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Wurtz KE, Herskin MS, Riber AB. Water deprivation in poultry in connection with transport to slaughter-a review. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103419. [PMID: 38484564 PMCID: PMC10950878 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Poultry are deprived of water when transported to slaughter, beginning shortly prior to catching of the first bird and lasting through catching and loading, the journey on the vehicle, time spent in lairage, and up until time of death. Our aim was to review existing knowledge on variables which may be useful in determining the length of time that poultry may go without water in connection with transport before their welfare begins to deteriorate. During transport, it is likely that birds experience a motivation to drink, which may transition into the negative emotional state of thirst if water is unavailable. Determining when drinking motivation reaches a threshold where welfare is negatively impacted is challenging. In the absence of water, birds may over time experience dehydration which may be detected through physiological indicators as their body attempts to maintain homeostasis. In poultry, plasma osmolality, arginine vasotocin, and chloride have been suggested as being most suitable for assessing dehydration resulting from periods of water deprivation that correspond with typical transport durations, due to their particular sensitivity during this period. While initial dehydration may not be associated with negative emotional states, it is likely that it eventually leads to discomfort, but additional behavioral and motivational studies are necessary to infer when this begins. Impacts of thermal conditions, genetics, and the condition of the individual bird on the development of a dehydrated state were also assessed, though more information is needed to fully understand these interactions. With the available literature, this review concludes that total transport (i.e., from the initial deprivation from water until time of slaughter) durations of longer than 6 h are likely associated with measurable physiological indicators of dehydration and may potentially be associated with negative emotional states, although more research is needed to clarify this. Current available knowledge and assessment tools are not sufficient to detect the degradation of welfare derived from thirst itself, which should be further examined to protect poultry welfare during transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Wurtz
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark.
| | - M S Herskin
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - A B Riber
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
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Karaman S, Taşcıoğlu Y, Bulut OD. Profitability and Cost Analysis for Contract Broiler Production in Turkey. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2072. [PMID: 37443868 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study uses the data obtained from 63 broiler farms engaged in contract farming in Akhisar, Turkey. The average feed conversion ratio in the broiler farms is 1.75, the average live weight 2.25 kg, and the mean market age 38.9 days. The feed conversion rate and the income generated are highly correlated (r = -0.76). The production index is 313.4. According to this production index value, 47.6% of the enterprises are below the average production index. It is highest when the marketing age is greater than 38 days, less than and equal to 40. In other words, it is the optimum market age range where carcass yield is at maximum. The average mortality rate is 4.68%. In 52.4% of the enterprises, the mortality rate is above 5%. There is a low level of correlation between the mortality rate and income (r = -0.26). In broiler farming, mortality rate, and feed conversion ratio are factors that directly affect the success and income of the breeder. In broiler farming, the heating cost has the largest share of the total cost, followed by the litter cost. They are followed by labor, electricity, and pesticide costs. Variable costs account for three-quarters of the total operating costs. The farms have a mean gross value of production of $23.797 per m2 and $1.400 per broiler in a breeding period. The profit margin is 0.572 $/kg per broiler. The mean enterprise net income in the breeding period is $9.197 per m2 and $0.541 per broiler. These findings suggest that broiler farming is a profitable venture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suleyman Karaman
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Economics, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07058, Turkey
| | - Yavuz Taşcıoğlu
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Economics, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07058, Turkey
| | - Osman Doğan Bulut
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Economics, Iğdır University, Iğdır 76000, Turkey
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Junghans A, Deseniß L, Louton H. Data evaluation of broiler chicken rearing and slaughter-An exploratory study. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:957786. [PMID: 36277067 PMCID: PMC9583157 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.957786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
To process and evaluate the data from broiler fattening and slaughtering, we investigated the production data of 107 straight run flocks of the commercial meat-type breed Ross 308 (Aviagen, EU). All flocks were raised and slaughtered in Germany and the average slaughter age was 37 days. The health outcomes of interest were mortality, average weight, and the slaughter results. First-week mortality, cumulative mortality, stocking density, flock size, season, production week of the parental flock, farm, antibiotic treatment, and the interaction between antibiotic treatment and season were considered as possible influencing factors. The average first-week mortality (FWM) and cumulative mortality percentages were 0.66 and 2.74%, respectively. First-week mortality was influenced by flock size, production week of the parental flock, and the interaction between antibiotic treatment and season, whereas cumulative mortality was influenced by antibiotic treatment, farm, and first-week mortality. The average weight (mean 2.30 kg) was influenced by season, stocking density, flock size, farm, and the interaction between antibiotic treatment and season. The condemnation rate was on average 1.48%, with the most common causes being deep dermatitis (mean 0.63%), ascites (mean 0.53%), and not suitable for production/general disease (mean 0.25%). Several factors influenced the causes of condemnation, with season being the most predominant one, followed by the interaction between antibiotic treatment and season, the antibiotic treatment alone, and stocking density.
