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Chang TY, Lin MS, Chen CC, Leu YL, Wang SH. Isoxanthohumol reduces neointimal hyperplasia through the apelin/AKT pathway. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167099. [PMID: 38428686 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
The abnormal proliferation, migration, and inflammation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) play crucial roles in the development of neointimal hyperplasia and restenosis. Exposure to inflammatory cytokines such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) induces the transformation of contractile VSMCs into abnormal synthetic VSMCs. Isoxanthohumol (IXN) has significant anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and antimigratory effects. This study aimed to explore the therapeutic impact and regulatory mechanism of IXN in treating neointimal hyperplasia. The present findings indicate that IXN effectively hinders the abnormal proliferation, migration, and inflammation of VSMCs triggered by PDGF or TNF-α. This inhibition is primarily achieved through the modulation of the apelin/AKT or AKT pathway, respectively. In an in vivo model, IXN effectively reduced neointimal hyperplasia in denuded femoral arteries. These results suggest that IXN holds promise as a potential and innovative therapeutic candidate for the treatment of restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yu Chang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Shin Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chuan Chen
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Tissue Bank, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yann-Lii Leu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Tissue Bank, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Huei Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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2
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Bar-Tana J. TorS - Reframing a rational for type 2 diabetes treatment. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2024; 40:e3712. [PMID: 37615286 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 syndrome (Tors), paradigm implies an exhaustive cohesive disease entity driven by a hyperactive mTORC1, and which includes obesity, type 2 diabetic hyperglycemia, diabetic dyslipidemia, diabetic cardiomyopathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, hypertension, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, some cancers, neurodegeneration, polycystic ovary syndrome, psoriasis and other. The TorS paradigm may account for the efficacy of standard-of-care treatments of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in alleviating the glycaemic and non-glycaemic diseases of TorS in T2D and non-T2D patients. The TorS paradigm may generate novel treatments for TorS diseases.
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3
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Li A, Liu J, Ding F, Wu X, Pan C, Wang Q, Gao M, Duan S, Han X, Xia K, Liu S, Wu Y, Zhou Z, Zhang X, Gao X. Maca extracts regulate glucose and lipid metabolism in insulin-resistant HepG2 cells via the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:2894-2907. [PMID: 34136157 PMCID: PMC8194906 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This work focused on the separation of the active ingredients of maca (Lepidium meyenii Walpers) and evaluated the antioxidative capability of these components with effects on improving glucose and lipid metabolism in insulin-resistant HepG2 cells. DPPH free radical scavenging and reducing power assays were used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of maca extracts. An insulin-resistant HepG2 cell model induced by glucose, fructose, oleic acid, and palmitic acid was adopted to investigate the effects of maca extracts on regulating glucose and lipid metabolism in this study. LC-MS/MS was then used for determination of the maca n-butanol (NBT) subfraction. The results showed that maca ethanol extract and subfractions of this extract exhibited certain antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, the NBT subfraction reversed the disorders in glucose and lipid metabolism in insulin-resistant HepG2 cells and significantly increased the mRNA expression of phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K) and AKT in insulin-resistant HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the LC-MS/MS results showed that the NBT subfraction contained many active ingredients. Overall, this study suggests that the NBT subfraction of the ethanol extract rich in glucosinolates modulates insulin resistance via PI3K/AKT activation in insulin-resistant HepG2 cells and might exert potentially beneficial effects in improving or treating glucose and lipid metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimin Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of BiotechnologyJiangnan UniversityWuxiChina
- New Era Health Industry (Group) CO., Ltd.BeijingChina
| | - Jia Liu
- Beijing Key laboratory of the Innovative Development of Functional Staple and the Nutritional Intervention for Chronic DiseaseBeijingChina
- China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation IndustriesBeijingChina
| | - Fangli Ding
- Beijing Key laboratory of the Innovative Development of Functional Staple and the Nutritional Intervention for Chronic DiseaseBeijingChina
- China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation IndustriesBeijingChina
| | - Xiaolei Wu
- New Era Health Industry (Group) CO., Ltd.BeijingChina
| | - Cong Pan
- Beijing Key laboratory of the Innovative Development of Functional Staple and the Nutritional Intervention for Chronic DiseaseBeijingChina
- China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation IndustriesBeijingChina
| | - Qing Wang
- Beijing Key laboratory of the Innovative Development of Functional Staple and the Nutritional Intervention for Chronic DiseaseBeijingChina
- China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation IndustriesBeijingChina
| | - Ming Gao
- Beijing Key laboratory of the Innovative Development of Functional Staple and the Nutritional Intervention for Chronic DiseaseBeijingChina
- China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation IndustriesBeijingChina
| | - Shenglin Duan
