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Javed MQ, Kovalchuk I, Yevtushenko D, Yang X, Stanford K. Relationship between Desiccation Tolerance and Biofilm Formation in Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli. Microorganisms 2024; 12:243. [PMID: 38399647 PMCID: PMC10891874 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a major concern in the food industry and requires effective control measures to prevent foodborne illnesses. Previous studies have demonstrated increased difficulty in the control of biofilm-forming STEC. Desiccation, achieved through osmotic stress and water removal, has emerged as a potential antimicrobial hurdle. This study focused on 254 genetically diverse E. coli strains collected from cattle, carcass hides, hide-off carcasses, and processing equipment. Of these, 141 (55.51%) were STEC and 113 (44.48%) were generic E. coli. The biofilm-forming capabilities of these isolates were assessed, and their desiccation tolerance was investigated to understand the relationships between growth temperature, relative humidity (RH), and bacterial survival. Only 28% of the STEC isolates had the ability to form biofilms, compared to 60% of the generic E. coli. Stainless steel surfaces were exposed to different combinations of temperature (0 °C or 35 °C) and relative humidity (75% or 100%), and the bacterial attachment and survival rates were measured over 72 h and compared to controls. The results revealed that all the strains exposed to 75% relative humidity (RH) at any temperature had reduced growth (p < 0.001). In contrast, 35 °C and 100% RH supported bacterial proliferation, except for isolates forming the strongest biofilms. The ability of E. coli to form a biofilm did not impact growth reduction at 75% RH. Therefore, desiccation treatment at 75% RH at temperatures of 0 °C or 35 °C holds promise as a novel antimicrobial hurdle for the removal of biofilm-forming E. coli from challenging-to-clean surfaces and equipment within food processing facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Qasim Javed
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada; (M.Q.J.); (I.K.); (D.Y.)
| | - Igor Kovalchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada; (M.Q.J.); (I.K.); (D.Y.)
| | - Dmytro Yevtushenko
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada; (M.Q.J.); (I.K.); (D.Y.)
| | - Xianqin Yang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, AB T4L 1V7, Canada;
| | - Kim Stanford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada; (M.Q.J.); (I.K.); (D.Y.)
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Lu T, Howlader DR, Das S, Dietz ZK, Nagel AC, Whittier SK, Picking WD, Picking WL. The L-DBF vaccine cross protects mice against different Shigella serotypes after prior exposure to the pathogen. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0006223. [PMID: 37787548 PMCID: PMC10714971 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00062-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Shigellosis is endemic to low- and middle-income regions of the world where children are especially vulnerable. In many cases, there are pre-existing antibodies in the local population and the effect of prior exposure should be considered in the development and testing of vaccines against Shigella infection. Our study shows that L-DBF-induced immune responses are not adversely affected by prior exposure to this pathogen. Moreover, somewhat different cytokine profiles were observed in the lungs of vaccinated mice not having been exposed to Shigella, suggesting that the immune responses elicited by Shigella infection and L-DBF vaccination follow different pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ti Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Debaki R. Howlader
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Sayan Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Zackary K. Dietz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | | | - Sean K. Whittier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - William D. Picking
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Wendy L. Picking
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
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3
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Gupta U, Dey P. Rise of the guardians: Gut microbial maneuvers in bacterial infections. Life Sci 2023; 330:121993. [PMID: 37536616 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Bacterial infections are one of the major causes of mortality globally. The gut microbiota, primarily comprised of the commensals, performs an important role in maintaining intestinal immunometabolic homeostasis. The current review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how modulation of the gut microbiota influences opportunistic bacterial infections. MATERIALS AND METHODS Primarily centered around mechanisms related to colonization resistance, nutrient, and metabolite-associated factors, mucosal immune response, and commensal-pathogen reciprocal interactions, we discuss how gut microbiota can promote or prevent bacterial infections. KEY FINDINGS Opportunistic infections can occur directly due to obligate pathogens or indirectly due to the overgrowth of opportunistic pathobionts. Gut microbiota-centered mechanisms of altered intestinal immunometabolic and metabolomic homeostasis play a significant role in infection promotion and prevention. Depletion in the population of commensals, increased abundance of pathobionts, and overall decrease in gut microbial diversity and richness caused due to prolonged antibiotic use are risk factors of opportunistic bacterial infections, including infections from multidrug-resistant spp. Gut commensals can limit opportunistic infections by mechanisms including the production of antimicrobials, short-chain fatty acids, bile acid metabolism, promoting mucin formation, and maintaining immunological balance at the mucosa. Gut microbiota-centered strategies, including the administration of probiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation, could help attenuate opportunistic bacterial infections. SIGNIFICANCE The current review discussed the gut microbial population and function-specific aspects contributing to bacterial infection susceptibility and prophylaxis. Collectively, this review provides a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms related to the dual role of gut microbiota in bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upasana Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, Punjab, India
| | - Priyankar Dey
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, Punjab, India.
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Lu T, Das S, Howlader DR, Jain A, Hu G, Dietz ZK, Zheng Q, Ratnakaram SSK, Whittier SK, Varisco DJ, Ernst RK, Picking WD, Picking WL. Impact of the TLR4 agonist BECC438 on a novel vaccine formulation against Shigella spp. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1194912. [PMID: 37744341 PMCID: PMC10512073 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1194912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Shigellosis (bacillary dysentery) is a severe gastrointestinal infection with a global incidence of 90 million cases annually. Despite the severity of this disease, there is currently no licensed vaccine against shigellosis. Shigella's primary virulence factor is its type III secretion system (T3SS), which is a specialized nanomachine used to manipulate host cells. A fusion of T3SS injectisome needle tip protein IpaD and translocator protein IpaB, termed DBF, when admixed with the mucosal adjuvant double-mutant labile toxin (dmLT) from enterotoxigenic E. coli was protective using a murine pulmonary model. To facilitate the production of this platform, a recombinant protein that consisted of LTA-1, the active moiety of dmLT, and DBF were genetically fused, resulting in L-DBF, which showed improved protection against Shigella challenge. To extrapolate this protection from mice to humans, we modified the formulation to provide for a multivalent presentation with the addition of an adjuvant approved for use in human vaccines. Here, we show that L-DBF formulated (admix) with a newly developed TLR4 agonist called BECC438 (a detoxified lipid A analog identified as Bacterial Enzymatic Combinatorial Chemistry candidate #438), formulated as an oil-in-water emulsion, has a very high protective efficacy at low antigen doses against lethal Shigella challenge in our mouse model. Optimal protection was observed when this formulation was introduced at a mucosal site (intranasally). When the formulation was then evaluated for the immune response it elicits, protection appeared to correlate with high IFN-γ and IL-17 secretion from mucosal site lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ti Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Sayan Das
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Debaki R. Howlader
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Akshay Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Gang Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Zackary K. Dietz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Qi Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | | | - Sean K. Whittier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - David J. Varisco
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Robert K. Ernst
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - William D. Picking
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Wendy L. Picking
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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Jawad I, Bin Tawseen H, Irfan M, Ahmad W, Hassan M, Sattar F, Awan FR, Khaliq S, Akhtar N, Akhtar K, Anwar MA, Munawar N. Dietary Supplementation of Microbial Dextran and Inulin Exerts Hypocholesterolemic Effects and Modulates Gut Microbiota in BALB/c Mice Models. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065314. [PMID: 36982388 PMCID: PMC10049499 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial exopolysaccharides (EPSs), having great structural diversity, have gained tremendous interest for their prebiotic effects. In the present study, mice models were used to investigate if microbial dextran and inulin-type EPSs could also play role in the modulation of microbiomics and metabolomics by improving certain biochemical parameters, such as blood cholesterol and glucose levels and weight gain. Feeding the mice for 21 days on EPS-supplemented feed resulted in only 7.6 ± 0.8% weight gain in the inulin-fed mice group, while the dextran-fed group also showed a low weight gain trend as compared to the control group. Blood glucose levels of the dextran- and inulin-fed groups did not change significantly in comparison with the control where it increased by 22 ± 5%. Moreover, the dextran and inulin exerted pronounced hypocholesterolemic effects by reducing the serum cholesterol levels by 23% and 13%, respectively. The control group was found to be mainly populated with Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus gallinarum, Mammaliicoccus lentus and Klebsiella aerogenes. The colonization of E. faecalis was inhibited by 59–65% while the intestinal release of Escherichia fergusonii was increased by 85–95% in the EPS-supplemented groups, respectively, along with the complete inhibition of growth of other enteropathogens. Additionally, higher populations of lactic acid bacteria were detected in the intestine of EPS-fed mice as compared to controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqra Jawad
- Industrial Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Husam Bin Tawseen
- Industrial Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- Industrial Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Waqar Ahmad
- Industrial Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
- Department of Microbiology, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology, Havelian, Abbottabad 22020, Pakistan
| | - Mujtaba Hassan
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Fazal Sattar
- Industrial Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Fazli Rabbi Awan
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Khaliq
- Industrial Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Nasrin Akhtar
- Industrial Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Kalsoom Akhtar
- Industrial Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Munir Ahmad Anwar
- Industrial Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
- Correspondence: or (M.A.A.); (N.M.); Tel.: +92-41-920-1316 (M.A.A.); +971-3-713-6168 (N.M.); Fax: +92-41-920-1322 (M.A.A.)
| | - Nayla Munawar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: or (M.A.A.); (N.M.); Tel.: +92-41-920-1316 (M.A.A.); +971-3-713-6168 (N.M.); Fax: +92-41-920-1322 (M.A.A.)
