iwawaki T, Turmaine M, McHugh K, Ali S, Blake N, Bowness P, Bajaj-Elliott M, Gould K, Nesbeth D, Powis SJ. Salmonella exploits HLA-B27 and host unfolded protein responses to promote intracellular replication. Ann Rheum Dis 2018; 78:74-82. [PMID: 30355574 PMCID: PMC6317449 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-213532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective Salmonella enterica infections can lead to Reactive Arthritis (ReA), which can exhibit an association with human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-B*27:05, a molecule prone to misfolding and initiation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). This study examined how HLA-B*27:05 expression and the UPR affect the Salmonella life-cycle within epithelial cells. Methods Isogenic epithelial cell lines expressing two copies of either HLA-B*27:05 and a control HLA-B*35:01 heavy chain (HC) were generated to determine the effect on the Salmonella infection life-cycle. A cell line expressing HLA-B*27:05.HC physically linked to the light chain beta-2-microglobulin and a specific peptide (referred to as a single chain trimer, SCT) was also generated to determine the effects of HLA-B27 folding status on S. enterica life-cycle. XBP-1 venus and AMP dependent Transcription Factor (ATF6)-FLAG reporters were used to monitor UPR activation in infected cells. Triacin C was used to inhibit de novo lipid synthesis during UPR, and confocal imaging of ER tracker stained membrane allowed quantification of glibenclamide-associated membrane. Results S. enterica demonstrated enhanced replication with an altered cellular localisation in the presence of HLA-B*27:05.HC but not in the presence of HLA-B*27:05.SCT or HLA-B*35:01. HLA-B*27:05.HC altered the threshold for UPR induction. Salmonella activated the UPR and required XBP-1 for replication, which was associated with endoreticular membrane expansion and lipid metabolism. Conclusions HLA-B27 misfolding and a UPR cellular environment are associated with enhanced Salmonella replication, while Salmonella itself can activate XBP-1 and ATF6. These data provide a potential mechanism linking the life-cycle of Salmonella with the physicochemical properties of HLA-B27 and cellular events that may contribute to ReA pathogenesis. Our observations suggest that the UPR pathway maybe targeted for future therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony Nicodemus Antoniou
- The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK .,Division of Infection and Immunity/Centre of Rheumatology, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University Newcastle, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Janos Kriston-Vizi
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, Medical Research Council, University College London, London, UK
| | - Takao Iwawaki
- Division of Cell Medicine, Department of Life Science, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan
| | - Mark Turmaine
- Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kirsty McHugh
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sadfer Ali
- The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Neil Blake
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Paul Bowness
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mona Bajaj-Elliott
- Great Ormond Street, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Keith Gould
- Wright-Fleming Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Darren Nesbeth
- The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Simon J Powis
- School of Medicine and Biological Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, London, UK
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Abstract
Background: Acute diarrheal disease caused by viral, bacterial and parasitic infections are a major global health problem with substantial mortality and morbidity in children under five years of age in lower and middle income countries. However, a number of these infections also impact large segments of populations in upper income countries, as well as individuals who travel overseas for work, business or pleasure. Campylobacter has been and continues to be a leading cause of disease burden globally across all income countries. Aims: The aim of this review is to describe recent understanding in burden of disease, consider the current landscape of Campylobacter vaccine development, and address the challenges that need to be overcome. Sources: Relevant data from the literature as well as clinical trials described in European and US registries were used to conduct this review. Content: Despite advances in population health, food security, improved sanitation, water quality and the reduction of poverty, Campylobacter infections continue to plague global populations. The emerging recognition of chronic health consequences attributed to this pathogen is changing the potential valuation of preventive interventions. Advancing development of new vaccines is a present opportunity and holds promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Poly
- a Enteric Diseases Department , Naval Medical Research Center , Silver Spring , MD , USA
| | - Alexander J Noll