- Beijing Key laboratory of the Innovative Development of Functional Staple and the Nutritional Intervention for Chronic DiseaseBeijingChina
- China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation IndustriesBeijingChina
| | - Xiaofeng Han
- Beijing Key laboratory of the Innovative Development of Functional Staple and the Nutritional Intervention for Chronic DiseaseBeijingChina
- China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation IndustriesBeijingChina
| | - Kai Xia
- Beijing Key laboratory of the Innovative Development of Functional Staple and the Nutritional Intervention for Chronic DiseaseBeijingChina
- China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation IndustriesBeijingChina
| | - Shiwei Liu
- Beijing Key laboratory of the Innovative Development of Functional Staple and the Nutritional Intervention for Chronic DiseaseBeijingChina
- China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation IndustriesBeijingChina
| | - Yimin Wu
- Beijing Key laboratory of the Innovative Development of Functional Staple and the Nutritional Intervention for Chronic DiseaseBeijingChina
- China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation IndustriesBeijingChina
| | - Zhiqiao Zhou
- Beijing Key laboratory of the Innovative Development of Functional Staple and the Nutritional Intervention for Chronic DiseaseBeijingChina
- China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation IndustriesBeijingChina
| | - Xi Zhang
- Shimadzu(China) Co. Ltd.BeijingChina
| | - Xiao‐Dong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of BiotechnologyJiangnan UniversityWuxiChina
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4
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Zhao Y, Qian Y, Sun Z, Shen X, Cai Y, Li L, Wang Z. Role of PI3K in the Progression and Regression of Atherosclerosis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:632378. [PMID: 33767629 PMCID: PMC7985550 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.632378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) is a key molecule in the initiation of signal transduction pathways after the binding of extracellular signals to cell surface receptors. An intracellular kinase, PI3K activates multiple intracellular signaling pathways that affect cell growth, proliferation, migration, secretion, differentiation, transcription and translation. Dysregulation of PI3K activity, and as aberrant PI3K signaling, lead to a broad range of human diseases, such as cancer, immune disorders, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. A growing number of studies have shown that PI3K and its signaling pathways play key roles in the pathophysiological process of atherosclerosis. Furthermore, drugs targeting PI3K and its related signaling pathways are promising treatments for atherosclerosis. Therefore, we have reviewed how PI3K, an important regulatory factor, mediates the development of atherosclerosis and how targeting PI3K can be used to prevent and treat atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yongjiang Qian
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhen Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xinyi Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yaoyao Cai
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lihua Li
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhongqun Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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5
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Wu K, Hu Y, Yan K, Qi Y, Zhang C, Zhu D, Liu D, Zhao S. microRNA-10b confers cisplatin resistance by activating AKT/mTOR/P70S6K signaling via targeting PPARγ in esophageal cancer. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:1247-1258. [PMID: 31267531 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that the acquisition of chemoresistance is a major obstacle for the effective treatment of human cancers. It is reported that microRNAs (miRNAs) are implicated in chemotherapy resistance of various malignancies. miR-10b was previously proved as an oncogene in multiple malignancies, including esophageal cancer. However, its biological significance in regulating cisplatin (DDP) resistance in esophageal cancer is still elusive. Here, we observed that miR-10b expression was upregulated and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) expression was downregulated in esophageal cancer tumor tissues and cells. PPARγ was proved as a functional target of miR-10b. Moreover, suppression of miR-10b enhanced the chemosensitivity of esophageal cancer cells to DDP in vitro and in vivo. In addition, PPARγ-mediated DDP sensitivity was weakened by miR-10b overexpression. Furthermore, miR-10b-activated AKT/mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway through targeting PPARγ. Inactivation of AKT/mTOR/p70S6K by AKT inhibitor (GSK690693) attenuated miR-10b-induced DDP resistance in esophageal cancer cells. Taken together these observation, miRNA-10b-mediated PPARγ inhibition enhanced DDP resistance by activating the AKT/mTOR/P70S6K signaling in esophageal cancer, suggesting a potential target to improve therapeutic response of patients with esophageal cancer to DDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China
| | - Yamei Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China
| | - Kanglu Yan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China
| | - Yu Qi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China
| | - Chunyang Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China
| | - Dengyan Zhu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China
| | - Donglei Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China
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6
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Traunmüller F. Atherosclerosis is a vascular stem cell disease caused by insulin. Med Hypotheses 2018; 116:22-27. [PMID: 29857902 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The present article proposes the hypothesis that when multipotent vascular stem cells are exposed to excessive insulin in a rhythmic pattern of sharply rising and falling concentrations, their differentiation is misdirected toward adipogenic and osteogenic cell lineages. This results in plaque-like accumulation of adipocytes with fat and cholesterol deposition from adipocyte debris, and osteogenic (progenitor) cells with a calcified matrix in advanced lesions. The ingrowth of capillaries and infiltration with macrophages, which upon uptake of lipids turn into foam cells, are unspecific pro-resolving reactions. Epidemiological, histopathological, pharmacological, and experimental evidence in favour of this hypothesis is summarised.
