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Egami Y, Kawai K, Araki N. Rit1-TBC1D10B signaling modulates FcγR-mediated phagosome formation in RAW264 macrophages. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202402651. [PMID: 39084876 PMCID: PMC11291910 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202402651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis is an important immune response that protects the host from pathogen invasion. Rit1 GTPase is known to be involved in diverse cellular processes. However, its role in FcγR-mediated phagocytosis remains unclear. Our live-cell imaging analysis revealed that Rit1 was localized to the membranes of F-actin-rich phagocytic cups in RAW264 macrophages. Rit1 knockout and expression of the GDP-locked Rit1 mutant suppressed phagosome formation. We also found that TBC1D10B, a GAP for the Rab family GTPases, colocalizes with Rit1 in the membranes of phagocytic cups. Expression and knockout studies have shown that TBC1D10B decreases phagosome formation in both Rab-GAP activity-dependent and -independent manners. Notably, the expression of the GDP-locked Rit1 mutant or Rit1 knockout inhibited the dissociation of TBC1D10B from phagocytic cups. In addition, the expression of the GTP-locked Rit1 mutant promoted the dissociation of TBC1D10B in phagocytic cups and restored the rate of phagosome formation in TBC1D10B-expressing cells. These data suggest that Rit1-TBC1D10B signaling regulates FcγR-mediated phagosome formation in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youhei Egami
- https://ror.org/04j7mzp05 Department of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Kawai
- https://ror.org/04j7mzp05 Department of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Japan
| | - Nobukazu Araki
- https://ror.org/04j7mzp05 Department of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Japan
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2
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Lee ES, Nguyen N, Young BE, Wee H, Wazny V, Lee KL, Tay KY, Goh LL, Chioh FW, Law MC, Lee IR, Ang LT, Loh KM, Chan MY, Fan BE, Dalan R, Lye DC, Renia L, Cheung C. Inflammatory risk contributes to post-COVID endothelial dysfunction through anti-ACKR1 autoantibody. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202402598. [PMID: 38740432 PMCID: PMC11091471 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202402598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Subclinical vascular impairment can be exacerbated in individuals who experience sustained inflammation after COVID-19 infection. Our study explores the prevalence and impact of autoantibodies on vascular dysfunction in healthy COVID-19 survivors, an area that remains inadequately investigated. Focusing on autoantibodies against the atypical chemokine receptor 1 (ACKR1), COVID-19 survivors demonstrated significantly elevated anti-ACKR1 autoantibodies, correlating with systemic cytokines, circulating damaged endothelial cells, and endothelial dysfunction. An independent cohort linked these autoantibodies to increased vascular disease outcomes during a median 6.7-yr follow-up. We analyzed a single-cell transcriptome atlas of endothelial cells from diverse mouse tissues, identifying enriched Ackr1 expressions in venous regions of the brain and soleus muscle vasculatures, which holds intriguing implications for tissue-specific venous thromboembolism manifestations reported in COVID-19. Functionally, purified immunoglobulin G (IgG) extracted from patient plasma did not trigger cell apoptosis or increase barrier permeability in human vein endothelial cells. Instead, plasma IgG enhanced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity mediated by patient PBMCs, a phenomenon alleviated by blocking peptide or liposome ACKR1 recombinant protein. The blocking peptide uncovered that purified IgG from COVID-19 survivors possessed potential epitopes in the N-terminal extracellular domain of ACKR1, which effectively averted antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Our findings offer insights into therapeutic development to mitigate autoantibody reactivity in blood vessels in chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ee-Soo Lee
- https://ror.org/02e7b5302 Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nhi Nguyen
- https://ror.org/02e7b5302 Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Barnaby E Young
- https://ror.org/02e7b5302 Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hannah Wee
- https://ror.org/02e7b5302 Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vanessa Wazny
- https://ror.org/02e7b5302 Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Khang Leng Lee
- https://ror.org/02e7b5302 Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kai Yi Tay
- https://ror.org/02e7b5302 Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Liuh Ling Goh
- Department of Endocrinology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Florence Wj Chioh
- https://ror.org/02e7b5302 Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michelle Cy Law
- https://ror.org/02e7b5302 Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - I Russel Lee
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lay Teng Ang
- Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kyle M Loh
- Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mark Y Chan
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- National University Heart Centre, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bingwen E Fan
- https://ror.org/02e7b5302 Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Haematology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rinkoo Dalan
- https://ror.org/02e7b5302 Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Endocrinology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - David C Lye
- https://ror.org/02e7b5302 Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Laurent Renia
- https://ror.org/02e7b5302 Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christine Cheung
- https://ror.org/02e7b5302 Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
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3
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Typiak M, Żurawa-Janicka D. Not an immune cell, but they may act like one-cells with immune properties outside the immune system. Immunol Cell Biol 2024; 102:487-499. [PMID: 38650437 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The cells presented in this work are not classified as cells that make up the immune system. They, however, present functions and molecules, which are characteristic of immune cells. These characteristic functions are, for example, sensing threat, performing phagocytosis, presentation of foreign antigens, cytokine release or enhancing immune memory. The enlisted immune response mechanisms are carried out by the possession of molecules such as Toll-like receptors, receptors for the Fc fragment of IgG, major histocompatibility complex class II molecules, costimulatory CD80/CD86 proteins and molecules needed for NLRP3 (NOD-like family pyrin domain containing 3) inflammasome activation. Thanks to these properties, the described nonimmune cells play an important role in the local immune response and support of the entire body in the fight against pathogens. They constitute the first line of defense of tissues and organs against pathogens and molecules recognized as harmful. The cells described in this article are particularly important in immunologically privileged places (e.g. the Bowman's capsule in the kidney), where "typical" immune cells normally do not have access. In this paper, we present immune-like functions and molecule suites of resident kidney cells (podocytes and mesangial cells), cochlear resident cells, fibrocytes and fibroblasts, as well as some stem cells (mesenchymal stem cells and umbilical cord Wharton's jelly-derived cells).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlena Typiak
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Dorota Żurawa-Janicka
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