- a Enteric Diseases Department , Naval Medical Research Center , Silver Spring , MD , USA
| | - Mark S Riddle
- b F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine , Uniformed Services University , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Chad K Porter
- a Enteric Diseases Department , Naval Medical Research Center , Silver Spring , MD , USA
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Cole SD, Palermo SM, Rankin SC. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium isolated from the urine of a dog undergoing treatment for immune-mediated polyarthritis. JMM Case Rep 2018; 5:e005153. [PMID: 30425836 PMCID: PMC6230761 DOI: 10.1099/jmmcr.0.005153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In people, Salmonella is a common agent of gastroenteritis, but it can also cause extraintestinal disease such as urinary tract infections. In addition, Salmonella is often linked to the post-infection development of reactive arthritis. In canines, cases that document extraintestinal Salmonella infections or diseases similar to reactive arthritis have not been thoroughly described. CASE PRESENTATION A case of a 5-year-old German shepherd dog with Salmonella bacteriuria during treatment for immune-mediated polyarthritis (IMPA) is described. The patient first suffered from a 3 month period of diarrhoea and presented for evaluation of a 2 month history of shifting-leg lameness. A diagnosis of IMPA was made based on cytological examination and negative synovial fluid culture. Treatment with immunosuppressive doses of prednisone lead to clinical resolution of lameness, but on a recheck abnormal urine was noted. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium was isolated using standard culture methods. The patient was treated with enrofloxacin to control the bacteriuria. CONCLUSION This case report is, to the best of our knowledge, the first to describe Salmonella bacteriuria in a dog and suggests that Salmonella infection may be a potential inciting factor for IMPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D. Cole
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shannon M. Palermo
- Department of Clinical Studies - Philadelphia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shelley C. Rankin
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Sundström K. Cost of Illness for Five Major Foodborne Illnesses and Sequelae in Sweden. APPLIED HEALTH ECONOMICS AND HEALTH POLICY 2018; 16:243-257. [PMID: 29313242 PMCID: PMC5874275 DOI: 10.1007/s40258-017-0369-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The main objective of this study was to derive cost estimates of five major foodborne illnesses (campylobacteriosis, salmonellosis, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), yersiniosis and shigellosis) in Sweden. These estimates provide a necessary contribution to perform future cost-benefit analyses aimed at reducing the burden of foodborne disease. A secondary aim was to obtain estimates of the true number of cases that occur in the community, thus providing necessary ground for calculating costs. METHODS The true number of cases for each foodborne illness was simulated by multiplying the reported number of cases by sequential multipliers, one for each potential source of information loss about a case. This assessment of the true number of cases was then used to estimate the number of cases of sequelae for each illness. An incidence-based analysis was then used to calculate direct medical and non-medical costs, as well as indirect costs. Data for estimating the true number of cases for each illness were primarily based on an expert panel, while the derivation of costs mainly utilized national registries, databases and published literature. RESULTS The estimated number of cases was between 7- and 11-fold higher than the reported number of cases, indicating the importance of taking information loss into account when calculating costs. By far the most common pathogen of the five was campylobacter, with an estimated 101,719 (90% credibility interval [CI] 59,640-158,025) human cases occurring annually. For salmonella, 19,678 (90% CI 8394-40,456) cases were estimated to occur each year, while the other three pathogens were less common, with a yearly incidence of approximately 2500-5500 cases each. The total cost for the five pathogens (including sequelae) amounted to €142 million annually. Campylobacter was the most costly pathogen, representing 69% of the total costs. Salmonellosis and EHEC constituted 18 and 9% of these costs, respectively, while yersiniosis and shigellosis represented approximately 2% each. Costs for sequelae were significant and accounted for approximately 50% of the total costs. CONCLUSIONS Our simulations indicated that campylobacter infection was more common and more costly than salmonella, EHEC, yersinia and shigella combined. Estimated costs for all illnesses were highly influenced by (1) considering potential information losses about cases in the population (which increased costs 7- to 11-fold), and (2) taking account of post-infection sequelae (which doubled the costs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Sundström
- AgriFood Economics Centre, Lund University, Scheelevägen 15 D, 223 63, Lund, Sweden.