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7
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Wang D, Uhrin P, Mocan A, Waltenberger B, Breuss JM, Tewari D, Mihaly-Bison J, Huminiecki Ł, Starzyński RR, Tzvetkov NT, Horbańczuk J, Atanasov AG. Vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation as a therapeutic target. Part 1: molecular targets and pathways. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:1586-1607. [PMID: 29684502 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are a major cause of human death worldwide. Excessive proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells contributes to the etiology of such diseases, including atherosclerosis, restenosis, and pulmonary hypertension. The control of vascular cell proliferation is complex and encompasses interactions of many regulatory molecules and signaling pathways. Herein, we recapitulated the importance of signaling cascades relevant for the regulation of vascular cell proliferation. Detailed understanding of the mechanism underlying this process is essential for the identification of new lead compounds (e.g., natural products) for vascular therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Postepu 36A, Jastrzębiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland; Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Wagistrasse 14, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Pavel Uhrin
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Andrei Mocan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Strada Gheorghe Marinescu 23, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Birgit Waltenberger
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes M Breuss
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Devesh Tewari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Technology, Kumaun University, Bhimtal, 263136 Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Judit Mihaly-Bison
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Łukasz Huminiecki
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Postepu 36A, Jastrzębiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Rafał R Starzyński
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Postepu 36A, Jastrzębiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Nikolay T Tzvetkov
- Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany; NTZ Lab Ltd., Krasno Selo 198, 1618 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Jarosław Horbańczuk
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Postepu 36A, Jastrzębiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Atanas G Atanasov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Postepu 36A, Jastrzębiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland; Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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8
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Zhang ZW, Guo RW, Lv JL, Wang XM, Ye JS, Lu NH, Liang X, Yang LX. MicroRNA-99a inhibits insulin-induced proliferation, migration, dedifferentiation, and rapamycin resistance of vascular smooth muscle cells by inhibiting insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor and mammalian target of rapamycin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 486:414-422. [PMID: 28315335 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are characterized by insulin resistance and are subsequently at high risk for atherosclerosis. Hyperinsulinemia has been associated with proliferation, migration, and dedifferentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) during the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Moreover, insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) have been demonstrated to be the underlying signaling pathways. Recently, microRNA-99a (miR-99a) has been suggested to regulate the phenotypic changes of VSMCs in cancer cells. However, whether it is involved in insulin-induced changes of VSCMs has not been determined. In this study, we found that insulin induced proliferation, migration, and dedifferentiation of mouse VSMCs in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the stimulating effects of high-dose insulin on proliferation, migration, and dedifferentiation of mouse VSMCs were found to be associated with the attenuation of the inhibitory effects of miR-99a on IGF-1R and mTOR signaling activities. Finally, we found that the inducing effect of high-dose insulin on proliferation, migration, and dedifferentiation of VSMCs was partially inhibited by an active mimic of miR-99a. Taken together, these results suggest that miR-99a plays a key regulatory role in the pathogenesis of insulin-induced proliferation, migration, and phenotype conversion of VSMCs at least partly via inhibition of IGF-1R and mTOR signaling. Our results provide evidence that miR-99a may be a novel target for the treatment of hyperinsulinemia-induced atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Wei Zhang
- Department of Postgraduate, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, 650500, China; Department of Cardiology, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Area, China
| | - Rui-Wei Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Area, China
| | - Jin-Lin Lv
- Department of Postgraduate, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, 650500, China; Department of Cardiology, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Area, China
| | - Xian-Mei Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Area, China
| | - Jin-Shan Ye
- Department of Cardiology, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Area, China
| | - Ni-Hong Lu
- Department of Postgraduate, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, 650500, China; Department of Cardiology, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Area, China
| | - Xing Liang
- Department of Cardiology, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Area, China
| | - Li-Xia Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Area, China.