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Ngum NH, Masakebenagha NE, Mahamat O. Antimalarial and Immunomodulatory Activities of Tithonia diversifolia (Asteraceae) Leave Flafonoids-Rich Extract Used in Cameroonian Traditional Medecine. SCIENTIFICA 2024; 2024:8645178. [PMID: 38962528 PMCID: PMC11221963 DOI: 10.1155/2024/8645178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Background Phytochemicals are considered the reliable source for the treatment of infection including malaria. Especially, phenols are known as potentially toxic to the growth and development of pathogens, among which flavonoids are the most extensively studied and play more intensive roles in ethnopharmacology. The immunological effect and role of T. diversifolia flavonoids-rich extract in treatment of malaria have therefore been examined in this study. Methods In vitro test against Plasmodium falciparum and 4-day suppressive and Rane's tests against Plasmodium berghei in mice were used to evaluate the antimalarial activities. TNF-α and INF-γ levels, phagocytic tests, and production of oxygen and nitrogen radical were assessed to appreciate the immunomodulatory activity. One-way analysis of variance followed by post hoc Student's t tests was used for data analysis. Results T. diversifolia flavonoids-rich extract at the concentrations ranging from 0.0004 mg/ml significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner the growth of trophozoite up to 100% inhibition with 0.025 mg/ml at 24 and 48 hrs. Moreover, T. diversifolia flavonoids-rich extract reduced the level of parasitemia and improved in a dose-dependent manner the survival time of infected mice significantly (p < 0.05) compared to their control in 4-day suppressive test as well as in Rane's test. Additionally, T. diversifolia flavonoids-rich extract increased the TNF-α and INF-γ levels in rats infected by P. berghei. Furthermore, the flavonoid-rich extract enhanced weight of spleen in the rats, the metabolic and phagocytic activities of the peritoneal cells, and the concentration of nitric oxide and oxygen radicals in methylprednisolone-immunocompromised rats compared to the control (p < 0.05). Conclusion The study has revealed that T. diversifolia flavonoids-rich extract through its antiplasmodial and phagocytic activities is a promising treatment of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ntonifor Helen Ngum
- Department of ZoologyFaculty of SciencesUniversity of Bamenda, North West, Bamenda, Cameroon
| | - Ndoah Ellen Masakebenagha
- Department of Microbiology and ParasitologyFaculty of SciencesUniversity of Bamenda, North West, Bamenda, Cameroon
| | - Oumar Mahamat
- Department of ZoologyFaculty of SciencesUniversity of Bamenda, North West, Bamenda, Cameroon
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5
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Reyes-Becerril M, Maldonado-García M, López MG, Calvo-Gómez O, Díaz SM. Cyrtocarpa edulis fruit and its immunostimulant effect on Almaco Jack Seriola rivoliana: in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo studies. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:1393-1407. [PMID: 38285242 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10309-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The present study investigates for the first time chemical, proximate analyses and immunostimulant effect of Cyrtocarpa edulis fruit (CeF). Three design experiments were carried out to evaluate immunostimulant effect of C. edulis fruit: in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo studies in juveniles Almaco jack Seriola rivoliana. In general, nutraceutical studies performed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in CeF revealed a major quantity of the carbohydrate groups and phytosterols such as β-sitosterol. Their phytochemical and antioxidant values exposed a significant content of total phenols, flavonoids, and tannins, showing an antioxidant capacity against hydroxyl and superoxide radical. The in vitro results confirm that CeF is edible and enhanced the innate immune response in head-kidney leukocytes after 24 h of immunostimulation. The in vivo results showed that myeloperoxidase, nitric oxide production, as well as antioxidant enzymes were enhanced in skin mucus of those fish fed with CeF. Interestingly in the intestine, IL-β, TNF-α, MARCO and Piscidin gene expression were up-regulated in fish fed with C. edulis after 4 weeks. Finally, ex vivo experiments showed an important enhancement on cellular parameters (phagocytosis, respiratory burst, myeloperoxidase, and nitric oxide production) in head-kidney leukocytes of fish fed CeF and intraperitoneally infected with A. hydrophila. The results demonstrate that C. edulis fruit (0.5%) represents an available phytochemical and antioxidant rich alternative with great potential as fish immunostimulant additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Reyes-Becerril
- Immunology & Vaccinology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur , La Paz, B.C.S., 23096, México.
| | - Minerva Maldonado-García
- Immunology & Vaccinology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur , La Paz, B.C.S., 23096, México
| | - Mercedes G López
- Chemistry of Natural Products Laboratory, Biotechnology and Biochemistry Department, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Gto., Mexico
| | - Octavio Calvo-Gómez
- Food Products Technology Department, Food Products Technology Faculty, Tashkent Institute of Chemical Technology, Tashkent City, Uzbekistan
| | - Sean Michael Díaz
- Tecnologico Nacional de Mexico/Instituto Tecnologico de La Paz, Boulevard Forjadores 4720, 8 de Octubre Segunda Seccion, 23080, La Paz, B.C.S., Mexico
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6
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Szigeti K, Ihnatovych I, Notari E, Dorn RP, Maly I, He M, Birkaya B, Prasad S, Byrne RS, Indurthi DC, Nimmer E, Heo Y, Retfalvi K, Chaves L, Sule N, Hofmann WA, Auerbach A, Wilding G, Bae Y, Reynolds J. CHRFAM7A diversifies human immune adaption through Ca 2+ signalling and actin cytoskeleton reorganization. EBioMedicine 2024; 103:105093. [PMID: 38569318 PMCID: PMC10999709 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human restricted genes contribute to human specific traits in the immune system. CHRFAM7A, a uniquely human fusion gene, is a negative regulator of the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR), the highest Ca2+ conductor of the ACh receptors implicated in innate immunity. Understanding the mechanism of how CHRFAM7A affects the immune system remains unexplored. METHODS Two model systems are used, human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) and human primary monocytes, to characterize α7 nAChR function, Ca2+ dynamics and decoders to elucidate the pathway from receptor to phenotype. FINDINGS CHRFAM7A/α7 nAChR is identified as a hypomorphic receptor with mitigated Ca2+ influx and prolonged channel closed state. This shifts the Ca2+ reservoir from the extracellular space to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) leading to Ca2+ dynamic changes. Ca2+ decoder small GTPase Rac1 is then activated, reorganizing the actin cytoskeleton. Observed actin mediated phenotypes include cellular adhesion, motility, phagocytosis and tissue mechanosensation. INTERPRETATION CHRFAM7A introduces an additional, human specific, layer to Ca2+ regulation leading to an innate immune gain of function. Through the actin cytoskeleton it drives adaptation to the mechanical properties of the tissue environment leading to an ability to invade previously immune restricted niches. Human genetic diversity predicts profound translational significance as its understanding builds the foundation for successful treatments for infectious diseases, sepsis, and cancer metastasis. FUNDING This work is supported in part by the Community Foundation for Greater Buffalo (Kinga Szigeti) and in part by NIH grant R01HL163168 (Yongho Bae).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Szigeti
- State University of New York at Buffalo, 875 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.