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Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin-Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortázar Schmidt C, Herskin M, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Padalino B, Roberts HC, Spoolder H, Stahl K, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Mitchell M, Vinco LJ, Voslarova E, Candiani D, Mosbach-Schulz O, Van der Stede Y, Velarde A. Welfare of domestic birds and rabbits transported in containers. EFSA J 2022; 20:e07441. [PMID: 36092767 PMCID: PMC9449994 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This opinion, produced upon a request from the European Commission, focuses on transport of domestic birds and rabbits in containers (e.g. any crate, box, receptacle or other rigid structure used for the transport of animals, but not the means of transport itself). It describes and assesses current transport practices in the EU, based on data from literature, Member States and expert opinion. The species and categories of domestic birds assessed were mainly chickens for meat (broilers), end-of-lay hens and day-old chicks. They included to a lesser extent pullets, turkeys, ducks, geese, quails and game birds, due to limited scientific evidence. The opinion focuses on road transport to slaughterhouses or to production sites. For day-old chicks, air transport is also addressed. The relevant stages of transport considered are preparation, loading, journey, arrival and uncrating. Welfare consequences associated with current transport practices were identified for each stage. For loading and uncrating, the highly relevant welfare consequences identified are handling stress, injuries, restriction of movement and sensory overstimulation. For the journey and arrival, injuries, restriction of movement, sensory overstimulation, motion stress, heat stress, cold stress, prolonged hunger and prolonged thirst are identified as highly relevant. For each welfare consequence, animal-based measures (ABMs) and hazards were identified and assessed, and both preventive and corrective or mitigative measures proposed. Recommendations on quantitative criteria to prevent or mitigate welfare consequences are provided for microclimatic conditions, space allowances and journey times for all categories of animals, where scientific evidence and expert opinion support such outcomes.
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Bostami ABMR, Mun HS, Dilawar MA, Baek KS, Yang CJ. Carcass Characteristics, Proximate Composition, Fatty Acid Profile, and Oxidative Stability of Pectoralis major and Flexor cruris medialis Muscle of Broiler Chicken Subjected to with or without Level of Electrical Stunning, Slaughter, and Subsequent Bleeding. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061679. [PMID: 34199949 PMCID: PMC8229479 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The rapid growth in the global and Muslim population has increased the demand for ritually obtained meat, creating a scope of the global meat business. Pre- and post-slaughter practices are of concern in the global meat industries. Therefore, this study examined four types of slaughter, applied with or without a level of electrical stunning, halal neck cutting, and subsequent bleeding (LSHS, MSHS, and HSHS vs. NSHS). Treatments were as follows: (1) NSHS (without electrical stunning, halal neck cut, and subsequent bleeding was for 180 s), (2) LSHS (electrically stunned at 250 mA for 5 s, halal neck cut, and subsequent bleeding was for 180 s), (3) MSHS (electrically stunned at 500 mA for 10 s, halal neck cut, and subsequent bleeding was for 180 s), and (4) HSHS (electrically stunned at 1000 mA for 20 s, halal neck cut, and subsequent bleeding was for 180 s). Slaughtering practices were evaluated in broiler chickens to determine if they influence the carcass characteristics, livability, bleeding out, Pectoralis major and Flexorcruris medialis proximate composition, cholesterol content, fatty acid profile, post-mortem pH, microbial loads, and oxidative stability. With or without stunning, halal neck cutting and subsequent bleeding did not have a significant negative impact on the nutritional aspects, such as proximate composition, cholesterol content, and fatty acid profile, or post-mortem pH, microbial loads except for a variation in some carcass characteristics, livability, bleeding out, and oxidative stability during post-mortem. Since the pre-slaughter conscious state of the animal/bird and post-slaughter bleeding are ritual demands in this process, higher livability and higher bleed out was exhibited in NSHS and LSHS, and there was no large negative impact on nutritional aspects. Therefore, the meat industry can consider without stunning (NSHS) or short-time electrical stunning (LSHS) to capture the global meat market. Abstract With an emphasis on the global meat market and considering the ritual requirements and quality aspects, four types of slaughtering treatments were compared: (1) NSHS (without electrical stunning, halal neck cut, and subsequent bleeding for 180 s), (2) LSHS (electrically stunned at 250 mA for five seconds, halal neck cut, and subsequent bleeding for 180 s), (3) MSHS (electrically stunned at 500 mA for 10 s, halal neck cut, and subsequent bleeding for 180 s), and (4) HSHS (electrically stunned at 1000 mA for 20 s, halal neck cut, and subsequent bleeding for 180 s). Four hundred 36 day-old Ross 308 broiler chickens (body weights of 1.4 to 1.8 kg) were divided into four random groups of 100 birds each (ten replicated pens of ten birds). This study examined the livability, bleeding out, Pectoralis major and Flexor cruris medialis proximate composition, cholesterol content, fatty acid profile and post-mortem pH, microbial loads, and oxidative stability. The livability and bleeding out were higher in NSHS and LSHS than MSHS and HSHS (p < 0.05). The Pectoralis major and Flexor cruris medialis proximate composition, cholesterol content and fatty acid profile, post-mortem pH, and microbial loads were unaffected by the slaughter treatments (p > 0.05), but the oxidative stability of Pectoralis major differed during the eight-day post-mortem period (p < 0.05). The results suggest that for capturing the global meat market, the meat industry can consider NSHS and LSHS because the ritual requirements are fulfilled, and there is no negative impact on the nutritional aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. B. M. Rubayet Bostami
- Animal Nutrition and Feed Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Suncheon-si 57922, Jeollanam-do, Korea; (A.B.M.R.B.); (H.-S.M.); (M.A.D.)
- Department of Animal Science and Nutrition, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh
| | - Hong-Seok Mun
- Animal Nutrition and Feed Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Suncheon-si 57922, Jeollanam-do, Korea; (A.B.M.R.B.); (H.-S.M.); (M.A.D.)
| | - Muhammad Ammar Dilawar
- Animal Nutrition and Feed Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Suncheon-si 57922, Jeollanam-do, Korea; (A.B.M.R.B.); (H.-S.M.); (M.A.D.)
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System (BK 21 Plus), Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Suncheon-si 57922, Jeollanam-do, Korea;
| | - Kwang-Soo Baek
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System (BK 21 Plus), Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Suncheon-si 57922, Jeollanam-do, Korea;
| | - Chul-Ju Yang
- Animal Nutrition and Feed Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Suncheon-si 57922, Jeollanam-do, Korea; (A.B.M.R.B.); (H.-S.M.); (M.A.D.)
