1
|
He J, Hao F, Song S, Zhang J, Zhou H, Zhang J, Li Y. METTL Family in Healthy and Disease. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2024; 5:33. [PMID: 39155349 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-024-00194-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Transcription, RNA splicing, RNA translation, and post-translational protein modification are fundamental processes of gene expression. Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation, RNA modifications, and protein modifications, play a crucial role in regulating gene expression. The methyltransferase-like protein (METTL) family, a constituent of the 7-β-strand (7BS) methyltransferase subfamily, is broadly distributed across the cell nucleus, cytoplasm, and mitochondria. Members of the METTL family, through their S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) binding domain, can transfer methyl groups to DNA, RNA, or proteins, thereby impacting processes such as DNA replication, transcription, and mRNA translation, to participate in the maintenance of normal function or promote disease development. This review primarily examines the involvement of the METTL family in normal cell differentiation, the maintenance of mitochondrial function, and its association with tumor formation, the nervous system, and cardiovascular diseases. Notably, the METTL family is intricately linked to cellular translation, particularly in its regulation of translation factors. Members represent important molecules in disease development processes and are associated with patient immunity and tolerance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Moreover, future research directions could include the development of drugs or antibodies targeting its structural domains, and utilizing nanomaterials to carry miRNA corresponding to METTL family mRNA. Additionally, the precise mechanisms underlying the interactions between the METTL family and cellular translation factors remain to be clarified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiejie He
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, 810000, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Fengchen Hao
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, 810000, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Shiqi Song
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, 810000, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Junli Zhang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, 810000, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Hongyu Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, 810000, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Urology Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, No. 29, Tongren Road, West of the City, Xining, 810000, Qinghai Province, China.
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Qinghai University, No. 29, Tongren Road, West of the City, Xining, 810000, Qinghai Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Biondi A, Vacante M, Catania R, Sangiorgio G. Extracellular Vesicles and Immune System Function: Exploring Novel Approaches to Colorectal Cancer Immunotherapy. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1473. [PMID: 39062046 PMCID: PMC11275211 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12071473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This review explores the emerging role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in modulating immune system function and their application in novel cancer immunotherapy strategies, with a focus on colorectal cancer (CRC). EVs, as carriers of bioactive molecules, have shown potential in enhancing immune responses and overcoming the limitations of traditional therapies. We discuss the biogenesis, types, and functional roles of immune cell-derived EVs, their interactions with cancer cells, and their implications in antitumor immunity. Challenges such as tumor heterogeneity and immune evasion are addressed, alongside the promising therapeutic prospects of EV-based strategies. This comprehensive analysis underscores the transformative potential of EVs in cancer treatment paradigms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Biondi
- Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy; (A.B.); (R.C.)
| | - Marco Vacante
- Unit of Internal Medicine Critical Area—ARNAS Garibaldi, Piazza Santa Maria di Gesù, 5, 95124 Catania, Italy;
| | - Roberta Catania
- Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy; (A.B.); (R.C.)
| | - Giuseppe Sangiorgio
- Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy; (A.B.); (R.C.)
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Patra SK, Sahoo RK, Biswal S, Panda SS, Biswal BK. Enigmatic exosomal connection in lung cancer drug resistance. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2024; 35:102177. [PMID: 38617976 PMCID: PMC11015513 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2024.102177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Lung cancer remains a significant global health concern with limited treatment options and poor prognosis, particularly in advanced stages. Small extracellular vesicles such as exosomes, secreted by cancer cells, play a pivotal role in mediating drug resistance in lung cancer. Exosomes have been found to facilitate intercellular communication by transferring various biomolecules between cancer cells and their microenvironment. Additionally, exosomes can transport signaling molecules promoting cancer cell survival and proliferation conferring resistance to chemotherapy. Moreover, exosomes can modulate the tumor microenvironment by inducing phenotypic changes hindering drug response. Understanding the role of exosomes in mediating drug resistance in lung cancer is crucial for developing novel therapeutic strategies and biomarkers to overcome treatment limitations. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on conventional and emerging drug resistance mechanisms and the involvement of exosomes as well as exosome-mediated factors mediating drug resistance in lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sambit K. Patra
- Cancer Drug Resistance Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India
| | - Rajeev K. Sahoo
- Cancer Drug Resistance Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India
| | - Stuti Biswal
- Cancer Drug Resistance Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India
| | - Shikshya S. Panda
- Cancer Drug Resistance Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India
| | - Bijesh Kumar Biswal
- Cancer Drug Resistance Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yang S, Wei S, Wei F. Extracellular vesicles mediated gastric cancer immune response: tumor cell death or immune escape? Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:377. [PMID: 38816455 PMCID: PMC11139918 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06758-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a major global health issue, being the fifth most prevalent cancer and the third highest contributor to cancer-related deaths. Although treatment strategies for GC have diversified, the prognosis for advanced GC remains poor. Hence, there is a critical need to explore new directions for GC treatment to enhance diagnosis, treatment, and patient prognosis. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as key players in tumor development and progression. Different sources of EVs carry different molecules, resulting in distinct biological functions. For instance, tumor-derived EVs can promote tumor cell proliferation, alter the tumor microenvironment and immune response, while EVs derived from immune cells carry molecules that regulate immune function and possess tumor-killing capabilities. Numerous studies have demonstrated the crucial role of EVs in the development, immune escape, and immune microenvironment remodeling in GC. In this review, we discuss the role of GC-derived EVs in immune microenvironment remodeling and EVs derived from immune cells in GC development. Furthermore, we provide an overview of the potential uses of EVs in immunotherapy for GC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Yang
- Department of the Seventh General surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110000̥, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Shibo Wei
- Department of the Seventh General surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110000̥, Liaoning Province, PR China.
| | - Fang Wei
- Department of the Seventh General surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110000̥, Liaoning Province, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Qiu H, Liang J, Yang G, Xie Z, Wang Z, Wang L, Zhang J, Nanda HS, Zhou H, Huang Y, Peng X, Lu C, Chen H, Zhou Y. Application of exosomes in tumor immunity: recent progresses. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1372847. [PMID: 38633106 PMCID: PMC11021734 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1372847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles secreted by cells, ranging in size from 30 to 150 nm. They contain proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and other bioactive molecules, which play a crucial role in intercellular communication and material transfer. In tumor immunity, exosomes present various functions while the following two are of great importance: regulating the immune response and serving as delivery carriers. This review starts with the introduction of the formation, compositions, functions, isolation, characterization, and applications of exosomes, and subsequently discusses the current status of exosomes in tumor immunotherapy, and the recent applications of exosome-based tumor immunity regulation and antitumor drug delivery. Finally, current challenge and future prospects are proposed and hope to demonstrate inspiration for targeted readers in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Qiu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Junting Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Guang Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Zhenyu Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Zhenpeng Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Liyan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Jingying Zhang
- The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Himansu Sekhar Nanda
- Biomedical Engineering and Technology Lab, Discipline of Mechanical Engineering, PDPM Indian Institute of Information Technology Design and Manufacturing Jabalpur, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Hui Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Yong Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Xinsheng Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Chengyu Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Huizhi Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Yubin Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Guan XL, Guan XY, Zhang ZY. Roles and application of exosomes in the development, diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2024; 16:630-642. [PMID: 38577463 PMCID: PMC10989387 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v16.i3.630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
As important messengers of intercellular communication, exosomes can regulate local and distant cellular communication by transporting specific exosomal contents and can also promote or suppress the development and progression of gastric cancer (GC) by regulating the growth and proliferation of tumor cells, the tumor-related immune response and tumor angiogenesis. Exosomes transport bioactive molecules including DNA, proteins, and RNA (coding and noncoding) from donor cells to recipient cells, causing reprogramming of the target cells. In this review, we will describe how exosomes regulate the cellular immune response, tumor angiogenesis, proliferation and metastasis of GC cells, and the role and mechanism of exosome-based therapy in human cancer. We will also discuss the potential application value of exosomes as biomarkers in the diagnosis and treatment of GC and their relationship with drug resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Li Guan
- Department of General Medicine, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, Gansu Province, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Guan
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, Gansu Province, China
| | - Zheng-Yi Zhang
- Department of General Medicine, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, Gansu Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Qiu Y, Lu G, Li N, Hu Y, Tan H, Jiang C. Exosome-mediated communication between gastric cancer cells and macrophages: implications for tumor microenvironment. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1327281. [PMID: 38455041 PMCID: PMC10917936 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1327281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a malignant neoplasm originating from the epithelial cells of the gastric mucosa. The pathogenesis of GC is intricately linked to the tumor microenvironment within which the cancer cells reside. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) primarily differentiate from peripheral blood monocytes and can be broadly categorized into M1 and M2 subtypes. M2-type TAMs have been shown to promote tumor growth, tissue remodeling, and angiogenesis. Furthermore, they can actively suppress acquired immunity, leading to a poorer prognosis and reduced tolerance to chemotherapy. Exosomes, which contain a myriad of biologically active molecules including lipids, proteins, mRNA, and noncoding RNAs, have emerged as key mediators of communication between tumor cells and TAMs. The exchange of these molecules via exosomes can markedly influence the tumor microenvironment and consequently impact tumor progression. Recent studies have elucidated a correlation between TAMs and various clinicopathological parameters of GC, such as tumor size, differentiation, infiltration depth, lymph node metastasis, and TNM staging, highlighting the pivotal role of TAMs in GC development and metastasis. In this review, we aim to comprehensively examine the bidirectional communication between GC cells and TAMs, the implications of alterations in the tumor microenvironment on immune escape, invasion, and metastasis in GC, targeted therapeutic approaches for GC, and the efficacy of potential GC drug resistance strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Qiu
- Medical Oncology Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Guimei Lu
- Department of Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Na Li
- Medical Oncology Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yanyan Hu
- Medical Oncology Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Hao Tan
- Thoracic Esophageal Radiotherapy Department, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Chengyao Jiang
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abbasi-Malati Z, Azizi SG, Milani SZ, Serej ZA, Mardi N, Amiri Z, Sanaat Z, Rahbarghazi R. Tumorigenic and tumoricidal properties of exosomes in cancers; a forward look. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:130. [PMID: 38360641 PMCID: PMC10870553 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01510-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, emerging data have highlighted the critical role of extracellular vesicles (EVs), especially (exosomes) Exos, in the progression and development of several cancer types. These nano-sized vesicles are released by different cell lineages within the cancer niche and maintain a suitable platform for the interchange of various signaling molecules in a paracrine manner. Based on several studies, Exos can transfer oncogenic factors to other cells, and alter the activity of immune cells, and tumor microenvironment, leading to the expansion of tumor cells and metastasis to the remote sites. It has been indicated that the cell-to-cell crosstalk is so complicated and a wide array of factors are involved in this process. How and by which mechanisms Exos can regulate the behavior of tumor cells and non-cancer cells is at the center of debate. Here, we scrutinize the molecular mechanisms involved in the oncogenic behavior of Exos released by different cell lineages of tumor parenchyma. Besides, tumoricidal properties of Exos from various stem cell (SC) types are discussed in detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Abbasi-Malati