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Hanif A, Edin ML, Zeldin DC, Morisseau C, Falck JR, Nayeem MA. Vascular Endothelial Over-Expression of Human Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase (Tie2-sEH Tr) Attenuates Coronary Reactive Hyperemia in Mice: Role of Oxylipins and ω-Hydroxylases. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169584. [PMID: 28056085 PMCID: PMC5215949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 metabolize arachidonic acid (AA) into two vasoactive oxylipins with opposing biologic effects: epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) and omega-(ω)-terminal hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs). EETs have numerous beneficial physiological effects, including vasodilation and protection against ischemia/reperfusion injury, whereas ω-terminal HETEs induce vasoconstriction and vascular dysfunction. We evaluated the effect of these oxylipins on post-ischemic vasodilation known as coronary reactive hyperemia (CRH). CRH prevents the potential harm associated with transient ischemia. The beneficial effects of EETs are reduced after their hydrolysis to dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHETs) by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). ω-terminal HETEs are formed by ω-hydroxylase family members. The relationship among endothelial over-expression of sEH (Tie2-sEH Tr), the changes in oxylipins it may produce, the pharmacologic inhibition of ω-hydroxylases, activation of PPARγ, and CRH response to a brief ischemia is not known. We hypothesized that CRH is attenuated in isolated mouse hearts with endothelial sEH over-expression through modulation of oxylipin profiles, whereas both inhibition of ω-hydroxylases and activation of PPARγ enhance CRH. Compared to WT mice, Tie2-sEH Tr mice had decreased CRH, including repayment volume, repayment duration, and repayment/debt ratio (P < 0.05), whereas inhibition of ω-hydroxylases increased these same CRH parameters in Tie2-sEH Tr mice. Inhibition of sEH with t-AUCB reversed the decreased CRH in Tie2-sEH Tr mice. Endothelial over-expression of sEH significantly changed oxylipin profiles, including decreases in DHETs, mid-chain HETEs, and prostaglandins (P < 0.05). Treatment with rosiglitazone, PPARγ-agonist, enhanced CRH (P < 0.05) in both Tie2-sEH Tr and wild type (WT) mice. These data demonstrate that endothelial over-expression of sEH (through changing the oxylipin profiles) attenuates CRH, whereas inhibition of ω-hydroxylases and activation of PPARγ enhance it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Hanif
- Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research. West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Matthew L. Edin
- Division of Intramural Research, NIEHS/NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Darryl C. Zeldin
- Division of Intramural Research, NIEHS/NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Christophe Morisseau
- University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - John R. Falck
- Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mohammed A. Nayeem
- Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research. West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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Effect of Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase on the Modulation of Coronary Reactive Hyperemia: Role of Oxylipins and PPARγ. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162147. [PMID: 27583776 PMCID: PMC5008628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary reactive hyperemia (CRH) is a physiological response to ischemic insult that prevents the potential harm associated with an interruption of blood supply. The relationship between the pharmacologic inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) and CRH response to a brief ischemia is not known. sEH is involved in the main catabolic pathway of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), which are converted into dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHETs). EETs protect against ischemia/reperfusion injury and have numerous beneficial physiological effects. We hypothesized that inhibition of sEH by t-AUCB enhances CRH in isolated mouse hearts through changing the oxylipin profiles, including an increase in EETs/DHETs ratio. Compared to controls, t-AUCB-treated mice had increased CRH, including repayment volume (RV), repayment duration, and repayment/debt ratio (p < 0.05). Treatment with t-AUCB significantly changed oxylipin profiles, including an increase in EET/DHET ratio, increase in EpOME/DiHOME ratio, increase in the levels of HODEs, decrease in the levels of mid-chain HETEs, and decrease in prostanoids (p < 0.05). Treatment with MS-PPOH (CYP epoxygenase inhibitor) reduced CRH, including RV (p < 0.05). Involvement of PPARγ in the modulation of CRH was demonstrated using a PPARγ-antagonist (T0070907) and a PPARγ-agonist (rosiglitazone). T0070907 reduced CRH (p < 0.05), whereas rosiglitazone enhanced CRH (p < 0.05) in isolated mouse hearts compared to the non-treated. These data demonstrate that sEH inhibition enhances, whereas CYP epoxygenases-inhibition attenuates CRH, PPARγ mediate CRH downstream of the CYP epoxygenases-EET pathway, and the changes in oxylipin profiles associated with sEH-inhibition collectively contributed to the enhanced CRH.