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6
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Enteric infections and management practices among communities in a rural setting of northwest Ethiopia. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2294. [PMID: 36759710 PMCID: PMC9911403 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29556-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections with enteric pathogens have a high mortality and morbidity burden, as well as significant social and economic costs. Poor water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) conditions are the leading risk factors for enteric infections, and prevention in low-income countries is still primarily focused on initiatives to improve access to improved WASH facilities. Rural communities in developing countries, on the other hand, have limited access to improved WASH services, which may result in a high burden of enteric infections. Limited information also exists about the prevalence of enteric infections and management practices among rural communities. Accordingly, this study was conducted to assess enteric infections and management practices among communities in a rural setting of northwest Ethiopia. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 1190 randomly selected households in a rural setting of northwest Ethiopia. Data were collected using structured and pretested interviewers-administered questionnaire and spot-check observations. We used self-reports and medication history audit to assess the occurrence of enteric infections among one or more of the family members in the rural households. Multivariable binary logistic regression model was used to identify factors associated with enteric infections. Statistically significant association was declared on the basis of adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval and p value < 0.05. Out of a total of 1190 households, 17.4% (95% CI: 15.1, 19.7%) of the households reported that one or more of the family members acquired one or more enteric infections in 12 months period prior to the survey and 470 of 6089 (7.7%) surveyed individuals had one or more enteric infections. The common enteric infections reported at household-level were diarrhea (8.2%), amoebiasis (4.1%), and ascariasis (3.9%). Visiting healthcare facilities (71.7%), taking medications without prescriptions (21.1%), and herbal medicine (4.5%) are the common disease management practices among rural households in the studied region. The occurrence of one or more enteric infections among one or more of the family members in rural households in 12 months period prior to the survey was statistically associated with presence of livestock (AOR: 2.24, 95% CI:1.06, 4.75) and households headed by uneducated mothers (AOR: 1.62, 95% CI: (1.18, 2.23). About one-fifth of the rural households in the studied region reported that one or more of the family members had one or more enteric infections. Households in the study area might acquire enteric infections from different risk factors, mainly poor WASH conditions and insufficient separation of animals including their feces from human domestic environments. It is therefore important to implement community-level interventions such as utilization of improved latrine, protecting water sources from contamination, source-based water treatment, containment of domestic animals including their waste, community-driven sanitation, and community health champion.
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Däullary T, Imdahl F, Dietrich O, Hepp L, Krammer T, Fey C, Neuhaus W, Metzger M, Vogel J, Westermann AJ, Saliba AE, Zdzieblo D. A primary cell-based in vitro model of the human small intestine reveals host olfactomedin 4 induction in response to Salmonella Typhimurium infection. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2186109. [PMID: 36939013 PMCID: PMC10038062 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2186109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection research largely relies on classical cell culture or mouse models. Despite having delivered invaluable insights into host-pathogen interactions, both have limitations in translating mechanistic principles to human pathologies. Alternatives can be derived from modern Tissue Engineering approaches, allowing the reconstruction of functional tissue models in vitro. Here, we combined a biological extracellular matrix with primary tissue-derived enteroids to establish an in vitro model of the human small intestinal epithelium exhibiting in vivo-like characteristics. Using the foodborne pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, we demonstrated the applicability of our model to enteric infection research in the human context. Infection assays coupled to spatio-temporal readouts recapitulated the established key steps of epithelial infection by this pathogen in our model. Besides, we detected the upregulation of olfactomedin 4 in infected cells, a hitherto unrecognized aspect of the host response to Salmonella infection. Together, this primary human small intestinal tissue model fills the gap between simplistic cell culture and animal models of infection, and shall prove valuable in uncovering human-specific features of host-pathogen interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Däullary
- Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg (UKW), Würzburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Biocenter, Chair of Microbiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg (JMU), Würzburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Imdahl
- Helmholtz-Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Würzburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Dietrich
- Helmholtz-Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Würzburg, Germany
| | - Laura Hepp
- Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg (UKW), Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Krammer
- Helmholtz-Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christina Fey
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC),Translational Center Regenerative Therapies (TLC-RT), Würzburg, Germany
| | - Winfried Neuhaus
- Austrian Institute of Technology (AIT), Vienna, Austria
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Danube Private University (DPU), Krems, Austria
| | - Marco Metzger
- Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg (UKW), Würzburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC),Translational Center Regenerative Therapies (TLC-RT), Würzburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research, Project Center for Stem Cell Process Engineering, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Vogel
- Helmholtz-Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alexander J Westermann
- Helmholtz-Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Antoine-Emmanuel Saliba
- Helmholtz-Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Würzburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Zdzieblo
- Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg (UKW), Würzburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC),Translational Center Regenerative Therapies (TLC-RT), Würzburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research, Project Center for Stem Cell Process Engineering, Würzburg, Germany
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8
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Criglar JM, Estes MK, Crawford SE. Rotavirus-Induced Lipid Droplet Biogenesis Is Critical for Virus Replication. Front Physiol 2022; 13:836870. [PMID: 35492603 PMCID: PMC9040889 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.836870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of pathogens, including viruses, bacteria and parasites, target cellular lipid droplets for their replication. Rotaviruses (RVs) infect the villous epithelium of the small intestine and are a major cause of acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide. RVs induce and require lipid droplets for the formation of viroplasms, sites of virus genome replication, and nascent particle assembly. Here we review the role of lipid droplets in RV replication. Inhibitors of fatty acid synthesis or chemicals that interfere with lipid droplet homeostasis decrease the number and size of viroplasms and the yield of infectious virus. We used a genetically engineered RV, delayed in viroplasm assembly, to show an early interaction of RV nonstructural protein NSP2 and the lipid droplet-associated protein phospho-PLIN1. The interaction between NSP2 and phospho-PLIN1 suggests that we have identified part of the mechanism of RV-induced lipid droplet formation. These studies demonstrate that RV is an excellent model to dissect the cellular process of lipid droplet formation and to determine how RV induces and usurps lipid droplet biogenesis to form viroplasm/lipid droplets for virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette M Criglar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sue E Crawford
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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9
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Adyasari D, Pratama MA, Teguh NA, Sabdaningsih A, Kusumaningtyas MA, Dimova N. Anthropogenic impact on Indonesian coastal water and ecosystems: Current status and future opportunities. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 171:112689. [PMID: 34256325 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Indonesia, the world's largest archipelagic country and the fourth most populated nation, has struggled with coastal water pollution in the last decades. With the increasing population in coastal urban cities, more land-based pollutants are transported to the coastal water and adversely affected the tropical ecosystems. This paper provides an overview of anthropogenic pollutant studies in Indonesian coastal water and ecosystems from 1986 to 2021. Nutrients, heavy metals, organic pollutants, and plastic debris are the most-studied contaminants. We found that 82%, 54% and 50% of the studies exceeding nutrients, heavy metals, and organic pollutants standard limit, respectively; thus, indicating poor water quality status in part of Indonesian coastal water. The coral reef ecosystems is found to be the most sensitive to anthropogenic disturbance. The potential effect of climate change, new coastal pollution hotspots in eastern Indonesia, marine anthropogenic sources, legacy/emerging pollutants, and the need for research related to the biological contamination, are discussed for future opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dini Adyasari
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa 35487, USA.
| | | | - Novi Andriany Teguh
- Department of Civil Engineering, Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia
| | - Aninditia Sabdaningsih
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Indonesia; Tropical Marine Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Indonesia
| | | | - Natasha Dimova
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa 35487, USA
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10
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Duchêne S, Ho SYW, Carmichael AG, Holmes EC, Poinar H. The Recovery, Interpretation and Use of Ancient Pathogen Genomes. Curr Biol 2021; 30:R1215-R1231. [PMID: 33022266 PMCID: PMC7534838 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.08.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The ability to sequence genomes from ancient biological material has provided a rich source of information for evolutionary biology and engaged considerable public interest. Although most studies of ancient genomes have focused on vertebrates, particularly archaic humans, newer technologies allow the capture of microbial pathogens and microbiomes from ancient and historical human and non-human remains. This coming of age has been made possible by techniques that allow the preferential capture and amplification of discrete genomes from a background of predominantly host and environmental DNA. There are now near-complete ancient genome sequences for three pathogens of considerable historical interest — pre-modern bubonic plague (Yersinia pestis), smallpox (Variola virus) and cholera (Vibrio cholerae) — and for three equally important endemic human disease agents — Mycobacterium tuberculosis (tuberculosis), Mycobacterium leprae (leprosy) and Treponema pallidum pallidum (syphilis). Genomic data from these pathogens have extended earlier work by paleopathologists. There have been efforts to sequence the genomes of additional ancient pathogens, with the potential to broaden our understanding of the infectious disease burden common to past populations from the Bronze Age to the early 20th century. In this review we describe the state-of-the-art of this rapidly developing field, highlight the contributions of ancient pathogen genomics to multidisciplinary endeavors and describe some of the limitations in resolving questions about the emergence and long-term evolution of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Duchêne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Simon Y W Ho
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | - Edward C Holmes
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Hendrik Poinar
- McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Departments of Anthropology and Biochemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON L8S 4L9, Canada; Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; Humans and the Microbiome Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Canada.
