10
|
Van Haren KP, Cunanan K, Awani A, Gu M, Peña D, Chromik LC, Považan M, Rossi NC, Goodman J, Sundaram V, Winterbottom J, Raymond GV, Cowan T, Enns GM, Waubant E, Steinman L, Barker PB, Spielman D, Fatemi A. A Phase 1 Study of Oral Vitamin D 3in Boys and Young Men With X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy. NEUROLOGY GENETICS 2023; 9:e200061. [PMID: 37090939 PMCID: PMC10117697 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000200061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Background and ObjectivesThere are no therapies for preventing cerebral demyelination in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD). Higher plasma vitamin D levels have been linked to lower risk of inflammatory brain lesions. We assessed the safety and pharmacokinetics of oral vitamin D dosing regimens in boys and young men with ALD.MethodsIn this open-label, multicenter, phase 1 study, we recruited boys and young men with ALD without brain lesions to a 12-month study of daily oral vitamin D3supplementation. Our primary outcome was attainment of plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in target range (40–80 ng/mL) at 6 and 12 months. Secondary outcomes included safety and glutathione levels in the brain, measured with magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and blood, measured via mass spectrometry. Participants were initially assigned to a fixed dosing regimen starting at 2,000 IU daily, regardless of weight. After a midstudy safety assessment, we modified the dosing regimen, so all subsequent participants were assigned to a weight-stratified dosing regimen starting as low as 1,000 IU daily.ResultsBetween October 2016 and June 2019, we enrolled 21 participants (n = 12, fixed-dose regimen; n = 9, weight-stratified regimen) with a median age of 6.7 years (range: 1.9–22 years) and median weight of 20 kg (range: 11.7–85.5 kg). The number of participants achieving target vitamin D levels was similar in both groups at 6 months (fixed dose: 92%; weight stratified: 78%) and 12 months (fixed dose: 67%; weight stratified: 67%). Among the 12 participants in the fixed-dose regimen, half had asymptomatic elevations in either urine calcium:creatinine or plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D; no laboratory deviations occurred with the weight-stratified regimen. Glutathione levels in the brain, but not the blood, increased significantly between baseline and 12 months.DiscussionOur vitamin D dosing regimens were well tolerated and achieved target 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in most participants. Brain glutathione levels warrant further study as a biomarker for vitamin D and ALD.Classification of EvidenceThis study provides Class IV evidence that fixed or weight-stratified vitamin D supplementation achieved target levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in boys and young men with X-ALD without brain lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keith P Van Haren
- Department of Neurology (K.P.V.H., A.A., D.P., L.C.C., N.C.R., J.W., L.S.), Department of Pediatrics (K.P.V.H., T.C., G.M.E., L.S.), Quantitative Sciences Unit (K.C., V.S.) and Department of Radiology (M.G., D.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine Palo Alto, CA; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science (M.P., P.B.B.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; The Kennedy Krieger Institute (M.P., P.B.B., A.F.); Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pathology (T.C.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Neurology (E.W.), University of California at San Francisco, ; and Department of Neurology (A.F.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Kristen Cunanan
- Department of Neurology (K.P.V.H., A.A., D.P., L.C.C., N.C.R., J.W., L.S.), Department of Pediatrics (K.P.V.H., T.C., G.M.E., L.S.), Quantitative Sciences Unit (K.C., V.S.) and Department of Radiology (M.G., D.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine Palo Alto, CA; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science (M.P., P.B.B.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; The Kennedy Krieger Institute (M.P., P.B.B., A.F.); Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pathology (T.C.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Neurology (E.W.), University of California at San Francisco, ; and Department of Neurology (A.F.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Avni Awani
- Department of Neurology (K.P.V.H., A.A., D.P., L.C.C., N.C.R., J.W., L.S.), Department of Pediatrics (K.P.V.H., T.C., G.M.E., L.S.), Quantitative Sciences Unit (K.C., V.S.) and Department of Radiology (M.G., D.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine Palo Alto, CA; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science (M.P., P.B.B.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; The Kennedy Krieger Institute (M.P., P.B.B., A.F.); Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pathology (T.C.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Neurology (E.W.), University of California at San Francisco, ; and Department of Neurology (A.F.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Meng Gu
- Department of Neurology (K.P.V.H., A.A., D.P., L.C.C., N.C.R., J.W., L.S.), Department of Pediatrics (K.P.V.H., T.C., G.M.E., L.S.), Quantitative Sciences Unit (K.C., V.S.) and Department of Radiology (M.G., D.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine Palo Alto, CA; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science (M.P., P.B.B.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; The Kennedy Krieger Institute (M.P., P.B.B., A.F.); Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pathology (T.C.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Neurology (E.W.), University of California at San Francisco, ; and Department of Neurology (A.F.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Dalia Peña
- Department of Neurology (K.P.V.H., A.A., D.P., L.C.C., N.C.R., J.W., L.S.), Department of Pediatrics (K.P.V.H., T.C., G.M.E., L.S.), Quantitative Sciences Unit (K.C., V.S.) and Department of Radiology (M.G., D.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine Palo Alto, CA; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science (M.P., P.B.B.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; The Kennedy Krieger Institute (M.P., P.B.B., A.F.); Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pathology (T.C.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Neurology (E.W.), University of California at San Francisco, ; and Department of Neurology (A.F.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Lindsay C Chromik
- Department of Neurology (K.P.V.H., A.A., D.P., L.C.C., N.C.R., J.W., L.S.), Department of Pediatrics (K.P.V.H., T.C., G.M.E., L.S.), Quantitative Sciences Unit (K.C., V.S.) and Department of Radiology (M.G., D.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine Palo Alto, CA; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science (M.P., P.B.B.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; The Kennedy Krieger Institute (M.P., P.B.B., A.F.); Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pathology (T.C.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Neurology (E.W.), University of California at San Francisco, ; and Department of Neurology (A.F.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Michal Považan
- Department of Neurology (K.P.V.H., A.A., D.P., L.C.C., N.C.R., J.W., L.S.), Department of Pediatrics (K.P.V.H., T.C., G.M.E., L.S.), Quantitative Sciences Unit (K.C., V.S.) and Department of Radiology (M.G., D.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine Palo Alto, CA; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science (M.P., P.B.B.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; The Kennedy Krieger Institute (M.P., P.B.B., A.F.); Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pathology (T.C.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Neurology (E.W.), University of California at San Francisco, ; and Department of Neurology (A.F.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Nicole C Rossi
- Department of Neurology (K.P.V.H., A.A., D.P., L.C.C., N.C.R., J.W., L.S.), Department of Pediatrics (K.P.V.H., T.C., G.M.E., L.S.), Quantitative Sciences Unit (K.C., V.S.) and Department of Radiology (M.G., D.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine Palo Alto, CA; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science (M.P., P.B.B.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; The Kennedy Krieger Institute (M.P., P.B.B., A.F.); Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pathology (T.C.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Neurology (E.W.), University of California at San Francisco, ; and Department of Neurology (A.F.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jordan Goodman
- Department of Neurology (K.P.V.H., A.A., D.P., L.C.C., N.C.R., J.W., L.S.), Department of Pediatrics (K.P.V.H., T.C., G.M.E., L.S.), Quantitative Sciences Unit (K.C., V.S.) and Department of Radiology (M.G., D.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine Palo Alto, CA; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science (M.P., P.B.B.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; The Kennedy Krieger Institute (M.P., P.B.B., A.F.); Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pathology (T.C.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Neurology (E.W.), University of California at San Francisco, ; and Department of Neurology (A.F.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Vandana Sundaram
- Department of Neurology (K.P.V.H., A.A., D.P., L.C.C., N.C.R., J.W., L.S.), Department of Pediatrics (K.P.V.H., T.C., G.M.E., L.S.), Quantitative Sciences Unit (K.C., V.S.) and Department of Radiology (M.G., D.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine Palo Alto, CA; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science (M.P., P.B.B.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; The Kennedy Krieger Institute (M.P., P.B.B., A.F.); Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pathology (T.C.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Neurology (E.W.), University of California at San Francisco, ; and Department of Neurology (A.F.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jennifer Winterbottom
- Department of Neurology (K.P.V.H., A.A., D.P., L.C.C., N.C.R., J.W., L.S.), Department of Pediatrics (K.P.V.H., T.C., G.M.E., L.S.), Quantitative Sciences Unit (K.C., V.S.) and Department of Radiology (M.G., D.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine Palo Alto, CA; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science (M.P., P.B.B.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; The Kennedy Krieger Institute (M.P., P.B.B., A.F.); Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pathology (T.C.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Neurology (E.W.), University of California at San Francisco, ; and Department of Neurology (A.F.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Gerald V Raymond