| | - Ivanna Ihnatovych
- State University of New York at Buffalo, 875 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Emily Notari
- State University of New York at Buffalo, 875 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Ryu P Dorn
- State University of New York at Buffalo, 875 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Ivan Maly
- State University of New York at Buffalo, 875 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Muye He
- State University of New York at Buffalo, 875 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Barbara Birkaya
- State University of New York at Buffalo, 875 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Shreyas Prasad
- State University of New York at Buffalo, 875 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Robin Schwartz Byrne
- State University of New York at Buffalo, 875 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Dinesh C Indurthi
- State University of New York at Buffalo, 875 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Erik Nimmer
- State University of New York at Buffalo, 875 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Yuna Heo
- State University of New York at Buffalo, 875 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Kolos Retfalvi
- State University of New York at Buffalo, 875 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Lee Chaves
- State University of New York at Buffalo, 875 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Norbert Sule
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, 665 Elm St, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Wilma A Hofmann
- State University of New York at Buffalo, 875 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Anthony Auerbach
- State University of New York at Buffalo, 875 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Gregory Wilding
- State University of New York at Buffalo, 875 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Yongho Bae
- State University of New York at Buffalo, 875 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Jessica Reynolds
- State University of New York at Buffalo, 875 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
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Cerkezi S, Nakova M, Gorgoski I, Ferati K, Bexheti-Ferati A, Palermo A, Inchingolo AD, Ferrante L, Inchingolo AM, Inchingolo F, Dipalma G. The Role of Sulfhydryl (Thiols) Groups in Oral and Periodontal Diseases. Biomedicines 2024; 12:882. [PMID: 38672236 PMCID: PMC11048028 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
AIM The sulfhydryl (thiols) group of glutathione plays an important role in the neutralization of foreign organic compounds and the reduction in peroxides. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the concentration of sulfhydryl groups in the gingival tissue of healthy individuals and those with gingivitis or periodontitis, and to examine the differences between these groups. MATERIAL AND METHODS To assess the concentration of sulfhydryl groups (thiols) in the gingival tissue of healthy individuals and those with gingivitis or periodontitis, we used spectrophotometric analysis using dithionitrobenzoate (DTNB) as a reagent to measure the accessible sulfhydryl groups present in gingival tissue proteins. The sample was divided into three distinct groups: individuals with periodontal health, gingivitis, and periodontitis, and different indices were used to assess the periodontal status of the participants. Next, a statistical analysis was conducted to compare the concentrations of sulfhydryl groups among the different groups of patients. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study showed significantly decreased levels of sulfhydryl (thiols) groups in gingival tissue from patients with gingivitis and periodontitis, compared with healthy people (control group). These results confirm the role of sulfhydryl (thiols) groups in defense against free radicals. They share a significant role in detoxification, signal transduction, apoptosis, and various other functions at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabetim Cerkezi
- Orthodontic Department, Dentristy School, Medical Science Faculty, State University of Tetova, 1220 Tetova, North Macedonia;
| | - Marija Nakova
- Periodontology Department, Dentistry School, Medical Science Faculty, State University of Tetova, 1220 Tetova, North Macedonia;
| | - Icko Gorgoski
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University St. Cyril and Methodius, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia;
| | - Kenan Ferati
- Faculty of Medicine, State University of Tetova, 1220 Tetovo, North Macedonia; (K.F.); (A.B.-F.)
| | - Arberesha Bexheti-Ferati
- Faculty of Medicine, State University of Tetova, 1220 Tetovo, North Macedonia; (K.F.); (A.B.-F.)
| | - Andrea Palermo
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, Birmingham B4 6BN, UK;
| | - Alessio Danilo Inchingolo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70121 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (L.F.); (G.D.)
| | - Laura Ferrante
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70121 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (L.F.); (G.D.)
| | - Angelo Michele Inchingolo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70121 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (L.F.); (G.D.)
| | - Francesco Inchingolo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70121 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (L.F.); (G.D.)
| | - Gianna Dipalma
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70121 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (L.F.); (G.D.)
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8
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Alexa AL, Sargarovschi S, Ionescu D. Neutrophils and Anesthetic Drugs: Implications in Onco-Anesthesia. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4033. [PMID: 38612841 PMCID: PMC11012681 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Apart from being a significant line of defense in the host defense system, neutrophils have many immunological functions. Although there are not many publications that accurately present the functions of neutrophils in relation to oncological pathology, their activity and implications have been studied a lot recently. This review aims to extensively describe neutrophils functions'; their clinical implications, especially in tumor pathology; the value of clinical markers related to neutrophils; and the implications of neutrophils in onco-anesthesia. This review also aims to describe current evidence on the influence of anesthetic drugs on neutrophils' functions and their potential influence on perioperative outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Leonard Alexa
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care I, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (S.S.); (D.I.)
- Association for Research in Anesthesia and Intensive Care (ACATI), 400162 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Onco-Anaesthesia Research Group, ESAIC, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sergiu Sargarovschi
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care I, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (S.S.); (D.I.)
- Association for Research in Anesthesia and Intensive Care (ACATI), 400162 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Daniela Ionescu
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care I, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (S.S.); (D.I.)