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11
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Jahan M, Francis N, Wynn P, Wang B. The Potential for Sialic Acid and Sialylated Glycoconjugates as Feed Additives to Enhance Pig Health and Production. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082318. [PMID: 34438776 PMCID: PMC8388453 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This review discusses the current challenges in the pig industry and the potential nutritional significance of sialic acid (Sia) and glycoconjugates (Sia-GC’s) for pig health and nutrition. Sia is a nine-carbon acidic sugar which is present in various organs and body fluids of humans and animals. Sias contribute to many beneficial biological functions including pathogen resistance, immunomodulation, gut microbiota development, gut maturation, anti-inflammation and neurodevelopment. The role of Sias in regulating the metabolism of pigs has seldom been reported. However, we have documented significant beneficial effects of specific Sia-GC’s on health and production performance of sows and piglets. These findings are reviewed in relation to other studies while noting the beneficial effects of the inclusion of Sia, Sia containing oligosaccharide or the sialo-protein lactoferrin in the diets of gilts and sows. The importance of the passive transfer of of Sia and Sia-GC’s through milk to the young and the implications for their growth and development is also reviewed. This information will assist in optimizing the composition of sow/gilt milk replacers designed to increases the survival of IUGR piglets or piglets with dams suffering from agalactia, a common problem in pig production systems worldwide. Abstract Swine are one of the most important agricultural species for human food production. Given the significant disease challenges confronting commercial pig farming systems, introduction of a new feed additive that can enhance animal performance by improving growth and immune status represents a major opportunity. One such candidate is sialic acid (Sia), a diverse family of nine-carbon acidic sugar, present in various organs and body fluid, as well as an essential structural and functional constituent of brain ganglioside of humans and animals. Sias are key monosaccharide and biomarker of sialylated milk oligosaccharide (Sia-MOS’s), sialylated glycoproteins and glycolipids in milk and all vertebrate cells. Sias accomplish many critical endogenous functions by virtue of their physiochemical properties and via recognition by intrinsic receptors. Human milk sialylated glycoconjugates (Sia-GC’s) are bioactive compounds known to act as prebiotics that promote gut microbiota development, gut maturation, pathogen resistance, immunomodulation, anti-inflammation and neurodevelopment. However, the importance of Sia in pig health, especially in the growth, development, immunity of developing piglet and in pig production remains unknown. This review aims to critically discuss the current status of knowledge of the biology and nutritional role of Sia and Sia-GC’s on health of both female sow and newborn piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bing Wang
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-2-6933-4549
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12
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Wu DK, Yang KS, Wei JCC, Yip HT, Chang R, Hung YM, Hung CH. Appendectomy and Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Infection: A Population-Based Matched Cohort Study. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10071466. [PMID: 33918175 PMCID: PMC8037619 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10071466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential association between appendectomy and non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) infection has not been elucidated. We hypothesized that appendectomy may be associated with gut vulnerability to NTS. The data were retrospectively collected from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database to describe the incidence rates of NTS infection requiring hospital admission among patients with and without an appendectomy. A total of 208,585 individuals aged ≥18 years with an appendectomy were enrolled from January 2000 to December 2012, and compared with a control group of 208,585 individuals who had never received an appendectomy matched by propensity score (1:1) by index year, age, sex, occupation, and comorbidities. An appendectomy was defined by the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification Procedure Codes. The main outcome was patients who were hospitalized for NTS. Cox proportional hazards models were applied to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Two sensitivity analyses were conducted for cross-validation. Of the 417,170 participants (215,221 (51.6%) male), 208,585 individuals (50.0%) had an appendectomy, and 112 individuals developed NTS infection requiring hospitalization. In the fully adjusted multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression model, the appendectomy group had an increased risk of NTS infection (adjusted HR (aHR), 1.61; 95% CI, 1.20-2.17). Females and individuals aged 18 to 30 years with a history of appendectomy had a statistically higher risk of NTS than the control group (aHR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.26-2.93 and aHR, 2.67; 95% CI, 1.41-5.07). In this study, appendectomy was positively associated with subsequent hospitalization for NTS. The mechanism behind this association remains uncertain and needs further studies to clarify the interactions between appendectomy and NTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Den-Ko Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 840, Taiwan;
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Shan Yang
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - James Cheng-Chung Wei
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Hei-Tung Yip
- Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
| | - Renin Chang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (R.C.); (Y.-M.H.); (C.-H.H.); Tel.: +886-73422121 (R.C.); +886-75552565 (Y.-M.H.); +886-76577711 (ext. 3414) (C.-H.H.)
| | - Yao-Min Hung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal United Hospital, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
- College of Health and Nursing, Meiho University, Pingtung 912, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (R.C.); (Y.-M.H.); (C.-H.H.); Tel.: +886-73422121 (R.C.); +886-75552565 (Y.-M.H.); +886-76577711 (ext. 3414) (C.-H.H.)
| | - Chih-Hsin Hung
- Institute of Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 840, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (R.C.); (Y.-M.H.); (C.-H.H.); Tel.: +886-73422121 (R.C.); +886-75552565 (Y.-M.H.); +886-76577711 (ext. 3414) (C.-H.H.)
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13
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Saima U, Alam M, Akter S. Survival of escherichia coli in Water Microcosm Study and Rethinking its Use as Indicator. Microbiology (Reading) 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261721020107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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14
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Aljahdali NH, Sanad YM, Han J, Foley SL. Current knowledge and perspectives of potential impacts of Salmonella enterica on the profile of the gut microbiota. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:353. [PMID: 33203384 PMCID: PMC7673091 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-02008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, the initial studies of the gut microbiota started focusing on the correlation of the composition of the gut microbiota and the health or diseases of the host, and there are extensive literature reviews pertaining to this theme. However, little is known about the association between the microbiota, the host, and pathogenic bacteria, such as Salmonella enterica, which is among the most important foodborne pathogens and identified as the source of multiple outbreaks linked to contaminated foods causing salmonellosis. Secretion systems, flagella, fimbriae, endotoxins, and exotoxins are factors that play the most important roles in the successful infection of the host cell by Salmonella. Infections with S. enterica, which is a threat to human health, can alter the genomic, taxonomic, and functional traits of the gut microbiota. The purpose of this review is to outline the state of knowledge on the impacts of S. enterica on the intestinal microbiota and highlight the need to identify the gut bacteria that could contribute to salmonellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesreen H Aljahdali
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA.,Biological Science Department, College of Science, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasser M Sanad
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA.,Department of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Pine Bluff, AR, USA.,Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Jing Han
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Steven L Foley
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA.
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15
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Goddard FB, Ban R, Barr DB, Brown J, Cannon J, Colford JM, Eisenberg JNS, Ercumen A, Petach H, Freeman MC, Levy K, Luby SP, Moe C, Pickering AJ, Sarnat JA, Stewart J, Thomas E, Taniuchi M, Clasen T. Measuring Environmental Exposure to Enteric Pathogens in Low-Income Settings: Review and Recommendations of an Interdisciplinary Working Group. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:11673-11691. [PMID: 32813503 PMCID: PMC7547864 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Infections with enteric pathogens impose a heavy disease burden, especially among young children in low-income countries. Recent findings from randomized controlled trials of water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions have raised questions about current methods for assessing environmental exposure to enteric pathogens. Approaches for estimating sources and doses of exposure suffer from a number of shortcomings, including reliance on imperfect indicators of fecal contamination instead of actual pathogens and estimating exposure indirectly from imprecise measurements of pathogens in the environment and human interaction therewith. These shortcomings limit the potential for effective surveillance of exposures, identification of important sources and modes of transmission, and evaluation of the effectiveness of interventions. In this review, we summarize current and emerging approaches used to characterize enteric pathogen hazards in different environmental media as well as human interaction with those media (external measures of exposure), and review methods that measure human infection with enteric pathogens as a proxy for past exposure (internal measures of exposure). We draw from lessons learned in other areas of environmental health to highlight how external and internal measures of exposure can be used to more comprehensively assess exposure. We conclude by recommending strategies for advancing enteric pathogen exposure assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick
G. B. Goddard
- Gangarosa
Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Radu Ban
- Bill and
Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Dana Boyd Barr
- Gangarosa
Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Joe Brown
- School of
Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Jennifer Cannon
- Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention Foundation, Atlanta, Georgia 30308, United States
| | - John M. Colford
- Division
of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California−Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Joseph N. S. Eisenberg
- Department
of Epidemiology, University of Michigan
School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Ayse Ercumen
- Department
of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Helen Petach
- U.S. Agency
for International Development, Washington, DC 20004, United States
| | - Matthew C. Freeman
- Gangarosa
Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Karen Levy
- Department
of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States
| | - Stephen P. Luby
- Division
of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, California 94305, United States
| | - Christine Moe
- Center
for
Global Safe Water, Sanitation and Hygiene, Rollins School of Public
Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Amy J. Pickering
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Jeremy A. Sarnat
- Gangarosa
Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Jill Stewart
- Department
of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global
Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Evan Thomas
- Mortenson
Center in Global Engineering, University
of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Mami Taniuchi
- Division
of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, United States
| | - Thomas Clasen
- Gangarosa
Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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16
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Abstract
Shigella is a major cause of moderate to severe diarrhea largely affecting children (<5 years old) living in low- and middle-income countries. Several vaccine candidates are in development, and controlled human infection models (CHIMs) can be useful tools to provide an early assessment of vaccine efficacy and potentially support licensure. A lyophilized strain of S. sonnei 53G was manufactured and evaluated to establish a dose that safely and reproducibly induced a ≥60% attack rate. Samples were collected pre- and postchallenge to assess intestinal inflammatory responses, antigen-specific serum and mucosal antibody responses, functional antibody responses, and memory B cell responses. Infection with S. sonnei 53G induced a robust intestinal inflammatory response as well as antigen-specific antibodies in serum and mucosal secretions and antigen-specific IgA- and IgG-secreting B cells positive for the α4β7 gut-homing marker. There was no association between clinical disease outcomes and systemic or functional antibody responses postchallenge; however, higher lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-specific serum IgA- and IgA-secreting memory B cell responses were associated with a reduced risk of disease postchallenge. This study provides unique insights into the immune responses pre- and postinfection with S. sonnei 53G in a CHIM, which could help guide the rational design of future vaccines to induce protective immune responses more analogous to those triggered by infection.IMPORTANCE Correlate(s) of immunity have yet to be defined for shigellosis. As previous disease protects against subsequent infection in a serotype-specific manner, investigating immune response profiles pre- and postinfection provides an opportunity to identify immune markers potentially associated with the development of protective immunity and/or with a reduced risk of developing shigellosis postchallenge. This study is the first to report such an extensive characterization of the immune response after challenge with S. sonnei 53G. Results demonstrate an association of progression to shigellosis with robust intestinal inflammatory and mucosal gut-homing responses. An important finding in this study was the association of elevated Shigella LPS-specific serum IgA and memory B cell IgA responses at baseline with reduced risk of disease. The increased baseline IgA responses may contribute to the lack of dose response observed in the study and suggests that IgA responses should be further investigated as potential correlates of immunity.
