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Xing J, Yang D, Zhang Z, Yang P, Wang F. An adaptive fusion algorithm for coastal sea altimetry based on dual-frequency Beidou-R carrier phase. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302305. [PMID: 38722994 PMCID: PMC11081225 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
This article proposes an integer ambiguity determination method based on Beidou system-reflectometry (Beidou-R) observations of the carrier phase at the B1I and B3I frequencies. To enhance the accuracy of sea surface height (SSH) estimation, this study introduces a parallel filtering algorithm and an adaptive iterative fusion algorithm, enabling data fusion based on the variance at B1I and B3I frequencies. To validate and evaluate the proposed method, a coastal experiment was conducted at the Shenxian River. In this experiment, reflected signals from GEO and IGSO satellites were collected. Data analysis reveals that the method is effective, demonstrating that the root mean square error (RMSE) of SSH achieves 2.85 cm and 2.89 cm for PRN 04 and PRN 33, respectively. Furthermore, the impact of the elevation angle on measurement accuracy is analyzed. This study aims to propose a method to enhance coastal sea surface height estimation, offering potential advancements in sea surface altimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xing
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongkai Yang
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhibo Zhang
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Pengyu Yang
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Wang
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
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Meyer F, Sandbakk Ø, Millet GP. Editorial: Sport performance analysis: from the laboratory to the field. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1372080. [PMID: 38371853 PMCID: PMC10874104 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1372080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Meyer
- Laboratory of Signal Processing 5, Swiss Federal School of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Digital Signal Processing Group, Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Øyvind Sandbakk
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Centre for Elite Sports Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gregoire P. Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Cormier P, Meylan C, Agar-Newman D, Geneau D, Epp-Stobbe A, Lenetsky S, Klimstra M. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Wearable Satellite System Technology for Linear Sprint Profiling: Technological Innovations and Practical Applications. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:405-418. [PMID: 38088913 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Cormier, P, Meylan, C, Agar-Newman, D, Geneau, D, Epp-Stobbe, A, Lenetsky, S, and Klimstra, M. A systematic review and meta-analysis of wearable satellite system technology for linear sprint profiling: technological innovations and practical applications. J Strength Cond Res 38(2): 405-418, 2024-An emerging and promising practice is the use of global navigation satellite system (GNSS) technology to profile team-sports athletes in training and competition. Therefore, the purpose of this narrative systematic review with meta-analysis was to evaluate the literature regarding satellite system sensor usage for sprint modeling and to consolidate the findings to evaluate its validity and reliability. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, an electronic search of the databases, PubMed and SPORTDiscus (EBSCO), was conducted. Concurrent validity and reliability studies were considered, and 16 studies were retained for the review from the initial 1,485 studies identified. The effects on outcomes were expressed as standardized mean differences (SMDs, Cohen's d ) for each outcome (i.e., maximal sprint speed [MSS], the acceleration constant [τ], maximal theoretical velocity [ V0 ], relative force [ F0 ], and relative power [P max ]). Effect magnitudes represented the SMD between GNSS-derived and criterion-derived (i.e., radar and laser) and resulted in the following estimates: small for MSS ( d = 0.22, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.42), τ ( d = -0.18, 95% CI -0.60 to 0.23), V0 ( d = 0.14, 95% CI -0.08 to 0.36), relative F0 ( d = 0.15, 95% CI -0.25 to 0.55), and relative P max ( d = 0.21, 95% CI -0.16 to 0.58). No publication bias was identified in meta-analyzed studies and moderator analysis revealed that several factors (sampling rate and sensor manufacturer) influenced the results. Heterogeneity between studies was considered moderate to high. This highlighted the differences between studies in sensor technology differences (i.e., sampling rate, sensor fusion, and satellite network acquisition), processing techniques, criterion technology used, sprint protocols, outcome reporting, and athlete characteristics. These findings may be useful in guiding improvements in sprint modeling using GNSS technology and enable more direct comparisons in future research. Implementation of all-out linear sprint efforts with GNSS technology can be integrated into sport-specific sessions for sprint modeling when robust and consistent data processing protocols are performed, which has important implications for fatigue monitoring, program design, systematic testing, and rehabilitation in individual and team sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Cormier
- Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Health and Athletic Performance Department, Canada Soccer, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - César Meylan
- Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Toronto Football Club, Health and Performance Department, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Dana Agar-Newman
- Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Daniel Geneau
- Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Amarah Epp-Stobbe
- Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Seth Lenetsky
- Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Toronto Football Club, Health and Performance Department, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Marc Klimstra
- Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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Apte S, Falbriard M, Meyer F, Millet GP, Gremeaux V, Aminian K. Estimation of horizontal running power using foot-worn inertial measurement units. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1167816. [PMID: 37425358 PMCID: PMC10324974 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1167816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Feedback of power during running is a promising tool for training and determining pacing strategies. However, current power estimation methods show low validity and are not customized for running on different slopes. To address this issue, we developed three machine-learning models to estimate peak horizontal power for level, uphill, and downhill running using gait spatiotemporal parameters, accelerometer, and gyroscope signals extracted from foot-worn IMUs. The prediction was compared to reference horizontal power obtained during running on a treadmill with an embedded force plate. For each model, we trained an elastic net and a neural network and validated it with a dataset of 34 active adults across a range of speeds and slopes. For the uphill and level running, the concentric phase of the gait cycle was considered, and the neural network model led to the lowest error (median ± interquartile range) of 1.7% ± 12.5% and 3.2% ± 13.4%, respectively. The eccentric phase was considered relevant for downhill running, wherein the elastic net model provided the lowest error of 1.8% ± 14.1%. Results showed a similar performance across a range of different speed/slope running conditions. The findings highlighted the potential of using interpretable biomechanical features in machine learning models for the estimating horizontal power. The simplicity of the models makes them suitable for implementation on embedded systems with limited processing and energy storage capacity. The proposed method meets the requirements for applications needing accurate near real-time feedback and complements existing gait analysis algorithms based on foot-worn IMUs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salil Apte
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Falbriard
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Meyer
- Digital Signal Processing Group, Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Grégoire P. Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Gremeaux
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Sport Medicine Unit, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Swiss Olympic Medical Center, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kamiar Aminian
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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5
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Apte S, Karami H, Vallat C, Gremeaux V, Aminian K. In-field assessment of change-of-direction ability with a single wearable sensor. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4518. [PMID: 36934121 PMCID: PMC10024719 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30773-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The Agility T-test is a standardized method to measure the change-of-direction (COD) ability of athletes in the field. It is traditionally scored based on the total completion time, which does not provide information on the different CODs. Augmenting the T-test with wearable sensors provides the opportunity to explore new metrics. Towards this, data of 23 professional soccer players were recorded with a trunk-worn GNSS-IMU (Global Navigation Satellite System-Inertial Measurement Unit) device. A method for detecting the four CODs based on the wavelet-denoised antero-posterior acceleration signal was developed and validated using video data (60 Hz). Following this, completion time was estimated using GNSS ground speed and validated with the photocell data. The proposed method yields an error (mean ± standard deviation) of 0 ± 66 ms for the COD detection, - 0.16 ± 0.22 s for completion time, and a relative error for each COD duration and each sequential movement durations of less than 3.5 ± 16% and 7 ± 7%, respectively. The presented algorithm can highlight the asymmetric performance between the phases and CODs in the right and left direction. By providing a more comprehensive analysis in the field, this work can enable coaches to develop more personalized training and rehabilitation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salil Apte
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Hojjat Karami
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Célestin Vallat
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Gremeaux
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Sport Medicine Unit, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Swiss Olympic Medical Center, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kamiar Aminian
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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6