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Seyed Ghader Azizi
- Clinical Immunology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Soheil Zamen Milani
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zeinab Aliyari Serej
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Narges Mardi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Amiri
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zohreh Sanaat
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Rahbarghazi
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang B, Cheng D, Ma D, Chen R, Li D, Zhao W, Fang C, Ji M. Mutual regulation of PD-L1 immunosuppression between tumor-associated macrophages and tumor cells: a critical role for exosomes. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:21. [PMID: 38195554 PMCID: PMC10775441 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01473-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells primarily employ the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway to thwart the anti-tumor capabilities of T lymphocytes, inducing immunosuppression. This occurs through the direct interaction of PD-L1 with PD-1 on T lymphocyte surfaces. Recent research focusing on the tumor microenvironment has illuminated the pivotal role of immune cells, particularly tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), in facilitating PD-L1-mediated immunosuppression. Exosomes, characterized by their ability to convey information and be engulfed by cells, significantly contribute to promoting TAM involvement in establishing PD-L1-mediated immunosuppression within the tumor microenvironment. Exosomes, characterized by their ability to convey information and be engulfed by cells, significantly contribute to promoting TAM involvement in establishing PD-L1-mediated immunosuppression within the tumor microenvironment. In addition to receiving signals from tumor-derived exosomes that promote PD-L1 expression, TAMs also exert control over PD-L1 expression in tumor cells through the release of exosomes. This paper aims to summarize the mechanisms by which exosomes participate in this process, identify crucial factors that influence these mechanisms, and explore innovative strategies for inhibiting or reversing the tumor-promoting effects of TAMs by targeting exosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Banglu Wang
- Departments of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 185 Juqian Street, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Daoan Cheng
- Departments of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 185 Juqian Street, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Danyu Ma
- Departments of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 185 Juqian Street, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Departments of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 185 Juqian Street, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Dong Li
- Departments of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 185 Juqian Street, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Weiqing Zhao
- Departments of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 185 Juqian Street, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Cheng Fang
- Departments of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 185 Juqian Street, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Mei Ji
- Departments of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 185 Juqian Street, Changzhou, 213003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yu X, Zhai X, Wu J, Feng Q, Hu C, Zhu L, Zhou Q. Evolving perspectives regarding the role of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in gastric cancer immunotherapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:166881. [PMID: 37696462 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is an increasing global health problem and is one of the leading cancers worldwide. Traditional therapies, such as radiation and chemotherapy, have made limited progress in enhancing their efficacy for advanced GC. The development of immunotherapy for advanced GC has considerably improved with a deeper understanding of the tumor microenvironment. Immunotherapy using checkpoint inhibitors is a new therapeutic option that has made substantial advances in the treatment of other malignancies and is increasingly used in other clinical oncology treatments. Particularly, therapeutic antibodies targeting the programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathway have been effectively used in the clinical treatment of cancer. Monoclonal antibodies blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway have been developed for cancer immunotherapy to enhance T cell function to restore the immune response and represent a breakthrough in the treatment of GC. This review provides an outline of the progress of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapy and its expression characteristics and clinical application in advanced GC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhe Yu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center & Lung Cancer Center/Lung Cancer Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Chengdu Second People's Hospital, No. 10 Qinyun Nan Street, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqian Zhai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center & Lung Cancer Center/Lung Cancer Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Wu
- Out-patient Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingbo Feng
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Affiliated Digestive Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenggong Hu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Lingling Zhu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center & Lung Cancer Center/Lung Cancer Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qinghua Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center & Lung Cancer Center/Lung Cancer Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kumbhar PR, Kumar P, Lasure A, Velayutham R, Mandal D. An updated landscape on nanotechnology-based drug delivery, immunotherapy, vaccinations, imaging, and biomarker detections for cancers: recent trends and future directions with clinical success. DISCOVER NANO 2023; 18:156. [PMID: 38112935 PMCID: PMC10730792 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-023-03913-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The recent development of nanotechnology-based formulations improved the diagnostics and therapies for various diseases including cancer where lack of specificity, high cytotoxicity with various side effects, poor biocompatibility, and increasing cases of multi-drug resistance are the major limitations of existing chemotherapy. Nanoparticle-based drug delivery enhances the stability and bioavailability of many drugs, thereby increasing tissue penetration and targeted delivery with improved efficacy against the tumour cells. Easy surface functionalization and encapsulation properties allow various antigens and tumour cell lysates to be delivered in the form of nanovaccines with improved immune response. The nanoparticles (NPs) due to their smaller size and associated optical, physical, and mechanical properties have evolved as biosensors with high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of various markers including nucleic acids, protein/antigens, small metabolites, etc. This review gives, initially, a concise update on drug delivery using different nanoscale platforms like liposomes, dendrimers, polymeric & various metallic NPs, hydrogels, microneedles, nanofibres, nanoemulsions, etc. Drug delivery with recent technologies like quantum dots (QDs), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), protein, and upconverting NPs was updated, thereafter. We also summarized the recent progress in vaccination strategy, immunotherapy involving immune checkpoint inhibitors, and biomarker detection for various cancers based on nanoplatforms. At last, we gave a detailed picture of the current nanomedicines in clinical trials and their possible success along with the existing approved ones. In short, this review provides an updated complete landscape of applications of wide NP-based drug delivery, vaccinations, immunotherapy, biomarker detection & imaging for various cancers with a predicted future of nanomedicines that are in clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pragati Ramesh Kumbhar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research- Hajipur, Hajipur, 844102, India
| | - Prakash Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research- Hajipur, Hajipur, 844102, India
| | - Aarti Lasure
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research- Hajipur, Hajipur, 844102, India
| | | | - Debabrata Mandal
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research- Hajipur, Hajipur, 844102, India.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ma F, Zhang S, Akanyibah FA, Zhang W, Chen K, Ocansey DKW, Lyu C, Mao F. Exosome-mediated macrophage regulation for inflammatory bowel disease repair: a potential target of gut inflammation. Am J Transl Res 2023; 15:6970-6987. [PMID: 38186999 PMCID: PMC10767518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is a complex condition without a definite cause. During IBD, immune cells such as macrophages release proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, contributing to intestinal barrier integrity dysfunction. IBD is largely influenced by macrophages, which are classified into subtypes M1 and M2. M1 macrophages have been found to contribute to the development of IBD, whereas M2 macrophages alleviate IBD. Hence, agents that cause increased polarization of the M2 phenotype could help repair IBD. Exosomes, as ubiquitous conveyors of intercellular messages, are involved in immune responses and immune-mediated disease processes. Exosomes and their microRNA (miRNA) from healthy cells have been found to polarize macrophages to M2 to repair IBD due to their anti-inflammatory properties; however, those from inflammatory-driven cells and disease cells promote M1 macrophages to perpetuate IBD. Here, we review the biogenesis, biochemical composition, and sources of exosomes, as well as the roles of exosomes as extracellular vesicles in regulation of macrophages to repair IBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Ma
- School of Medical Technology, Shangqiu Medical CollegeShangqiu 476100, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Shiheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Francis Atim Akanyibah
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Weibin Zhang
- School of Medical Technology, Shangqiu Medical CollegeShangqiu 476100, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Kangjing Chen
- School of Medical Technology, Shangqiu Medical CollegeShangqiu 476100, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Dickson Kofi Wiredu Ocansey
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- Directorate of University Health Services, University of Cape CoastCape Coast CC0959347, Ghana
| | - Changkun Lyu
- School of Medical Technology, Shangqiu Medical CollegeShangqiu 476100, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Fei Mao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
ZHANG YUN, TANG SHALING, GAO YUBO, LU ZHONGTING, YANG YUAN, CHEN JING, LI TAO. Application of exosomal miRNA mediated macrophage polarization in colorectal cancer: Current progress and challenges. Oncol Res 2023; 32:61-71. [PMID: 38188683 PMCID: PMC10767244 DOI: 10.32604/or.2023.043481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major global health problem with high morbidity and mortality rates. Surgical resection is the main treatment for early-stage CRC, but detecting it early is challenging. Therefore, effective therapeutic targets for advanced patients are still lacking. Exosomes, tiny vesicles in body fluids, play a crucial role in tumor metastasis, immune regulation, and drug resistance. Interestingly, they can even serve as a biomarker for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Studies have shown that exosomes can carry miRNA, mediate the polarization of M1/M2 macrophages, promote the proliferation and metastasis of cancer cells, and affect the prognosis of CRC. Since the gastrointestinal tract has many macrophages, understanding the mechanism behind exosomal miRNA-mediated macrophage polarization in CRC treatment is crucial. This article summarizes recent advancements in the study of exosomal miRNAs in CRC and their potential as diagnostic and prognostic markers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- YUN ZHANG
- Department of Oncology, School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - SHALING TANG
- Department of Oncology, School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - YUBO GAO
- Department of Oncology, School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - ZHONGTING LU
- Department of Oncology, School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - YUAN YANG
- Department of Oncology, School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - JING CHEN
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - TAO LI
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Tumor Hospital, The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Li L, Wang C, Li Q, Guan Y, Zhang X, Kong F, Feng Z, Lu Y, Wang D, Wang N. Exosomes as a modulator of immune resistance in human cancers. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2023; 73:135-149. [PMID: 37543438 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
In the tumor microenvironment (TME), exosomes secreted by cells form interactive networks between the tumor cells and immune cells, thereby regulating immune signaling cascades in the TME. As key messengers of cell-to-cell communication in the TME, exosomes not only take charge of tumor cell antigen presentation to the immune cells, but also regulate the activities of immune cells, inhibit immune function, and, especially, promote immune resistance, all of which affects the therapeutic outcomes of tumors. Exosomes, which are small-sized vesicles, possess some remarkable advantages, including strong biological activity, a lack of immunogenicity and toxicity, and a strong targeting ability. Based on these characteristics, research on exosomes as biomarkers or carriers of tumor therapeutic drugs has become a research hotspot in related fields. This review describes the role of exosomes in cell communications in the TME, summarizes the effectiveness of exosome-based immunotherapy in overcoming immune resistance in cancer treatment, and systematically summarizes and discusses the characteristics of exosomes from different cell sources. Furthermore, the prospects and challenges of exosome-related therapies are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lanzhou Li
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Chunyue Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Qiucheng Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam 999077, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Yue Guan
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Fange Kong
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Zixin Feng
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam 999077, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Yuanjun Lu
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam 999077, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Di Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China.