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17
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Natural Infection with Giardia Is Associated with Altered Community Structure of the Human and Canine Gut Microbiome. mSphere 2020; 5:5/4/e00670-20. [PMID: 32759335 PMCID: PMC7407069 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00670-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
While enteric parasitic infections are among the most important infections in lower- and middle-income countries, their impact on gut microbiota is poorly understood. We reasoned that clinical symptoms associated with these infections may be influenced by alterations of the microbiome that occur during infection. To explore this notion, we took a two-pronged approach. First, we studied a cohort of dogs naturally infected with various enteric parasites and found a strong association between parasite infection and altered gut microbiota composition. Giardia, one of the most prevalent parasite infections globally, had a particularly large impact on the microbiome. Second, we took a database-driven strategy to integrate microbiome data with clinical data from large human field studies and found that Giardia infection is also associated with marked alteration of the gut microbiome of children, suggesting a possible explanation for why Giardia has been reported to be associated with protection from moderate to severe diarrhea. Enteric parasitic infections are among the most prevalent infections in lower- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and have a profound impact on global public health. While the microbiome is increasingly recognized as a key determinant of gut health and human development, the impact of naturally acquired parasite infections on microbial community structure in the gut, and the extent to which parasite-induced changes in the microbiome may contribute to gastrointestinal symptoms, is poorly understood. Enteric parasites are routinely identified in companion animals in the United States, presenting a unique opportunity to leverage this animal model to investigate the impact of naturally acquired parasite infections on the microbiome. Clinical, parasitological, and microbiome profiling of a cohort of 258 dogs revealed a significant correlation between parasite infection and composition of the bacterial community in the gut. Relative to other enteric parasites, Giardia was associated with a more pronounced perturbation of the microbiome. To compare our findings to large-scale epidemiological studies of enteric diseases in humans, a database mining approach was employed to integrate clinical and microbiome data. Substantial and consistent alterations to microbiome structure were observed in Giardia-infected children. Importantly, infection was associated with a reduction in the relative abundance of potential pathobionts, including Gammaproteobacteria, and an increase in Prevotella—a profile often associated with gut health. Taken together, these data show that widespread Giardia infection in young animals and humans is associated with significant remodeling of the gut microbiome and provide a possible explanation for the high prevalence of asymptomatic Giardia infections observed across host species. IMPORTANCE While enteric parasitic infections are among the most important infections in lower- and middle-income countries, their impact on gut microbiota is poorly understood. We reasoned that clinical symptoms associated with these infections may be influenced by alterations of the microbiome that occur during infection. To explore this notion, we took a two-pronged approach. First, we studied a cohort of dogs naturally infected with various enteric parasites and found a strong association between parasite infection and altered gut microbiota composition. Giardia, one of the most prevalent parasite infections globally, had a particularly large impact on the microbiome. Second, we took a database-driven strategy to integrate microbiome data with clinical data from large human field studies and found that Giardia infection is also associated with marked alteration of the gut microbiome of children, suggesting a possible explanation for why Giardia has been reported to be associated with protection from moderate to severe diarrhea.
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18
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A comparative study of Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) challenge methods in Penaeus vannamei. J Invertebr Pathol 2020; 171:107336. [PMID: 32044360 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2020.107336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The microsporidium Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) is considered as an emerging pathogen threating the shrimp industry worldwide. It is an intracellular parasite that has been associated with retarded growth syndrome and white feces syndrome in shrimp. Although the impact of EHP to the shrimp industry is well known, many aspects of host-pathogen interactions are not well understood. A major limitation in the study of EHP is the lack of a reliable method to produce large quantities of inoculum rapidly and reproducibly. The present study was designed to compare different challenge methods including intramuscular injection, oral administration, co-habitation, hepatopancreas (HP) injection and reverse gavage. The results showed that the HP injection and the reverse gavage are two promising methods to infect shrimp rapidly and generate inoculum in a reproducible manner starting with a limited amount of inoculum. Therefore, the HP injection and reverse gavage were chosen for a scale-up study. Histopathology results showed that EHP proliferated in the epithelial cells of the HP in shrimp challenged via direct injection of inoculum into HP and reverse gavage treatments. In accordance with the histopathology results, the qPCR data showed that EHP loads in the challenged shrimp increased significantly with the HP injection and reverse gavage methods. Furthermore, the histopathological and quantification results indicate that HP injection and reverse gavage are two novel methods that can be used in EHP-challenge studies and for rapidly generating viable EHP inoculum.