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Miranda-Oliveira P, Branco M, Fernandes O. Accuracy and Interpretation of the Acceleration from an Inertial Measurement Unit When Applied to the Sprint Performance of Track and Field Athletes. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:1761. [PMID: 36850357 PMCID: PMC9968079 DOI: 10.3390/s23041761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to assess sprinting using a developed instrument encompassing an inertial measurement unit (IMU) in order to analyze athlete performance during the sprint, as well as to determine the number of steps, ground contact time, flight time, and step time using a high-speed camera as a reference. Furthermore, we correlated the acceleration components (XYZ) and acceleration ratio with the performance achieved in each split time obtained using photocells. Six athletes (four males and two females) ran 40 m with the IMU placed on their fifth lumbar vertebra. The accuracy was measured through the mean error (standard deviation), correlation (r), and comparison tests. The device could identify 88% to 98% of the number of steps. The GCT, flight time, and step time had mean error rates of 0.000 (0.012) s, 0.010 (0.011) s, and 0.009 (0.009) s when compared with the high-speed camera, respectively. The step time showed a correlation rate of r = 0.793 (p = 0.001) with no statistical differences, being the only parameter with high accuracy. Additionally, we showed probable symmetries, and through linear regression models identified that higher velocities result in the maximum anteroposterior acceleration, mainly over 0-40 m. Our device based on a Wi-Fi connection can determine the step time with accuracy and can show asymmetries, making it essential for coaches and medical teams. A new feature of this study was that the IMUs allowed us to understand that anteroposterior acceleration is associated with the best performance during the 40 m sprint test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Miranda-Oliveira
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health & Science, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal
- School of Technology and Management (ESTG), Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
- Portuguese Athletics Federation (FPA), 2799-538 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Marco Branco
- Escola Superior de Desporto de Rio Maior, Instituto Politécnico de Santarém, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Estudo da Performance Humana (CIPER), Faculdade Motricidade Humana da Universidade de Lisboa, 1495-751 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Orlando Fernandes
- Sport and Health Department, School of Health and Human Development, Universidad de Évora, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), University of Évora, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
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Cormier P, Tsai MC, Meylan C, Agar-Newman D, Epp-Stobbe A, Kalthoff Z, Klimstra M. Concurrent Validity and Reliability of Different Technologies for Sprint-Derived Horizontal Force-Velocity-Power Profiling. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1298-1305. [PMID: 36727987 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Cormier, P, Tsai, M-C, Meylan, C, Agar-Newman, D, Epp-Stobbe, A, Kalthoff, Z, and Klimstra, M. Concurrent validity and reliability of different technologies for sprint-derived horizontal force-velocity-power profiling. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2022-This study evaluated the validity and reliability of common systems to assess sprint-derived horizontal force-velocity-power (FVPH) profile metrics. Two double constellation athlete monitoring systems (STATSports Apex, Catapult Vector S7) and one timing gate system were compared with a radar gun for the computation of FVPH metrics. Intersystem validity was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), Pearson's correlation coefficients (R2), and Bland-Altman plots with absolute and percent agreement. Intrasystem reliability was assessed with agreement bias and ICC. STATSports demonstrated moderate agreement for F0, Pmax, τ, and Drf (8.62, 6.46, -9.81, and 9.96%, respectively) and good agreement for V0 and MSS (-2.18 and -1.62%). Catapult displayed good agreement across all metrics (F0, V0, Pmax, MSS, τ, and Drf: -0.96, -0.89, -1.85, -0.84, 0.38, and -0.27%, respectively). Timing gates demonstrated good agreement with V0 and MSS (-2.62 and -1.71%) and poor agreement with F0, Pmax, τ, and Drf (19.17, 16.64, -20.49, and 20.18%, respectively). Intrasystem reliability demonstrated good agreement (<2% bias) with very large to near-perfect ICC (0.84-0.99) for Catapult and STATSports systems. Overall, GPS/GNSS 10 Hz technology is reliable across devices and can provide moderate-to-good accuracy of FVPH metrics in single maximal effort sprints. However, Catapult provided better agreement for more FVPH metrics than STATSports, which may be related to differences in proprietary algorithms. Also, modeling timing gate data using current FVPH profiling techniques results in poor bias that requires greater investigation. GPS/GNSS data can be used for FVPH profiling, which could inform performance and rehabilitation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Cormier
- Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.,Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.,Physical Performance Department, Canada Soccer, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Ming-Chang Tsai
- Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - César Meylan
- Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.,Physical Performance Department, Canada Soccer, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; and.,School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dana Agar-Newman
- Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.,Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Amarah Epp-Stobbe
- Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Zach Kalthoff
- Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marc Klimstra
- Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.,Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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Ariyanto M, Refat CMM, Hirao K, Morishima K. Movement Optimization for a Cyborg Cockroach in a Bounded Space Incorporating Machine Learning. CYBORG AND BIONIC SYSTEMS 2023; 4:0012. [PMID: 36939454 PMCID: PMC10019993 DOI: 10.34133/cbsystems.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cockroaches can traverse unknown obstacle-terrain, self-right on the ground and climb above the obstacle. However, they have limited motion, such as less activity in light/bright areas and lower temperatures. Therefore, the movement of the cyborg cockroaches needs to be optimized for the utilization of the cockroach as a cyborg insect. This study aims to increase the search rate and distance traveled by cockroaches and reduce the stop time by utilizing automatic stimulation from machine learning. Multiple machine learning classifiers were applied to classify the offline binary classification of the cockroach movement based on the inertial measuring unit input signals. Ten time-domain features were chosen and applied as the classifier inputs. The highest performance of the classifiers was implemented for the online motion recognition and automatic stimulation provided to the cerci to trigger the free walking motion of the cockroach. A user interface was developed to run multiple computational processes simultaneously in real time such as computer vision, data acquisition, feature extraction, automatic stimulation, and machine learning using a multithreading algorithm. On the basis of the experiment results, we successfully demonstrated that the movement performance of cockroaches was importantly improved by applying machine learning classification and automatic stimulation. This system increased the search rate and traveled distance by 68% and 70%, respectively, while the stop time was reduced by 78%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mochammad Ariyanto
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Semarang, 50275, Indonesia
| | | | - Kazuyoshi Hirao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Keisuke Morishima
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Address correspondence to:
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Mason R, Pearson LT, Barry G, Young F, Lennon O, Godfrey A, Stuart S. Wearables for Running Gait Analysis: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2023; 53:241-268. [PMID: 36242762 PMCID: PMC9807497 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01760-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Running gait assessment has traditionally been performed using subjective observation or expensive laboratory-based objective technologies, such as three-dimensional motion capture or force plates. However, recent developments in wearable devices allow for continuous monitoring and analysis of running mechanics in any environment. Objective measurement of running gait is an important (clinical) tool for injury assessment and provides measures that can be used to enhance performance. OBJECTIVES We aimed to systematically review the available literature investigating how wearable technology is being used for running gait analysis in adults. METHODS A systematic search of the literature was conducted in the following scientific databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and SPORTDiscus. Information was extracted from each included article regarding the type of study, participants, protocol, wearable device(s), main outcomes/measures, analysis and key findings. RESULTS A total of 131 articles were reviewed: 56 investigated the validity of wearable technology, 22 examined the reliability and 77 focused on applied use. Most studies used inertial measurement units (n = 62) [i.e. a combination of accelerometers, gyroscopes and magnetometers in a single unit] or solely accelerometers (n = 40), with one using gyroscopes alone and 31 using pressure sensors. On average, studies used one wearable device to examine running gait. Wearable locations were distributed among the shank, shoe and waist. The mean number of participants was 26 (± 27), with an average age of 28.3 (± 7.0) years. Most studies took place indoors (n = 93), using a treadmill (n = 62), with the main aims seeking to identify running gait outcomes or investigate the effects of injury, fatigue, intrinsic factors (e.g. age, sex, morphology) or footwear on running gait outcomes. Generally, wearables were found to be valid and reliable tools for assessing running gait compared to reference standards. CONCLUSIONS This comprehensive review highlighted that most studies that have examined running gait using wearable sensors have done so with young adult recreational runners, using one inertial measurement unit sensor, with participants running on a treadmill and reporting outcomes of ground contact time, stride length, stride frequency and tibial acceleration. Future studies are required to obtain consensus regarding terminology, protocols for testing validity and the reliability of devices and suitability of gait outcomes. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION CRD42021235527.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Mason
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Liam T Pearson
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Gillian Barry
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Fraser Young
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Alan Godfrey
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Samuel Stuart
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
- Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Apte S, Troxler S, Besson C, Gremeaux V, Aminian K. Augmented Cooper test: Biomechanical contributions to endurance performance. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:935272. [PMID: 36187713 PMCID: PMC9515446 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.935272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Running mechanics are modifiable with training and adopting an economical running technique can improve running economy and hence performance. While field measurement of running economy is cumbersome, running mechanics can be assessed accurately and conveniently using wearable inertial measurement units (IMUs). In this work, we extended this wearables-based approach to the Cooper test, by assessing the relative contribution of running biomechanics to the endurance performance. Furthermore, we explored different methods of estimating the distance covered in the Cooper test using a wearable global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receiver. Thirty-three runners (18 highly trained and 15 recreational) performed an incremental laboratory treadmill test to measure their maximum aerobic speed (MAS) and speed at the second ventilatory threshold (sVT2). They completed a 12-minute Cooper running test with foot-worm IMUs and a chest-worn GNSS-IMU on a running track 1–2 weeks later. Using the GNSS receiver, an accurate estimation of the 12-minute distance was obtained (accuracy of 16.5 m and precision of 1.1%). Using this distance, we showed a reliable estimation [R2 > 0.9, RMSE ϵ (0.07, 0.25) km/h] of the MAS and sVT2. Biomechanical metrics were extracted using validated algorithm and their association with endurance performance was estimated. Additionally, the high-/low-performance runners were compared using pairwise statistical testing. All performance variables, MAS, sVT2, and average speed during Cooper test, were predicted with an acceptable error (R2 ≥ 0.65, RMSE ≤ 1.80 kmh−1) using only the biomechanical metrics. The most relevant metrics were used to develop a biomechanical profile representing the running technique and its temporal evolution with acute fatigue, identifying different profiles for runners with highest and lowest endurance performance. This profile could potentially be used in standardized functional capacity measurements to improve personalization of training and rehabilitation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salil Apte
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Salil Apte
| | - Simone Troxler
- Sport Medicine Unit, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Swiss Olympic Medical Center, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cyril Besson
- Sport Medicine Unit, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Swiss Olympic Medical Center, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Gremeaux
- Sport Medicine Unit, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Swiss Olympic Medical Center, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kamiar Aminian
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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Kammoun N, Apte S, Karami H, Aminian K. Estimation of Temporal Parameters During Running with a Wrist-worn Inertial Sensor: an In-field Validation. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2022; 2022:3669-3672. [PMID: 36086094 DOI: 10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to estimate the temporal gait parameters using a wrist-worn Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) during an outdoor run. While it is easier to compute running gait parameters using foot IMUs, a wrist IMU is more convenient and less obtrusive when it comes to data acquisition. During a track run of 12 minutes, we equipped 14 highly-trained male runners with one IMU on the wrist and one on each foot. We trained machine learning models based on CNN, GPR, and Lasso regression using wrist IMU signals and validated them with a foot-worn IMU reference system. Lasso model performed the best, with the accuracy for cycle time, swing time, flight time, and contact time being 0.27 % ±0.1 %, 2.6 %±1.7 %, 7.3 % ±4.9 %, and 10.6 % ±5.5 %, respectively.
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Prigent G, Apte S, Paraschiv-Ionescu A, Besson C, Gremeaux V, Aminian K. Concurrent Evolution of Biomechanical and Physiological Parameters With Running-Induced Acute Fatigue. Front Physiol 2022; 13:814172. [PMID: 35222081 PMCID: PMC8874325 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.814172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the influence of running-induced acute fatigue on the homeostasis of the body is essential to mitigate the adverse effects and optimize positive adaptations to training. Fatigue is a multifactorial phenomenon, which influences biomechanical, physiological, and psychological facets. This work aimed to assess the evolution of these three facets with acute fatigue during a half-marathon. 13 recreational runners were equipped with one inertial measurement unit (IMU) on each foot, one combined global navigation satellite system-IMU-electrocardiogram sensor on the chest, and an Android smartphone equipped with an audio recording application. Spatio-temporal parameters for the running gait, along with the heart rate, its variability and complexity were computed using validated algorithms. Perceived fatigability was assessed using the rating-of-fatigue (ROF) scale at every 10 min of the race. The data was split into eight equal segments, corresponding to at least one ROF value per segment, and only level running parts were retained for analysis. During the race, contact time, duty factor, and trunk anteroposterior acceleration increased, and the foot strike angle and vertical stiffness decreased significantly. Heart rate showed a progressive increase, while the metrics for heart rate variability and complexity decreased during the race. The biomechanical parameters showed a significant alteration even with a small change in perceived fatigue, whereas the heart rate dynamics altered at higher changes. When divided into two groups, the slower runners presented a higher change in heart rate dynamics throughout the race than the faster runners; they both showed similar trends for the gait parameters. When tested for linear and non-linear correlations, heart rate had the highest association with biomechanical parameters, while the trunk anteroposterior acceleration had the lowest association with heart rate dynamics. These results indicate the ability of faster runners to better judge their physiological limits and hint toward a higher sensitivity of perceived fatigue to neuromuscular changes in the running gait. This study highlights measurable influences of acute fatigue, which can be studied only through concurrent measurement of biomechanical, physiological, and psychological facets of running in real-world conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gäelle Prigent