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System (BK 21 Plus), Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Suncheon-si 57922, Jeollanam-do, Korea;
- Correspondence:
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Impact of pre-slaughter factors on welfare of broilers. Vet Anim Sci 2020; 10:100146. [PMID: 33145453 PMCID: PMC7593620 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2020.100146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-slaughter factors adversely affecting bird welfare were studied at the slaughterhouse. The incidence of dead on arrival (DoA), bruises and dehydration was investigated in 64 different mixed-sex batches of broilers coming from 64 different farms rearing fast-growing genotypes (Ross or Cobb). The effects of catching team, method of catching, time of day for catching and transport, density per cage, transport duration, transport distance, lairage duration and water withdrawal were considered. The average DoA was 0.29%, ranging from 0.02% to 1.89% per batch. DoA rate has a higher probability of increase with the increase in transport distance (t=2.142; P=0.037; estimate=0.009) and with catching the birds after midnight (t=-2.931; P=0.005; estimate=0.022). Longer transport durations for birds caught after midnight as well as longer lairage durations for birds caught after midnight are associated with the increase of DoA rate. Bruises were observed in 3.37% of birds, ranging from 0.43% to 8.29% per batch. Bruises occurred mostly on wings (3.06%), followed by legs (0.19%) and breast (0.12%). A higher percentage of bruises occurred in batches with more birds per transport crate (t=2.185; P=0.029; estimate=0.001). Dehydrated carcasses were observed in 22 out of 64 batches, accounting for 2.68% of condemnations. Signs of dehydration on carcasses were more frequently observed in batches subjected to longer withdrawal durations. Short transport distances, catching the birds before midnight and doing the transport by night are crucial in decreasing the DoA rate. Catching and crating processes seem to be responsible for the increase of percentage of bruises. Pre-slaughter operations should be adequate planned namely, transport and lairage durations, catching period and crating procedure in view to reduce negative effects on animal welfare.
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7
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The value of a retrospective analysis of slaughter records for the welfare of broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2020; 99:5222-5232. [PMID: 33142438 PMCID: PMC7647861 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of transport risk factors on deaths on arrival (DOAs; %) and carcass rejections (%) on broiler chickens transported to a slaughterhouse in Southern Spain were assessed using information routinely collected at the slaughterhouse. A total of 2,284 flocks and 10,198,663 broiler chickens, transported in 2,103 commercial transports from 217 different farms to a single slaughterhouse, were studied using the information of veterinary service and slaughter records. Studied risk factors were transport condition at arrival score (good/bad) and plumage condition score (good/bad) at arrival at the slaughterhouse, mixing loads (yes/no), transport duration (min), and season of the year (spring/summer/autumn/winter). Generalized linear mixed models were used to determine the effects of risk factors and their interactions on DOA and carcass rejections. The interactive nature of risk factors affecting both variables was revealed. Mixing loads interacted with transport duration (P < 0.0001), amplifying the negative consequences of long transports on DOA. Mixing loads also interacted with transport conditions at arrival (P = 0.0005), with the impact of bad transport conditions at arrival being particularly negative in the case of mixed loads. These facts raise questions about the suitability of mixing loads both from the animal welfare and economic standpoints. Transport duration interacted with season (P = 0.0003), with the detrimental effect of long distances on DOA being particularly evident during summer and winter, which highlights the need for alternative management measures when hot or cold temperatures are foreseen during transport. Long transports also increased carcass rejections (P < 0.0001). Mixing loads and bad plumage condition exacerbated the overall, detrimental effect of autumn transports on DOA (P = 0.0084 and P = 0.0009, respectively) with respect to summer transports. Similar results were obtained for the interactions between mixing loads and transport season (P = 0.0043) and transport conditions at arrival and transport season (P = 0.0014) on carcass rejections. Overall, results highlight the value of slaughter records to produce information useful to reduce the impact of transport risk factors, improve broiler chicken welfare, and improve slaughterhouse economic results.
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8
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Vecerkova L, Vecerek V, Voslarova E. Welfare of end-of-lay hens transported for slaughter: effects of ambient temperature, season, and transport distance on transport-related mortality. Poult Sci 2020; 98:6217-6224. [PMID: 31433840 PMCID: PMC8913773 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The transport of end-of-lay hens for slaughter presents a particular cause for concern in relation to hen welfare due to their less robust condition. During the period of 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2017, 17,436,074 end-of-lay hens transported for slaughter in 3,144 consignments were monitored, i.e., all hens transported from Czech farms to slaughterhouses in the Czech Republic in the monitored period. The overall mortality of hens during transport for slaughter was 0.516%. A significant (P < 0.05) impact of outside temperature and month of the year on transport-related mortality was found. Lower outside temperature was connected with the increased hen mortality and vice versa. Correspondingly, more deaths of end-of-lay hens occurred in the cold winter months of January (0.717%) and December (0.695%); on the contrary, the lowest death rates were recorded in August (0.364%). Differences were also found when comparing transport-related mortality rates according to the transport distance. The lowest mortality (0.338%) was found in hens transported for distances up to 50 km; longer distances were associated with increasing (P < 0.05) death rates, with the greatest losses (0.801%) recorded for distances from 201 to 300 km. These findings document the need for increased care for end-of-lay hens during their transport for slaughter in the winter at lower outside transport temperatures, in particular below 0°C (e.g., by adequate temperature regulation in the means of transport), and of hens transported over longer distances (if the transport distance cannot be reduced).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Vecerkova
- Department of Animal Protection, Welfare and Behaviour, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno 61242, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Vecerek
- Department of Animal Protection, Welfare and Behaviour, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno 61242, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Voslarova
- Department of Animal Protection, Welfare and Behaviour, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno 61242, Czech Republic
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An IoT Platform Towards the Enhancement of Poultry Production Chains. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20061549. [PMID: 32168771 PMCID: PMC7146564 DOI: 10.3390/s20061549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
As a consequence of the projected world population growth, world meat consumption is expected to grow. Therefore, meat production needs to be improved, although it cannot be done at any cost. Maintaining the health and welfare status of animals at optimal levels has traditionally been a main concern of farmers, and more recently, consumers. In this article the Poultry Chain Management (PCM) platform is presented. It aims at collecting data across the different phases of the poultry production chain. The collection of this data not only contributes to determine the quality of each phase and the poultry production chain as a whole, but more importantly, to identify critical issues causing process inefficiencies and to support decision-making towards the holistic improvement of the production chain. Results showed that the information gathered can be exploited to make different suggestions to guarantee poultry welfare, and ultimately, improve the quality of the meat.