- Association for Research in Anesthesia and Intensive Care (ACATI), 400162 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Onco-Anaesthesia Research Group, ESAIC, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
- Outcome Research Consortium, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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9
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Fei M, Lu C, Feng B, Sun J, Wang J, Sun F, Dong B. Bioinformatics analyses and experimental validation of the role of phagocytosis in low-grade glioma. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024; 39:2182-2196. [PMID: 38112449 DOI: 10.1002/tox.24095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phagocytosis is of vital importance in tumor immune response. The alteration of phagocytosis in low-grade glioma (LGG) has not been investigated. METHODS The mRNA, copy number variation, single nucleotide variation, and methylation levels of phagocytosis-related genes were summarized in pan-cancer. Non-negative matrix factorization clustering was utilized to identify two LGG subtypes. LASSO regression analysis was performed to construct a phagocytosis-related prognostic signature (PRPS). Immune characteristics, immunotherapy response, and targeted-drug sensitivity were further explored. The phagocytosis activity in glioma was evaluated using scRNA-seq data. Multiplex immunohistochemical (m-IHC) technology was performed to identify the tumor-infiltrating immune cells in LGG. RESULTS The phagocytosis-related genes altered obviously in pan-cancer compared with corresponding normal tissues. Two LGG subtypes were obtained and the subtype with poor prognosis was combined with lower tumor purity, more active immune-related pathways, increasing infiltration of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells, decreasing infiltration of macrophages, mast cells, and neutrophils, distinct pathway activity and cell death status, greater response to immunotherapy, and higher sensitivity to cyclophosphamide, erlotinib, gefitinib, lapatinib, and sorafenib. In addition, a PRPS involving 10 genes (i.e., SLC11A1, CAMK1D, PLA2G5, STAP1, ALOX15, PLCG2, SFTPD, AZU1, RAB27A, and LAMTOR2) was constructed to estimate the risk level of each LGG sample and high risk LGG patients had poor prognosis, upregulated infiltration of neutrophil, macrophage, Treg, and myeloid dendritic cell, down regulated infiltration of monocyte and NK cell, and increasing expression of large number of immune checkpoint genes. The phagocytosis activity is notably active in monocyte/macrophage. The m-IHC results confirmed increased infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils in LGG samples with high SLC11A1 expression. CONCLUSION The molecular characteristics of phagocytosis were revealed and the PRPS laid the foundation for personalized therapy in LGG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Fei
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Chunlin Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Baozhi Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Jiaao Sun
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Fei Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Bin Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
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10
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Senthil Kumar S, Gunda V, Reinartz DM, Pond KW, Thorne CA, Santiago Raj PV, Johnson MDL, Wilson JE. Oral streptococci S. anginosus and S. mitis induce distinct morphological, inflammatory, and metabolic signatures in macrophages. Infect Immun 2024; 92:e0053623. [PMID: 38289109 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00536-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral streptococci, key players in oral biofilm formation, are implicated in oral dysbiosis and various clinical conditions, including dental caries, gingivitis, periodontal disease, and oral cancer. Specifically, Streptococcus anginosus is associated with esophageal, gastric, and pharyngeal cancers, while Streptococcus mitis is linked to oral cancer. However, no study has investigated the mechanistic links between these Streptococcus species and cancer-related inflammatory responses. As an initial step, we probed the innate immune response triggered by S. anginosus and S. mitis in RAW264.7 macrophages. These bacteria exerted time- and dose-dependent effects on macrophage morphology without affecting cell viability. Compared with untreated macrophages, macrophages infected with S. anginosus exhibited a robust proinflammatory response characterized by significantly increased levels of inflammatory cytokines and mediators, including TNF, IL-6, IL-1β, NOS2, and COX2, accompanied by enhanced NF-κB activation. In contrast, S. mitis-infected macrophages failed to elicit a robust inflammatory response. Seahorse Xfe96 analysis revealed an increased extracellular acidification rate in macrophages infected with S. anginosus compared with S. mitis. At the 24-h time point, the presence of S. anginosus led to reduced extracellular itaconate, while S. mitis triggered increased itaconate levels, highlighting distinct metabolic profiles in macrophages during infection in contrast to aconitate decarboxylase expression observed at the 6-h time point. This initial investigation highlights how S. anginosus and S. mitis, two Gram-positive bacteria from the same genus, can prompt distinct immune responses and metabolic shifts in macrophages during infection.IMPORTANCEThe surge in head and neck cancer cases among individuals devoid of typical risk factors such as Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection and tobacco and alcohol use sparks an argumentative discussion around the emerging role of oral microbiota as a novel risk factor in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). While substantial research has dissected the gut microbiome's influence on physiology, the oral microbiome, notably oral streptococci, has been underappreciated during mucosal immunopathogenesis. Streptococcus anginosus, a viridans streptococci group, has been linked to abscess formation and an elevated presence in esophageal cancer and OSCC. The current study aims to probe the innate immune response to S. anginosus compared with the early colonizer Streptococcus mitis as an important first step toward understanding the impact of distinct oral Streptococcus species on the host immune response, which is an understudied determinant of OSCC development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeetha Senthil Kumar
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Venugopal Gunda
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Dakota M Reinartz
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Kelvin W Pond
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Curtis A Thorne
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Michael D L Johnson
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Valley Fever Center for Excellence, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Justin E Wilson
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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11
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Franzkoch R, Anand A, Breitsprecher L, Psathaki OE, Barisch C. Resolving exit strategies of mycobacteria in Dictyostelium discoideum by combining high-pressure freezing with 3D-correlative light and electron microscopy. Mol Microbiol 2024; 121:593-604. [PMID: 38063129 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The infection course of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is highly dynamic and comprises sequential stages that require damaging and crossing of several membranes to enable the translocation of the bacteria into the cytosol or their escape from the host. Many important breakthroughs such as the restriction of mycobacteria by the autophagy pathway and the recruitment of sophisticated host repair machineries to the Mycobacterium-containing vacuole have been gained in the Dictyostelium discoideum/M. marinum system. Despite the availability of well-established light and advanced electron microscopy techniques in this system, a correlative approach integrating both methods with near-native ultrastructural preservation is currently lacking. This is most likely due to the low ability of D. discoideum to adhere to surfaces, which results in cell loss even after fixation. To address this problem, we improved the adhesion of cells and developed a straightforward and convenient workflow for 3D-correlative light and electron microscopy. This approach includes high-pressure freezing, which is an excellent technique for preserving membranes. Thus, our method allows to monitor the ultrastructural aspects of vacuole escape which is of central importance for the survival and dissemination of bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rico Franzkoch
- iBiOs-integrated Bioimaging Facility, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
- Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, Osnabrück, Germany
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Aby Anand
- Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, Osnabrück, Germany
- Division of Molecular Infection Biology, Department of Biology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany
- Division of Host-Microbe Interactome, Research Center Borstel - Leibniz Lung Center (FZB), Borstel, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Leonhard Breitsprecher
- iBiOs-integrated Bioimaging Facility, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
- Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, Osnabrück, Germany
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Olympia E Psathaki
- iBiOs-integrated Bioimaging Facility, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
- Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Caroline Barisch
- Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, Osnabrück, Germany
- Division of Molecular Infection Biology, Department of Biology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany
- Division of Host-Microbe Interactome, Research Center Borstel - Leibniz Lung Center (FZB), Borstel, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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12
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Xie XD, Dong SS, Liu RJ, Shi LL, Zhu T. Mechanism of Efferocytosis in Determining Ischaemic Stroke Resolution-Diving into Microglia/Macrophage Functions and Therapeutic Modality. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04060-4. [PMID: 38409642 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04060-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
After ischaemic cerebral vascular injury, efferocytosis-a process known as the efficient clearance of apoptotic cells (ACs) by various phagocytes in both physiological and pathological states-is crucial for maintaining central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis and regaining prognosis. The mechanisms of efferocytosis in ischaemic stroke and its influence on preventing inflammation progression from secondary injury were still not fully understood, despite the fact that the fundamental process of efferocytosis has been described in a series of phases, including AC recognition, phagocyte engulfment, and subsequent degradation. The genetic reprogramming of macrophages and brain-resident microglia after an ischaemic stroke has been equated by some researchers to that of the peripheral blood and brain. Based on previous studies, some molecules, such as signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARG), CD300A, and sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1 (SIGMAR1), were discovered to be largely associated with aspects of apoptotic cell elimination and accompanying neuroinflammation, such as inflammatory cytokine release, phenotype transformation, and suppressing of antigen presentation. Exacerbated stroke outcomes are brought on by defective efferocytosis and improper modulation of pertinent signalling pathways in blood-borne macrophages and brain microglia, which also results in subsequent tissue inflammatory damage. This review focuses on recent researches which contain a number of recently discovered mechanisms, such as studies on the relationship between benign efferocytosis and the regulation of inflammation in ischaemic stroke, the roles of some risk factors in disease progression, and current immune approaches that aim to promote efferocytosis to treat some autoimmune diseases. Understanding these pathways provides insight into novel pathophysiological processes and fresh characteristics, which can be used to build cerebral ischaemia targeting techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Di Xie
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Neuroregeneration & Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, China
| | - Shan-Shan Dong
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Neuroregeneration & Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ru-Juan Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Neuroregeneration & Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Liu-Liu Shi
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Neuroregeneration & Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ting Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Neuroregeneration & Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, China.
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13
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Maimaiti A, Abulaiti A, Tang B, Dilixiati Y, Li X, Yakufu S, Wang Y, Jiang L, Shao H. Radiogenomic landscape: Assessment of specific phagocytosis regulators in lower-grade gliomas. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:2289-2303. [PMID: 38062999 PMCID: PMC10903236 DOI: 10.1177/15353702231211939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 knockout screens have emerged as a powerful method for identifying key genes driving tumor growth. The aim of this study was to explore the phagocytosis regulators (PRs) specifically associated with lower-grade glioma (LGG) using the CRISPR-Cas9 screening database. Identifying these core PRs could lead to novel therapeutic targets and pave the way for a non-invasive radiogenomics approach to assess LGG patients' prognosis and treatment response. We selected 24 PRs that were overexpressed and lethal in LGG for analysis. The identified PR subtypes (PRsClusters, geneClusters, and PRs-score models) effectively predicted clinical outcomes in LGG patients. Immune response markers, such as CTLA4, were found to be significantly associated with PR-score. Nine radiogenomics models using various machine learning classifiers were constructed to uncover survival risk. The area under the curve (AUC) values for these models in the test and training datasets were 0.686 and 0.868, respectively. The CRISPR-Cas9 screen identified novel prognostic radiogenomics biomarkers that correlated well with the expression status of specific PR-related genes in LGG patients. These biomarkers successfully stratified patient survival outcomes and treatment response using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. This study has important implications for the development of precise clinical treatment strategies and holds promise for more accurate therapeutic approaches for LGG patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aierpati Maimaiti
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Aimitaji Abulaiti
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Bin Tang
- Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | | | - Xueqi Li
- Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Suobinuer Yakufu
- Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Yongxin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Hua Shao
- Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China
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14
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Ramirez De Oleo I, Kim V, Atisha-Fregoso Y, Shih AJ, Lee K, Diamond B, Kim SJ. Phenotypic and functional characteristics of murine CD11c+ B cells which is suppressed by metformin. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1241531. [PMID: 37744368 PMCID: PMC10512061 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1241531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the description of age-associated or autoimmune-associated B cells (ABCs), there has been a growing interest in the role of these cells in autoimmunity. ABCs are differently defined depending on the research group and are heterogenous subsets. Here, we sought to characterize ABCs in Sle1/2/3 triple congenic (TC) mice, which is a well accepted mouse model of lupus. Compared to follicular (FO) B cells, ABCs have many distinct functional properties, including antigen presentation. They express key costimulatory molecules for T cell activation and a distinct profile of cytokines. Moreover, they exhibit an increased capacity for antigen uptake. ABCs were also compared with germinal center (GC) B cells, which are antigen activated B cell population. There are several phenotypic similarities between ABCs and GC B cells, but GC B cells do not produce proinflammatory cytokines or take up antigen. While T cell proliferation and activation is induced by both FO B and ABCs in an antigen-dependent manner, ABCs induce stronger T cell receptor signaling in naïve CD4+ T cells and preferentially induce differentiation of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells. We found that ABCs exhibit a distinct transcriptomic profile which is focused on metabolism, cytokine signaling and antigen uptake and processing. ABCs exhibit an increase in both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation compared to FO B cells. Treatment of ABCs with metformin suppresses antigen presentation by decreasing antigen uptake, resulting in decreased Tfh differentiation. Taken together, these findings define a fundamental connection between metabolism and function within ABCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Ramirez De Oleo
- Center for Autoimmune, Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Vera Kim
- Center for Autoimmune, Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Yemil Atisha-Fregoso
- Center for Autoimmune, Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Andrew J. Shih
- Center for Genomics and Human Genetics, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Kyungwoo Lee
- Center for Autoimmune, Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Department of Biology at Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Betty Diamond