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19
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Almeida GMF, Laanto E, Ashrafi R, Sundberg LR. Bacteriophage Adherence to Mucus Mediates Preventive Protection against Pathogenic Bacteria. mBio 2019; 10:e01984-19. [PMID: 31744913 PMCID: PMC6867891 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01984-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metazoans were proposed to host bacteriophages on their mucosal surfaces in a symbiotic relationship, where phages provide an external immunity against bacterial infections and the metazoans provide phages a medium for interacting with bacteria. However, scarce empirical evidence and model systems have left the phage-mucus interaction poorly understood. Here, we show that phages bind both to porcine mucus and to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) primary mucus, persist up to 7 days in the mucosa, and provide protection against Flavobacterium columnare Also, exposure to mucus changes the bacterial phenotype by increasing bacterial virulence and susceptibility to phage infections. This trade-off in bacterial virulence reveals ecological benefit of maintaining phages in the metazoan mucosal surfaces. Tests using other phage-bacterium pairs suggest that phage binding to mucus may be widespread in the biosphere, indicating its importance for disease, ecology, and evolution. This phenomenon may have significant potential to be exploited in preventive phage therapy.IMPORTANCE The mucosal surfaces of animals are habitat for microbes, including viruses. Bacteriophages-viruses that infect bacteria-were shown to be able to bind to mucus. This may result in a symbiotic relationship in which phages find bacterial hosts to infect, protecting the mucus-producing animal from bacterial infections in the process. Here, we studied phage binding on mucus and the effect of mucin on phage-bacterium interactions. The significance of our research is in showing that phage adhesion to mucus results in preventive protection against bacterial infections, which will serve as basis for the development of prophylactic phage therapy approaches. Besides, we also reveal that exposure to mucus upregulates bacterial virulence and that this is exploited by phages for infection, adding one additional layer to the metazoan-bacterium-phage biological interactions and ecology. This phenomenon might be widespread in the biosphere and thus crucial for understanding mucosal diseases, their outcome and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel M F Almeida
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
- Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Elina Laanto
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
- Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Roghaieh Ashrafi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
- Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Lotta-Riina Sundberg
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
- Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
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20
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Leite GGS, Morales W, Weitsman S, Celly S, Parodi G, Mathur R, Sedighi R, Barlow GM, Rezaie A, Pimentel M. Optimizing microbiome sequencing for small intestinal aspirates: validation of novel techniques through the REIMAGINE study. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:239. [PMID: 31675917 PMCID: PMC6824053 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1617-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The human small intestine plays a central role in the processes of digestion and nutrient absorption. However, characterizations of the human gut microbiome have largely relied on stool samples, and the associated methodologies are ill-suited for the viscosity and low microbial biomass of small intestine samples. As part of the REIMAGINE study to examine the specific roles of the small bowel microbiome in human health and disease, this study aimed to develop and validate methodologies to optimize microbial analysis of the small intestine. Results Subjects undergoing esophagogastroduodenoscopy without colon preparation for standard of care were prospectively recruited, and ~ 2 ml samples of luminal fluid were obtained from the duodenum using a custom sterile aspiration catheter. Samples of duodenal aspirates were either untreated (DA-U, N = 127) or pretreated with dithiothreitol (DA-DTT, N = 101), then cultured on MacConkey agar for quantitation of aerobic gram-negative bacteria, typically from the class Gammaproteobacteria, and on blood agar for quantitation of anaerobic microorganisms. DA-DTT exhibited 2.86-fold greater anaerobic bacterial counts compared to DA-U (P = 0.0101), but were not statistically different on MacConkey agar. DNA isolation from DA-U (N = 112) and DA-DTT (N = 43) samples and library preparation for 16S rRNA gene sequencing were also performed using modified protocols. DA-DTT samples exhibited 3.81-fold higher DNA concentrations (P = 0.0014) and 4.18-fold higher 16S library concentrations (P < 0.0001) then DA-U samples. 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed increases in the detected relative abundances of obligate and facultative anaerobes in DA-DTT samples, including increases in the genera Clostridium (false discovery rate (FDR) P = 4.38E-6), Enterococcus (FDR P = 2.57E-8), Fusobacterium (FDR P = 0.02) and Bacteroides (FDR P = 5.43E-9). Detected levels of Gram-negative enteropathogens from the phylum Proteobacteria, such as Klebsiella (FDR P = 2.73E-6) and Providencia (FDR P < 0.0001) (family Enterobacteriaceae) and Pseudomonas (family Pseudomonadaceae) (FDR P = 0.04), were also increased in DA-DTT samples. Conclusions This study validates novel DTT-based methodology which optimizes microbial culture and 16S rRNA gene sequencing for the study of the small bowel microbiome. The microbial analyses indicate increased isolation of facultative and obligate anaerobes from the mucus layer using these novel techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Walter Morales
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stacy Weitsman
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shreya Celly
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gonzalo Parodi
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ruchi Mathur
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rashin Sedighi
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gillian M Barlow
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ali Rezaie
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mark Pimentel
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Whittaker E, López-Varela E, Broderick C, Seddon JA. Examining the Complex Relationship Between Tuberculosis and Other Infectious Diseases in Children. Front Pediatr 2019; 7:233. [PMID: 31294001 PMCID: PMC6603259 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Millions of children are exposed to tuberculosis (TB) each year, many of which become infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Most children can immunologically contain or eradicate the organism without pathology developing. However, in a minority, the organism overcomes the immunological constraints, proliferates and causes TB disease. Each year a million children develop TB disease, with a quarter dying. While it is known that young children and those with immunodeficiencies are at increased risk of progression from TB infection to TB disease, our understanding of risk factors for this transition is limited. The most immunologically disruptive process that can happen during childhood is infection with another pathogen and yet the impact of co-infections on TB risk is poorly investigated. Many diseases have overlapping geographical distributions to TB and affect similar patient populations. It is therefore likely that infection with viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoa may impact on the risk of developing TB disease following exposure and infection, although disentangling correlation and causation is challenging. As vaccinations also disrupt immunological pathways, these may also impact on TB risk. In this article we describe the pediatric immune response to M. tuberculosis and then review the existing evidence of the impact of co-infection with other pathogens, as well as vaccination, on the host response to M. tuberculosis. We focus on the impact of other organisms on the risk of TB disease in children, in particularly evaluating if co-infections drive host immune responses in an age-dependent way. We finally propose priorities for future research in this field. An improved understanding of the impact of co-infections on TB could assist in TB control strategies, vaccine development (for TB vaccines or vaccines for other organisms), TB treatment approaches and TB diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Whittaker
- Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elisa López-Varela
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Claire Broderick
- Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James A. Seddon
- Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Campus, London, United Kingdom
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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Stebegg M, Silva-Cayetano A, Innocentin S, Jenkins TP, Cantacessi C, Gilbert C, Linterman MA. Heterochronic faecal transplantation boosts gut germinal centres in aged mice. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2443. [PMID: 31164642 PMCID: PMC6547660 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10430-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ageing is a complex multifactorial process associated with a plethora of disorders, which contribute significantly to morbidity worldwide. One of the organs significantly affected by age is the gut. Age-dependent changes of the gut-associated microbiome have been linked to increased frailty and systemic inflammation. This change in microbial composition with age occurs in parallel with a decline in function of the gut immune system; however, it is not clear whether there is a causal link between the two. Here we report that the defective germinal centre reaction in Peyer's patches of aged mice can be rescued by faecal transfers from younger adults into aged mice and by immunisations with cholera toxin, without affecting germinal centre reactions in peripheral lymph nodes. This demonstrates that the poor germinal centre reaction in aged animals is not irreversible, and that it is possible to improve this response in older individuals by providing appropriate stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Stebegg
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Alyssa Silva-Cayetano
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Silvia Innocentin
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Timothy P Jenkins
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Cinzia Cantacessi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Colin Gilbert
- Biological Services Unit, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Michelle A Linterman
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK.
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Early childhood cognitive development is affected by interactions among illness, diet, enteropathogens and the home environment: findings from the MAL-ED birth cohort study. BMJ Glob Health 2018; 3:e000752. [PMID: 30058645 PMCID: PMC6058175 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2018-000752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Millions of children in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) are at risk of not reaching their full cognitive potential. Malnutrition and enteric infections in early life are implicated as risk factors; however, most studies on these risks and their associations with cognitive development have failed to adequately account for confounding factors or the accumulation of putative insults. Here, we examine the interaction between infections and illness on cognitive development in LMIC community settings. Methods As part of the Etiology, Risk Factors, and Interactions of Enteric Infections and Malnutrition and the Consequences for Child Health and Development (MAL-ED) longitudinal birth cohort study, children from eight LMICs were followed from birth to 24 months to understand the influence of repeated enteric infections on child growth and development. Here, data from six sites were employed to evaluate associations between infection, illness, the home environment, micronutrient intake and status, maternal reasoning, and cognitive development at 24 months. Results Higher rates of enteropathogen detection and days with illness were associated with lower haemoglobin concentrations, which in turn were associated with lower cognitive scores at 24 months. Children with lower environmental health/safety scores and lower intakes of vitamin B6 and folate had more enteropathogen detections and illness. Strength of associations varied by weight-for-age in the first 17 days of life; lower weight infants were more susceptible to the negative effects of enteropathogens and illness. Conclusions Enteropathogens were negatively related to child cognitive development. However, other factors were more strongly associated with child cognition. Targeting of interventions to improve cognitive development should include a focus on reducing frequency of illness, improving the safety and healthfulness of the child’s environment, and improving dietary intake.