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Hussnain F, Mahmud A, Mehmood S, Jaspal MH. Effect of Broiler Crating Density and Transportation Distance on Preslaughter Losses and Physiological Response During the Winter Season in Punjab, Pakistan. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2019-1169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Hussnain
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan
| | - A Mahmud
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan
| | - S Mehmood
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan
| | - MH Jaspal
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan
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Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Depner K, Drewe JA, Garin-Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortázar Schmidt C, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Roberts HC, Sihvonen LH, Spoolder H, Stahl K, Velarde Calvo A, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Candiani D, Fabris C, Van der Stede Y, Michel V. Slaughter of animals: poultry. EFSA J 2019; 17:e05849. [PMID: 32626156 PMCID: PMC7008870 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The killing of poultry for human consumption (slaughtering) can take place in a slaughterhouse or during on-farm slaughter. The processes of slaughtering that were assessed, from the arrival of birds in containers until their death, were grouped into three main phases: pre-stunning (including arrival, unloading of containers from the truck, lairage, handling/removing of birds from containers); stunning (including restraint); and bleeding (including bleeding following stunning and bleeding during slaughter without stunning). Stunning methods were grouped into three categories: electrical, controlled modified atmosphere and mechanical. In total, 35 hazards were identified and characterised, most of them related to stunning and bleeding. Staff were identified as the origin of 29 hazards, and 28 hazards were attributed to the lack of appropriate skill sets needed to perform tasks or to fatigue. Corrective and preventive measures were assessed: measures to correct hazards were identified for 11 hazards, with management shown to have a crucial role in prevention. Ten welfare consequences, the birds can be exposed to during slaughter, were identified: consciousness, heat stress, cold stress, prolonged thirst, prolonged hunger, restriction of movements, pain, fear, distress and respiratory distress. Welfare consequences and relevant animal-based measures were described. Outcome tables linking hazards, welfare consequences, animal-based measures, origins, and preventive and corrective measures were developed for each process. Mitigation measures to minimise welfare consequences were also proposed.
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Effect of pre-incubation and incubation conditions on hatchability, hatch time and hatch window, and effect of post-hatch handling on chick quality at placement. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933913000329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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13
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Lazaro C, Conte-Junior CA, Medina-Vara M, Mota-Rojas D, Cruz-Monterrosa R, Guerrero-Legarreta I. EFFECT OF PRE-SLAUGHTER CONFINEMENT STRESS ON PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF CHICKEN MEAT. CIÊNCIA ANIMAL BRASILEIRA 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1089-6891v20e-38059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract The effect of pre-slaughter lairage stress on biogenic amines, pH, and color with the CIELab system (where three variables L*, a*, b* are estimated: L* for lightness, a* defines redness, and b* defines yellowness) in chicken breast meat was investigated. Before slaughtering, 25 broilers were selected and divided into five groups according to lairage holding time (30 min or 3 h), day/night schedule (daylight or nighttime) and control (no lairage). After slaughtering, breasts (M. Pectoralis major) were removed, stored for 9 days at 4 °C, and analyzed every 3 days. The results showed a pH decrease during nighttime holding. Also, a three-hour pre-slaughter holding (daytime or night) resulted in high biogenic amine concentration, increase in lightness (L*), and reduction in redness (a*) during storage. Cadaverine concentration showed a rapid increase from day 6 onward. The time and schedule of chicken lairage is a pre-slaughter stress factor that affects meat quality. Based on these observations, it is recommended to slaughter chickens immediately on arrival at the processing plants.