| | - Ning Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam 999077, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lin W, Lin Y, Chao H, Lin Y, Hwang W. Haematopoietic cell-derived exosomes in cancer development and therapeutics: From basic science to clinical practice. Clin Transl Med 2023; 13:e1448. [PMID: 37830387 PMCID: PMC10571015 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tumour microenvironment (TME) is a specialised niche involving intercellular communication among cancer cells and various host cells. Among the host cells, the quantity and quality of immune cells within the TME play essential roles in cancer development and management. The immunologically suppressive, so-called 'cold' TME established by a series of tumour-host interactions, including generating immunosuppressive cytokines and recruiting regulatory host immune cells, is associated with resistance to therapies and worse clinical outcomes. MAIN BODY Various therapeutic approaches have been used to target the cold TME, including immune checkpoint blockade therapy and adoptive T-cell transfer. A promising, less explored therapeutic strategy involves targeting TME-associated exosomes. Exosomes are nanometer-sized, extracellular vesicles that transfer material from donor to recipient cells. These particles can reprogram the recipient cells and modulate the TME. In particular, exosomes from haematopoietic cells are known to promote or suppress cancer progression under specific conditions. Understanding the effects of haematopoietic cell-secreted exosomes may foster the development of therapeutic exosomes (tExos) for personalised cancer treatment. However, the development of exosome-based therapies has unique challenges, including scalable production, purification, storage and delivery of exosomes and controlling batch variations. Clinical trials are being conducted to verify the safety, feasibility, availability and efficacy of tExos. CONCLUSION This review summarises our understanding of how haematopoietic cell-secreted exosomes regulate the TME and antitumour immunity and highlights present challenges and solutions for haematopoietic cell-derived exosome-based therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen‐Chun Lin
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in MedicineNational Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - You‐Tong Lin
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in MedicineNational Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Hui‐Ching Chao
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in MedicineNational Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Yen‐Yu Lin
- Department of Pathology, Fu Jen Catholic University HospitalFu Jen Catholic UniversityNew Taipei CityTaiwan
- School of Medicine, College of MedicineFu Jen Catholic UniversityNew Taipei CityTaiwan
| | - Wei‐Lun Hwang
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in MedicineNational Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Cancer and Immunology Research CenterNational Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chen X, Li Y, Li M, Xie Y, Wang K, Zhang L, Zou Z, Xiong L. Exosomal miRNAs assist in the crosstalk between tumor cells and immune cells and its potential therapeutics. Life Sci 2023; 329:121934. [PMID: 37460057 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles that carry active substances (including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids) and are essential for homeostasis and signal transmission. Recent studies have focused on the function of exosomal miRNAs in tumor progression. Researchers have expanded the use of exosomes and miRNAs as potential therapeutic tools and biomarkers to detect tumor progression. Immune cells, as an important part of the tumor microenvironment (TME), secrete a majority of exosome-derived miRNAs involved in the biological processes of malignancies. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Currently, there is no literature that systematically summarizes the communication of exosome-derived miRNAs between tumor cells and immune cells. Based on the cell specificity of exosome-derived miRNAs, this review provides the first comprehensive summary of the significant miRNAs from the standpoint of exosome sources, which are tumor cells and immune cells. Furthermore, we elaborated on the potential clinical applications of these miRNAs, attempting to propose existing difficulties and future possibilities in tumor diagnostics and therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; Second Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Yuqiu Li
- Queen Mary College of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Miao Li
- Second Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Yujie Xie
- College of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Keqin Wang
- First Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Lifang Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Zhuoling Zou
- Queen Mary College of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Lixia Xiong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li D, Zhang C, Gao Z, Xia N, Wu C, Liu C, Tian H, Mei X. Curcumin-Loaded Macrophage-Derived Exosomes Effectively Improve Wound Healing. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:4453-4467. [PMID: 37525890 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the potential therapeutic effect of exosomes derived from macrophages loaded with curcumin (Exos-cur) on the healing of diabetic wounds. As a new type of biomaterial, Exos-cur has better stability, anti-inflammation, and antioxidation biological activity. In in vitro experiments, Exos-cur can promote the proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis of HUVECs (human umbilical vein endothelial cells) while reducing the ROS (reactive oxygen species) produced by HUVECs induced by high glucose, regulating the mitochondrial membrane potential, reducing cell oxidative damage, and inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation. In the in vivo experiment, the Exos-cur treatment group had an increased percentage of wound closure and contraction compared with the diabetic wound control group. Hematoxylin-eosin staining (HE) and Masson staining showed that the Exos-cur treatment group had more advanced re-epithelialization, and the generated mature granulation tissue was rich in a large number of capillaries and newly deposited collagen fibers. Western blot and immunofluorescence analyses showed that Exos-cur can inhibit inflammation by activating the Nrf2/ARE pathway, upregulate the expression of wound healing-related molecules, promote angiogenesis, and accelerate wound healing in diabetic rats. These results show that Exos-cur has a good therapeutic effect on diabetic skin defects and provide experimental evidence for the potential clinical benefits of Exos-cur.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daoyong Li
- Department of Orthopedic, Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121000, China
| | - Chuanjie Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic, Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121000, China
| | - Zhanshan Gao
- Pharmacy School, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121000, China
| | - Nan Xia
- Pharmacy School, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121000, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Pharmacy School, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121000, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121000, China
| | - He Tian
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121000, China
| | - Xifan Mei
- Department of Orthopedic, Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121000, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Xia B, Liu Y, Wang J, Lu Q, Lv X, Deng K, Yang J. Emerging role of exosome-shuttled noncoding RNAs in gastrointestinal cancers: From intercellular crosstalk to clinical utility. Pharmacol Res 2023; 195:106880. [PMID: 37543095 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal cancer remains a significant global health burden. The pursuit of advancing the comprehension of tumorigenesis, along with the identification of reliable biomarkers and the development of precise therapeutic strategies, represents imperative objectives in this field. Exosomes, small membranous vesicles released by most cells, commonly carry functional biomolecules, including noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), which are specifically sorted and encapsulated by exosomes. Exosome-mediated communication involves the release of exosomes from tumor or stromal cells and the uptake by nearby or remote recipient cells. The bioactive cargoes contained within these exosomes exert profound effects on the recipient cells, resulting in significant modifications in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and distinct alterations in gastrointestinal tumor behaviors. Due to the feasibility of isolating exosomes from various bodily fluids, exosomal ncRNAs have shown great potential as liquid biopsy-based indicators for different gastrointestinal cancers, using blood, ascites, saliva, or bile samples. Moreover, exosomes are increasingly recognized as natural delivery vehicles for ncRNA-based therapeutic interventions. In this review, we elucidate the processes of ncRNA-enriched exosome biogenesis and uptake, examine the regulatory and functional roles of exosomal ncRNA-mediated intercellular crosstalk in gastrointestinal TME and tumor behaviors, and explore their potential clinical utility in diagnostics, prognostics, and therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bihan Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China; Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, China
| | - Yuzhi Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China; Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China; Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, China
| | - Qing Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China; Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, China
| | - Xiuhe Lv
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China; Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, China
| | - Kai Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China; Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, China.