- Department of Neurology (K.P.V.H., A.A., D.P., L.C.C., N.C.R., J.W., L.S.), Department of Pediatrics (K.P.V.H., T.C., G.M.E., L.S.), Quantitative Sciences Unit (K.C., V.S.) and Department of Radiology (M.G., D.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine Palo Alto, CA; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science (M.P., P.B.B.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; The Kennedy Krieger Institute (M.P., P.B.B., A.F.); Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pathology (T.C.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Neurology (E.W.), University of California at San Francisco, ; and Department of Neurology (A.F.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Tina Cowan
- Department of Neurology (K.P.V.H., A.A., D.P., L.C.C., N.C.R., J.W., L.S.), Department of Pediatrics (K.P.V.H., T.C., G.M.E., L.S.), Quantitative Sciences Unit (K.C., V.S.) and Department of Radiology (M.G., D.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine Palo Alto, CA; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science (M.P., P.B.B.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; The Kennedy Krieger Institute (M.P., P.B.B., A.F.); Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pathology (T.C.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Neurology (E.W.), University of California at San Francisco, ; and Department of Neurology (A.F.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Gregory M Enns
- Department of Neurology (K.P.V.H., A.A., D.P., L.C.C., N.C.R., J.W., L.S.), Department of Pediatrics (K.P.V.H., T.C., G.M.E., L.S.), Quantitative Sciences Unit (K.C., V.S.) and Department of Radiology (M.G., D.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine Palo Alto, CA; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science (M.P., P.B.B.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; The Kennedy Krieger Institute (M.P., P.B.B., A.F.); Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pathology (T.C.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Neurology (E.W.), University of California at San Francisco, ; and Department of Neurology (A.F.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Emmanuelle Waubant
- Department of Neurology (K.P.V.H., A.A., D.P., L.C.C., N.C.R., J.W., L.S.), Department of Pediatrics (K.P.V.H., T.C., G.M.E., L.S.), Quantitative Sciences Unit (K.C., V.S.) and Department of Radiology (M.G., D.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine Palo Alto, CA; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science (M.P., P.B.B.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; The Kennedy Krieger Institute (M.P., P.B.B., A.F.); Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pathology (T.C.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Neurology (E.W.), University of California at San Francisco, ; and Department of Neurology (A.F.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Lawrence Steinman
- Department of Neurology (K.P.V.H., A.A., D.P., L.C.C., N.C.R., J.W., L.S.), Department of Pediatrics (K.P.V.H., T.C., G.M.E., L.S.), Quantitative Sciences Unit (K.C., V.S.) and Department of Radiology (M.G., D.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine Palo Alto, CA; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science (M.P., P.B.B.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; The Kennedy Krieger Institute (M.P., P.B.B., A.F.); Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pathology (T.C.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Neurology (E.W.), University of California at San Francisco, ; and Department of Neurology (A.F.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Peter B Barker
- Department of Neurology (K.P.V.H., A.A., D.P., L.C.C., N.C.R., J.W., L.S.), Department of Pediatrics (K.P.V.H., T.C., G.M.E., L.S.), Quantitative Sciences Unit (K.C., V.S.) and Department of Radiology (M.G., D.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine Palo Alto, CA; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science (M.P., P.B.B.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; The Kennedy Krieger Institute (M.P., P.B.B., A.F.); Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pathology (T.C.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Neurology (E.W.), University of California at San Francisco, ; and Department of Neurology (A.F.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Daniel Spielman
- Department of Neurology (K.P.V.H., A.A., D.P., L.C.C., N.C.R., J.W., L.S.), Department of Pediatrics (K.P.V.H., T.C., G.M.E., L.S.), Quantitative Sciences Unit (K.C., V.S.) and Department of Radiology (M.G., D.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine Palo Alto, CA; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science (M.P., P.B.B.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; The Kennedy Krieger Institute (M.P., P.B.B., A.F.); Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pathology (T.C.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Neurology (E.W.), University of California at San Francisco, ; and Department of Neurology (A.F.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ali Fatemi
- Department of Neurology (K.P.V.H., A.A., D.P., L.C.C., N.C.R., J.W., L.S.), Department of Pediatrics (K.P.V.H., T.C., G.M.E., L.S.), Quantitative Sciences Unit (K.C., V.S.) and Department of Radiology (M.G., D.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine Palo Alto, CA; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science (M.P., P.B.B.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; The Kennedy Krieger Institute (M.P., P.B.B., A.F.); Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pathology (T.C.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Neurology (E.W.), University of California at San Francisco, ; and Department of Neurology (A.F.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Engelen M, van Ballegoij WJC, Mallack EJ, Van Haren KP, Köhler W, Salsano E, van Trotsenburg ASP, Mochel F, Sevin C, Regelmann MO, Tritos NA, Halper A, Lachmann RH, Davison J, Raymond GV, Lund TC, Orchard PJ, Kuehl JS, Lindemans CA, Caruso P, Turk BR, Moser AB, Vaz FM, Ferdinandusse S, Kemp S, Fatemi A, Eichler FS, Huffnagel IC. International Recommendations for the Diagnosis and Management of Patients With Adrenoleukodystrophy: A Consensus-Based Approach. Neurology 2022; 99:940-951. [PMID: 36175155 PMCID: PMC9687408 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000201374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic variants in the ABCD1 gene cause adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD), a progressive metabolic disorder characterized by 3 core clinical syndromes: a slowly progressive myeloneuropathy, a rapidly progressive inflammatory leukodystrophy (cerebral ALD), and primary adrenal insufficiency. These syndromes are not present in all individuals and are not related to genotype. Cerebral ALD and adrenal insufficiency require early detection and intervention and warrant clinical surveillance because of variable penetrance and age at onset. Newborn screening has increased the number of presymptomatic individuals under observation, but clinical surveillance protocols vary. We used a consensus-based modified Delphi approach among 28 international ALD experts to develop best-practice recommendations for diagnosis, clinical surveillance, and treatment of patients with ALD. We identified 39 discrete areas of consensus. Regular monitoring to detect the onset of adrenal failure and conversion to cerebral ALD is recommended in all male patients. Hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) is the treatment of choice for cerebral ALD. This guideline addresses a clinical need in the ALD community worldwide as the number of overall diagnoses and presymptomatic individuals is increasing because of newborn screening and greater availability of next-generation sequencing. The poor ability to predict the disease course informs current monitoring intervals but remains subject to change as more data emerge. This knowledge gap should direct future research and illustrates once again that international collaboration among physicians, researchers, and patients is essential to improving care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Engelen
- From the Department of Pediatric Neurology/Emma Children's Hospital (M.E., W.J.C.B., I.C.H.), Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Child Neurology (E.J.M.), Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine/NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, NY; Department of Neurology & Pediatrics/Lucile Packard Children's Hospital (K.P.V.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 4. Department of Neurology, Leukodystrophy Clinic, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Unit of Rare Neurodegenerative and Neurometabolic Diseases (E.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milano, Italy; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology/Emma Children's Hospital (A.S.P.T.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; AP-HP (F.M.), Department of Medical Genetics, Reference Center for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Leukodystrophies, and INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris Brain Institute, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Neurology/Hôpital Bicêtre Paris Sud (C.S.), France, Reference Center for Children Leukodystrophies Inserm U1127, ICM-Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (M.O.R.), Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Neuroendocrine Unit (N.A.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School (N.A.T.), Boston, MA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (A.H.), Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, and Harvard Medical School (A.H.), Boston, MA; Charles Dent Metabolic Unit (R.H.L.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Metabolic Medicine (J.D.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London United Kingdom; Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD; Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation & Cellular Therapy (T.L., P.J.O.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Pediatric Oncology (J.-S.K.), Hematology, Hemostaseology, University Hospital Leipzig, Germany; Pediatric Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation (C.A.L.), Princess Maxima Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (C.A.L.), Wilhemina Children's Hospital, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Director of Pediatric Neuroimaging (P.C.), Lenox Hill Radiology and Medical Imaging Associates, New York, NY; Moser Center for Leukodystrophies (B.R.T., A.F.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurogenetics (A.B.M.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases (F.M.V., S.F., S.K.), Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (F.S.E.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Dr. van Ballegoij is currently at the Department of Neurology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam.