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24
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Kumar A, Vlasova AN, Deblais L, Huang HC, Wijeratne A, Kandasamy S, Fischer DD, Langel SN, Paim FC, Alhamo MA, Shao L, Saif LJ, Rajashekara G. Impact of nutrition and rotavirus infection on the infant gut microbiota in a humanized pig model. BMC Gastroenterol 2018; 18:93. [PMID: 29929472 PMCID: PMC6013989 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-018-0810-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human rotavirus (HRV) is a major cause of viral gastroenteritis in infants; particularly in developing countries where malnutrition is prevalent. Malnutrition perturbs the infant gut microbiota leading to sub-optimal functioning of the immune system and further predisposing infants to enteric infections. Therefore, we hypothesized that malnutrition exacerbates rotavirus disease severity in infants. METHODS In the present study, we used a neonatal germ free (GF) piglets transplanted with a two-month-old human infant's fecal microbiota (HIFM) on protein deficient and sufficient diets. We report the effects of malnourishment on the HRV infection and the HIFM pig microbiota in feces, intestinal and systemic tissues, using MiSeq 16S gene sequencing (V4-V5 region). RESULTS Microbiota analysis indicated that the HIFM transplantation resulted in a microbial composition in pigs similar to that of the original infant feces. This model was then used to understand the interconnections between microbiota diversity, diet, and HRV infection. Post HRV infection, HIFM pigs on the deficient diet had lower body weights, developed more severe diarrhea and increased virus shedding compared to HIFM pigs on sufficient diet. However, HRV induced diarrhea and shedding was more pronounced in non-colonized GF pigs compared to HIFM pigs on either sufficient or deficient diet, suggesting that the microbiota alone moderated HRV infection. HRV infected pigs on sufficient diet showed increased microbiota diversity in intestinal tissues; whereas, greater diversity was observed in systemic tissues of HRV infected pigs fed with deficient diet. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that proper nourishment improves the microbiota quality in the intestines, alleviates HRV disease and lower probability of systemic translocation of potential opportunistic pathogens/pathobionts. In conclusion, our findings further support the role for microbiota and proper nutrition in limiting enteric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Kumar
- Food Animal Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center,Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
- Present address: Group B-10: Biosecurity and Public Health, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | - Anastasia N. Vlasova
- Food Animal Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center,Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Loic Deblais
- Food Animal Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center,Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Huang-Chi Huang
- Food Animal Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center,Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Asela Wijeratne
- The Molecular and Cellular Imaging Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH USA
| | - Sukumar Kandasamy
- Food Animal Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center,Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - David D. Fischer
- Food Animal Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center,Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Stephanie N. Langel
- Food Animal Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center,Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Francine Chimelo Paim
- Food Animal Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center,Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Moyasar A. Alhamo
- Food Animal Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center,Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Lulu Shao
- Food Animal Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center,Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
- Present address: Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, 4200 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA
| | - Linda J. Saif
- Food Animal Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center,Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Gireesh Rajashekara
- Food Animal Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center,Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
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Ayyash M, Abushelaibi A, Al-Mahadin S, Enan M, El-Tarabily K, Shah N. In-vitro investigation into probiotic characterisation of Streptococcus and Enterococcus isolated from camel milk. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2017.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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26
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Ramees TP, Dhama K, Karthik K, Rathore RS, Kumar A, Saminathan M, Tiwari R, Malik YS, Singh RK. Arcobacter: an emerging food-borne zoonotic pathogen, its public health concerns and advances in diagnosis and control - a comprehensive review. Vet Q 2017; 37:136-161. [PMID: 28438095 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2017.1323355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Arcobacter has emerged as an important food-borne zoonotic pathogen, causing sometimes serious infections in humans and animals. Newer species of Arcobacter are being incessantly emerging (presently 25 species have been identified) with novel information on the evolutionary mechanisms and genetic diversity among different Arcobacter species. These have been reported from chickens, domestic animals (cattle, pigs, sheep, horses, dogs), reptiles (lizards, snakes and chelonians), meat (poultry, pork, goat, lamb, beef, rabbit), vegetables and from humans in different countries. Arcobacters are implicated as causative agents of diarrhea, mastitis and abortion in animals, while causing bacteremia, endocarditis, peritonitis, gastroenteritis and diarrhea in humans. Three species including A. butzleri, A. cryaerophilus and A. skirrowii are predominantly associated with clinical conditions. Arcobacters are primarily transmitted through contaminated food and water sources. Identification of Arcobacter by biochemical tests is difficult and isolation remains the gold standard method. Current diagnostic advances have provided various molecular methods for efficient detection and differentiation of the Arcobacters at genus and species level. To overcome the emerging antibiotic resistance problem there is an essential need to explore the potential of novel and alternative therapies. Strengthening of the diagnostic aspects is also suggested as in most cases Arcobacters goes unnoticed and hence the exact epidemiological status remains uncertain. This review updates the current knowledge and many aspects of this important food-borne pathogen, namely etiology, evolution and emergence, genetic diversity, epidemiology, the disease in animals and humans, public health concerns, and advances in its diagnosis, prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thadiyam Puram Ramees
- a Division of Veterinary Public Health , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- b Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- c Central University Laboratory , Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University , Chennai , India
| | - Ramswaroop Singh Rathore
- a Division of Veterinary Public Health , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- a Division of Veterinary Public Health , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
| | - Mani Saminathan
- b Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- d Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences , UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU) , Mathura , India
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- e Division of Biological Standardization , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
| | - Raj Kumar Singh
- f ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
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Abstract
Rotavirus infections are a leading cause of severe, dehydrating gastroenteritis in children <5 years of age. Despite the global introduction of vaccinations for rotavirus over a decade ago, rotavirus infections still result in >200,000 deaths annually, mostly in low-income countries. Rotavirus primarily infects enterocytes and induces diarrhoea through the destruction of absorptive enterocytes (leading to malabsorption), intestinal secretion stimulated by rotavirus non-structural protein 4 and activation of the enteric nervous system. In addition, rotavirus infections can lead to antigenaemia (which is associated with more severe manifestations of acute gastroenteritis) and viraemia, and rotavirus can replicate in systemic sites, although this is limited. Reinfections with rotavirus are common throughout life, although the disease severity is reduced with repeat infections. The immune correlates of protection against rotavirus reinfection and recovery from infection are poorly understood, although rotavirus-specific immunoglobulin A has a role in both aspects. The management of rotavirus infection focuses on the prevention and treatment of dehydration, although the use of antiviral and anti-emetic drugs can be indicated in some cases.
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28
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Oriá RB, Murray-Kolb LE, Scharf RJ, Pendergast LL, Lang DR, Kolling GL, Guerrant RL. Early-life enteric infections: relation between chronic systemic inflammation and poor cognition in children. Nutr Rev 2016; 74:374-86. [PMID: 27142301 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuw008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota undergoes active remodeling in the first 6 to 18 months of life, during which time the characteristics of the adult microbiota are developed. This process is strongly influenced by the early diet and enteric pathogens. Enteric infections and malnutrition early in life may favor microbiota dysbiosis and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, resulting in intestinal barrier dysfunction and translocation of intestinal bacterial products, ultimately leading to low-grade, chronic, subclinical systemic inflammation. The leaky gut-derived low-grade systemic inflammation may have profound consequences on the gut-liver-brain axis, compromising normal growth, metabolism, and cognitive development. This review examines recent data suggesting that early-life enteric infections that lead to intestinal barrier disruption may shift the intestinal microbiota toward chronic systemic inflammation and subsequent impaired cognitive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinaldo B Oriá
- R.B. Oriá is with the Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedicine and Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil. L.E. Murray-Kolb is with The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA. R.J. Scharf, G. Kolling, and R.L. Guerrant are with the Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA. L.L. Pendergast is with the School Psychology Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. D.R. Lang is with the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
| | - Laura E Murray-Kolb
- R.B. Oriá is with the Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedicine and Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil. L.E. Murray-Kolb is with The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA. R.J. Scharf, G. Kolling, and R.L. Guerrant are with the Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA. L.L. Pendergast is with the School Psychology Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. D.R. Lang is with the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Rebecca J Scharf
- R.B. Oriá is with the Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedicine and Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil. L.E. Murray-Kolb is with The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA. R.J. Scharf, G. Kolling, and R.L. Guerrant are with the Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA. L.L. Pendergast is with the School Psychology Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. D.R. Lang is with the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Laura L Pendergast
- R.B. Oriá is with the Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedicine and Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil. L.E. Murray-Kolb is with The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA. R.J. Scharf, G. Kolling, and R.L. Guerrant are with the Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA. L.L. Pendergast is with the School Psychology Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. D.R. Lang is with the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dennis R Lang
- R.B. Oriá is with the Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedicine and Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil. L.E. Murray-Kolb is with The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA. R.J. Scharf, G. Kolling, and R.L. Guerrant are with the Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA. L.L. Pendergast is with the School Psychology Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. D.R. Lang is with the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Glynis L Kolling
- R.B. Oriá is with the Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedicine and Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil. L.E. Murray-Kolb is with The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA. R.J. Scharf, G. Kolling, and R.L. Guerrant are with the Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA. L.L. Pendergast is with the School Psychology Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. D.R. Lang is with the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard L Guerrant
- R.B. Oriá is with the Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedicine and Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil. L.E. Murray-Kolb is with The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA. R.J. Scharf, G. Kolling, and R.L. Guerrant are with the Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA. L.L. Pendergast is with the School Psychology Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. D.R. Lang is with the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Bhattacharya S, Mukherjee O, Mukhopadhyay AK, Chowdhury R, Pal AK, Dhar KK. A Conserved Helicobacter pylori Gene, HP0102, Is Induced Upon Contact With Gastric Cells and Has Multiple Roles in Pathogenicity. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:196-204. [PMID: 27056952 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Contact with host cells is recognized as a signal capable of triggering expression of bacterial genes important for host pathogen interaction. Adherence of Helicobacter pylori to the gastric epithelial cell line AGS strongly upregulated expression of a gene, HP0102, in the adhered bacteria in all strains examined, including several Indian clinical isolates. The gene is highly conserved and ubiquitously present in all 69 sequenced H. pylori genomes at the same genomic locus, as well as in 15 Indian clinical isolates. The gene is associated with 2 distinct phenotypes related to pathogenicity. In AGS cell-adhered H. pylori, it has a role in upregulation of cagA expression from a specific σ(28)-RNAP promoter and consequent induction of the hummingbird phenotype in the infected AGS cells. Furthermore, HP0102 has a role in chemotaxis and a ΔHP0102 mutant exhibited low acid-escape response that might account for the poor colonization efficiency of the mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Bhattacharya
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology
| | - Oindrilla Mukherjee
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology
| | - Asish K Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Rukhsana Chowdhury
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology
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van der Put RMF, Kim TH, Guerreiro C, Thouron F, Hoogerhout P, Sansonetti PJ, Westdijk J, Stork M, Phalipon A, Mulard LA. A Synthetic Carbohydrate Conjugate Vaccine Candidate against Shigellosis: Improved Bioconjugation and Impact of Alum on Immunogenicity. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:883-92. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. F. van der Put
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc), P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Tae Hee Kim
- Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75 724 Paris Cedex 15, France
- CNRS UMR 3523, Institut Pasteur, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Catherine Guerreiro
- Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75 724 Paris Cedex 15, France
- CNRS UMR 3523, Institut Pasteur, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Françoise Thouron
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75 724 Paris Cedex 15, France
- INSERM U1202, Institut Pasteur, F75015 Paris, France
| | - Peter Hoogerhout
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc), P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Philippe J. Sansonetti
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75 724 Paris Cedex 15, France
- INSERM U1202, Institut Pasteur, F75015 Paris, France
| | - Janny Westdijk
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc), P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Stork
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc), P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Armelle Phalipon
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75 724 Paris Cedex 15, France
- INSERM U1202, Institut Pasteur, F75015 Paris, France
| | - Laurence A. Mulard
- Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75 724 Paris Cedex 15, France
- CNRS UMR 3523, Institut Pasteur, F-75015 Paris, France
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Regulation of virulence: the rise and fall of gastrointestinal pathogens. J Gastroenterol 2016; 51:195-205. [PMID: 26553054 PMCID: PMC4767578 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-015-1141-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colonization resistance by the commensal microbiota is a key defense against infectious pathogens in the gastrointestinal tract. The microbiota directly competes with incoming pathogens by occupying the colonization niche, depleting nutrients in the gut lumen as well as indirectly inhibiting the growth of pathogens through activation of host immunity. Enteric pathogens have evolved strategies to cope with microbiota-mediated colonization resistance. Pathogens utilize a wide array of virulence factors to outcompete their commensal rivals in the gut. However, since the expression of virulence factors is costly to maintain and reduces bacterial fitness, pathogens need to regulate their virulence properly in order to maximize their fitness. To this end, most pathogens use environmental cues to regulate their virulence gene expression. Thus, a dynamic regulation of virulence factor expression is a key invasion strategy utilized by enteric pathogens. On the other hand, host immunity selectively targets virulent pathogens in order to counter infection in the gut. The host immune system is generally tolerant of harmless microorganisms, such as the commensal microbiota. Moreover, the host relies on its commensal microbiota to contribute, in concert with its immune system, to the elimination of pathogens. Collectively, regulation of virulence determines the fate of enteric pathogens, from the establishment of infection to the eventual elimination. Here, we will review the dynamics of virulence and its role in infection.