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14
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Grilli C, Stocchi R, Loschi AR, Conti F, Rea S. Survey on broiler pre-slaughter mortality in a commercial abattoir of central Italy. Ital J Food Saf 2018; 7:5878. [PMID: 30538957 PMCID: PMC6240839 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2018.5878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The pre-slaughter mortality was investigated on broilers, in the Mediterranean climate condition, considering the most significant risk factors as the journey length, waiting time, season and the space allowance in cages. At first, the pre-slaughter mortality was studied considering the totality of birds and then by examining in detail three broiler categories: large, medium and small size. The average dead on arrival (DOA) recorded on the totality of birds throughout the year was 0.38% and the values obtained in winter, spring, summer and autumn were 0.52, 0.48, 0.31 and 0.22%, respectively. The mortality rate observed during the year was 0.52, 0.47 and 0.31% for large, medium and small broilers, respectively. In all three groups, the maximum values of mortality were obtained in winter, whereas the minimum ones were recorded in autumn, spring and summer for large, medium, and small size birds, respectively. The increase of journey length could cause a higher mortality rate whereas the increase of the waiting time in the facilities at controlled environmental conditions did not seem to be a risk factor, but rather a mean to reduce the number of dead animals (all P < 0.05). It is concluded that the resistance to the hostile weather conditions, long journeys and extended waiting times was strongly related with the body weight of broilers; therefore, the planning of the slaughtering activity should consider this aspect, in order to avoid animal suffering and the economic loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Grilli
- Regional Health Authority, Marche Region, Area Vasta 2, Ancona
| | - Roberta Stocchi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Matelica
| | - Anna Rita Loschi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Matelica
| | - Fabrizio Conti
- Regional Health Authority, Marche Region, Area Vasta 2, Jesi, Italy
| | - Stefano Rea
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Matelica
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15
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Shahdan IA, Regenstein JM, Rahman MT. Critical limits for the control points for halal poultry slaughter. Poult Sci 2018; 96:1970-1981. [PMID: 27965405 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study proposes critical limits (CL) for control points for halal slaughter (CPHS). Previously, 6 control points (CP) were determined, and CL for these 6 CPHS are suggested based on: 1) a literature survey for the CL for CP 1 (poultry breeding, rearing, and poultry feed) and CP 2 (welfare of poultry during transportation and lairage); 2) a field survey of slaughter plants in Kuantan (Malaysia) for CP 3 (immobilization), CP 4 (slaughter), CP 5 (time for full bleed-out), and CP 6 (washing and packaging); and 3) controlled experiments to refine the CL for CP 3, 4, and 5. The CL for CP 1 focused on stress reduction during rearing and use of substances that could compromise poultry meat wholesomeness. The CL for CP 2 emphasizes humane best-practices for handling poultry during lairage. The CL for CP 3 suggests a gap of 5 s between 2 shackles if only one shackler is employed and shackling times of <1 min for live chickens. In countries permitting water-bath electrical stunning of halal poultry, the stunning current needed to induce unconsciousness must be defined for the breed and bird size but not cause any chicken deaths. The CL for CP 4 mandates the recitation of the tasmiyah (the invocation), which if done for every chicken, will require ≥5 s between stunning and neck cutting. The CL for CP 4 also includes information about the slaughter knife. In CP 5 the recommended minimum time between neck cutting and scalding is 9.5 min. Finally, the CL for CP 6 emphasizes good supply chain hygiene and zero adulteration from haram species and substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Intan Azura Shahdan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Istana, 25200 Kuantan, Malaysia.,Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Istana, 25200 Kuantan, Malaysia
| | | | - Mohammad Tariqur Rahman
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Istana, 25200 Kuantan, Malaysia.,Faculty of Dentistry, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
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16
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Carvalho RH, Honorato DCB, Guarnieri PD, Soares AL, Pedrão MR, Oba A, Paião FG, Ida EI, Shimokomaki M. Assessment of turkey vehicle container microclimate on transit during summer season conditions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2018; 62:961-970. [PMID: 29362871 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-018-1498-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the formed microclimate commercial truck transport practices effects on the turkeys' welfare by measuring Dead on Arrival (DOA) index and pale, soft, and exudative (PSE-like) meat occurrence. The experimental design was entirely randomized in a 6 × 2 factorial arrangements (two truck container compartments × six water shower groups) with birds positioned at superior front (SF), inferior front (IF), superior middle (SM), inferior middle (IM), superior rear (SR), and inferior rear (IR) and two bath treatments: with water shower (WiS) and without water shower (WoS) with eight replications for each treatment. The animals were transported for 95 min' journey from the farm to the slaughterhouse under hot-humidity conditions. The results shown herein indicated the formation of a thermal core at the inferior middle and rear truck container regions, because the heat produced by the birds and the influence of developed microclimate consisting of temperature, relative humidity, and air ventilation. The IM and IR container compartments under the WoS treatment presented the highest (P < 0.01) numbers of PSE-like meat incidence and DOA index values compared with those located at the front under WiS treatment as the consequence of the altered to birds unbearable conditions within the container microclimate in transit. The formed microclimate during the commercial transport practices under hot-humidity conditions affected the bird's welfare consequently turkey meat qualities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael H Carvalho
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Londrina State University, PO Box 6001, Londrina, PR, 86010-951, Brazil.