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11
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Hanif A, Edin ML, Zeldin DC, Morisseau C, Nayeem MA. Deletion of soluble epoxide hydrolase enhances coronary reactive hyperemia in isolated mouse heart: role of oxylipins and PPARγ. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 311:R676-R688. [PMID: 27488890 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00237.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) and coronary reactive hyperemia (CRH) response to a brief ischemic insult is not known. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) exert cardioprotective effects in ischemia/reperfusion injury. sEH converts EETs into dihydroxyeicosatrienoic-acids (DHETs). Therefore, we hypothesized that knocking out sEH enhances CRH through modulation of oxylipin profiles, including an increase in EET/DHET ratio. Compared with sEH+/+, sEH-/- mice showed enhanced CRH, including greater repayment volume (RV; 28% higher, P < 0.001) and repayment/debt ratio (32% higher, P < 0.001). Oxylipins from the heart perfusates were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. The 14,15-EET/14,15-DHET ratio was 3.7-fold higher at baseline (P < 0.001) and 5.6-fold higher post-ischemia (P < 0.001) in sEH-/- compared with sEH+/+ mice. Likewise, the baseline 9,10- and 12,13-EpOME/DiHOME ratios were 3.2-fold (P < 0.01) and 3.7-fold (P < 0.001) higher, respectively in sEH-/- compared with sEH+/+ mice. 13-HODE was also significantly increased at baseline by 71% (P < 0.01) in sEH-/- vs. sEH+/+ mice. Levels of 5-, 11-, 12-, and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids were not significantly different between the two strains (P > 0.05), but were decreased postischemia in both groups (P = 0.02, P = 0.04, P = 0.05, P = 0.03, respectively). Modulation of CRH by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) was demonstrated using a PPARγ-antagonist (T0070907), which reduced repayment volume by 25% in sEH+/+ (P < 0.001) and 33% in sEH-/- mice (P < 0.01), and a PPARγ-agonist (rosiglitazone), which increased repayment volume by 37% in both sEH+/+ (P = 0.04) and sEH-/- mice (P = 0.04). l-NAME attenuated CRH in both sEH-/- and sEH+/+ These data demonstrate that genetic deletion of sEH resulted in an altered oxylipin profile, which may have led to an enhanced CRH response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Hanif
- Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Matthew L Edin
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; and
| | - Darryl C Zeldin
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; and
| | | | - Mohammed A Nayeem
- Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia;
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12
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Yu SH, Yu JM, Yoo HJ, Lee SJ, Kang DH, Cho YJ, Kim DM. Anti-Proliferative Effects of Rutin on OLETF Rat Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Stimulated by Glucose Variability. Yonsei Med J 2016; 57:373-81. [PMID: 26847289 PMCID: PMC4740529 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2016.57.2.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) plays a crucial role in atherosclerosis. Rutin is a major representative of the flavonol subclass of flavonoids and has various pharmacological activities. Currently, data are lacking regarding its effects on VSMC proliferation induced by intermittent hyperglycemia. Here, we demonstrate the effects of rutin on VSMC proliferation and migration according to fluctuating glucose levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS Primary cultures of male Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rat VSMCs were obtained from enzymatically dissociated rat thoracic aortas. VSMCs were incubated for 72 h with alternating normal (5.5 mmol/L) and high (25.0 mmol/L) glucose media every 12 h. Proliferation and migration of VSMCs, the proliferative molecular pathway [including p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 (MEK1/2), p38 MAPK, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and Akt], the migratory pathway (big MAPK 1, BMK1), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and apoptotic pathway were analyzed. RESULTS We found enhanced proliferation and migration of