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Chen X, Choudhari SP, Kumar P, Toth RT, Kim JH, Van Roosmalen ML, Leenhouts K, Middaugh CR, Picking WL, Picking WD. Biophysical Characterization of the Type III Secretion System Translocator Proteins and the Translocator Proteins Attached to Bacterium-Like Particles. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:4065-4073. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Tikhonov EA. Structural Changes in Large Intestinal Aggregated Lymphoid Follicles in Wistar Rats During Postnatal Ontogeny. Bull Exp Biol Med 2015; 159:662-5. [PMID: 26463055 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-015-3042-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative evaluation of aggregated lymphoid follicles in various compartments of the large intestine was carried out in Wistar rats of different age: newborn (3-4 days), prepubertal (20-30 days), adult (2-3 months), and old (16-18 months). No aggregated lymphoid tissue was detected in the large intestinal mucosa of newborn animals. The cecum of prepubertal, adult, and old animals contained solitary patches with 7-9 follicles. Higher percentage of aggregated lymphoid tissue, associated with colonic mucosa, was explained by enlargement of the lymphoid patch area and of the number of solitary lymphoid follicles during the postnatal ontogenesis. The mean area of a patch in the distal part of the colon in prepubertal, adult, and old animals was 3.2, 2.5, and 2.2 times larger than in the medial part of the intestine, the number of follicles per patch was 2.8, 2.8, and 2.5 times higher, respectively. The differences were significant only for the two younger groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Tikhonov
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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Moré MI, Swidsinski A. Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 supports regeneration of the intestinal microbiota after diarrheic dysbiosis - a review. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2015; 8:237-55. [PMID: 26316791 PMCID: PMC4542552 DOI: 10.2147/ceg.s85574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The probiotic medicinal yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae HANSEN CBS 5926 (Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745) is used for the prevention and treatment of diarrhea. Its action is based on multiple mechanisms, including immunological effects, pathogen-binding and antitoxinic effects, as well as effects on digestive enzymes. Correlated with these effects, but also due to its inherent properties, S. boulardii is able to create a favorable growth environment for the beneficial intestinal microbiota, while constituting extra protection to the host mucus layer and mucosa. This review focuses on the positive influence of S. boulardii on the composition of the intestinal microbiota. In a dysbiosis, as during diarrhea, the main microbial population (especially Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, Bacteroidaceae, and Prevotellaceae) is known to collapse by at least one order of magnitude. This gap generally leads to transient increases in pioneer-type bacteria (Enterobacteriaceae, Bifidobacteriaceae, and Clostridiaceae). Several human studies as well as animal models demonstrate that treatment with S. boulardii in dysbiosis leads to the faster reestablishment of a healthy microbiome. The most relevant effects of S. boulardii on the fecal composition include an increase of short chain fatty acid-producing bacteria (along with a rise in short chain fatty acids), especially of Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae, as well as an increase in Bacteroidaceae and Prevotellaceae. At the same time, there is a suppression of pioneer bacteria. The previously observed preventive action of S. boulardii, eg, during antibiotic therapy or regarding traveler’s diarrhea, can be explained by several mechanisms, including a stabilizing effect on the healthy microbiota as well as possibly on the mucus layer. Several different dysbiotic situations could profit from the effects of S. boulardii CNCM I-745. Its additional potential lies in a general stabilization of the gut flora for at-risk populations. More studies are needed to explore the full potential of this versatile probiotic yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander Swidsinski
- Laboratory for Molecular Genetics, Polymicrobial Infections and Bacterial Biofilms, Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology, Charité Hospital, CCM, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Lang D. Opportunities to assess factors contributing to the development of the intestinal microbiota in infants living in developing countries. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2015; 26:28316. [PMID: 26031686 PMCID: PMC4451096 DOI: 10.3402/mehd.v26.28316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that establishment of a healthy gut microbiota shortly after birth is important to achieve optimal growth and development of children. Being born into a resource-poor environment presents challenges to the establishment of a healthy gut microbial flora in the newborn. Among these challenges are births that occur at home, traditional pre-lacteal feeding of newborns leading to failure to initiate lactation, poor sanitation and water quality, early environmental exposure to, and infection with, enteric or other pathogens, suboptimal breast feeding duration and intensity, deficiencies in weaning and childhood diets contributing to micro- and macro-nutrient deficiencies, and the frequent use of antibiotics. These factors should be considered in the design and implementation of preventive and therapeutic interventions aimed at improving the health and development of these children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Lang
- Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA;
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GUT in FOCUS Symposium NOBEL FORUM, Karolinska Institutet, February 2nd 2015. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2015; 26:28480. [PMID: 26031687 PMCID: PMC4451120 DOI: 10.3402/mehd.v26.28480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ferreira S, Queiroz JA, Oleastro M, Domingues FC. Insights in the pathogenesis and resistance of Arcobacter: A review. Crit Rev Microbiol 2015; 42:364-83. [PMID: 25806423 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2014.954523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Arcobacter genus currently comprises 18 recognized species, among which Arcobacter butzleri, Arcobacter cryaerophilus and Arcobacter skirrowii have been associated with human and animal disease. Although these organisms, with special emphasis A. butzleri, are emerging as clinical pathogens, several aspects of their epidemiology and virulence are only starting to be clarified. In vitro human and animal cell culture assays have been used to show that several Arcobacter species can adhere to and invade eukaryotic cells, induce an immune response and produce toxins that damage host cells. In addition, data from genome sequencing highlighted several potential markers that may be helpful candidates for the study and understanding of these mechanisms; however, more work is necessary to clarify the molecular mechanisms involved in Arcobacter virulence. Arcobacter can be considered a relatively robust organism showing to be able to survive in adverse conditions, as the ones imposed by food processing and storage. Moreover, these bacteria have shown increased antibiotic resistance, along with high multidrug resistance. In this review, we seek to update the state-of-the-art concerning Arcobacter distribution, its interaction with the host, the trends of antibiotic resistance, its ability to survive, and finally the use of natural antimicrobials for control of Arcobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Ferreira
- a CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior , Covilhã , Portugal and
| | - João A Queiroz
- a CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior , Covilhã , Portugal and
| | - Mónica Oleastro
- b Department of Infectious Diseases , National Reference Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Infections, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge , Lisbon , Portugal
| | - Fernanda C Domingues
- a CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior , Covilhã , Portugal and
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Steyer A, Gutiérrez-Aguirre I, Rački N, Beigot Glaser S, Brajer Humar B, Stražar M, Škrjanc I, Poljšak-Prijatelj M, Ravnikar M, Rupnik M. The Detection Rate of Enteric Viruses and Clostridium difficile in a Waste Water Treatment Plant Effluent. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2015; 7:164-172. [PMID: 25663146 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-015-9183-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Waste water treatment plant (WWTP) is considered as an important source of surface water contamination by enteric pathogens. In this study, we describe the occurrence of enteric viruses (group A rotaviruses, noroviruses, astroviruses, sapoviruses, hepatitis A virus, and hepatitis E virus) and Clostridium difficile in the effluent of a wastewater treatment plant during a 1-year period. Enteric viruses were simultaneously and efficiently concentrated in a single step using methacrylate monolithic chromatographic support. Rotaviruses, noroviruses (genogroup I and II), and sapoviruses were detected in all 12 concentrated samples, whereas astroviruses were not detected in August and September and hepatitis A and E viruses were not detected at all. Clostridium difficile was detected in all samples and altogether 121 strains were isolated and grouped into 32 different ribotypes of which 014/020 and 010 were most prevalent. Pathogens detected in WWTP effluent partially reflect the epidemiological situation of enteric viruses and C. difficile in human population and open the discussion on implementation of possible techniques for virus and bacteria removal from WWTP effluent prior to release into the surface water system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Steyer
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia,
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Food poisoning outbreak in Thailand: A review on situations. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(15)60887-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Nausea, Vomiting, and Noninflammatory Diarrhea. MANDELL, DOUGLAS, AND BENNETT'S PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2015. [PMCID: PMC7173487 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-4801-3.00100-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Sengupta C, Ray S, Chowdhury R. Fine tuning of virulence regulatory pathways in enteric bacteria in response to varying bile and oxygen concentrations in the gastrointestinal tract. Gut Pathog 2014; 6:38. [PMID: 25349633 PMCID: PMC4209513 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-014-0038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