| | - Jinlin Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China; Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Afra F, Mahboobipour AA, Salehi Farid A, Ala M. Recent progress in the immunotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma: Non-coding RNA-based immunotherapy may improve the outcome. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115104. [PMID: 37393866 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second most lethal cancer and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) significantly improved the prognosis of HCC; however, the therapeutic response remains unsatisfactory in a substantial proportion of patients or needs to be further improved in responders. Herein, other methods of immunotherapy, including vaccine-based immunotherapy, adoptive cell therapy, cytokine delivery, kynurenine pathway inhibition, and gene delivery, have been adopted in clinical trials. Although the results were not encouraging enough to expedite their marketing. A major proportion of human genome is transcribed into non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). Preclinical studies have extensively investigated the roles of ncRNAs in different aspects of HCC biology. HCC cells reprogram the expression pattern of numerous ncRNAs to decrease the immunogenicity of HCC, exhaust the cytotoxic and anti-cancer function of CD8 + T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs), and M1 macrophages, and promote the immunosuppressive function of T Reg cells, M2 macrophages, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Mechanistically, cancer cells recruit ncRNAs to interact with immune cells, thereby regulating the expression of immune checkpoints, functional receptors of immune cells, cytotoxic enzymes, and inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Interestingly, prediction models based on the tissue expression or even serum levels of ncRNAs could predict response to immunotherapy in HCC. Moreover, ncRNAs markedly potentiated the efficacy of ICIs in murine models of HCC. This review article first discusses recent advances in the immunotherapy of HCC, then dissects the involvement and potential application of ncRNAs in the immunotherapy of HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Afra
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Ali Mahboobipour
- Tracheal Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Salehi Farid
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Moein Ala
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kaur S, Nathani A, Singh M. Exosomal delivery of cannabinoids against cancer. Cancer Lett 2023; 566:216243. [PMID: 37257632 PMCID: PMC10426019 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles (EVs) originating from endosomes that play a role in cellular communication. These vesicles which mimic the parental cells that release them are promising candidates for targeted drug delivery and therapeutic applications against cancer because of their favorable biocompatibility, specific targeting, low toxicity, and immunogenicity. Currently, Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD) and other cannabinoids (e.g., CBG, THCV, CBC), are being explored for their anticancer and anti-proliferative properties. Several mechanisms, including cell cycle arrest, proliferation inhibition, activation of autophagy and apoptosis, inhibition of adhesion, metastasis, and angiogenesis have been proposed for their anticancer activity. EVs could be engineered as cannabinoid delivery systems for tumor-specificity leading to superior anticancer effects. This review discusses current techniques for EV isolation from various sources, characterization and strategies to load them with cannabinoids. More extensively, we culminate information available on different sources of EVs that have anticancer activity, mechanism of action of cannabinoids against various wild type and resistant tumors and role of CBD in histone modifications and cancer epigenetics. We have also enumerated the role of EVs containing cannabinoids against various tumors and in chemotherapy induced neuropathic pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sukhmandeep Kaur
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, 32307, USA
| | - Aakash Nathani
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, 32307, USA
| | - Mandip Singh
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, 32307, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kwantwi LB. Exosome-mediated crosstalk between tumor cells and innate immune cells: implications for cancer progression and therapeutic strategies. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023:10.1007/s00432-023-04833-9. [PMID: 37154928 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-04833-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The increasing number of cancer-associated deaths despite the substantial improvement in diagnosis and treatment has sparked discussions on the need for novel biomarkers and therapeutic strategies for cancer. Exosomes have become crucial players in tumor development and progression, largely due to the diverse nature of their cargo content released to recipient cells. Importantly, exosome-mediated crosstalk between tumor and stromal cells is essential in reprogramming the tumor microenvironment to facilitate tumor progression. As a result, exosomes have gradually become a marker for the early diagnosis of many diseases and an important tool in drug delivery systems. However, the precise mechanisms by which exosomes participate in tumor progression remain elusive, multifaceted, and a double-edged sword, thus requiring further clarification. The available evidence suggests that exosomes can facilitate communication between innate immune cells and tumor cells to either support or inhibit tumor progression. Herein, this review focused on exosome-mediated intercellular communication between tumor cells and macrophages, neutrophils, mast cells, monocytes, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells. Specifically, how such intercellular communication affects tumor progression has been described. It has also been discussed that, depending on their cargo, exosomes can suppress or promote tumor cell progression. In addition, the potential application of exosomes and strategies to target exosomes in cancer treatment has been comprehensively discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louis Boafo Kwantwi
- Department of Medical Imaging Sciences, Klintaps College of Health and Allied Sciences, Accra, DTD. TDC, 30A Klagon, Com. 19, Tema, Ghana.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
J Saadh M, Abedi Kiasari B, Shahrtash SA, Arias-Gonzáles JL, Chaitanya M, Cotrina-Aliaga JC, Kadham MJ, Sârbu I, Akhavan-Sigari R. Exosomal non-coding RNAs' role in immune regulation and potential therapeutic applications. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 247:154522. [PMID: 37201467 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are now significant players in both healthy and unhealthy cell-to-cell communication. Exosomes can mediate immune activation or immunosuppression, which can influence the growth of tumors. Exosomes affect the immune responses to malignancies in various ways by interacting with tumor cells and the environment around them. Exosomes made by immune cells can control the growth, metastasis, and even chemosensitivity of tumor cells. In contrast, exosomes produced by cancer cells can encourage immune responses that support the tumor. Exosomes carry circular RNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and microRNAs (miRNAs), all involved in cell-to-cell communication. In this review, we focus on the most recent findings concerning the role of exosomal miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs in immune modulation and the potential therapeutic implications of these discoveries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed J Saadh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Middle East University, Amman 11831, Jordan; Applied Science Research Center. Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Bahman Abedi Kiasari
- Virology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Abbas Shahrtash
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Alborz Campus, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mvnl Chaitanya
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Lovely professional university Phagwara, Punjab 144001, India
| | | | | | - Ioan Sârbu
- 2nd Department of Surgery - Pediatric Surgery and Orthopedics, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania.
| | - Reza Akhavan-Sigari
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Tuebingen, Germany; Department of Health Care Management and Clinical Research, Collegium Humanum Warsaw Management University Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abe C, Bhaswant M, Miyazawa T, Miyazawa T. The Potential Use of Exosomes in Anti-Cancer Effect Induced by Polarized Macrophages. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15031024. [PMID: 36986884 PMCID: PMC10054161 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15031024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid development of aberrant cells outgrowing their normal bounds, which can subsequently infect other body parts and spread to other organs-a process known as metastasis-is one of the significant characteristics of cancer. The main reason why cancer patients die is because of widespread metastases. This abnormal cell proliferation varies in cancers of over a hundred types, and their response to treatment can vary substantially. Several anti-cancer drugs have been discovered to treat various tumors, yet they still have harmful side-effects. Finding novel, highly efficient targeted therapies based on modifications in the molecular biology of tumor cells is essential to reduce the indiscriminate destruction of healthy cells. Exosomes, an extracellular vesicle, are promising as a drug carrier for cancer therapy due to their good tolerance in the body. In addition, the tumor microenvironment is a potential target to regulate in cancer treatment. Therefore, macrophages are polarized toward M1 and M2 phenotypes, which are involved in cancer proliferation and are malignant. It is evident from recent studies that controlled macrophage polarization might contribute to cancer treatment, by the direct way of using miRNA. This review provides an insight into the potential use of exosomes to develop an 'indirect', more natural, and harmless cancer treatment through regulating macrophage polarization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chizumi Abe
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe), Tohoku University, 6-6-10 Aramaki-aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Maharshi Bhaswant
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe), Tohoku University, 6-6-10 Aramaki-aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Teruo Miyazawa
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe), Tohoku University, 6-6-10 Aramaki-aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Taiki Miyazawa
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe), Tohoku University, 6-6-10 Aramaki-aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
The Interaction of Programmed Cell Death Protein and Its Ligands with Non-Coding RNAs in Neoplasms: Emerging Anticancer Immunotherapeutics. Processes (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11020538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that cancer cells can elude immune cells by creating a sanctuary within the tumor’s microenvironment. Large amounts of immune-suppressing signaling proteins can be expressed by cancer cells. One of the most important mechanisms in this system is immune suppression caused by tumors and the modulation of the immune checkpoint. The immune checkpoint is modulated by both the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligands, programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and PD-L2. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNA), including the more well-known microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), all play roles in the regulation of biological processes and extensive diseases such as cancer. Thus, the focus of this study is on the interactions between the programmed death protein and its ligands with miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs during tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Furthermore, some FDA-approved drugs for the treatment of various cancers were based on their interactions with PD-1, PD-Ls, and ncRNAs. This promising strategy is still in the production stages, with additional results and clinical trials being processed.