| | - Danielle C B Honorato
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Adriana L Soares
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Mayka R Pedrão
- Paraná Federal Technological University in Londrina, Campus Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Oba
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Londrina State University, PO Box 6001, Londrina, PR, 86010-951, Brazil
| | - Fernanda G Paião
- Paraná Federal Technological University in Londrina, Campus Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Elza I Ida
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Massami Shimokomaki
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Londrina State University, PO Box 6001, Londrina, PR, 86010-951, Brazil
- Paraná Federal Technological University in Londrina, Campus Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
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17
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Carvalho RH, Honorato DCB, Guarnieri PD, Soares AL, Pedrão MR, Oba A, Paião FG, Ida EI, Shimokomaki M. In-transit development of color abnormalities in turkey breast meat during winter season. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2018; 59:30. [PMID: 29484194 PMCID: PMC5822629 DOI: 10.1186/s40781-017-0157-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background The poultry industry suffers losses from problems as pale, soft and exudative (PSE), and dark, firm and dry (DFD) meat can develop in meat as a result of short- and long-term stress, respectively. These abnormalities are impacted by pre-slaughter animal welfare. Methods This work evaluated the effects of open vehicle container microclimate, throughout the 38 ± 10 km journey from the farm to the slaughterhouse, on commercially turkey transported during the Brazilian winter season. The journey was initiated immediately after water bath in truck fitted with portable Kestrel anemometers to measure air ventilation, relative humidity, temperature and ventilation. Results The inferior compartments of the middle and rear truck regions showed highest temperature and relative humidity, and lower air ventilation. In addition, the superior compartments of the front truck regions presented lower temperature and wind chill, and highest air ventilation. The breast meat samples from animals located at the inferior compartments of the middle and rear truck regions and subjected to with water bath (WiB) treatment presented highest DFD-like and had lowest PSE-like meat incidence than those from animals located at other compartments within the container. Lower incidence of PSE-like meat was observed in birds without water bath (WoB). Conclusions Assessment on turkeys transported under Brazilian southern winter conditions revealed that breast meat quality can be affected by relative humidity, air ventilation, temperature, and transport under subtropical conditions promoting color abnormalities and the formation of simultaneously PSE-like and DFD-like meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael H Carvalho
- 1Graduate Program in Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Londrina State University, CEP 86010-951, Londrina, PR PO Box 6001 Brazil
| | - Danielle C B Honorato
- 2Graduate Program in Food Science, Department of Food Science and Technology, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR Brazil
| | - Paulo D Guarnieri
- 3Graduate Program in Food Science, Sao Paulo University, Sao Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Adriana L Soares
- 2Graduate Program in Food Science, Department of Food Science and Technology, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR Brazil
| | - Mayka R Pedrão
- 4Professional Master Program, Paraná Federal Technological University in Londrina, Campus Londrina, Londrina, PR Brazil
| | - Alexandre Oba
- 1Graduate Program in Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Londrina State University, CEP 86010-951, Londrina, PR PO Box 6001 Brazil
| | - Fernanda G Paião
- 4Professional Master Program, Paraná Federal Technological University in Londrina, Campus Londrina, Londrina, PR Brazil
| | - Elza I Ida
- 2Graduate Program in Food Science, Department of Food Science and Technology, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR Brazil
| | - Massami Shimokomaki
- 1Graduate Program in Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Londrina State University, CEP 86010-951, Londrina, PR PO Box 6001 Brazil.,4Professional Master Program, Paraná Federal Technological University in Londrina, Campus Londrina, Londrina, PR Brazil
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18
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Arikan MS, Akin AC, Akcay A, Aral Y, Sariozkan S, Cevrimli MB, Polat M. Effects of Transportation Distance, Slaughter Age, and Seasonal Factors on Total Losses in Broiler Chickens. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2016-0429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Y Aral
- Ankara University, Turkey
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19
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Rodrigues D, Café M, Jardim Filho R, Oliveira E, Trentin T, Martins D, Minafra C. Metabolism of broilers subjected to different lairage times at the abattoir and its relationship with broiler meat quality. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-9268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT An investigation was made into the effects of different lairage times and the position of chicken crates during transport to the slaughterhouse on the biochemical and hematological profile and physical parameters of broilers, such as color and pH of their breast meat. The treatments were defined by the animals slaughtered after 0, 2, 4 and 6 hours of lairage time at the slaughterhouse, transported in crates located in the top and bottom layers of the truck. It was found that increasing the lairage time at the slaughterhouse to over two hours reduced the number of lymphocytes and increased the heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) ratio and the basophil count in the hemogram. In addition, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and cholesterol levels increased and plasma triglyceride and glucose levels decreased. The position of the crates in the truck altered the creatine kinase (CK) activity, and the highest enzyme activity was found in birds transported in the top layer of crates in the truck. Furthermore, the long lairage time in the slaughterhouse increased the pH and the value of a* (redness value) and decreased the lightness value of breast fillets. The interaction significant between 4 and 6 hours of lairage time and the position of the crate in the top layer of the truck favored the development of dark, firm, dry (DFD) meat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M.B. Café
- Universidade Federal de Goiás, Brazil
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20
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Part CE, Edwards P, Hajat S, Collins LM. Prevalence rates of health and welfare conditions in broiler chickens change with weather in a temperate climate. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2016; 3:160197. [PMID: 27703686 PMCID: PMC5043304 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Climate change impact assessment and adaptation research in agriculture has focused primarily on crop production, with less known about the potential impacts on livestock. We investigated how the prevalence of health and welfare conditions in broiler (meat) chickens changes with weather (temperature, rainfall, air frost) in a temperate climate. Cases of 16 conditions were recorded at approved slaughterhouses in Great Britain. National prevalence rates and distribution mapping were based on data from more than 2.4 billion individuals, collected between January 2011 and December 2013. Analysis of temporal distribution and associations with national weather were based on monthly data from more than 6.8 billion individuals, collected between January 2003 and December 2013. Ascites, bruising/fractures, hepatitis and abnormal colour/fever were most common, at annual average rates of 29.95, 28.00, 23.76 and 22.29 per 10 000, respectively. Ascites and abnormal colour/fever demonstrated clear annual cycles, with higher rates in winter than in summer. Ascites prevalence correlated strongly with maximum temperature at 0 and -1 month lags. Abnormal colour/fever correlated strongly with temperature at 0 lag. Maximum temperatures of approximately 8°C and approximately 19°C marked the turning points of curve in a U-shaped relationship with mortality during transportation and lairage. Future climate change research on broilers should focus on preslaughter mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chérie E. Part
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Phil Edwards
- Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Shakoor Hajat
- Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London WC1H 9SH, UK
| | - Lisa M. Collins
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK
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21
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Abstract
Data on the numbers of Pekin ducks transported to slaughterhouses between 2009 and 2014 and the numbers of ducks that died during these transports were recorded in cooperation with the State Veterinary Administration of the Czech Republic. In the monitored period, a total of 12,327,017 ducks were transported, of which 9,545 (0.077%) died. The levels of transport-related mortality over these years varied significantly (P < 0.001); the lowest mortality was observed in 2011 (0.059%) and the highest in 2013 (0.089%). The impact of distance on transport-related mortality in ducks was demonstrated. The lowest transport-related mortality (0.052%) was found for distances shorter than 50 km. It was significantly (P < 0.001) lower than the mortality rates connected with longer journeys. The greatest mortality rates were found for transport distances of 101–200 km (0.105%). In addition, the season of the year significantly affected transport-related mortality in Pekin ducks. The highest death losses were found in the summer (0.090%). Death losses of ducks connected with summer transports were significantly higher (P < 0.001) in comparison with transport-related mortality rates in any other season of the year. The lowest death losses were found in duck transports carried out in the autumn and winter (0.069% and 0.072%, respectively) with no significant difference between those two seasons. Shortening transport distances and maintaining a suitable micro-climate inside transport vehicles especially in the summer are thus two important factors that can contribute to reducing transport-related mortality in Pekin ducks in commercial practice.