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Gaelle Prigent, ; orcid.org/0000-0003-1618-4054
| | - Salil Apte
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Salil Apte,
| | - Anisoara Paraschiv-Ionescu
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cyril Besson
- Sport Medicine Unit, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Swiss Olympic Medical Center, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Gremeaux
- Sport Medicine Unit, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Swiss Olympic Medical Center, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kamiar Aminian
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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Apte S, Prigent G, Stöggl T, Martínez A, Snyder C, Gremeaux-Bader V, Aminian K. Biomechanical Response of the Lower Extremity to Running-Induced Acute Fatigue: A Systematic Review. Front Physiol 2021; 12:646042. [PMID: 34512370 PMCID: PMC8430259 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.646042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate (i) typical protocols used in research on biomechanical response to running-induced fatigue, (ii) the effect of sport-induced acute fatigue on the biomechanics of running and functional tests, and (iii) the consistency of analyzed parameter trends across different protocols. Methods: Scopus, Web of Science, Pubmed, and IEEE databases were searched using terms identified with the Population, Interest and Context (PiCo) framework. Studies were screened following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and appraised using the methodological index for non-randomized studies MINORS scale. Only experimental studies with at least 10 participants, which evaluated fatigue during and immediately after the fatiguing run were included. Each study was summarized to record information about the protocol and parameter trends. Summary trends were computed for each parameter based on the results found in individual studies. Results: Of the 68 included studies, most were based on in-lab (77.9%) protocols, endpoint measurements (75%), stationary measurement systems (76.5%), and treadmill environment (54.4%) for running. From the 42 parameters identified in response to acute fatigue, flight time, contact time, knee flexion angle at initial contact, trunk flexion angle, peak tibial acceleration, CoP velocity during balance test showed an increasing behavior and cadence, vertical stiffness, knee extension force during MVC, maximum vertical ground reaction forces, and CMJ height showed a decreasing trend across different fatigue protocols. Conclusion: This review presents evidence that running-induced acute fatigue influences almost all the included biomechanical parameters, with crucial influence from the exercise intensity and the testing environment. Results indicate an important gap in literature caused by the lack of field studies with continuous measurement during outdoor running activities. To address this gap, we propose recommendations for the use of wearable inertial sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salil Apte
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gäelle Prigent
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Stöggl
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Aaron Martínez
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Cory Snyder
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Vincent Gremeaux-Bader
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne,Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Olympic Medical Center, Sport Medicine Unit, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kamiar Aminian
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Clemente FM, Akyildiz Z, Pino-Ortega J, Rico-González M. Validity and Reliability of the Inertial Measurement Unit for Barbell Velocity Assessments: A Systematic Review. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21072511. [PMID: 33916801 PMCID: PMC8038306 DOI: 10.3390/s21072511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The use of inertial measurement unit (IMU) has become popular in sports assessment. In the case of velocity-based training (VBT), there is a need to measure barbell velocity in each repetition. The use of IMUs may make the monitoring process easier; however, its validity and reliability should be established. Thus, this systematic review aimed to (1) identify and summarize studies that have examined the validity of wearable wireless IMUs for measuring barbell velocity and (2) identify and summarize studies that have examined the reliability of IMUs for measuring barbell velocity. A systematic review of Cochrane Library, EBSCO, PubMed, Scielo, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science databases was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. From the 161 studies initially identified, 22 were fully reviewed, and their outcome measures were extracted and analyzed. Among the eight different IMU models, seven can be considered valid and reliable for measuring barbell velocity. The great majority of IMUs used for measuring barbell velocity in linear trajectories are valid and reliable, and thus can be used by coaches for external load monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Zeki Akyildiz
- Sports Science Department, Gazi University, Teknikokullar, Ankara 06500, Turkey;
| | - José Pino-Ortega
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Murcia, San Javier, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
- BIOVETMED & SPORTSCI Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, San Javier, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Markel Rico-González
- BIOVETMED & SPORTSCI Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, San Javier, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, UPV-EHU, Lasarte 71, 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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