| | - Wouter J C van Ballegoij
- From the Department of Pediatric Neurology/Emma Children's Hospital (M.E., W.J.C.B., I.C.H.), Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Child Neurology (E.J.M.), Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine/NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, NY; Department of Neurology & Pediatrics/Lucile Packard Children's Hospital (K.P.V.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 4. Department of Neurology, Leukodystrophy Clinic, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Unit of Rare Neurodegenerative and Neurometabolic Diseases (E.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milano, Italy; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology/Emma Children's Hospital (A.S.P.T.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; AP-HP (F.M.), Department of Medical Genetics, Reference Center for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Leukodystrophies, and INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris Brain Institute, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Neurology/Hôpital Bicêtre Paris Sud (C.S.), France, Reference Center for Children Leukodystrophies Inserm U1127, ICM-Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (M.O.R.), Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Neuroendocrine Unit (N.A.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School (N.A.T.), Boston, MA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (A.H.), Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, and Harvard Medical School (A.H.), Boston, MA; Charles Dent Metabolic Unit (R.H.L.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Metabolic Medicine (J.D.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London United Kingdom; Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD; Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation & Cellular Therapy (T.L., P.J.O.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Pediatric Oncology (J.-S.K.), Hematology, Hemostaseology, University Hospital Leipzig, Germany; Pediatric Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation (C.A.L.), Princess Maxima Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (C.A.L.), Wilhemina Children's Hospital, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Director of Pediatric Neuroimaging (P.C.), Lenox Hill Radiology and Medical Imaging Associates, New York, NY; Moser Center for Leukodystrophies (B.R.T., A.F.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurogenetics (A.B.M.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases (F.M.V., S.F., S.K.), Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (F.S.E.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Dr. van Ballegoij is currently at the Department of Neurology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam
| | - Eric James Mallack
- From the Department of Pediatric Neurology/Emma Children's Hospital (M.E., W.J.C.B., I.C.H.), Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Child Neurology (E.J.M.), Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine/NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, NY; Department of Neurology & Pediatrics/Lucile Packard Children's Hospital (K.P.V.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 4. Department of Neurology, Leukodystrophy Clinic, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Unit of Rare Neurodegenerative and Neurometabolic Diseases (E.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milano, Italy; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology/Emma Children's Hospital (A.S.P.T.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; AP-HP (F.M.), Department of Medical Genetics, Reference Center for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Leukodystrophies, and INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris Brain Institute, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Neurology/Hôpital Bicêtre Paris Sud (C.S.), France, Reference Center for Children Leukodystrophies Inserm U1127, ICM-Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (M.O.R.), Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Neuroendocrine Unit (N.A.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School (N.A.T.), Boston, MA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (A.H.), Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, and Harvard Medical School (A.H.), Boston, MA; Charles Dent Metabolic Unit (R.H.L.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Metabolic Medicine (J.D.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London United Kingdom; Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD; Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation & Cellular Therapy (T.L., P.J.O.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Pediatric Oncology (J.-S.K.), Hematology, Hemostaseology, University Hospital Leipzig, Germany; Pediatric Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation (C.A.L.), Princess Maxima Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (C.A.L.), Wilhemina Children's Hospital, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Director of Pediatric Neuroimaging (P.C.), Lenox Hill Radiology and Medical Imaging Associates, New York, NY; Moser Center for Leukodystrophies (B.R.T., A.F.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurogenetics (A.B.M.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases (F.M.V., S.F., S.K.), Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (F.S.E.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Dr. van Ballegoij is currently at the Department of Neurology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam
| | - Keith P Van Haren
- From the Department of Pediatric Neurology/Emma Children's Hospital (M.E., W.J.C.B., I.C.H.), Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Child Neurology (E.J.M.), Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine/NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, NY; Department of Neurology & Pediatrics/Lucile Packard Children's Hospital (K.P.V.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 4. Department of Neurology, Leukodystrophy Clinic, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Unit of Rare Neurodegenerative and Neurometabolic Diseases (E.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milano, Italy; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology/Emma Children's Hospital (A.S.P.T.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; AP-HP (F.M.), Department of Medical Genetics, Reference Center for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Leukodystrophies, and INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris Brain Institute, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Neurology/Hôpital Bicêtre Paris Sud (C.S.), France, Reference Center for Children Leukodystrophies Inserm U1127, ICM-Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (M.O.R.), Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Neuroendocrine Unit (N.A.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School (N.A.T.), Boston, MA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (A.H.), Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, and Harvard Medical School (A.H.), Boston, MA; Charles Dent Metabolic Unit (R.H.L.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Metabolic Medicine (J.D.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London United Kingdom; Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD; Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation & Cellular Therapy (T.L., P.J.O.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Pediatric Oncology (J.-S.K.), Hematology, Hemostaseology, University Hospital Leipzig, Germany; Pediatric Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation (C.A.L.), Princess Maxima Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (C.A.L.), Wilhemina Children's Hospital, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Director of Pediatric Neuroimaging (P.C.), Lenox Hill Radiology and Medical Imaging Associates, New York, NY; Moser Center for Leukodystrophies (B.R.T., A.F.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurogenetics (A.B.M.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases (F.M.V., S.F., S.K.), Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (F.S.E.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Dr. van Ballegoij is currently at the Department of Neurology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam
| | - Wolfgang Köhler
- From the Department of Pediatric Neurology/Emma Children's Hospital (M.E., W.J.C.B., I.C.H.), Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Child Neurology (E.J.M.), Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine/NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, NY; Department of Neurology & Pediatrics/Lucile Packard Children's Hospital (K.P.V.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 4. Department of Neurology, Leukodystrophy Clinic, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Unit of Rare Neurodegenerative and Neurometabolic Diseases (E.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milano, Italy; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology/Emma Children's Hospital (A.S.P.T.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; AP-HP (F.M.), Department of Medical Genetics, Reference Center for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Leukodystrophies, and INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris Brain Institute, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Neurology/Hôpital Bicêtre Paris Sud (C.S.), France, Reference Center for Children Leukodystrophies Inserm U1127, ICM-Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (M.O.R.), Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Neuroendocrine Unit (N.A.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School (N.A.T.), Boston, MA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (A.H.), Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, and Harvard Medical School (A.H.), Boston, MA; Charles Dent Metabolic Unit (R.H.L.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Metabolic Medicine (J.D.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London United Kingdom; Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD; Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation & Cellular Therapy (T.L., P.J.O.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Pediatric Oncology (J.-S.K.), Hematology, Hemostaseology, University Hospital Leipzig, Germany; Pediatric Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation (C.A.L.), Princess Maxima Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (C.A.L.), Wilhemina Children's Hospital, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Director of Pediatric Neuroimaging (P.C.), Lenox Hill Radiology and Medical Imaging Associates, New York, NY; Moser Center for Leukodystrophies (B.R.T., A.F.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurogenetics (A.B.M.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases (F.M.V., S.F., S.K.), Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (F.S.E.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Dr. van Ballegoij is currently at the Department of Neurology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam
| | - Ettore Salsano