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46
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Evaluation of the Diagnostic Accuracy of Two Immunochromatographic Tests Detecting Campylobacter in Stools and Their Role in Campylobacter Infection Diagnosis. J Clin Microbiol 2018; 56:JCM.01567-17. [PMID: 29436423 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01567-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection of campylobacters in stools is performed essentially by culture, but this technique has a low sensitivity. New detection methods are now available. Among them, immunochromatography tests (ICTs) are very attractive in that they offer a result within 15 min. However, previous studies suggest that these tests have a relatively low specificity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of these tests. During the study period, all patients who consulted the emergency units and had a stool culture were included. Their stool samples were tested with two ICTs, Ridaquick Campylobacter and ImmunoCard STAT! Campy. Stools were also tested by a home-made PCR and two commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) when one of the ICTs was positive. The composite reference standard (CRS) was defined as positive if the culture was positive or, in case of a negative culture, if the PCR and one of the ELISAs were positive simultaneously. Three hundred and five patients were included. Among the 50 positive specimens with Ridaquick Campylobacter, 47 were considered true positives by the CRS, corresponding to a positive predictive value (PPV) of 94.0%. Among the 52 positive specimens with ImmunoCard STAT! Campy, 44 were considered true positives by the CRS, corresponding to a PPV of 84.6%. The negative predictive values were estimated at 94.9 and 92.4% for the Ridaquick Campylobacter and ImmunoCard STAT! Campy tests, respectively. ICTs appear to be very efficient and allow a very rapid detection of campylobacters, which is important for treating early campylobacter infections with an adapted antibiotherapy.
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Detection of Shigella spp. nucleic acids in the synovial tissue of Tunisian rheumatoid arthritis patients and other forms of arthritis by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Rheumatol Int 2018; 38:1009-1016. [PMID: 29404675 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-018-3939-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Enterobacterial components in the joints of patients are believed to contribute to a perpetuating inflammation leading to a reactive arthritis (ReA), a condition in which microbial agents cannot be recovered from the joint. At present, it is unclear whether nucleic acids from Shigella spp. are playing a pathogenic role in causing not only ReA but also other forms of arthritis. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay (qPCR) is the method of choice for the identification of bacteria within the synovium. The aim of our study was to detect the presence of Shigella spp. nucleic acids in the synovial tissue (ST) of Tunisian arthritis patients. We investigated 57 ST samples from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) n = 38, undifferentiated oligoarthritis (UOA) n = 12, and spondyloarthritis (SpA) n = 7 patients; 5 ST samples from healthy individuals were used as controls. Shigella spp. DNA and mRNA transcripts encoding the virulence gene A (VirA) were examined using an optimized qPCR with newly designed primers and probes. Using qPCR, Shigella spp. DNA was found in 37/57 (65%) ST samples (24/38, i.e., 63.2% of RA, 8/12, i.e., 67% of UOA, and 5/7, i.e., 71.4% of SpA patients). Paired DNA and mRNA were extracted from 39 ST samples, whose VirA cDNA was found in 29/39 (74.4%) patients. qPCR did not yield any nucleic acids in the five healthy control ST samples. The qPCR assay was sensitive and showed a good intra- and inter-run reproducibility. These preliminary findings generated by an optimized, highly sensitive PCR assay underline a potential role of past gastrointestinal infections. In Tunisian patients, a bacterial etiology involving Shigella spp. in the manifestation of arthritic disorders including RA might be more common than expected.