Collapse
|
25
|
Wang S, Shi Y. Exosomes Derived from Immune Cells: The New Role of Tumor Immune Microenvironment and Tumor Therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:6527-6550. [PMID: 36575698 PMCID: PMC9790146 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s388604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small vesicles secreted by living cells, with a typical lipid bilayer structure. They carry a variety of proteins, lipids, RNA and other important information, play an important role in the transmission of substances and information between cells, and gradually become a marker for early diagnosis of many diseases and an important tool in drug delivery system. Immune cells are an important part of tumor microenvironment, and they can affect tumor progression by secreting a variety of immunoreactive substances. This review focuses on the effects of various immune cell-derived exosomes on tumor cells, different immune cells and other stromal cells in tumor microenvironment. Exosomes derived from different immune cells can not only reshape a pro-inflammatory microenvironment to inhibit tumor progression, but also promote tumor progression by inhibiting the killing effect of NK cells, CD8+T cells and other cells or promoting tumor cells and immunosuppressive immune cells. In addition, we also discussed that some exosomes derived from immune cells (such as DC, M1 macrophages and neutrophils) play a tumor inhibitory role after being engineered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiyang Wang
- Department of Geriatric Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Shi
- Department of Geriatric Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Yue Shi, Department of Geriatric Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-13842073309, Email
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chen L, Deng J. Role of non-coding RNA in immune microenvironment and anticancer therapy of gastric cancer. J Mol Med (Berl) 2022; 100:1703-1719. [PMID: 36329206 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-022-02264-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer remains one of the cancers with the highest mortality in the world; therefore, it is very important to investigate its pathogenesis to improve the prognosis of gastric cancer patients. Recently, noncoding RNAs have become a research hotspot in the field of oncology. These RNA molecules play complex roles in the regulation of tumor cells, immune cells, and the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, studying their ability to regulate the gastric cancer immune microenvironment will provide us with a better perspective to understand their potential role in anticancer therapy. In this review, we discuss the regulatory effects of several common noncoding RNAs on the immune microenvironment of gastric cancer and their prospects in anticancer therapy to provide some novel insight into the identification of valuable diagnostic markers and improving the prognosis of gastric cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liqiao Chen
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyu Deng
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Chloroquine treatment influences immunological memory through the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway during the initiation of Plasmodium chabaudi infection. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 113:109403. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
28
|
Wang J, Liu T, Huang T, Shang M, Wang X. The mechanisms on evasion of anti-tumor immune responses in gastric cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:943806. [PMID: 36439472 PMCID: PMC9686275 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.943806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system and the tumor have been at each other's throats for so long that the neoplasm has learned to avoid detection and avoid being attacked, which is called immune evasion. Malignant tumors, such as gastric cancer (GC), share the ability to evade the body's immune system as a defining feature. Immune evasion includes alterations to tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), antigen presentation mechanisms (APMs), and the tumor microenvironment (TME). While TAA and APM are simpler in nature, they both involve mutations or epigenetic regulation of genes. The TME is comprised of numerous cell types, cytokines, chemokines and extracellular matrix, any one of which might be altered to have an effect on the surrounding ecosystem. The NF-kB, MAPK, PI3K/AKT, JAK/STAT, Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, Hippo and TGF-β/Smad signaling pathways are all associated with gastric cancer tumor immune evasion. In this review, we will delineate the functions of these pathways in immune evasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xudong Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Hernia Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Cocks A, Del Vecchio F, Martinez-Rodriguez V, Schukking M, Fabbri M. Pro-tumoral functions of tumor-associated macrophage EV-miRNA. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:58-63. [PMID: 34371201 PMCID: PMC8821730 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are central players in cancer biology. Their relevance in cancer development, progression and resistance to therapy has been further emphasized by the discovery that they are important cargo component of extracellular vesicles (EVs), which represent a prominent means of inter-cellular communication within the tumor microenvironment (TME). This review article focuses on the interaction between cancer cells and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and in particular on the pro-tumoral phenotype elicited by EV-contained miRNAs released by TAMs and transferred to cancer cells. All main hallmarks of the malignant phenotype are affected by TAM-derived vesicular miRNAs, paving the road to the identification of such miRNAs as promising upcoming novel anti-cancer agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Cocks
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Hawai'i Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Filippo Del Vecchio
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Hawai'i Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Verena Martinez-Rodriguez
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Hawai'i Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Monique Schukking
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Hawai'i Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA; Department of Molecular Biosciences & Bioengineering, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Muller Fabbri
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Hawai'i Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA; Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, 20010, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Liu Y, Li C, Lu Y, Liu C, Yang W. Tumor microenvironment-mediated immune tolerance in development and treatment of gastric cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1016817. [PMID: 36341377 PMCID: PMC9630479 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1016817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment is the general term for all non-cancer components and their metabolites in tumor tissue. These components include the extracellular matrix, fibroblasts, immune cells, and endothelial cells. In the early stages of tumors, the tumor microenvironment has a tumor suppressor function. As the tumor progresses, tumor immune tolerance is induced under the action of various factors, such that the tumor suppressor microenvironment is continuously transformed into a tumor-promoting microenvironment, which promotes tumor immune escape. Eventually, tumor cells manifest the characteristics of malignant proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance. In recent years, stress effects of the extracellular matrix, metabolic and phenotypic changes of innate immune cells (such as neutrophils, mast cells), and adaptive immune cells in the tumor microenvironment have been revealed to mediate the emerging mechanisms of immune tolerance, providing us with a large number of emerging therapeutic targets to relieve tumor immune tolerance. Gastric cancer is one of the most common digestive tract malignancies worldwide, whose mortality rate remains high. According to latest guidelines, the first-line chemotherapy of advanced gastric cancer is the traditional platinum and fluorouracil therapy, while immunotherapy for gastric cancer is extremely limited, including only Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) targeted drugs, whose benefits are limited. Clinical experiments confirmed that cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) and other targeted drugs alone or in combination with other drugs have limited efficacy in patients with advanced gastric cancer, far less than in lung cancer, colon cancer, and other tumors. The failure of immunotherapy is mainly related to the induction of immune tolerance in the tumor microenvironment of gastric cancer. Therefore, solving the immune tolerance of tumors is key to the success of gastric cancer immunotherapy. In this study, we summarize the latest mechanisms of various components of the tumor microenvironment in gastric cancer for inducing immune tolerance and promoting the formation of the malignant phenotype of gastric cancer, as well as the research progress of targeting the tumor microenvironment to overcome immune tolerance in the treatment of gastric cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanda Liu
- Department of Endoscopy Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Changfeng Li
- Department of Endoscopy Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Changfeng Li, ; Wei Yang,
| | - Yaoping Lu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Endoscopy Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Changfeng Li, ; Wei Yang,
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Qin Y, Zhang M, Lei H, Wu H, Huang C, Zhou X, Fu Y, Weng M, Ma M. Knockdown of IGF2BP3 inhibits the tumorigenesis of gallbladder cancer and modifies tumor microenvironment. Drug Dev Res 2022; 83:1831-1844. [PMID: 36184877 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.22000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiyu Qin
- Clinical Medical College, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine Yancheng China
| | - Mingdi Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Haiming Lei
- Clinical Medical College, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine Yancheng China
| | - Hongyan Wu
- Clinical Medical College, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine Yancheng China
| | - Cheng Huang
- Clinical Medical College, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine Yancheng China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of General Surgery Xiangtan Central Hospital Xiangtan China
| | - Yang Fu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Mingzhe Weng
- Department of General Surgery Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Mingzhe Ma
- Department of Gastric Surgery Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center Shanghai China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Noncoding RNAs: Regulating the crosstalk between tumor-associated macrophages and gastrointestinal cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113370. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
|
33
|
Aguilar-Cazares D, Chavez-Dominguez R, Marroquin-Muciño M, Perez-Medina M, Benito-Lopez JJ, Camarena A, Rumbo-Nava U, Lopez-Gonzalez JS. The systemic-level repercussions of cancer-associated inflammation mediators produced in the tumor microenvironment. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:929572. [PMID: 36072935 PMCID: PMC9441602 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.929572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is a dynamic, complex, and redundant network of interactions between tumor, immune, and stromal cells. In this intricate environment, cells communicate through membrane-membrane, ligand-receptor, exosome, soluble factors, and transporter interactions that govern cell fate. These interactions activate the diverse and superfluous signaling pathways involved in tumor promotion and progression and induce subtle changes in the functional activity of infiltrating immune cells. The immune response participates as a selective pressure in tumor development. In the early stages of tumor development, the immune response exerts anti-tumor activity, whereas during the advanced stages, the tumor establishes mechanisms to evade the immune response, eliciting a chronic inflammation process that shows a pro-tumor effect. The deregulated inflammatory state, in addition to acting locally, also triggers systemic inflammation that has repercussions in various organs and tissues that are distant from the tumor site, causing the emergence of various symptoms designated as paraneoplastic syndromes, which compromise the response to treatment, quality of life, and survival of cancer patients. Considering the tumor-host relationship as an integral and dynamic biological system, the chronic inflammation generated by the tumor is a communication mechanism among tissues and organs that is primarily orchestrated through different signals, such as cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and exosomes, to provide the tumor with energetic components that allow it to continue proliferating. In this review, we aim to provide a succinct overview of the involvement of cancer-related inflammation at the local and systemic level throughout tumor development and the emergence of some paraneoplastic syndromes and their main clinical manifestations. In addition, the involvement of these signals throughout tumor development will be discussed based on the physiological/biological activities of innate and adaptive immune cells. These cellular interactions require a metabolic reprogramming program for the full activation of the various cells; thus, these requirements and the by-products released into the microenvironment will be considered. In addition, the systemic impact of cancer-related proinflammatory cytokines on the liver-as a critical organ that produces the leading inflammatory markers described to date-will be summarized. Finally, the contribution of cancer-related inflammation to the development of two paraneoplastic syndromes, myelopoiesis and cachexia, will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Aguilar-Cazares
- Laboratorio de Investigacion en Cancer Pulmonar, Departamento de Enfermedades Cronico-Degenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosio Villegas”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rodolfo Chavez-Dominguez
- Laboratorio de Investigacion en Cancer Pulmonar, Departamento de Enfermedades Cronico-Degenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosio Villegas”, Mexico City, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mario Marroquin-Muciño
- Laboratorio de Investigacion en Cancer Pulmonar, Departamento de Enfermedades Cronico-Degenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosio Villegas”, Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Quimioterapia Experimental, Departamento de Bioquimica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mario Perez-Medina
- Laboratorio de Investigacion en Cancer Pulmonar, Departamento de Enfermedades Cronico-Degenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosio Villegas”, Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Quimioterapia Experimental, Departamento de Bioquimica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jesus J. Benito-Lopez
- Laboratorio de Investigacion en Cancer Pulmonar, Departamento de Enfermedades Cronico-Degenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosio Villegas”, Mexico City, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Angel Camarena
- Laboratorio de Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA), Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosio Villegas”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Uriel Rumbo-Nava
- Clinica de Neumo-Oncologia, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosio Villegas”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jose S. Lopez-Gonzalez
- Laboratorio de Investigacion en Cancer Pulmonar, Departamento de Enfermedades Cronico-Degenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosio Villegas”, Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Bioinformatics analyses of potential ACLF biological mechanisms and identification of immune-related hub genes and vital miRNAs. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14052. [PMID: 35982134 PMCID: PMC9388648 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18396-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a critical and refractory disease and a hepatic disorder accompanied by immune dysfunction. Thus, it is essential to explore key immune-related genes of ACLF and investigate its mechanisms. We used two public datasets (GSE142255 and GSE168048) to perform various bioinformatics analyses, including WGCNA, CIBERSORT, and GSEA. We also constructed an ACLF immune-related protein-protein interaction (PPI) network to obtain hub differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and predict corresponding miRNAs. Finally, an ACLF rat model was established to verify the results. A total of 388 DEGs were identified in ACLF, including 162 upregulated and 226 downregulated genes. The enrichment analyses revealed that these DEGs were mainly involved in inflammatory-immune responses and biosynthetic metabolic pathways. Twenty-eight gene modules were obtained using WGCNA and the coral1 and darkseagreen4 modules were highly correlated with M1 macrophage polarization. As a result, 10 hub genes and 2 miRNAs were identified to be significantly altered in ACLF. The bioinformatics analyses of the two datasets presented valuable insights into the pathogenesis and screening of hub genes of ACLF. These results might contribute to a better understanding of the potential molecular mechanisms of ACLF. Finally, further studies are required to validate our current findings.