- From the Department of Pediatric Neurology/Emma Children's Hospital (M.E., W.J.C.B., I.C.H.), Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Child Neurology (E.J.M.), Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine/NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, NY; Department of Neurology & Pediatrics/Lucile Packard Children's Hospital (K.P.V.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 4. Department of Neurology, Leukodystrophy Clinic, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Unit of Rare Neurodegenerative and Neurometabolic Diseases (E.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milano, Italy; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology/Emma Children's Hospital (A.S.P.T.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; AP-HP (F.M.), Department of Medical Genetics, Reference Center for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Leukodystrophies, and INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris Brain Institute, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Neurology/Hôpital Bicêtre Paris Sud (C.S.), France, Reference Center for Children Leukodystrophies Inserm U1127, ICM-Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (M.O.R.), Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Neuroendocrine Unit (N.A.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School (N.A.T.), Boston, MA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (A.H.), Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, and Harvard Medical School (A.H.), Boston, MA; Charles Dent Metabolic Unit (R.H.L.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Metabolic Medicine (J.D.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London United Kingdom; Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD; Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation & Cellular Therapy (T.L., P.J.O.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Pediatric Oncology (J.-S.K.), Hematology, Hemostaseology, University Hospital Leipzig, Germany; Pediatric Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation (C.A.L.), Princess Maxima Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (C.A.L.), Wilhemina Children's Hospital, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Director of Pediatric Neuroimaging (P.C.), Lenox Hill Radiology and Medical Imaging Associates, New York, NY; Moser Center for Leukodystrophies (B.R.T., A.F.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurogenetics (A.B.M.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases (F.M.V., S.F., S.K.), Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (F.S.E.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Dr. van Ballegoij is currently at the Department of Neurology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam
| | - A S P van Trotsenburg
- From the Department of Pediatric Neurology/Emma Children's Hospital (M.E., W.J.C.B., I.C.H.), Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Child Neurology (E.J.M.), Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine/NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, NY; Department of Neurology & Pediatrics/Lucile Packard Children's Hospital (K.P.V.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 4. Department of Neurology, Leukodystrophy Clinic, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Unit of Rare Neurodegenerative and Neurometabolic Diseases (E.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milano, Italy; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology/Emma Children's Hospital (A.S.P.T.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; AP-HP (F.M.), Department of Medical Genetics, Reference Center for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Leukodystrophies, and INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris Brain Institute, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Neurology/Hôpital Bicêtre Paris Sud (C.S.), France, Reference Center for Children Leukodystrophies Inserm U1127, ICM-Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (M.O.R.), Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Neuroendocrine Unit (N.A.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School (N.A.T.), Boston, MA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (A.H.), Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, and Harvard Medical School (A.H.), Boston, MA; Charles Dent Metabolic Unit (R.H.L.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Metabolic Medicine (J.D.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London United Kingdom; Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD; Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation & Cellular Therapy (T.L., P.J.O.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Pediatric Oncology (J.-S.K.), Hematology, Hemostaseology, University Hospital Leipzig, Germany; Pediatric Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation (C.A.L.), Princess Maxima Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (C.A.L.), Wilhemina Children's Hospital, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Director of Pediatric Neuroimaging (P.C.), Lenox Hill Radiology and Medical Imaging Associates, New York, NY; Moser Center for Leukodystrophies (B.R.T., A.F.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurogenetics (A.B.M.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases (F.M.V., S.F., S.K.), Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (F.S.E.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Dr. van Ballegoij is currently at the Department of Neurology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam
| | - Fanny Mochel
- From the Department of Pediatric Neurology/Emma Children's Hospital (M.E., W.J.C.B., I.C.H.), Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Child Neurology (E.J.M.), Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine/NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, NY; Department of Neurology & Pediatrics/Lucile Packard Children's Hospital (K.P.V.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 4. Department of Neurology, Leukodystrophy Clinic, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Unit of Rare Neurodegenerative and Neurometabolic Diseases (E.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milano, Italy; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology/Emma Children's Hospital (A.S.P.T.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; AP-HP (F.M.), Department of Medical Genetics, Reference Center for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Leukodystrophies, and INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris Brain Institute, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Neurology/Hôpital Bicêtre Paris Sud (C.S.), France, Reference Center for Children Leukodystrophies Inserm U1127, ICM-Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (M.O.R.), Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Neuroendocrine Unit (N.A.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School (N.A.T.), Boston, MA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (A.H.), Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, and Harvard Medical School (A.H.), Boston, MA; Charles Dent Metabolic Unit (R.H.L.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Metabolic Medicine (J.D.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London United Kingdom; Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD; Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation & Cellular Therapy (T.L., P.J.O.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Pediatric Oncology (J.-S.K.), Hematology, Hemostaseology, University Hospital Leipzig, Germany; Pediatric Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation (C.A.L.), Princess Maxima Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (C.A.L.), Wilhemina Children's Hospital, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Director of Pediatric Neuroimaging (P.C.), Lenox Hill Radiology and Medical Imaging Associates, New York, NY; Moser Center for Leukodystrophies (B.R.T., A.F.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurogenetics (A.B.M.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases (F.M.V., S.F., S.K.), Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (F.S.E.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Dr. van Ballegoij is currently at the Department of Neurology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam
| | - Caroline Sevin
- From the Department of Pediatric Neurology/Emma Children's Hospital (M.E., W.J.C.B., I.C.H.), Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Child Neurology (E.J.M.), Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine/NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, NY; Department of Neurology & Pediatrics/Lucile Packard Children's Hospital (K.P.V.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 4. Department of Neurology, Leukodystrophy Clinic, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Unit of Rare Neurodegenerative and Neurometabolic Diseases (E.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milano, Italy; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology/Emma Children's Hospital (A.S.P.T.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; AP-HP (F.M.), Department of Medical Genetics, Reference Center for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Leukodystrophies, and INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris Brain Institute, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Neurology/Hôpital Bicêtre Paris Sud (C.S.), France, Reference Center for Children Leukodystrophies Inserm U1127, ICM-Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (M.O.R.), Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Neuroendocrine Unit (N.A.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School (N.A.T.), Boston, MA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (A.H.), Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, and Harvard Medical School (A.H.), Boston, MA; Charles Dent Metabolic Unit (R.H.L.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Metabolic Medicine (J.D.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London United Kingdom; Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD; Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation & Cellular Therapy (T.L., P.J.O.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Pediatric Oncology (J.-S.K.), Hematology, Hemostaseology, University Hospital Leipzig, Germany; Pediatric Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation (C.A.L.), Princess Maxima Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (C.A.L.), Wilhemina Children's Hospital, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Director of Pediatric Neuroimaging (P.C.), Lenox Hill Radiology and Medical Imaging Associates, New York, NY; Moser Center for Leukodystrophies (B.R.T., A.F.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurogenetics (A.B.M.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases (F.M.V., S.F., S.K.), Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (F.S.E.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Dr. van Ballegoij is currently at the Department of Neurology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam
| | - Molly O Regelmann
- From the Department of Pediatric Neurology/Emma Children's Hospital (M.E., W.J.C.B., I.C.H.), Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Child Neurology (E.J.M.), Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine/NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, NY; Department of Neurology & Pediatrics/Lucile Packard Children's Hospital (K.P.V.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 4. Department of Neurology, Leukodystrophy Clinic, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Unit of Rare Neurodegenerative and Neurometabolic Diseases (E.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milano, Italy; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology/Emma Children's Hospital (A.S.P.T.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; AP-HP (F.M.), Department of Medical Genetics, Reference Center for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Leukodystrophies, and INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris Brain Institute, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Neurology/Hôpital Bicêtre Paris Sud (C.S.), France, Reference Center for Children Leukodystrophies Inserm U1127, ICM-Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (M.O.R.), Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Neuroendocrine Unit (N.A.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School (N.A.T.), Boston, MA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (A.H.), Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, and Harvard Medical School (A.H.), Boston, MA; Charles Dent Metabolic Unit (R.H.L.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Metabolic Medicine (J.D.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London United Kingdom; Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD; Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation & Cellular Therapy (T.L., P.J.O.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Pediatric Oncology (J.-S.K.), Hematology, Hemostaseology, University Hospital Leipzig, Germany; Pediatric Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation (C.A.L.), Princess Maxima Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (C.A.L.), Wilhemina Children's Hospital, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Director of Pediatric Neuroimaging (P.C.), Lenox Hill Radiology and Medical Imaging Associates, New York, NY; Moser Center for Leukodystrophies (B.R.T., A.F.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurogenetics (A.B.M.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases (F.M.V., S.F., S.K.), Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (F.S.E.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Dr. van Ballegoij is currently at the Department of Neurology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam