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22
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Vieira F, Silva I, Barbosa Filho J, Vieira A. Influência das condições térmicas do galpão de espera climatizado na mortalidade pré-abate de frangos de corte. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-7872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Avaliou-se o efeito das condições ambientais da espera pré-abate na mortalidade de frangos de corte, mantidos em galpão climatizado em um abatedouro comercial. Foram avaliados 215 caminhões de transporte de um abatedouro comercial quanto ao número de aves mortas durante as operações pré-abate e à temperatura retal dos animais em condição de espera no abatedouro. Os dados foram obtidos no galpão de espera climatizado por meio de ventiladores e nebulizadores, em diferentes períodos: manhã, tarde e noite. As variáveis térmicas, distância, tempo de espera e densidade de aves por caixa foram consideradas na análise. Destacaram-se os efeitos da temperatura, da umidade relativa e do tempo de espera na variação tanto do número de aves mortas por caminhão quanto da temperatura retal dos animais. Com relação à interação entre temperatura e umidade relativa interna do galpão de espera, houve eficiência do ambiente climatizado no abatedouro quanto à diminuição do número de aves mortas. A climatização foi mais expressiva na redução do número de aves mortas e da temperatura retal quando a temperatura do galpão de espera estava entre 21 e 24°C, principalmente em condições de umidade relativa interna em torno de 70%. Nessas condições climatizadas, o tempo de espera acima de duas horas proporcionou maior conforto às aves.
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23
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Vecerek V, Voslarova E, Conte F, Vecerkova L, Bedanova I. Negative Trends in Transport-related Mortality Rates in Broiler Chickens. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2016; 29:1796-1804. [PMID: 26954219 PMCID: PMC5088430 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.15.0996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The high incidence of deaths during transport for slaughter is associated with poor welfare and represents a considerable loss to the poultry industry. In the period from 2009 to 2014, all shipments of broiler chickens to poultry processing plants were monitored in the Czech Republic and the numbers of chickens transported and those dying as a result of their transport were recorded and analysed. Overall transport-related mortality of broiler chickens transported for slaughter in the Czech Republic was 0.37%. It ranged from 0.31% to 0.72%, the increase approximately corresponding to the increasing transport distance. Statistically highly significant (p<0.001) differences were found when comparing transport-related mortality rates in individual seasons of the year. The greatest mortality (0.55%) was associated with transports carried out in winter months whereas the lowest death losses (0.30%) were found in chickens transported for slaughter in summer months. Our study revealed greater transport-related mortality rates in broiler chickens transported for slaughter in the Czech Republic than expected when considering earlier studies. The most pronounced increases were found in transports for shorter distances and in winter months. However, an increase was found at all transport distances monitored except for distances exceeding 300 km and all seasons except for summer. Furthermore, a general increasing tendency in chicken losses during the monitored period was found. The particularly alarming finding is that the mortality of broiler chickens being transported to processing plants has been showing a long-term increasing tendency over the last two decades. Further research should focus on the identification of specific factors leading to such high and growing mortality rates and developing practical guidelines to improve the welfare of the birds in transit accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Vecerek
- Department of Animal Protection, Welfare and Behaviour, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno 612 42, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Voslarova
- Department of Animal Protection, Welfare and Behaviour, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno 612 42, Czech Republic
| | - Francesca Conte
- Department of Animal Protection, Welfare and Behaviour, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno 612 42, Czech Republic.,Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, viale Annunziata, Messina 981 68, Italy
| | - Lenka Vecerkova
- Department of Animal Protection, Welfare and Behaviour, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno 612 42, Czech Republic
| | - Iveta Bedanova
- Department of Animal Protection, Welfare and Behaviour, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno 612 42, Czech Republic
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24
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Niu Z, Min Y, Wang J, Wang Z, Wei F, Liu F. On oxidation resistance and meat quality of broilers challenged with lipopolysaccharide. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2015.1031771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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25
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Padalino B, Hall E, Raidal S, Celi P, Knight P, Jeffcott L, Muscatello G. Health Problems and Risk Factors Associated with Long Haul Transport of Horses in Australia. Animals (Basel) 2015; 5:1296-310. [PMID: 26690482 PMCID: PMC4693216 DOI: 10.3390/ani5040412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine transportation is associated with a variety of serious health disorders causing economic losses. However; statistics on horse transport are limited and epidemiological data on transport related diseases are available only for horses transported to abattoirs for slaughter. This study analysed reports of transport related health problems identified by drivers and horse owners for 180 journeys of an Australian horse transport company transporting horses between Perth and Sydney (~4000 km) in 2013-2015. Records showed that 97.2% (1604/1650) of the horses arrived at their destination with no clinical signs of disease or injury. Based on the veterinary reports of the affected horses; the most common issues were respiratory problems (27%); gastrointestinal problems (27%); pyrexia (19%); traumatic injuries (15%); and death (12%). Journey duration and season had a significant effect on the distribution of transport related issues ( p < 0.05); with a marked increase of the proportion of the most severe problems ( i.e. , gastrointestinal; respiratory problems and death) in spring and after 20 h in transit. Although not statistically significant; elevated disease rate predictions were seen for stallions/colts; horses aged over 10 years; and Thoroughbreds. Overall; the data demonstrate that long haul transportation is a risk for horse health and welfare and requires appropriate management to minimize transport stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Padalino
- The Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden 2570, NSW, Australia.