- Center for Autoimmune, Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra University/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Sun Jung Kim
- Center for Autoimmune, Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra University/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
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15
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Druzhkova I, Ignatova N, Shirmanova M. Cell-in-Cell Structures in Gastrointestinal Tumors: Biological Relevance and Clinical Applications. J Pers Med 2023; 13:1149. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.3390/jpm13071149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes information about cell-in-cell (CIC) structures with a focus on gastrointestinal tumors. The phenomenon when one cell lives in another one has attracted an attention of researchers over the past decades. We briefly discuss types of CIC structures and mechanisms of its formation, as well as the biological basis and consequences of the cell-engulfing process. Numerous clinico-histopathological studies demonstrate the significance of these structures as prognostic factors, mainly correlated with negative prognosis. The presence of CIC structures has been identified in all gastrointestinal tumors. However, the majority of studies concern pancreatic cancer. In this field, in addition to the assessment of the prognostic markers, the attempts to manipulate the ability of cells to form CISs have been done in order to stimulate the death of the inner cell. Number of CIC structures also correlates with genetic features for some gastrointestinal tu-mors. The role of CIC structures in the responses of tumors to therapies, both chemotherapy and immunotherapy, seems to be the most poorly studied. However, there is some evidence of involvement of CIC structures in treatment failure. Here, we summarized the current literature on CIC structures in cancer with a focus on gastrointestinal tumors and specified future perspectives for investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Druzhkova
- Research Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Nadezhda Ignatova
- Research Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Marina Shirmanova
- Research Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
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16
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Druzhkova I, Ignatova N, Shirmanova M. Cell-in-Cell Structures in Gastrointestinal Tumors: Biological Relevance and Clinical Applications. J Pers Med 2023; 13:1149. [PMID: 37511762 PMCID: PMC10381133 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13071149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes information about cell-in-cell (CIC) structures with a focus on gastrointestinal tumors. The phenomenon when one cell lives in another one has attracted an attention of researchers over the past decades. We briefly discuss types of CIC structures and mechanisms of its formation, as well as the biological basis and consequences of the cell-engulfing process. Numerous clinico-histopathological studies demonstrate the significance of these structures as prognostic factors, mainly correlated with negative prognosis. The presence of CIC structures has been identified in all gastrointestinal tumors. However, the majority of studies concern pancreatic cancer. In this field, in addition to the assessment of the prognostic markers, the attempts to manipulate the ability of cells to form CISs have been done in order to stimulate the death of the inner cell. Number of CIC structures also correlates with genetic features for some gastrointestinal tu-mors. The role of CIC structures in the responses of tumors to therapies, both chemotherapy and immunotherapy, seems to be the most poorly studied. However, there is some evidence of involvement of CIC structures in treatment failure. Here, we summarized the current literature on CIC structures in cancer with a focus on gastrointestinal tumors and specified future perspectives for investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Druzhkova
- Research Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Nadezhda Ignatova
- Research Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Marina Shirmanova
- Research Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
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Umapathy A, Torten G, Paniagua AE, Chung J, Tomlinson M, Lim C, Williams DS. Spatiotemporal Live-Cell Analysis of Photoreceptor Outer Segment Membrane Ingestion by the Retinal Pigment Epithelium Reveals Actin-Regulated Scission. J Neurosci 2023; 43:2653-2664. [PMID: 36878726 PMCID: PMC10089248 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1726-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The photoreceptor outer segment (OS) is the phototransductive organelle in the vertebrate retina. OS tips are regularly ingested and degraded by the adjacent retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), offsetting the addition of new disk membrane at the base of the OS. This catabolic role of the RPE is essential for photoreceptor health, with defects in ingestion or degradation underlying different forms of retinal degeneration and blindness. Although proteins required for OS tip ingestion have been identified, spatiotemporal analysis of the ingestion process in live RPE cells is lacking; hence, the literature reflects no common understanding of the cellular mechanisms that affect ingestion. We imaged live RPE cells from mice (both sexes) to elucidate the ingestion events in real time. Our imaging revealed roles for f-actin dynamics and specific dynamic localizations of two BAR (Bin-Amphiphysin-Rvs) proteins, FBP17 and AMPH1-BAR, in shaping the RPE apical membrane as it surrounds the OS tip. Completion of ingestion was observed to occur by scission of the OS tip from the remainder of the OS, with a transient concentration of f-actin forming around the site of imminent scission. Actin dynamics were also required for regulating the size of the ingested OS tip, and the time course of the overall ingestion process. The size of the ingested tip is consistent with the term "phagocytosis." However, phagocytosis usually refers to engulfment of an entire particle or cell, whereas our observations of OS tip scission indicate a process that is more specifically described as "trogocytosis," in which one cell "nibbles" another cell.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The ingestion of the photoreceptor outer segment (OS) tips by the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a dynamic cellular process that has fascinated scientists for 60 years. Yet its molecular mechanisms had not been addressed in living cells. We developed a live-cell imaging approach to investigate OS tip ingestion, and focused on the dynamic participation of actin filaments and membrane-shaping BAR proteins. We observed scission of OS tips for the first time, and were able to monitor local changes in protein concentration preceding, during, and following scission. Our approach revealed that actin filaments were concentrated at the site of OS scission and were required for regulating the size of the ingested OS tip and the time course of the ingestion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Umapathy
- Department of Ophthalmology and Stein Eye Institute, and Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Gil Torten
- Department of Ophthalmology and Stein Eye Institute, and Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Antonio E Paniagua
- Department of Ophthalmology and Stein Eye Institute, and Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Julie Chung
- Department of Ophthalmology and Stein Eye Institute, and Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Madeline Tomlinson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Stein Eye Institute, and Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Caleb Lim
- Department of Ophthalmology and Stein Eye Institute, and Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - David S Williams
- Department of Ophthalmology and Stein Eye Institute, and Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