VSMCs when cells were incubated in intermittent high glucose conditions, compared to normal glucose. These effects were lowered upon rutin treatment. Intermittent treatment with high glucose for 72 h increased the expression of phospho-p44/42 MAPK (extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2, ERK1/2), phospho-MEK1/2, phospho-PI3K, phospho-NF-κB, phospho-BMK1, and ROS, compared to treatment with normal glucose. These effects were suppressed by rutin. Phospho-p38 MAPK, phospho-Akt, JNK, and apoptotic pathways [B-cell lymphoma (Bcl)-xL, Bcl-2, phospho-Bad, and caspase-3] were not affected by fluctuations in glucose levels. CONCLUSION Fluctuating glucose levels increased proliferation and migration of OLETF rat VSMCs via MAPK (ERK1/2), BMK1, PI3K, and NF-κB pathways. These effects were inhibited by the antioxidant rutin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hoon Yu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Myung Yu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung Joon Yoo
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Seong Jin Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Kang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Jung Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Doo Man Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Rabey JL, Yin J, Kublas TM, Mashtare T, Ceacareanu AC. Management of comorbidities in diabetics with renal cell carcinoma: past utilization and current outcomes. J Pharm Pract 2013; 27:31-9. [PMID: 23966283 DOI: 10.1177/0897190013501698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study evaluated whether particular diabetes mellitus (DM), hyperlipidemia, or hypertension pharmacotherapy was associated with improved renal cell carcinoma (RCC) outcomes in diabetics with emergent RCC. METHODS All DM cases newly diagnosed with RCC at Roswell Park Cancer Institute (January 01, 2003-December 31, 2010) were included (n = 95). Baseline demographic information, clinical history, and cancer outcomes were documented after chart review. Fisher's test was used for the analysis of categorical outcomes across different treatment groups. Univariate and multivariate analyses for the comparisons of the overall survival and progression-free survival across treatment groups were assessed using Kaplan-Meier log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS We found that DM pharmacotherapy users, which may represent a more advanced disease as compared to those controlled by diet alone, displayed significantly greater mortality (P = .01). Additionally, we found that cholesterol-lowering pharmacotherapy use was associated with decreased RCC mortality (hazard ratio = 0.54, P = .06). Individuals receiving combined hypertension regimens had a lower chance to present with baseline metastasis; however, hypertension pharmacotherapy use added no survival benefit. CONCLUSION Reinforcing guidelines compliance for hyperlipidemia management in patients with DM may provide a considerable cancer benefit if diagnosed with RCC. Studies evaluating the need for cholesterol-lowering pharmacotherapy in guidelines-noncompliant DM cases upon RCC diagnosis are currently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L Rabey
- State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Buffalo, NY, USA
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14
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Zhang Y, Liu X, Han L, Gao X, Liu E, Wang T. Regulation of lipid and glucose homeostasis by mango tree leaf extract is mediated by AMPK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. Food Chem 2013; 141:2896-905. [PMID: 23871039 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.05.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ethanolic extract of Mangifera indica (mango) dose-dependently decreased serum glucose and triglyceride in KK-A(y) mice. Our in vitro and in vivo investigations revealed that the effect of mango leave extract (ME) on glucose and lipid homeostasis is mediated, at least in part, through the PI3K/AKT and AMPK signaling pathway. ME up-regulated the expression of PI3K, AKT and GYS genes by 2.0-fold, 3.2-fold, and 2.7-fold, respectively, leading to a decrease in glucose level. On the other hand, ME up-regulated AMPK and altered lipid metabolism. ME also down-regulated ACC (2.8-fold), HSL (1.6-fold), FAS (1.8-fold) and PPAR-γ (4.0-fold). Finally, we determined that active metabolites of benzophenone C-glucosides, Iriflophenone 3-C-β-glucoside and Foliamangiferoside A from ME, may play a dominant role in this integrated regulation of sugar and lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, 312 Anshanxi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300193, China
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15