Collapse
|
35
|
Zhang E, Phan P, Zhao Z. Cellular nanovesicles for therapeutic immunomodulation: A perspective on engineering strategies and new advances. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 13:1789-1827. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
|
36
|
Liu Z, Yu X, Xu L, Li Y, Zeng C. Current insight into the regulation of PD-L1 in cancer. Exp Hematol Oncol 2022; 11:44. [PMID: 35907881 PMCID: PMC9338491 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-022-00297-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying cancer immune escape are a core topic in cancer immunology research. Cancer cells can escape T cell-mediated cellular cytotoxicity by exploiting the inhibitory programmed cell-death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1, CD274) immune checkpoint. Studying the PD-L1 regulatory pattern of tumor cells will help elucidate the molecular mechanisms of tumor immune evasion and improve cancer treatment. Recent studies have found that tumor cells regulate PD-L1 at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational levels and influence the anti-tumor immune response by regulating PD-L1. In this review, we focus on the regulation of PD-L1 in cancer cells and summarize the underlying mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuandi Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, No.601, West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Xibao Yu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, No.601, West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Ling Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, No.601, West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Yangqiu Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, No.601, West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangzhou, China. .,Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, 510632, Guangdong, China.
| | - Chengwu Zeng
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, No.601, West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangzhou, China. .,Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, 510632, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Molecular and Circulating Biomarkers of Gastric Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147588. [PMID: 35886934 PMCID: PMC9322632 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC)—a common tumor that affects humans worldwide—is highly malignant with a poor prognosis. GC is frequently not diagnosed until a relatively advanced stage. Early detection and efficient monitoring of tumor dynamics are prerequisites for reducing disease burden and mortality. Minimally invasive methods are needed to establish a diagnosis or monitoring the response to treatment of gastric cancer. Blood-based biomarker assays for the detection of early-stage GC could be of great relevance both for the risk group or for population-wide based screening programs, The currently used tumor marker assays for detecting GC are simple and rapid, but their use is limited by their low sensitivity and specificity. In recent years, several markers have been identified and tested for their clinical relevance in the management of gastric cancer. Here we review the available literature on plasma classical tumor markers, circulating free microRNAs (cfmiRNAs), circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA), circulating tumor cells (CTCs), autoantibodies against tumor associated antigens (TAAs), and circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) for diagnosis and monitoring of gastric cancer. This review summarizes the present status and approaches for these biomarkers, which could be potentially used for early diagnosis and accurate prediction of therapeutic approaches. We also discuss the future perspective and challenges in the search for new biomarkers of gastric cancer.
Collapse
|
38
|
Ye J, Liu X. Macrophage-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles in Multiple Diseases: Biogenesis, Function, and Therapeutic Applications. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:913110. [PMID: 35832790 PMCID: PMC9271994 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.913110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages (Mφs), as immune cells, play a pivotal role against pathogens and many diseases, such as cancer, inflammation, cardiovascular diseases, orthopedic diseases, and metabolic disorders. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have shown that small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) derived from Mφs (M-sEVs) play important roles in these diseases, suggesting that Mφs carry out their physiological functions through sEVs. This paper reviews the mechanisms underlying M-sEVs production via different forms of polarization and their biological functions in multiple diseases. In addition, the prospects of M-sEVs in disease diagnosis and treatment are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyao Ye
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xuehong Liu
- The Third School of Clinical Medicine of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xuehong Liu,
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
An Eleven-microRNA Signature Related to Tumor-Associated Macrophages Predicts Prognosis of Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136994. [PMID: 35805995 PMCID: PMC9266835 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) has been known to play important roles in tumor development and progression. However, the understanding of the involvement of miRNAs in regulating tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and how these TAM-related miRNAs (TRMs) modulate cancer progression is still in its infancy. This study aims to explore the prognostic value of TRMs in breast cancer via the construction of a novel TRM signature. Potential TRMs were identified from the literature, and their prognostic value was evaluated using 1063 cases in The Cancer Genome Atlas Breast Cancer database. The TRM signature was further validated in the external Gene Expression Omnibus GSE22220 dataset. Gene sets enrichment analyses were performed to gain insight into the biological functions of this TRM signature. An eleven-TRM signature consisting of mir-21, mir-24-2, mir-125a, mir-221, mir-22, mir-501, mir-365b, mir-660, mir-146a, let-7b and mir-31 was constructed. This signature significantly differentiated the high-risk group from the low-risk in terms of overall survival (OS)/ distant-relapse free survival (DRFS) (p value < 0.001). The prognostic value of the signature was further enhanced by incorporating other independent prognostic factors in a nomogram-based prediction model, yielding the highest AUC of 0.79 (95% CI: 0.72−0.86) at 5-year OS. Enrichment analyses confirmed that the differentially expressed genes were mainly involved in immune-related pathways such as adaptive immune response, humoral immune response and Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation. This eleven-TRM signature has great potential as a prognostic factor for breast cancer patients besides unravelling the dysregulated immune pathways in high-risk breast cancer.
Collapse
|
40
|
Huis In 't Veld RV, Lara P, Jager MJ, Koning RI, Ossendorp F, Cruz LJ. M1-derived extracellular vesicles enhance photodynamic therapy and promote immunological memory in preclinical models of colon cancer. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:252. [PMID: 35658868 PMCID: PMC9164362 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01448-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are promising drug carriers of photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT) in cancer treatment, due to their ability to circulate in blood and enter cells efficiently. The therapeutic potential of EVs has been suggested to depend on the type and physiological state of their cell of origin. However, the effects of deriving EVs from various cells in different physiological states on their antitumor capacity are rarely evaluated. In the present study, we compared the antitumor efficacy of EV-mediated PDT by incorporating the photosensitizer Zinc Phthalocyanine (ZnPc) into EVs from multiple cells sources. ZnPc was incorporated by a direct incubation strategy into EVs derived from immune cells (M1-like macrophages and M2-like macrophages), cancer cells (B16F10 melanoma cancer cells) and external sources (milk). Our data show that all EVs are suitable carriers for ZnPc and enable efficient PDT in vitro in co-culture models and in vivo. We observed that EV-mediated PDT initiates immunogenic cell death through the release and exposure of damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) on cancer cells, which subsequently induced dendritic cell (DC) maturation. Importantly, of all ZnPc-EVs tested, in absence of light only M1-ZnPc displayed toxicity to MC38, but not to DC, in monoculture and in co-culture, indicating specificity for cancer over immune cells. In MC38 tumor-bearing mice, only M1-ZnPc induced a tumor growth delay compared to control in absence of light. Interestingly, M1- but not M2-mediated PDT, induced complete responses against MC38 tumors in murine models (100% versus 38% of cases, respectively), with survival of all animals up to at least 60 days post inoculation. Finally, we show that all cured animals are protected from a rechallenge with MC38 cells, suggesting the induction of immunological memory after EV-mediated PDT. Together, our data show the importance of the cell type from which the EVs are obtained and highlight the impact of the immunological state of these cells on the antitumor efficacy of EV-mediated PDT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruben V Huis In 't Veld
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Room C2-187h, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Pablo Lara
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Room C2-187h, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martine J Jager
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Roman I Koning
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Section Electron Microscopy, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ferry Ossendorp
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Luis J Cruz
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Room C2-187h, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Pu Y, Ji Q. Tumor-Associated Macrophages Regulate PD-1/PD-L1 Immunosuppression. Front Immunol 2022; 13:874589. [PMID: 35592338 PMCID: PMC9110638 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.874589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) or anti-PD-ligand (L) 1 drugs, as classic immune checkpoint inhibitors, are considered promising treatment strategies for tumors. In clinical practice, some cancer patients experience drug resistance and disease progression in the process of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play key roles in regulating PD-1/PD-L1 immunosuppression by inhibiting the recruitment and function of T cells through cytokines, superficial immune checkpoint ligands, and exosomes. There are several therapies available to recover the anticancer efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors by targeting TAMs, including the inhibition of TAM differentiation and re-education of TAM activation. In this review, we will summarize the roles and mechanisms of TAMs in PD-1/PD-L1 blocker resistance. Furthermore, we will discuss the therapies that were designed to deplete TAMs, re-educate TAMs, and intervene with chemokines secreted by TAMs and exosomes from M1 macrophages, providing more potential options to improve the efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunzhou Pu
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Institute, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Ji
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Institute, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
A Risk Model of Eight Immune-Related Genes Predicting Prognostic Response to Immune Therapies for Gastric Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13050720. [PMID: 35627105 PMCID: PMC9141964 DOI: 10.3390/genes13050720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatment is considered as an innovative approach for cancers. Since not every patient responded well to ICI therapy, it is imperative to screen out novel signatures to predict prognosis. Based on 407 gastric cancer (GC) samples retrieved from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), 36 immune-related hub genes were identified by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), and eight of them (RNASE2, CGB5, INHBE, DUSP1, APOA1, CD36, PTGER3, CTLA4) were used to formulate the Cox regression model. The obtained risk score was proven to be significantly correlated with overall survival (OS), consistent with the consequence of the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) cohort (n = 433). Then, the relationship between the risk score and clinical, molecular and immune characteristics was further investigated. Results showed that the low-risk subgroup exhibited higher mutation rate, more M1 macrophages, CD8+ and CD4+ T cells infiltrating, more active MHC-I, and bias to “IFN-γ Dominant” immune type, which is consistent with our current understanding of tumor prognostic risk. Furthermore, it is suggested that our model can accurately predict 1-, 2-, and 3-year OS of GC patients, and that it was superior to other canonical models, such as TIDE and TIS. Thus, these eight genes are probably considered as potential signatures to predict prognosis and to distinguish patient benefit from ICI, serving as a guiding individualized immunotherapy.