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Hou C, Wu M, Zhang H, Yang Z. The specific phagocytosis regulators could predict recurrence and therapeutic effect in thyroid cancer: A study based on bioinformatics analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e33290. [PMID: 36930113 PMCID: PMC10019206 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000033290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid cancer (TC) is one of the growing cancers and is prone to recurrence. Meanwhile, in immunotherapy, antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) phagocytosis related regulators (PRs) play an important role. This study aims to investigate the prognostic value of specific PRs in TC. METHODS The purpose of this study was to identify specific PRs in TC patients by retrieving RNA-seq and Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats-cas9 data and an algorithm based on LASSO was used to construct the PRs-signature. Subsequently, prognosis value of PRs-signature for recurrence-free survival (RFS) was explored through various statistical analysis, including Cox regression analysis, Kaplan-Meier analysis, and receiver operating characteristic curve. Additionally, an analysis of immune cell content by risk group was conducted using CIBERSORT, single sample gene set enrichment analysis and MCP-counter algorithms, with a particular focus on the correlation between macrophages and specific PRs. RESULTS We identified 36 specific PRs, and a PRs-signature was constructed using 5-prognostic PRs (CAPN6, MUC21, PRDM1, SEL1L3, and CPQ). Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that predictive power of PRs-signature was decent, and the PRs risk score as an independent prognostic factor was found to be correlated with RFS showed by multivariate cox regression analysis. Meanwhile, a lower RFS was observed in the high-risk group than in the low-risk group. The results of the 3 algorithms suggested that our PRs-signature may have certain significance for macrophage content and ADCP. Interestingly, the low-risk group had higher levels of mRNA expression than the high-risk group at PDCD1, CTLA4, and pro-inflammatory factors from macrophage. CONCLUSION For the purpose of prognostic management, this study developed a prediction model. And the cross-talk between certain PRs and TC patients was revealed in this study. Besides, the PRs-signature can predict the immunotherapy response, macrophage content, and ADCP status. TC patients will benefit from these developments by gaining insight into novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changran Hou
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Mengmeng Wu
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Haojie Zhang
- Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Zhenlin Yang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, P.R. China
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19
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Körber S, Junemann A, Litschko C, Winterhoff M, Faix J. Convergence of Ras- and Rac-regulated formin pathways is pivotal for phagosome formation and particle uptake in Dictyostelium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2220825120. [PMID: 36897976 PMCID: PMC10243128 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2220825120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroendocytosis comprising phagocytosis and macropinocytosis is an actin-driven process regulated by small GTPases that depend on the dynamic reorganization of the membrane that protrudes and internalizes extracellular material by cup-shaped structures. To effectively capture, enwrap, and internalize their targets, these cups are arranged into a peripheral ring or ruffle of protruding actin sheets emerging from an actin-rich, nonprotrusive zone at its base. Despite extensive knowledge of the mechanism driving actin assembly of the branched network at the protrusive cup edge, which is initiated by the actin-related protein (Arp) 2/3 complex downstream of Rac signaling, our understanding of actin assembly in the base is still incomplete. In the Dictyostelium model system, the Ras-regulated formin ForG was previously shown to specifically contribute to actin assembly at the cup base. Loss of ForG is associated with a strongly impaired macroendocytosis and a 50% reduction in F-actin content at the base of phagocytic cups, in turn indicating the presence of additional factors that specifically contribute to actin formation at the base. Here, we show that ForG synergizes with the Rac-regulated formin ForB to form the bulk of linear filaments at the cup base. Consistently, combined loss of both formins virtually abolishes cup formation and leads to severe defects of macroendocytosis, emphasizing the relevance of converging Ras- and Rac-regulated formin pathways in assembly of linear filaments in the cup base, which apparently provide mechanical support to the entire structure. Remarkably, we finally show that active ForB, unlike ForG, additionally drives phagosome rocketing to aid particle internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Körber
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexander Junemann
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625Hannover, Germany
| | - Christof Litschko
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625Hannover, Germany
| | - Moritz Winterhoff
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan Faix
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625Hannover, Germany
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20
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Sargent AL, Leedberg JA, Burress JE, Dalwadi PS, O'Fallon KS, Gaffney-Stomberg E, Gaines PCW. Quantitatively Assessing the Respiratory Burst in Innate Immune Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2614:47-70. [PMID: 36587118 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2914-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The respiratory burst is a rapid cellular consumption of oxygen resulting in abundant production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), most often associated with primary mediators of innate immunity, neutrophils and macrophages. These myeloid cells convert ROS into potent antimicrobial oxidants that efficiently kill pathogens. The respiratory burst also can have destructive consequences, as ROS are well known to support chronic inflammation and aberrant autoimmune responses. Interestingly, ROS perform conflicting roles in the tumor microenvironment; ROS and derived cytotoxic products can destroy cancer cells but also suppress important tumor-fighting functions of T cells or natural killer cells, or yield mutagenized proteins that can promote tumorigenesis or support tumor cell growth. Moreover, high numbers of neutrophils or macrophages in tumors are associated with poor prognosis. Therefore, accurate and quantitative assays to assess the respiratory burst are an important tool for measuring ROS production by neutrophils or cells of the monocyte/macrophage system, each recently identified in the tumor microenvironment. Described are methods to derive mouse or human models of neutrophils or macrophages, which are then used in a detailed assay to quantitatively measure ROS produced by either cell type using luminescence-enhanced reagents and a multi-well platform along with different stimulants that cause rapid ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava L Sargent
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Jordan A Leedberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Jessica E Burress
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Purva S Dalwadi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Kevin S O'Fallon
- US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center, Natick, MA, USA
| | | | - Peter C W Gaines
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA.
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21
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de Neergaard T, Nordenfelt P. Quantification of Phagocytosis Using Flow Cytometry. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2674:221-234. [PMID: 37258971 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3243-7_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytosis is relevant for many research fields and is often measured as a functional outcome. However, accurate quantification can be challenging, and many researchers find it difficult to study in a robust manner. There are many ways to measure phagocytosis, but what is often overlooked is the importance of experimental design and how the analysis is planned and performed. Experimental factors like reaction volume, time, and phagocyte-prey concentrations often have a large impact on the outcome, as is the choice of detection strategy with different fluorescent or colorimetric labels of prey and phagocyte. By using dose-response curve principles for both experimental design and analysis, it is possible to increase the sensitivity and robustness, leading to accurate quantification of phagocytosis that is comparable across experiments and systems.Here, we describe how to quantify phagocytosis using flow cytometry with a robust, high-throughput, and easy-to-use approach. The prey is first fluorescently double stained, followed by optional opsonization before being introduced to the phagocyte in a wide range of ratios. After incubation, data is acquired through flow cytometry. It can be assessed on both the population and single-cell level of the phagocytes, separating adhesion and internalization. As an example, we provide an experimental protocol for studying phagocytosis of opsonized Streptococcus pyogenes using the THP-1 cell line. This approach is easily incorporated into most existing phagocytosis assays and allows for reproducible results with high sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese de Neergaard
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Pontus Nordenfelt
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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22