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Brinster A, Guillot X, Prati C, Wendling D. Evolution over thirty years of the profile of inpatients with reactive arthritis in a tertiary rheumatology unit. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 14:36-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reuma.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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van Tok MN, Satumtira N, Dorris M, Pots D, Slobodin G, van de Sande MG, Taurog JD, Baeten DL, van Duivenvoorde LM. Innate Immune Activation Can Trigger Experimental Spondyloarthritis in HLA-B27/Huβ2m Transgenic Rats. Front Immunol 2017; 8:920. [PMID: 28824645 PMCID: PMC5545590 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Spondyloarthritis (SpA) does not display the typical features of auto-immune disease. Despite the strong association with MHC class I, CD8+ T cells are not required for disease induction in the HLA-B27/Huβ2m transgenic rats. We used Lewis HLA-B27/Huβ2m transgenic rats [21-3 × 283-2]F1, HLA-B7/Huβ2m transgenic rats [120-4 × 283-2]F1, and wild-type rats to test our hypothesis that SpA may be primarily driven by the innate immune response. In vitro, splenocytes were stimulated with heat-inactivated Mycobacterium tuberculosis and cytokine expression and production was measured. In vivo, male and female rats were immunized with 30, 60, or 90 µg of heat-inactivated M. tuberculosis and clinically monitored for spondylitis and arthritis development. After validation of the model, we tested whether prophylactic and therapeutic TNF targeting affected spondylitis and arthritis. In vitro stimulation with heat-inactivated M. tuberculosis strongly induced gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF, IL-6, IL-1α, and IL-1β, in the HLA-B27 transgenic rats compared with controls. In vivo immunization induced an increased spondylitis and arthritis incidence and an accelerated and synchronized onset of spondylitis and arthritis in HLA-B27 transgenic males and females. Moreover, immunization overcame the protective effect of orchiectomy. Prophylactic TNF targeting resulted in delayed spondylitis and arthritis development and reduced arthritis severity, whereas therapeutic TNF blockade did not affect spondylitis and arthritis severity. Collectively, these data indicate that innate immune activation plays a role in the initiation of HLA-B27-associated disease and allowed to establish a useful in vivo model to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of disease initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa N van Tok
- Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nimman Satumtira
- Rheumatic Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Martha Dorris
- Rheumatic Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Desirée Pots
- Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gleb Slobodin
- Internal Medicine, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Marleen G van de Sande
- Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joel D Taurog
- Rheumatic Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Dominique L Baeten
- Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Leonie M van Duivenvoorde
- Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Magana M, Chatzipanagiotou S, Burriel AR, Ioannidis A. Inquiring into the Gaps of Campylobacter Surveillance Methods. Vet Sci 2017; 4:E36. [PMID: 29056694 PMCID: PMC5644652 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci4030036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is one of the most common pathogen-related causes of diarrheal illnesses globally and has been recognized as a significant factor of human disease for more than three decades. Molecular typing techniques and their combinations have allowed for species identification among members of the Campylobacter genus with good resolution, but the same tools usually fail to proceed to subtyping of closely related species due to high sequence similarity. This problem is exacerbated by the demanding conditions for isolation and detection from the human, animal or water samples as well as due to the difficulties during laboratory maintenance and long-term storage of the isolates. In an effort to define the ideal typing tool, we underline the strengths and limitations of the typing methodologies currently used to map the broad epidemiologic profile of campylobacteriosis in public health and outbreak investigations. The application of both the old and the new molecular typing tools is discussed and an indirect comparison is presented among the preferred techniques used in current research methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Magana
- Department of Biopathology and Clinical Microbiology, Aeginition Hospital, Athens Medical School, Athens 15772, Greece.
| | - Stylianos Chatzipanagiotou
- Department of Biopathology and Clinical Microbiology, Aeginition Hospital, Athens Medical School, Athens 15772, Greece.
| | - Angeliki R Burriel
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Human Movement and Quality of Life Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Sparta 23100, Greece.
| | - Anastasios Ioannidis
- Department of Biopathology and Clinical Microbiology, Aeginition Hospital, Athens Medical School, Athens 15772, Greece.
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Human Movement and Quality of Life Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Sparta 23100, Greece.
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