After entering the gastrointestinal (GI) tract on the way to their physiological site of infection, enteric bacteria encounter a remarkable diversity in environmental conditions. There are gross differences in the physico-chemical parameters in different sections of the GI tract e.g. between the stomach, small intestine and large intestine. Furthermore, even within a certain anatomical site, there are subtle differences in the microenvironment e.g. between the lumen, mucous layer and epithelial surface. Enteric pathogens must not only survive passage through the rapidly changing environments encountered at different niches of the GI tract but must also appropriately coordinate expression of virulence determinants in response to environmental cues at different stages of infection. There are some common themes in the responses of enteric pathogens to environmental cues, there are also distinct differences that may reflect differences in basic pathogenesis mechanisms. The role of bile and oxygen concentration in spatiotemporal regulation of virulence genes in selected enteric pathogens has been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirantana Sengupta
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Sreejana Ray
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Rukhsana Chowdhury
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India ; Academy for Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IICB Campus, Kolkata 700032, India
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Santos RL. Pathobiology of salmonella, intestinal microbiota, and the host innate immune response. Front Immunol 2014; 5:252. [PMID: 24904595 PMCID: PMC4033611 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a relevant pathogen under a clinical and public health perspective. Therefore, there has been a significant scientific effort to learn about pathogenic determinants of this pathogen. The clinical relevance of the disease, associated with the molecular tools available to study Salmonella as well as suitable animal models for salmonellosis, have provided optimal conditions to drive the scientific community to generate a large expansion of our knowledge about the pathogenesis of Salmonella-induced enterocolitis that took place during the past two decades. This research effort has also generated a wealth of information on the host immune mechanisms that complements gaps in the fundamental research in this area. This review focus on how the interaction between Salmonella, the microbiota and intestinal innate immunity leads to disease manifestation. As a highly successful enteropathogen, Salmonella actively elicits a robust acute intestinal inflammatory response from the host, which could theoretically lead to the pathogen demise. However, Salmonella has evolved redundant molecular machineries that renders this pathogen highly adapted to the inflamed intestinal environment, in which Salmonella is capable of outcompete resident commensal organisms. The adaptation of Salmonella to the inflamed intestinal lumen associated with the massive inflammatory response that leads to diarrhea, generate perfect conditions for transmission of the pathogen. These conditions illustrate the complexity of the co-evolution and ecology of the pathogen, commensals, and the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Lima Santos
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
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ten Bruggencate SJM, Bovee-Oudenhoven IMJ, Feitsma AL, van Hoffen E, Schoterman MHC. Functional role and mechanisms of sialyllactose and other sialylated milk oligosaccharides. Nutr Rev 2014; 72:377-89. [PMID: 24828428 DOI: 10.1111/nure.12106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk is a rich source of oligosaccharides. Acidic oligosaccharides, such as sialyllactose (SL), contain sialic acid (SA) residues. In human milk, approximately 73% of SA is bound to oligosaccharides, whereas only 3% is present in free form. Oligosaccharides are highly resistant to hydrolysis in the gastrointestinal tract. Only a small portion of the available oligosaccharides in breast milk is absorbed in the neonatal small intestine. SL and sialylated oligosaccharides are thought to have significant health benefits for the neonate, because of their roles in supporting resistance to pathogens, gut maturation, immune function, and cognitive development. The need for SA to allow proper development during the neonatal period is thought to exceed the endogenous synthesis. Therefore, these structures are important nutrients for the neonate. Based on the potential benefits, SL and sialylated oligosaccharides may be interesting components for application in infant nutrition. Once the hurdle of limited availability of these oligosaccharides has been overcome, their functionality can be explored in more detail, and supplementation of infant formula may become feasible.
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Yalda Lucero A. Etiología y manejo de la gastroenteritis aguda infecciosa en niños y adultos. REVISTA MÉDICA CLÍNICA LAS CONDES 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s0716-8640(14)70063-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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45
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Daulatzai MA. Chronic functional bowel syndrome enhances gut-brain axis dysfunction, neuroinflammation, cognitive impairment, and vulnerability to dementia. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:624-44. [PMID: 24590859 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1266-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common chronic functional gastrointestinal disorder world wide that lasts for decades. The human gut harbors a diverse population of microbial organisms which is symbiotic and important for well being. However, studies on conventional, germ-free, and obese animals have shown that alteration in normal commensal gut microbiota and an increase in pathogenic microbiota-termed "dysbiosis", impact gut function, homeostasis, and health. Diarrhea, constipation, visceral hypersensitivity, and abdominal pain arise in IBS from the gut-induced dysfunctional metabolic, immune, and neuro-immune communication. Dysbiosis in IBS is associated with gut inflammation. Gut-related inflammation is pivotal in promoting endotoxemia, systemic inflammation, and neuroinflammation. A significant proportion of IBS patients chronically consume alcohol, non-steroidal anti-inflammatories, and fatty diet; they may also suffer from co-morbid respiratory, neuromuscular, psychological, sleep, and neurological disorders. The above pathophysiological substrate is underpinned by dysbiosis, and dysfunctional bidirectional "Gut-Brain Axis" pathways. Pathogenic gut microbiota-related systemic inflammation (due to increased lipopolysaccharide and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and barrier dysfunction), may trigger neuroinflammation enhancing dysfunctional brain regions including hippocampus and cerebellum. These as well as dysfunctional vago-vagal gut-brain axis may promote cognitive impairment. Indeed, inflammation is characteristic of a broad spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases that manifest demntia. It is argued that an awareness of pathophysiological impact of IBS and implementation of appropriate therapeutic measures may prevent cognitive impairment and minimize vulnerability to dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mak Adam Daulatzai
- Sleep Disorders Group, EEE Department, Melbourne School of Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, 3rd Floor, Room No. 344, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia,
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Dickenson NE, Arizmendi O, Patil MK, Toth RT, Middaugh CR, Picking WD, Picking WL. N-terminus of IpaB provides a potential anchor to the Shigella type III secretion system tip complex protein IpaD. Biochemistry 2013; 52:8790-9. [PMID: 24236510 DOI: 10.1021/bi400755f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The type III secretion system (T3SS) is an essential virulence factor for Shigella flexneri , providing a conduit through which host-altering effectors are injected directly into a host cell to promote uptake. The type III secretion apparatus (T3SA) is composed of a basal body, external needle, and regulatory tip complex. The nascent needle is a polymer of MxiH capped by a pentamer of invasion plasmid antigen D (IpaD). Exposure to bile salts (e.g., deoxycholate) causes a conformational change in IpaD and promotes recruitment of IpaB to the needle tip. It has been proposed that IpaB senses contact with host cell membranes, recruiting IpaC and inducing full secretion of T3SS effectors. Although the steps of T3SA maturation and their external triggers have been identified, details of specific protein interactions and mechanisms have remained difficult to study because of the hydrophobic nature of the IpaB and IpaC translocator proteins. Here, we explored the ability for a series of soluble N-terminal IpaB peptides to interact with IpaD. We found that DOC is required for the interaction and that a region of IpaB between residues 11-27 is required for maximum binding, which was confirmed in vivo. Furthermore, intramolecular FRET measurements indicated that movement of the IpaD distal domain away from the protein core accompanied the binding of IpaB11-226. Together, these new findings provide important new insight into the interactions and potential mechanisms that define the maturation of the Shigella T3SA needle tip complex and provide a foundation for further studies probing T3SS activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E Dickenson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University , Logan, Utah 84322, United States
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Guarding the perimeter: protection of the mucosa by tissue-resident memory T cells. Mucosal Immunol 2013; 6:14-23. [PMID: 23131785 PMCID: PMC4034055 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2012.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal tissues are continually bombarded with infectious agents seeking to gain entry into the body. The absence of a tough physical exterior layer surrounding these tissues creates a unique challenge for the immune system, which manages to provide broad protection against a plethora of different organisms with the aid of special adaptations that augment immunity at these vulnerable sites. For example, specialized populations of memory T lymphocytes reside at initial sites of pathogen entry into the body, where they provide an important protective barrier. Similar anatomically-confined populations of pathogen-specific CD8 T cells can be found near the outer margins of the body following recovery from a variety of local infections, where they share very similar phenotypic characteristics. How these tissue-resident T cells are retained in a single anatomic location where they can promote immunity is beginning to be defined. Here, we will review current knowledge of the mechanisms that help establish and maintain these regional lymphocytes in the mucosal tissues and discuss relevant data that enhance our understanding of the contribution of these lymphocyte populations to protective immunity against infectious diseases.
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