| | - Nicholas A Tritos
- From the Department of Pediatric Neurology/Emma Children's Hospital (M.E., W.J.C.B., I.C.H.), Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Child Neurology (E.J.M.), Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine/NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, NY; Department of Neurology & Pediatrics/Lucile Packard Children's Hospital (K.P.V.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 4. Department of Neurology, Leukodystrophy Clinic, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Unit of Rare Neurodegenerative and Neurometabolic Diseases (E.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milano, Italy; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology/Emma Children's Hospital (A.S.P.T.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; AP-HP (F.M.), Department of Medical Genetics, Reference Center for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Leukodystrophies, and INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris Brain Institute, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Neurology/Hôpital Bicêtre Paris Sud (C.S.), France, Reference Center for Children Leukodystrophies Inserm U1127, ICM-Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (M.O.R.), Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Neuroendocrine Unit (N.A.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School (N.A.T.), Boston, MA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (A.H.), Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, and Harvard Medical School (A.H.), Boston, MA; Charles Dent Metabolic Unit (R.H.L.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Metabolic Medicine (J.D.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London United Kingdom; Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD; Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation & Cellular Therapy (T.L., P.J.O.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Pediatric Oncology (J.-S.K.), Hematology, Hemostaseology, University Hospital Leipzig, Germany; Pediatric Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation (C.A.L.), Princess Maxima Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (C.A.L.), Wilhemina Children's Hospital, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Director of Pediatric Neuroimaging (P.C.), Lenox Hill Radiology and Medical Imaging Associates, New York, NY; Moser Center for Leukodystrophies (B.R.T., A.F.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurogenetics (A.B.M.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases (F.M.V., S.F., S.K.), Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (F.S.E.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Dr. van Ballegoij is currently at the Department of Neurology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam
| | - Alyssa Halper
- From the Department of Pediatric Neurology/Emma Children's Hospital (M.E., W.J.C.B., I.C.H.), Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Child Neurology (E.J.M.), Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine/NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, NY; Department of Neurology & Pediatrics/Lucile Packard Children's Hospital (K.P.V.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 4. Department of Neurology, Leukodystrophy Clinic, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Unit of Rare Neurodegenerative and Neurometabolic Diseases (E.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milano, Italy; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology/Emma Children's Hospital (A.S.P.T.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; AP-HP (F.M.), Department of Medical Genetics, Reference Center for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Leukodystrophies, and INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris Brain Institute, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Neurology/Hôpital Bicêtre Paris Sud (C.S.), France, Reference Center for Children Leukodystrophies Inserm U1127, ICM-Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (M.O.R.), Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Neuroendocrine Unit (N.A.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School (N.A.T.), Boston, MA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (A.H.), Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, and Harvard Medical School (A.H.), Boston, MA; Charles Dent Metabolic Unit (R.H.L.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Metabolic Medicine (J.D.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London United Kingdom; Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD; Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation & Cellular Therapy (T.L., P.J.O.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Pediatric Oncology (J.-S.K.), Hematology, Hemostaseology, University Hospital Leipzig, Germany; Pediatric Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation (C.A.L.), Princess Maxima Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (C.A.L.), Wilhemina Children's Hospital, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Director of Pediatric Neuroimaging (P.C.), Lenox Hill Radiology and Medical Imaging Associates, New York, NY; Moser Center for Leukodystrophies (B.R.T., A.F.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurogenetics (A.B.M.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases (F.M.V., S.F., S.K.), Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (F.S.E.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Dr. van Ballegoij is currently at the Department of Neurology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam
| | - Robin H Lachmann
- From the Department of Pediatric Neurology/Emma Children's Hospital (M.E., W.J.C.B., I.C.H.), Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Child Neurology (E.J.M.), Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine/NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, NY; Department of Neurology & Pediatrics/Lucile Packard Children's Hospital (K.P.V.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 4. Department of Neurology, Leukodystrophy Clinic, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Unit of Rare Neurodegenerative and Neurometabolic Diseases (E.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milano, Italy; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology/Emma Children's Hospital (A.S.P.T.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; AP-HP (F.M.), Department of Medical Genetics, Reference Center for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Leukodystrophies, and INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris Brain Institute, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Neurology/Hôpital Bicêtre Paris Sud (C.S.), France, Reference Center for Children Leukodystrophies Inserm U1127, ICM-Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (M.O.R.), Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Neuroendocrine Unit (N.A.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School (N.A.T.), Boston, MA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (A.H.), Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, and Harvard Medical School (A.H.), Boston, MA; Charles Dent Metabolic Unit (R.H.L.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Metabolic Medicine (J.D.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London United Kingdom; Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD; Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation & Cellular Therapy (T.L., P.J.O.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Pediatric Oncology (J.-S.K.), Hematology, Hemostaseology, University Hospital Leipzig, Germany; Pediatric Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation (C.A.L.), Princess Maxima Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (C.A.L.), Wilhemina Children's Hospital, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Director of Pediatric Neuroimaging (P.C.), Lenox Hill Radiology and Medical Imaging Associates, New York, NY; Moser Center for Leukodystrophies (B.R.T., A.F.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurogenetics (A.B.M.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases (F.M.V., S.F., S.K.), Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (F.S.E.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Dr. van Ballegoij is currently at the Department of Neurology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam
| | - James Davison
- From the Department of Pediatric Neurology/Emma Children's Hospital (M.E., W.J.C.B., I.C.H.), Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Child Neurology (E.J.M.), Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine/NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, NY; Department of Neurology & Pediatrics/Lucile Packard Children's Hospital (K.P.V.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 4. Department of Neurology, Leukodystrophy Clinic, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Unit of Rare Neurodegenerative and Neurometabolic Diseases (E.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milano, Italy; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology/Emma Children's Hospital (A.S.P.T.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; AP-HP (F.M.), Department of Medical Genetics, Reference Center for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Leukodystrophies, and INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris Brain Institute, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Neurology/Hôpital Bicêtre Paris Sud (C.S.), France, Reference Center for Children Leukodystrophies Inserm U1127, ICM-Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (M.O.R.), Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Neuroendocrine Unit (N.A.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School (N.A.T.), Boston, MA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (A.H.), Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, and Harvard Medical School (A.H.), Boston, MA; Charles Dent Metabolic Unit (R.H.L.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Metabolic Medicine (J.D.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London United Kingdom; Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD; Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation & Cellular Therapy (T.L., P.J.O.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Pediatric Oncology (J.-S.K.), Hematology, Hemostaseology, University Hospital Leipzig, Germany; Pediatric Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation (C.A.L.), Princess Maxima Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (C.A.L.), Wilhemina Children's Hospital, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Director of Pediatric Neuroimaging (P.C.), Lenox Hill Radiology and Medical Imaging Associates, New York, NY; Moser Center for Leukodystrophies (B.R.T., A.F.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurogenetics (A.B.M.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases (F.M.V., S.F., S.K.), Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (F.S.E.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Dr. van Ballegoij is currently at the Department of Neurology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam
| | - Gerald V Raymond