Collapse
|
43
|
Zhu Y, Zhao Y, Cao Z, Chen Z, Pan W. Identification of three immune subtypes characterized by distinct tumor immune microenvironment and therapeutic response in stomach adenocarcinoma. Gene X 2022; 818:146177. [PMID: 35065254 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.146177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In primary stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD), the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) is important for cancer occurrence and progression; however, its clinical significance remains unclear. This study investigated the association between patient survival, TIME, and therapeutic response to STAD. METHODS Gene expression profiles of STAD cases were collected from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and Gene Expression Omnibus. Molecular subtypes were explored with consistent clustering methods according to 119 immune signatures and the infiltrating scores of 22 immune cells using the Multi-Omics Immuno-Oncology Biological Research algorithm. We determined IFNγ scores and immune cytolytic activity (CYT) scores on the basis of corresponding gene signatures via single-sample Gene Set Enrichment Analysis. Comparisons of survival, TIME, 10 immunity-related oncogenic pathways, immune checkpoint expression, and therapeutic response were conducted among the three subtypes. We further applied linear discriminant analysis to construct a characteristic index to classify the subtypes, and the Pearson correlation coefficient for the relationship between the index and immune checkpoint genes. Weighted Correlation Network Analysis (WGCNA) was used to mine the associated modules and specific genes. RESULTS We collected gene expression profiles from 352 STAD cases in the TCGA database, 300 in GSE62254, and 344 in GSE84437. Three STAD subtypes (IS1-IS3) were established according to the TIME signatures. The IS3 subtype had the highest immune score and the best prognosis, as well as markedly increased immune T-cell CYT, Th1/IFNγ scores, and immune checkpoint gene expression, compared to the other two subtypes. It was highly similar to the PD-1 response group in the previous study samples of GSE91061. The established TIME classification index performed well in classifying subtypes and was directly proportional to immune checkpoint-related gene expression levels. WGCNA explored 6 modules and 14 genes, namely DYSF, MAN1C1, HTRA3, EMCN, RFLNB, KANK3, MAGEH1, CD93, PCAT19, FUT11, BMP1, FOSB, DCHS1, and TCF3, which were associated with the established TIME classification index and STAD patient prognosis. CONCLUSION TIME phenotypes of STAD patients could be divided into three different molecular subtypes, which displayed different prognoses, immune features, and therapeutic responses. Our results shed new light on predicting patient outcomes and the discovery of new anti-STAD therapeutic strategies according to the TIME.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yimiao Zhu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, People's Republic of China; Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongsheng Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihao Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Wensheng Pan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, People's Republic of China; Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Yu F, Lin Y, Tan G, Ai M, Gong H, Liu W, Huang J, Zou Z. Tumor-derived exosomal microRNA-15b-5p augments laryngeal cancer by targeting TXNIP. Cell Cycle 2022; 21:730-740. [PMID: 35156506 PMCID: PMC8973331 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2021.2022845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-derived exosomes (EXO) are information carriers of microRNA (miR) in cancer development. Here, we explored the synergism of tumor-derived EXO and miR-15b-5p in laryngeal cancer (LCa). miR-15b-5p and thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) levels were firstly measured in clinical LCa tissues. The association between miR-15b-5p and TXNIP was determined. miR-15b-5p mimic was transfected into HEP-2 cells, and the corresponding exosomes were extracted. miR-15b-5p mimic-modified EXO were co-cultured with HEP-2 cells, and TXNIP low expression/high expression vector was transfected into HEP-2 cells Finally, cell growth was observed in vitro and in vivo. miR-15b-5p level was high while TXNIP level was low in LCa, and miR-15b-5p negatively modulated TXNIP expression. HEP-2 cells-derived EXO or inhibition of TXNIP enhanced HEP-2 cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Up-regulated miR-15b-5p further strengthened the pro-tumor effect of EXO, but this effect was reversed by overexpression of TXNIP. Overall, tumor-derived exosomal miR-15b-5p augments LCa through targeting down-regulation of TXNIP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Institute of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China,CONTACT Feng Yu Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Institute of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery,Jinan University, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital,No. 396 Tongfu Middle Road, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province510220, China
| | - Ying Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Institute of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guojie Tan
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Guangzhou Twelfth People’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Maomao Ai
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Institute of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huicheng Gong
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Guangzhou Twelfth People’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Guangzhou Twelfth People’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiali Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Institute of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zirou Zou
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Institute of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Chen H, Luo Y, Lin M, Peng X, Liu M, Wang Y, Li S, Yang D, Yang Z. Serum exosomal
miR
‐16‐5p functions as a tumor inhibitor and a new biomarker for
PD‐L1
inhibitor‐dependent immunotherapy in lung adenocarcinoma by regulating
PD‐L1
expression. Cancer Med 2022; 11:2627-2643. [PMID: 35347894 PMCID: PMC9249988 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives We aimed at investigating whether serum exosomal miR‐16‐5p could be utilized as an immunotherapy biomarker in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients administered by programmed cell death ligand‐1 (PD‐L1) inhibitors, and to evaluate its functions in LUAD progression. Methods Sixty LUAD sufferers and 20 healthy controls (HCs) were covered in this work. We applied both IHC and WB to examine PD‐L1 level in clinical tissue samples and utilized WB to quantify PD‐L1 expression in LUAD cells and LUAD xenograft tissues, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), WB, and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) were executed to confirm the exosomes isolated from serum specimens and cell culture media. To quantify of exosomal miR‐16‐5p level from serum and culture medium of cultured cell, qRT‐PCR experiment was utilized. The connection between tissue PD‐L1 level and serum exosomal miR‐16‐5p expression in PD‐L1‐positive sufferers administered by PD‐L1 inhibitors was verified using Spearman correlation coefficient analysis. In addition, the overall survival (OS) and progression‐free survival (PFS) rates among PD‐L1 inhibitor managed sufferers were acquired through a follow‐up visit. Finally, we used a group of assays, including 5‐bromo‐2′‐dexoyuridine (BrdU) and colony formation test, wound healing experiment, flow cytometry, and nude mice xenograft experiment, to explore the functions of circulating exosomal miR‐16‐5p on LUAD cell proliferation, apoptosis, and migration, as well as tumor development, respectively. Results PD‐L1 expression was positively related to T stage (tumor size stage), and PD‐L1 inhibitor treatment reduced the PD‐L1 expression and mitigated T stage in PD‐L1‐positive LUAD sufferers. For PD‐L1‐positive LUAD sufferers, elevated PD‐L1 expression or reduced serum exosomal miR‐16‐5p level were linked to longer PFS and OS upon PD‐L1 inhibitor treatment. The number of exosomes in patient's serum was more than that in the serum of healthy individuals, and PD‐L1 inhibitor treatment decreased the number of serum‐derived exosomes in PD‐L1‐positive LUAD sufferers. Exosome‐derived miR‐16‐5p was downregulated in patient's serum and cell culture medium, and this was negatively linked to tumor stage and PD‐L1 expression. Meanwhile, PD‐L1 inhibitor treatment could increase the serum exosomal miR‐16‐5p expression, and the expression change of serum exosomal miR‐16‐5p was diametrically related to PD‐L1 after the treatment. Moreover, the overexpression of PD‐L1 accelerated tumor growth and decreased the exosomal miR‐16‐5p content in cell culture media, while exosomal miR‐16‐5p overexpression in cell culture media inhibited tumor development by decreasing the PD‐L1 expression. Exosomal miR‐16‐5p overexpression in cell culture media also depressed LUAD cell proliferation and migration, and stimulated cell apoptosis, especially in the cells which cultured in the mediums with PD‐L1 inhibitor in vitro. Conclusions Serum exosomal miR‐16‐5p may be a latent tumor inhibitor and a new biomarker for PD‐L1 inhibitor‐dependent immunotherapy in LUAD by regulating the PD‐L1 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua‐Lin Chen
- Department of Pulmonary Oncology Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University Zhanjiang China
| | - Yi‐Ping Luo
- Department of Oncology Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University Zhanjiang China
| | - Mu‐Wen Lin
- Department of Pulmonary Oncology Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University Zhanjiang China
| | - Xiao‐Xia Peng
- Department of Pulmonary Oncology Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University Zhanjiang China
| | - Mei‐Liang Liu
- Department of Pulmonary Oncology Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University Zhanjiang China
| | - Yong‐Cun Wang
- Department of Pulmonary Oncology Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University Zhanjiang China
| | - Shu‐Jun Li
- Department of Pulmonary Oncology Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University Zhanjiang China
| | - Dong‐Hong Yang
- Department of Oncology Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University Zhanjiang China
| | - Zhi‐Xiong Yang
- Department of Pulmonary Oncology Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University Zhanjiang China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Exosomal non-coding RNAs: Emerging roles in bilateral communication between cancer cells and macrophages. Mol Ther 2022; 30:1036-1053. [PMID: 34864204 PMCID: PMC8899606 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a dynamic network of cellular organization that comprises diverse cell types and significantly contributes to cancer development. As pivotal immune stromal cells in the TME, macrophages are extensively heterogeneous and exert both antitumor and protumor functions. Exosomes are nanosized extracellular membranous vesicles with diameters between 30 and 150 nm. By transferring multiple bioactive substances such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, exosomes play an important role in the communication between cells. Recently, growing evidence has demonstrated that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are enriched in exosomes and that exosomal ncRNAs are involved in the crosstalk between cancer cells and macrophages. Furthermore, circulating exosomal ncRNAs can be detected in biofluids, serving as promising noninvasive biomarkers for the early diagnosis and prognostic prediction of cancer. Exosome-based therapies are emerging as potent strategies that can be utilized to alleviate tumor progression. Herein, the present knowledge of exosomal ncRNAs and their vital roles in regulating the interplay between cancer cells and macrophages, as well as their clinical applications are summarized.