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Anti-proliferative effect of rosiglitazone on angiotensin II-induced vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation is mediated by the mTOR pathway. Cell Biol Int 2012; 36:305-10. [PMID: 22050182 DOI: 10.1042/cbi20100524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
VSMC (vascular smooth muscle cell) proliferation contributes significantly to intimal thickening in atherosclerosis, restenosis and venous bypass graft diseases. Ang II (angiotensin II) has been implicated in VSMC proliferation though the activation of multiple growth-promoting signals. Although TZDs (thiazolidinediones) can inhibit VSMC proliferation and reduce Ang II-induced fibrosis, the mechanism underlying the inhibition of VSMC proliferation and fibrosis needs elucidation. We have used primary cultured rat aortic VSMCs and specific antibodies to investigate the inhibitory mechanism of rosiglitazone on Ang II-induced VSMC proliferation. Rosiglitazone treatment significantly inhibited Ang II-induced rat aortic VSMC proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. Western blot analysis showed that rosiglitazone significantly lowered phosphorylated ERK1/2 (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2), Akt (also known as protein kinase B), mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin), p70S6K (70 kDa S6 kinase) and 4EBP1 (eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein) levels in Ang II-treated VSMCs. In addition, PPAR-γ (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γ) mRNA increased significantly and CTGF (connective tissue growth factor), Fn (fibronectin) and Col III (collagen III) levels decreased significantly. The results demonstrate that the rosiglitazone directly inhibits the pro-atherosclerotic effect of Ang II on rat aortic VSMCs. It also attenuates Ang II-induced ECM (extracellular matrix) molecules and CTGF production in rat aortic VSMCs, reducing fibrosis. Importantly, PPAR-γ activation mediates these effects, in part, through the mTOR-p70S6K and -4EBP1 system.
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Sgarra L, Addabbo F, Potenza MA, Montagnani M. Determinants of evolving metabolic and cardiovascular benefit/risk profiles of rosiglitazone therapy during the natural history of diabetes: molecular mechanisms in the context of integrated pathophysiology. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 302:E1171-82. [PMID: 22374753 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00038.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Rosiglitazone is a thiazolidinedione, a synthetic PPARγ receptor agonist with insulin-sensitizing properties that is used as an antidiabetic drug. In addition to improving glycemic control through actions in metabolic target tissues, rosiglitazone has numerous biological actions that impact on cardiovascular homeostasis. Some of these actions are helpful (e.g., improving endothelial function), whereas others are potentially harmful (e.g., promoting fluid retention). Since cardiovascular morbidity and mortality are major endpoints for diabetes, it is essential to understand how the natural history of diabetes alters the net benefits and risks of rosiglitazone therapy. This complex issue is an important determinant of optimal use of rosiglitazone and is critical for understanding cardiovascular safety issues. We give special attention to the effects of rosiglitazone in diabetic patients with stable coronary artery disease and the impact of rosiglitazone actions on atherosclerosis and plaque instability. This provides a rational conceptual framework for predicting evolving benefit/risk profiles that inform optimal use of rosiglitazone in the clinical setting and help explain the results of recent large clinical intervention trials where rosiglitazone had disappointing cardiovascular outcomes. Thus, in this perspective, we describe what is known about the molecular mechanisms of action of rosiglitazone on cardiovascular targets in the context of the evolving pathophysiology of diabetes over its natural history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Sgarra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Medical School, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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17