- From the Department of Pediatric Neurology/Emma Children's Hospital (M.E., W.J.C.B., I.C.H.), Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Child Neurology (E.J.M.), Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine/NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, NY; Department of Neurology & Pediatrics/Lucile Packard Children's Hospital (K.P.V.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 4. Department of Neurology, Leukodystrophy Clinic, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Unit of Rare Neurodegenerative and Neurometabolic Diseases (E.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milano, Italy; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology/Emma Children's Hospital (A.S.P.T.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; AP-HP (F.M.), Department of Medical Genetics, Reference Center for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Leukodystrophies, and INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris Brain Institute, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Neurology/Hôpital Bicêtre Paris Sud (C.S.), France, Reference Center for Children Leukodystrophies Inserm U1127, ICM-Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (M.O.R.), Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Neuroendocrine Unit (N.A.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School (N.A.T.), Boston, MA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (A.H.), Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, and Harvard Medical School (A.H.), Boston, MA; Charles Dent Metabolic Unit (R.H.L.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Metabolic Medicine (J.D.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London United Kingdom; Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD; Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation & Cellular Therapy (T.L., P.J.O.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Pediatric Oncology (J.-S.K.), Hematology, Hemostaseology, University Hospital Leipzig, Germany; Pediatric Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation (C.A.L.), Princess Maxima Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (C.A.L.), Wilhemina Children's Hospital, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Director of Pediatric Neuroimaging (P.C.), Lenox Hill Radiology and Medical Imaging Associates, New York, NY; Moser Center for Leukodystrophies (B.R.T., A.F.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurogenetics (A.B.M.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases (F.M.V., S.F., S.K.), Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (F.S.E.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Dr. van Ballegoij is currently at the Department of Neurology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam
| | - Troy C Lund
- From the Department of Pediatric Neurology/Emma Children's Hospital (M.E., W.J.C.B., I.C.H.), Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Child Neurology (E.J.M.), Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine/NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, NY; Department of Neurology & Pediatrics/Lucile Packard Children's Hospital (K.P.V.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 4. Department of Neurology, Leukodystrophy Clinic, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Unit of Rare Neurodegenerative and Neurometabolic Diseases (E.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milano, Italy; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology/Emma Children's Hospital (A.S.P.T.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; AP-HP (F.M.), Department of Medical Genetics, Reference Center for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Leukodystrophies, and INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris Brain Institute, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Neurology/Hôpital Bicêtre Paris Sud (C.S.), France, Reference Center for Children Leukodystrophies Inserm U1127, ICM-Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (M.O.R.), Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Neuroendocrine Unit (N.A.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School (N.A.T.), Boston, MA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (A.H.), Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, and Harvard Medical School (A.H.), Boston, MA; Charles Dent Metabolic Unit (R.H.L.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Metabolic Medicine (J.D.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London United Kingdom; Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD; Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation & Cellular Therapy (T.L., P.J.O.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Pediatric Oncology (J.-S.K.), Hematology, Hemostaseology, University Hospital Leipzig, Germany; Pediatric Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation (C.A.L.), Princess Maxima Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (C.A.L.), Wilhemina Children's Hospital, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Director of Pediatric Neuroimaging (P.C.), Lenox Hill Radiology and Medical Imaging Associates, New York, NY; Moser Center for Leukodystrophies (B.R.T., A.F.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurogenetics (A.B.M.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases (F.M.V., S.F., S.K.), Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (F.S.E.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Dr. van Ballegoij is currently at the Department of Neurology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam
| | - Paul J Orchard
- From the Department of Pediatric Neurology/Emma Children's Hospital (M.E., W.J.C.B., I.C.H.), Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Child Neurology (E.J.M.), Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine/NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, NY; Department of Neurology & Pediatrics/Lucile Packard Children's Hospital (K.P.V.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 4. Department of Neurology, Leukodystrophy Clinic, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Unit of Rare Neurodegenerative and Neurometabolic Diseases (E.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milano, Italy; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology/Emma Children's Hospital (A.S.P.T.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; AP-HP (F.M.), Department of Medical Genetics, Reference Center for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Leukodystrophies, and INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris Brain Institute, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Neurology/Hôpital Bicêtre Paris Sud (C.S.), France, Reference Center for Children Leukodystrophies Inserm U1127, ICM-Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (M.O.R.), Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Neuroendocrine Unit (N.A.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School (N.A.T.), Boston, MA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (A.H.), Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, and Harvard Medical School (A.H.), Boston, MA; Charles Dent Metabolic Unit (R.H.L.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Metabolic Medicine (J.D.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London United Kingdom; Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD; Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation & Cellular Therapy (T.L., P.J.O.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Pediatric Oncology (J.-S.K.), Hematology, Hemostaseology, University Hospital Leipzig, Germany; Pediatric Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation (C.A.L.), Princess Maxima Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (C.A.L.), Wilhemina Children's Hospital, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Director of Pediatric Neuroimaging (P.C.), Lenox Hill Radiology and Medical Imaging Associates, New York, NY; Moser Center for Leukodystrophies (B.R.T., A.F.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurogenetics (A.B.M.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases (F.M.V., S.F., S.K.), Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (F.S.E.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Dr. van Ballegoij is currently at the Department of Neurology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam
| | - Joern-Sven Kuehl
- From the Department of Pediatric Neurology/Emma Children's Hospital (M.E., W.J.C.B., I.C.H.), Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Child Neurology (E.J.M.), Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine/NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, NY; Department of Neurology & Pediatrics/Lucile Packard Children's Hospital (K.P.V.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 4. Department of Neurology, Leukodystrophy Clinic, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Unit of Rare Neurodegenerative and Neurometabolic Diseases (E.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milano, Italy; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology/Emma Children's Hospital (A.S.P.T.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; AP-HP (F.M.), Department of Medical Genetics, Reference Center for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Leukodystrophies, and INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris Brain Institute, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Neurology/Hôpital Bicêtre Paris Sud (C.S.), France, Reference Center for Children Leukodystrophies Inserm U1127, ICM-Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (M.O.R.), Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Neuroendocrine Unit (N.A.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School (N.A.T.), Boston, MA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (A.H.), Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, and Harvard Medical School (A.H.), Boston, MA; Charles Dent Metabolic Unit (R.H.L.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Metabolic Medicine (J.D.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London United Kingdom; Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD; Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation & Cellular Therapy (T.L., P.J.O.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Pediatric Oncology (J.-S.K.), Hematology, Hemostaseology, University Hospital Leipzig, Germany; Pediatric Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation (C.A.L.), Princess Maxima Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (C.A.L.), Wilhemina Children's Hospital, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Director of Pediatric Neuroimaging (P.C.), Lenox Hill Radiology and Medical Imaging Associates, New York, NY; Moser Center for Leukodystrophies (B.R.T., A.F.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurogenetics (A.B.M.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases (F.M.V., S.F., S.K.), Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (F.S.E.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Dr. van Ballegoij is currently at the Department of Neurology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam
| | - Caroline A Lindemans
- From the Department of Pediatric Neurology/Emma Children's Hospital (M.E., W.J.C.B., I.C.H.), Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Child Neurology (E.J.M.), Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine/NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, NY; Department of Neurology & Pediatrics/Lucile Packard Children's Hospital (K.P.V.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 4. Department of Neurology, Leukodystrophy Clinic, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Unit of Rare Neurodegenerative and Neurometabolic Diseases (E.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milano, Italy; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology/Emma Children's Hospital (A.S.P.T.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; AP-HP (F.M.), Department of Medical Genetics, Reference Center for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Leukodystrophies, and INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris Brain Institute, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Neurology/Hôpital Bicêtre Paris Sud (C.S.), France, Reference Center for Children Leukodystrophies Inserm U1127, ICM-Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (M.O.R.), Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Neuroendocrine Unit (N.A.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School (N.A.T.), Boston, MA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (A.H.), Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, and Harvard Medical School (A.H.), Boston, MA; Charles Dent Metabolic Unit (R.H.L.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Metabolic Medicine (J.D.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London United Kingdom; Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD; Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation & Cellular Therapy (T.L., P.J.O.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Pediatric Oncology (J.-S.K.), Hematology, Hemostaseology, University Hospital Leipzig, Germany; Pediatric Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation (C.A.L.), Princess Maxima Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (C.A.L.), Wilhemina Children's Hospital, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Director of Pediatric Neuroimaging (P.C.), Lenox Hill Radiology and Medical Imaging Associates, New York, NY; Moser Center for Leukodystrophies (B.R.T., A.F.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurogenetics (A.B.M.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases (F.M.V., S.F., S.K.), Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (F.S.E.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Dr. van Ballegoij is currently at the Department of Neurology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam
| | - Paul Caruso
- From the Department of Pediatric Neurology/Emma Children's Hospital (M.E., W.J.C.B., I.C.H.), Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Child Neurology (E.J.M.), Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine/NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, NY; Department of Neurology & Pediatrics/Lucile Packard Children's Hospital (K.P.V.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 4. Department of Neurology, Leukodystrophy Clinic, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Unit of Rare Neurodegenerative and Neurometabolic Diseases (E.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milano, Italy; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology/Emma Children's Hospital (A.S.P.T.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; AP-HP (F.M.), Department of Medical Genetics, Reference Center for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Leukodystrophies, and INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris Brain Institute, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Neurology/Hôpital Bicêtre Paris Sud (C.S.), France, Reference Center for Children Leukodystrophies Inserm U1127, ICM-Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (M.O.R.), Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Neuroendocrine Unit (N.A.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School (N.A.T.), Boston, MA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (A.H.), Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, and Harvard Medical School (A.H.), Boston, MA; Charles Dent Metabolic Unit (R.H.L.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Metabolic Medicine (J.D.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London United Kingdom; Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD; Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation & Cellular Therapy (T.L., P.J.O.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Pediatric Oncology (J.-S.K.), Hematology, Hemostaseology, University Hospital Leipzig, Germany; Pediatric Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation (C.A.L.), Princess Maxima Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (C.A.L.), Wilhemina Children's Hospital, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Director of Pediatric Neuroimaging (P.C.), Lenox Hill Radiology and Medical Imaging Associates, New York, NY; Moser Center for Leukodystrophies (B.R.T., A.F.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurogenetics (A.B.M.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases (F.M.V., S.F., S.K.), Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (F.S.E.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Dr. van Ballegoij is currently at the Department of Neurology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam
| | - Bela Rui Turk
- From the Department of Pediatric Neurology/Emma Children's Hospital (M.E., W.J.C.B., I.C.H.), Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Child Neurology (E.J.M.), Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine/NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, NY; Department of Neurology & Pediatrics/Lucile Packard Children's Hospital (K.P.V.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 4. Department of Neurology, Leukodystrophy Clinic, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Unit of Rare Neurodegenerative and Neurometabolic Diseases (E.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milano, Italy; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology/Emma Children's Hospital (A.S.P.T.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; AP-HP (F.M.), Department of Medical Genetics, Reference Center for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Leukodystrophies, and INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris Brain Institute, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Neurology/Hôpital Bicêtre Paris Sud (C.S.), France, Reference Center for Children Leukodystrophies Inserm U1127, ICM-Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (M.O.R.), Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Neuroendocrine Unit (N.A.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School (N.A.T.), Boston, MA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (A.H.), Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, and Harvard Medical School (A.H.), Boston, MA; Charles Dent Metabolic Unit (R.H.L.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Metabolic Medicine (J.D.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London United Kingdom; Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD; Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation & Cellular Therapy (T.L., P.J.O.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Pediatric Oncology (J.-S.K.), Hematology, Hemostaseology, University Hospital Leipzig, Germany; Pediatric Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation (C.A.L.), Princess Maxima Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (C.A.L.), Wilhemina Children's Hospital, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Director of Pediatric Neuroimaging (P.C.), Lenox Hill Radiology and Medical Imaging Associates, New York, NY; Moser Center for Leukodystrophies (B.R.T., A.F.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurogenetics (A.B.M.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases (F.M.V., S.F., S.K.), Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (F.S.E.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Dr. van Ballegoij is currently at the Department of Neurology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam
| | - Ann B Moser
- From the Department of Pediatric Neurology/Emma Children's Hospital (M.E., W.J.C.B., I.C.H.), Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Child Neurology (E.J.M.), Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine/NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, NY; Department of Neurology & Pediatrics/Lucile Packard Children's Hospital (K.P.V.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 4. Department of Neurology, Leukodystrophy Clinic, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Unit of Rare Neurodegenerative and Neurometabolic Diseases (E.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milano, Italy; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology/Emma Children's Hospital (A.S.P.T.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; AP-HP (F.M.), Department of Medical Genetics, Reference Center for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Leukodystrophies, and INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris Brain Institute, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Neurology/Hôpital Bicêtre Paris Sud (C.S.), France, Reference Center for Children Leukodystrophies Inserm U1127, ICM-Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (M.O.R.), Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Neuroendocrine Unit (N.A.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School (N.A.T.), Boston, MA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (A.H.), Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, and Harvard Medical School (A.H.), Boston, MA; Charles Dent Metabolic Unit (R.H.L.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Metabolic Medicine (J.D.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London United Kingdom; Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD; Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation & Cellular Therapy (T.L., P.J.O.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Pediatric Oncology (J.-S.K.), Hematology, Hemostaseology, University Hospital Leipzig, Germany; Pediatric Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation (C.A.L.), Princess Maxima Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (C.A.L.), Wilhemina Children's Hospital, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Director of Pediatric Neuroimaging (P.C.), Lenox Hill Radiology and Medical Imaging Associates, New York, NY; Moser Center for Leukodystrophies (B.R.T., A.F.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurogenetics (A.B.M.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases (F.M.V., S.F., S.K.), Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (F.S.E.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Dr. van Ballegoij is currently at the Department of Neurology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam
| | - Frédéric M Vaz
- From the Department of Pediatric Neurology/Emma Children's Hospital (M.E., W.J.C.B., I.C.H.), Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Child Neurology (E.J.M.), Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine/NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, NY; Department of Neurology & Pediatrics/Lucile Packard Children's Hospital (K.P.V.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 4. Department of Neurology, Leukodystrophy Clinic, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Unit of Rare Neurodegenerative and Neurometabolic Diseases (E.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milano, Italy; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology/Emma Children's Hospital (A.S.P.T.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; AP-HP (F.M.), Department of Medical Genetics, Reference Center for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Leukodystrophies, and INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris Brain Institute, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Neurology/Hôpital Bicêtre Paris Sud (C.S.), France, Reference Center for Children Leukodystrophies Inserm U1127, ICM-Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (M.O.R.), Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Neuroendocrine Unit (N.A.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School (N.A.T.), Boston, MA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (A.H.), Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, and Harvard Medical School (A.H.), Boston, MA; Charles Dent Metabolic Unit (R.H.L.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Metabolic Medicine (J.D.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London United Kingdom; Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD; Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation & Cellular Therapy (T.L., P.J.O.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Pediatric Oncology (J.-S.K.), Hematology, Hemostaseology, University Hospital Leipzig, Germany; Pediatric Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation (C.A.L.), Princess Maxima Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (C.A.L.), Wilhemina Children's Hospital, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Director of Pediatric Neuroimaging (P.C.), Lenox Hill Radiology and Medical Imaging Associates, New York, NY; Moser Center for Leukodystrophies (B.R.T., A.F.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurogenetics (A.B.M.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases (F.M.V., S.F., S.K.), Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (F.S.E.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Dr. van Ballegoij is currently at the Department of Neurology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam
| | - Sacha Ferdinandusse