Collapse
|
47
|
Fan Z, Wu C, Chen M, Jiang Y, Wu Y, Mao R, Fan Y. The generation of PD-L1 and PD-L2 in cancer cells: From nuclear chromatin reorganization to extracellular presentation. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:1041-1053. [PMID: 35530130 PMCID: PMC9069407 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) targeting on PD-1/PD-L1 has shown remarkable promise in treating cancers. However, the low response rate and frequently observed severe side effects limit its broad benefits. It is partially due to less understanding of the biological regulation of PD-L1. Here, we systematically and comprehensively summarized the regulation of PD-L1 from nuclear chromatin reorganization to extracellular presentation. In PD-L1 and PD-L2 highly expressed cancer cells, a new TAD (topologically associating domain) (chr9: 5,400,000-5,600,000) around CD274 and CD273 was discovered, which includes a reported super-enhancer to drive synchronous transcription of PD-L1 and PD-L2. The re-shaped TAD allows transcription factors such as STAT3 and IRF1 recruit to PD-L1 locus in order to guide the expression of PD-L1. After transcription, the PD-L1 is tightly regulated by miRNAs and RNA-binding proteins via the long 3'UTR. At translational level, PD-L1 protein and its membrane presentation are tightly regulated by post-translational modification such as glycosylation and ubiquitination. In addition, PD-L1 can be secreted via exosome to systematically inhibit immune response. Therefore, fully dissecting the regulation of PD-L1/PD-L2 and thoroughly detecting PD-L1/PD-L2 as well as their regulatory networks will bring more insights in ICB and ICB-based combinational therapy.
Collapse
Key Words
- 3′-UTR, 3′-untranslated region
- ADAM17, a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17
- APCs, antigen-presenting cells
- AREs, adenylate and uridylate (AU)-rich elements
- ATF3, activating transcription factor 3
- CD273/274, cluster of differentiation 273/274
- CDK4, cyclin-dependent kinase 4
- CMTM6, CKLF like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 6
- CSN5, COP9 signalosome subunit 5
- CTLs, cytotoxic T lymphocytes
- EMT, epithelial to mesenchymal transition
- EpCAM, epithelial cell adhesion molecule
- Exosome
- FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorting
- GSDMC, Gasdermin C
- GSK3β, glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta
- HSF1, heat shock transcription factor 1
- Hi-C, high throughput chromosome conformation capture
- ICB, immune checkpoint blockade
- IFN, interferon
- IL-6, interleukin 6
- IRF1, interferon regulatory factor 1
- Immune checkpoint blockade
- JAK, Janus kinase 1
- NFκB, nuclear factor kappa B
- NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer
- OTUB1, OTU deubiquitinase, ubiquitin aldehyde binding 1
- PARP1, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1
- PD-1, programmed cell death-1
- PD-L1
- PD-L1, programmed death-ligand 1
- PD-L2
- PD-L2, programmed death ligand 2
- Post-transcriptional regulation
- Post-translational regulation
- SP1, specificity protein 1
- SPOP, speckle-type POZ protein
- STAG2, stromal antigen 2
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- T2D, type 2 diabetes
- TADs, topologically associating domains
- TFEB, transcription factor EB
- TFs, transcription factors
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor-alpha
- TTP, tristetraprolin
- Topologically associating domain
- Transcription
- UCHL1, ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1
- USP22, ubiquitin specific peptidase 22
- dMMR, deficient DNA mismatch repair
- irAEs, immune related adverse events
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Fan
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
- Laboratory of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Changyue Wu
- Laboratory of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Miaomiao Chen
- Laboratory of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Yongying Jiang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- Laboratory of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Renfang Mao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Yihui Fan
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
- Laboratory of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
- Corresponding authors.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Ruan S, Greenberg Z, Pan X, Zhuang P, Erwin N, He M. Extracellular Vesicles as an Advanced Delivery Biomaterial for Precision Cancer Immunotherapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2100650. [PMID: 34197051 PMCID: PMC8720116 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, cancer immunotherapy has been observed in numerous preclinical and clinical studies for showing benefits. However, due to the unpredictable outcomes and low response rates, novel targeting delivery approaches and modulators are needed for being effective to more broader patient populations and cancer types. Compared to synthetic biomaterials, extracellular vesicles (EVs) specifically open a new avenue for improving the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy by offering targeted and site-specific immunity modulation. In this review, the molecular understanding of EV cargos and surface receptors, which underpin cell targeting specificity and precisely modulating immunogenicity, are discussed. Unique properties of EVs are reviewed in terms of their surface markers, intravesicular contents, intrinsic immunity modulatory functions, and pharmacodynamic behavior in vivo with tumor tissue models, highlighting key indications of improved precision cancer immunotherapy. Novel molecular engineered strategies for reprogramming and directing cancer immunotherapeutics, and their unique challenges are also discussed to illuminate EV's future potential as a cancer immunotherapeutic biomaterial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaobo Ruan
- Department of Pharmaceutics College of Pharmacy University of Florida Gainesville FL 32610 USA
| | - Zachary Greenberg
- Department of Pharmaceutics College of Pharmacy University of Florida Gainesville FL 32610 USA
| | - Xiaoshu Pan
- Department of Pharmaceutics College of Pharmacy University of Florida Gainesville FL 32610 USA
| | - Pei Zhuang
- Department of Pharmaceutics College of Pharmacy University of Florida Gainesville FL 32610 USA
| | - Nina Erwin
- Department of Pharmaceutics College of Pharmacy University of Florida Gainesville FL 32610 USA
| | - Mei He
- Department of Pharmaceutics College of Pharmacy University of Florida Gainesville FL 32610 USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Li Q, Wang D, Ding D, Feng Y, Hou R, Liu D, Lin C, Gao Y. The Role and Application of Exosomes in Gastric and Colorectal Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:825475. [PMID: 35111071 PMCID: PMC8801572 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.825475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer and colorectal cancer are malignant tumors found in the human gastrointestinal tract. Bidirectional communication between tumor cells and their microenvironment can be realized through the transmission of exosomes—small, cell-derived vesicles containing complex RNA and proteins. Exosomes play an important role in the proliferation, metastasis, immune response, and drug resistance of cancer cells. In this review, we focus on the role and application of exosomes in gastric and colorectal cancer. We also summarize the role of exosomes secreted by different types of cells in tumor development and as drug carriers in cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qirong Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal and Anal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Laboratory Animal Center, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dongxu Wang
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dayong Ding
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal and Anal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ye Feng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal and Anal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ruizhi Hou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal and Anal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dianfeng Liu
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chao Lin
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jilin Business and Technology College, Changchun, China
| | - Yongjian Gao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal and Anal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) secreted by most cells carry bioactive macromolecules including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids for intercellular communication. Given that some immune cell-derived sEVs exhibit anti-cancer properties, these sEVs have received scientific attention for the development of novel anti-cancer immunotherapeutic agents. In this paper, we reviewed the latest advances concerning the biological roles of immune cell-derived sEVs for cancer therapy. sEVs derived from immune cells including dendritic cells (DCs), T cells, natural-killer (NK) cells, and macrophages are good candidates for sEV-based cancer therapy. Besides their role of cancer vaccines, DC-shed sEVs activated cytotoxic lymphocytes and killed tumor cells. sEVs isolated from NK cells and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells exhibited cytotoxicity against cancer cells. sEVs derived from CD8+ T and CD4+ T cells inhibited cancer-associated cells in tumor microenvironment (TME) and activated B cells, respectively. M1-macrophage-derived sEVs induced M2 to M1 repolarization and also created a pro-inflammatory environment. Hence, these sEVs, via mono or combination therapy, could be considered in the treatment of cancer patients in the future. In addition, sEVs derived from cytokine-stimulated immune cells or sEV engineering could improve their anti-tumor potency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Jin Choi
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanchae Cho
- Department of Molecular Medicine, CMRI, Exosome Convergence Research Center (ECRC), School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungmoo Yea
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Chang Baek
- Department of Molecular Medicine, CMRI, Exosome Convergence Research Center (ECRC), School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|