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Bari, Bari 70100, Italy.
| | - Evelyn Hall
- The Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden 2570, NSW, Australia.
| | - Sharanne Raidal
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, Charles Stuart University, Wagga Wagga 2650, NSW, Australia.
| | - Pietro Celi
- DSM Nutritional Products, Animal Nutrition and Health, Columbia, MD 21045, USA.
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia.
| | - Peter Knight
- Discipline of Biomedical Science, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Lidcombe 1825, Australia.
| | - Leo Jeffcott
- The Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden 2570, NSW, Australia.
| | - Gary Muscatello
- The Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden 2570, NSW, Australia.
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26
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Spurio RS, Soares AL, Carvalho RH, Silveira Junior V, Grespan M, Oba A, Shimokomaki M. Improving transport container design to reduce broiler chicken PSE (pale, soft, exudative) meat in Brazil. Anim Sci J 2015; 87:277-83. [PMID: 26304672 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Throughout the chicken production chain, transport from farm to the commercial abattoir is one of the most critical sources of stress, particularly heat stress. The aim of this work was to describe the performance of a new prototype truck container designed to improve the microenvironment and reduce the incidence of pale, soft and exudative (PSE) meat and dead on arrival (DOA) occurrences. Experiments were carried out for four different conditions: regular and prototype truck, both with and without wetting loaded cages at the farm (for bird thermal stress relief) just before transporting. While there was no difference in the DOA index (P ≥ 0.05), the prototype truck caused a reduction (P < 0.05) in the occurrence of PSE meat by 66.3% and 49.6% with and without wetting, respectively. The results of this experiment clearly revealed a low-cost solution for transporting chickens that yields better animal welfare conditions and improves meat quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael S Spurio
- Graduate Program in Food Science, Department of Food Science and Technology, State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Adriana L Soares
- Graduate Program in Food Science, Department of Food Science and Technology, State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Rafael H Carvalho
- Graduate Program in Animal Science Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | | | - Alexandre Oba
- Graduate Program in Animal Science Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Massami Shimokomaki
- Graduate Program in Food Science, Department of Food Science and Technology, State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Animal Science Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil.,Professional Master in Food Technology Program, Paraná Federal Technological University, Campus Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
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27
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Grilli C, Loschi AR, Rea S, Stocchi R, Leoni L, Conti F. Welfare indicators during broiler slaughtering. Br Poult Sci 2015; 56:1-5. [PMID: 25567419 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2014.991274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
1. The aim of this study was to identify the most relevant welfare indicators for unloading, lairage, stunning, killing and post-mortem inspection in a poultry slaughter plant. Different indicators were unloading duration, lairage time, environmental variables in the lairage facilities, shackling time and electrical variables used in the water bath. 2. Lairage time did not correlate strongly with dead on arrival. Heat stress was limited by means of ventilation systems, correct cage placement and appropriate stocking density per crate. The acceptable shackling period was about 30 s. 3. The presence of a corneal reflex showed that an animal was alive, while spontaneous wing flapping, spontaneous eye blinking and response to a painful stimulus were regarded as indicators of stunning efficiency. 4. It was concluded that the presence of recent traumatic injuries during the post-mortem inspection could be a valid means to establish whether corrective measures concerning the handling, transport and loading procedures should be taken.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Grilli
- a School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine , University of Camerino , Matelica , Italy
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28
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Schwartzkopf-Genswein KS, Faucitano L, Dadgar S, Shand P, González LA, Crowe TG. Road transport of cattle, swine and poultry in North America and its impact on animal welfare, carcass and meat quality: a review. Meat Sci 2012; 92:227-43. [PMID: 22608833 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews the effects of road transport on the welfare, carcass and meat quality of cattle, swine and poultry in North America (NA). The main effects of loading density, trailer microclimate, transport duration, animal size and condition, management factors including bedding, ventilation, handling, facilities, and vehicle design are summarized by species. The main effects listed above all have impacts on welfare (stress, health, injury, fatigue, dehydration, core body temperature, mortality and morbidity) and carcass and meat quality (shrink, bruising, pH, color defects and water losses) to varying degrees. It is clear that the effect of road transport is a multi-factorial problem where a combination of stressors rather than a single factor is responsible for the animal's well-being and meat quality post transport. Animals least fit for transport suffer the greatest losses in terms of welfare and meat quality while market ready animals (in particular cattle and pigs) in good condition appear to have fewer issues. More research is needed to identify the factors or combination of factors with the greatest negative impacts on welfare and meat quality relative to the species, and their size, age and condition under extreme environmental conditions. Future research needs to focus on controlled scientific assessments, under NA conditions, of varying loading densities, trailer design, microclimate, and handling quality during the transport process. Achieving optimal animal well-being, carcass and meat quality will entirely depend on the quality of the animal transport process.
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