- From the Department of Pediatric Neurology/Emma Children's Hospital (M.E., W.J.C.B., I.C.H.), Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Child Neurology (E.J.M.), Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine/NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, NY; Department of Neurology & Pediatrics/Lucile Packard Children's Hospital (K.P.V.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 4. Department of Neurology, Leukodystrophy Clinic, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Unit of Rare Neurodegenerative and Neurometabolic Diseases (E.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milano, Italy; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology/Emma Children's Hospital (A.S.P.T.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; AP-HP (F.M.), Department of Medical Genetics, Reference Center for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Leukodystrophies, and INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris Brain Institute, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Neurology/Hôpital Bicêtre Paris Sud (C.S.), France, Reference Center for Children Leukodystrophies Inserm U1127, ICM-Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (M.O.R.), Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Neuroendocrine Unit (N.A.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School (N.A.T.), Boston, MA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (A.H.), Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, and Harvard Medical School (A.H.), Boston, MA; Charles Dent Metabolic Unit (R.H.L.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Metabolic Medicine (J.D.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London United Kingdom; Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD; Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation & Cellular Therapy (T.L., P.J.O.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Pediatric Oncology (J.-S.K.), Hematology, Hemostaseology, University Hospital Leipzig, Germany; Pediatric Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation (C.A.L.), Princess Maxima Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (C.A.L.), Wilhemina Children's Hospital, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Director of Pediatric Neuroimaging (P.C.), Lenox Hill Radiology and Medical Imaging Associates, New York, NY; Moser Center for Leukodystrophies (B.R.T., A.F.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurogenetics (A.B.M.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases (F.M.V., S.F., S.K.), Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (F.S.E.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Dr. van Ballegoij is currently at the Department of Neurology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam
| | - Stephan Kemp
- From the Department of Pediatric Neurology/Emma Children's Hospital (M.E., W.J.C.B., I.C.H.), Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Child Neurology (E.J.M.), Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine/NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, NY; Department of Neurology & Pediatrics/Lucile Packard Children's Hospital (K.P.V.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 4. Department of Neurology, Leukodystrophy Clinic, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Unit of Rare Neurodegenerative and Neurometabolic Diseases (E.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milano, Italy; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology/Emma Children's Hospital (A.S.P.T.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; AP-HP (F.M.), Department of Medical Genetics, Reference Center for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Leukodystrophies, and INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris Brain Institute, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Neurology/Hôpital Bicêtre Paris Sud (C.S.), France, Reference Center for Children Leukodystrophies Inserm U1127, ICM-Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (M.O.R.), Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Neuroendocrine Unit (N.A.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School (N.A.T.), Boston, MA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (A.H.), Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, and Harvard Medical School (A.H.), Boston, MA; Charles Dent Metabolic Unit (R.H.L.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Metabolic Medicine (J.D.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London United Kingdom; Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD; Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation & Cellular Therapy (T.L., P.J.O.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Pediatric Oncology (J.-S.K.), Hematology, Hemostaseology, University Hospital Leipzig, Germany; Pediatric Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation (C.A.L.), Princess Maxima Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (C.A.L.), Wilhemina Children's Hospital, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Director of Pediatric Neuroimaging (P.C.), Lenox Hill Radiology and Medical Imaging Associates, New York, NY; Moser Center for Leukodystrophies (B.R.T., A.F.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurogenetics (A.B.M.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases (F.M.V., S.F., S.K.), Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (F.S.E.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Dr. van Ballegoij is currently at the Department of Neurology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam
| | - Ali Fatemi
- From the Department of Pediatric Neurology/Emma Children's Hospital (M.E., W.J.C.B., I.C.H.), Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Child Neurology (E.J.M.), Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine/NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, NY; Department of Neurology & Pediatrics/Lucile Packard Children's Hospital (K.P.V.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 4. Department of Neurology, Leukodystrophy Clinic, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Unit of Rare Neurodegenerative and Neurometabolic Diseases (E.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milano, Italy; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology/Emma Children's Hospital (A.S.P.T.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; AP-HP (F.M.), Department of Medical Genetics, Reference Center for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Leukodystrophies, and INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris Brain Institute, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Neurology/Hôpital Bicêtre Paris Sud (C.S.), France, Reference Center for Children Leukodystrophies Inserm U1127, ICM-Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (M.O.R.), Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Neuroendocrine Unit (N.A.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School (N.A.T.), Boston, MA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (A.H.), Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, and Harvard Medical School (A.H.), Boston, MA; Charles Dent Metabolic Unit (R.H.L.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Metabolic Medicine (J.D.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London United Kingdom; Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD; Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation & Cellular Therapy (T.L., P.J.O.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Pediatric Oncology (J.-S.K.), Hematology, Hemostaseology, University Hospital Leipzig, Germany; Pediatric Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation (C.A.L.), Princess Maxima Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (C.A.L.), Wilhemina Children's Hospital, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Director of Pediatric Neuroimaging (P.C.), Lenox Hill Radiology and Medical Imaging Associates, New York, NY; Moser Center for Leukodystrophies (B.R.T., A.F.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurogenetics (A.B.M.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases (F.M.V., S.F., S.K.), Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (F.S.E.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Dr. van Ballegoij is currently at the Department of Neurology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam
| | - Florian S Eichler
- From the Department of Pediatric Neurology/Emma Children's Hospital (M.E., W.J.C.B., I.C.H.), Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Child Neurology (E.J.M.), Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine/NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, NY; Department of Neurology & Pediatrics/Lucile Packard Children's Hospital (K.P.V.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 4. Department of Neurology, Leukodystrophy Clinic, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Unit of Rare Neurodegenerative and Neurometabolic Diseases (E.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milano, Italy; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology/Emma Children's Hospital (A.S.P.T.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; AP-HP (F.M.), Department of Medical Genetics, Reference Center for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Leukodystrophies, and INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris Brain Institute, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Neurology/Hôpital Bicêtre Paris Sud (C.S.), France, Reference Center for Children Leukodystrophies Inserm U1127, ICM-Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (M.O.R.), Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Neuroendocrine Unit (N.A.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School (N.A.T.), Boston, MA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (A.H.), Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, and Harvard Medical School (A.H.), Boston, MA; Charles Dent Metabolic Unit (R.H.L.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Metabolic Medicine (J.D.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London United Kingdom; Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD; Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation & Cellular Therapy (T.L., P.J.O.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Pediatric Oncology (J.-S.K.), Hematology, Hemostaseology, University Hospital Leipzig, Germany; Pediatric Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation (C.A.L.), Princess Maxima Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (C.A.L.), Wilhemina Children's Hospital, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Director of Pediatric Neuroimaging (P.C.), Lenox Hill Radiology and Medical Imaging Associates, New York, NY; Moser Center for Leukodystrophies (B.R.T., A.F.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurogenetics (A.B.M.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases (F.M.V., S.F., S.K.), Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (F.S.E.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Dr. van Ballegoij is currently at the Department of Neurology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam
| | - Irene C Huffnagel
- From the Department of Pediatric Neurology/Emma Children's Hospital (M.E., W.J.C.B., I.C.H.), Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Child Neurology (E.J.M.), Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine/NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, NY; Department of Neurology & Pediatrics/Lucile Packard Children's Hospital (K.P.V.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 4. Department of Neurology, Leukodystrophy Clinic, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany; Unit of Rare Neurodegenerative and Neurometabolic Diseases (E.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milano, Italy; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology/Emma Children's Hospital (A.S.P.T.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; AP-HP (F.M.), Department of Medical Genetics, Reference Center for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Leukodystrophies, and INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris Brain Institute, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Neurology/Hôpital Bicêtre Paris Sud (C.S.), France, Reference Center for Children Leukodystrophies Inserm U1127, ICM-Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (M.O.R.), Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Neuroendocrine Unit (N.A.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School (N.A.T.), Boston, MA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (A.H.), Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, and Harvard Medical School (A.H.), Boston, MA; Charles Dent Metabolic Unit (R.H.L.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Metabolic Medicine (J.D.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London United Kingdom; Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD; Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation & Cellular Therapy (T.L., P.J.O.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Pediatric Oncology (J.-S.K.), Hematology, Hemostaseology, University Hospital Leipzig, Germany; Pediatric Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation (C.A.L.), Princess Maxima Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (C.A.L.), Wilhemina Children's Hospital, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Director of Pediatric Neuroimaging (P.C.), Lenox Hill Radiology and Medical Imaging Associates, New York, NY; Moser Center for Leukodystrophies (B.R.T., A.F.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurogenetics (A.B.M.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases (F.M.V., S.F., S.K.), Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (F.S.E.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Dr. van Ballegoij is currently at the Department of Neurology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam
| |
Collapse
|