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Yoon SY, Park JS, Choi JE, Choi JM, Lee WJ, Kim SW, Kim DH. Rosiglitazone reduces tau phosphorylation via JNK inhibition in the hippocampus of rats with type 2 diabetes and tau transfected SH-SY5Y cells. Neurobiol Dis 2010; 40:449-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2010.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Revised: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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Kim JB, Song BW, Park S, Hwang KC, Cha BS, Jang Y, Lee HC, Lee MH. Alagebrium chloride, a novel advanced glycation end-product cross linkage breaker, inhibits neointimal proliferation in a diabetic rat carotid balloon injury model. Korean Circ J 2010; 40:520-6. [PMID: 21088756 PMCID: PMC2978295 DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2010.40.10.520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Revised: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Vascular perturbation induced by advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) leads to progression of atherosclerosis, plaque instability, and vascular inflammation, which results in a higher risk of neointimal proliferation. Here we investigated the inhibitory effect of alagebrium chloride (ALT-711), a breaker of AGE-based cross links, on neointimal proliferation in a carotid artery balloon injury model in diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin (STZ). Materials and Methods Rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (RASMCs) were treated with 1-100 µM of alagebrium added 24 hours before the addition of AGEs. This in vivo study was done using 8-week-old male rats that were injected intraperitoneally with 80 mg/kg STZ. Sixteen weeks later, the diabetic rats were treated with 10 mg/kg alagebrium for 4 weeks, after which carotid artery balloon injury was induced. After 4 weeks, the animals were sacrificed for histological analysis. Results Proliferation of RASMCs was significantly inhibited in alagebrium-treated cells. Alagebrium dose-dependently inhibited AGE-mediated formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation, and cyclooxygenase-2 expression. The cellular mechanisms of AGE-induced connective tissue and extracellular matrix expression were decreased in the alagebrium-treated group. This in vivo study shows that expression of AGE receptors and neointima hyperplasia are significantly suppressed in balloon-injured rats treated with alagebrium. Conclusion Alagebrium treatment in diabetic rats significantly inhibits neointimal hyperplasia after carotid balloon injury due to its inhibition of intracellular ROS synthesis, which results in inhibition of RASMCs proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Bae Kim
- Cardiology Division, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Ogawa A, Firth AL, Yao W, Madani MM, Kerr KM, Auger WR, Jamieson SW, Thistlethwaite PA, Yuan JXJ. Inhibition of mTOR attenuates store-operated Ca2+ entry in cells from endarterectomized tissues of patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2009; 297:L666-76. [PMID: 19633069 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.90548.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary vascular remodeling occurs in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). One factor contributing to this vascular wall thickening is the proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC). Store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE) and cytosolic free Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](cyt)) in PASMC are known to be important in cell proliferation and vascular remodeling in pulmonary hypertension. Rapamycin is widely known for its antiproliferative effects in injured coronary arteries. Although several reports have suggested favorable effects of rapamycin in animal models of pulmonary hypertension, no reports have been published to date in human tissues. Here we report that rapamycin has an inhibitory effect on SOCE and an antiproliferative effect on PASMC derived from endarterectomized tissues of CTEPH patients. Cells were isolated from endarterectomized tissues obtained from patients undergoing pulmonary thromboendarterectomy (PTE). Immunohistochemical analysis indicated high deposition of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) in tissue sections from PTE tissues and increased PDGF receptor expression. PDGF transiently phosphorylated Akt, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and p70S6 kinase in CTEPH cells from CTEPH patients. Acute treatment (30 min) with rapamycin (10 nM) slightly increased cyclopiazonic acid (10 microM)-induced Ca(2+) mobilization and significantly reduced SOCE. Chronic treatment (24 h) with rapamycin reduced Ca(2+) mobilization and markedly inhibited SOCE. The inhibitory effects of rapamycin on SOCE were less prominent in control cells. Rapamycin also significantly reduced PDGF-stimulated cell proliferation. In conclusion, the data from this study indicate the importance of the mTOR pathway in the development of pulmonary vascular remodeling in CTEPH and suggest a potential therapeutic benefit of rapamycin (or inhibition of mTOR) in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiko Ogawa
- Dept. of Medicine, Univ. of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093-0725, USA
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