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Ghavami M, Fairn GD. Endoplasmic reticulum-Phagosome contact sites from the cradle to the grave. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1074443. [PMID: 36619860 PMCID: PMC9813420 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1074443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a key component of the innate immune system used to ingest apoptotic cells and microorganisms for their destruction and recycling of macromolecules and the presentation of antigens to adaptive immune system cells. The newly formed vacuole or nascent phagosome undergoes a maturation process reminiscent of the classical endocytic maturation process, reaching a highly degradative phagolysosome stage before its tubulovesicular breakdown into lysosomes. The process is highly regulated and can be disrupted by various pathogenic organisms. The exchange of proteins, lipids, and other metabolites between organelles, including maturing phagosomes, is enabled by two processes, vesicular and non-vesicular transport at membrane contact sites (MCS). For decades the specific role(s) of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in phagocytosis has been the subject of much debate. In parallel, the last two decades have seen a burst in research on the numerous roles of ER contact sites and resident proteins in all aspects of organelle biology. Here, in this minireview, we describe ER-phagosome contact sites' functions from the early stages of particle engulfment to the phagolysosome dissolution into lysosomes. We also discuss several aspects of ER-phagosome contact sites that remain to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahlegha Ghavami
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Gregory D. Fairn
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada,*Correspondence: Gregory D. Fairn,
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23
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Francis EA, Xiao H, Teng LH, Heinrich V. Mechanisms of frustrated phagocytic spreading of human neutrophils on antibody-coated surfaces. Biophys J 2022; 121:4714-4728. [PMID: 36242516 PMCID: PMC9748254 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex motions of immune cells are an integral part of diapedesis, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and other vital processes. To better understand how immune cells execute such motions, we present a detailed analysis of phagocytic spreading of human neutrophils on flat surfaces functionalized with different densities of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies. We visualize the cell-substrate contact region at high resolution and without labels using reflection interference contrast microscopy and quantify how the area, shape, and position of the contact region evolves over time. We find that the likelihood of the cell commitment to spreading strongly depends on the surface density of IgG, but the rate at which the substrate-contact area of spreading cells increases does not. Validated by a theoretical companion study, our results resolve controversial notions about the mechanisms controlling cell spreading, establishing that active forces generated by the cytoskeleton rather than cell-substrate adhesion primarily drive cellular protrusion. Adhesion, on the other hand, aids phagocytic spreading by regulating the cell commitment to spreading, the maximum cell-substrate contact area, and the directional movement of the contact region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmet A Francis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Hugh Xiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Lay Heng Teng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Volkmar Heinrich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California.
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24
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Long COVID and the Neuroendocrinology of Microbial Translocation Outside the GI Tract: Some Treatment Strategies. ENDOCRINES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/endocrines3040058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Similar to previous pandemics, COVID-19 has been succeeded by well-documented post-infectious sequelae, including chronic fatigue, cough, shortness of breath, myalgia, and concentration difficulties, which may last 5 to 12 weeks or longer after the acute phase of illness. Both the psychological stress of SARS-CoV-2 infection and being diagnosed with COVID-19 can upregulate cortisol, a stress hormone that disrupts the efferocytosis effectors, macrophages, and natural killer cells, leading to the excessive accumulation of senescent cells and disruption of biological barriers. This has been well-established in cancer patients who often experience unrelenting fatigue as well as gut and blood–brain barrier dysfunction upon treatment with senescence-inducing radiation or chemotherapy. In our previous research from 2020 and 2021, we linked COVID-19 to myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) via angiotensin II upregulation, premature endothelial senescence, intestinal barrier dysfunction, and microbial translocation from the gastrointestinal tract into the systemic circulation. In 2021 and 2022, these hypotheses were validated and SARS-CoV-2-induced cellular senescence as well as microbial translocation were documented in both acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, long COVID, and ME/CFS, connecting intestinal barrier dysfunction to disabling fatigue and specific infectious events. The purpose of this narrative review is to summarize what is currently known about host immune responses to translocated gut microbes and how these responses relate to fatiguing illnesses, including long COVID. To accomplish this goal, we examine the role of intestinal and blood–brain barriers in long COVID and other illnesses typified by chronic fatigue, with a special emphasis on commensal microbes functioning as viral reservoirs. Furthermore, we discuss the role of SARS-CoV-2/Mycoplasma coinfection in dysfunctional efferocytosis, emphasizing some potential novel treatment strategies, including the use of senotherapeutic drugs, HMGB1 inhibitors, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) blockers, and membrane lipid replacement.
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25
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Zhang Y, Xu B. Involvement of testicular N-glycoproteome heterogeneity in seasonal spermatogenesis of the American mink (Neovison vison). Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1001431. [PMID: 36406079 PMCID: PMC9672844 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1001431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Spermatogenesis in the American mink is characterized by an annual cycle of transition involving completely inactive and fully activated stages. N-glycosylation of proteins has emerged as an important regulator as it affects protein folding, secretion, degradation, and activity. However, the function of protein N-glycosylation in seasonal spermatogenesis of the American mink remains unclear. In the present study, we established a proteome-wide stoichiometry of N-glycosylation in mink testes at various phases of spermatogenesis using N-linked glycosylated-peptide enrichment in combination with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. A total of 532 N-glycosylated sites matching the canonical Asn-X-Ser/Thr motif were identified in 357 testicular proteins. Both the number of glycoproteins and the sites of N-glycosylated proteins in mink testes were highly dynamic at different stages. Functional analyses showed that testicular proteins with different N-glycosylation might play a vital role in spermatogenesis by affecting their folding, distribution, stability, and activity. Overall, our data suggest that the dynamics of N-glycosylation of testicular proteins are involved in seasonal spermatogenesis in the American mink.
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26
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Luo W, Liu S, Zhang F, Zhao L, Su Y. Metabolic strategy of macrophages under homeostasis or immune stress in Drosophila. MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 4:291-302. [PMID: 37073169 PMCID: PMC10077226 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-022-00134-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are well known for their phagocytic functions in innate immunity across species. In mammals, they rapidly consume a large amount of energy by shifting their metabolism from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation toward aerobic glycolysis, to perform the effective bactericidal function upon infection. Meanwhile, they strive for sufficient energy resources by restricting systemic metabolism. In contrast, under nutrient deprivation, the macrophage population is down-regulated to save energy for survival. Drosophila melanogaster possesses a highly conserved and comparatively simple innate immune system. Intriguingly, recent studies have shown that Drosophila plasmatocytes, the macrophage-like blood cells, adopt comparable metabolic remodeling and signaling pathways to achieve energy reassignment when challenged by pathogens, indicating the conservation of such metabolic strategies between insects and mammals. Here, focusing on Drosophila macrophages (plasmatocytes), we review recent advances regarding their comprehensive roles in local or systemic metabolism under homeostasis or stress, emphasizing macrophages as critical players in the crosstalk between the immune system and organic metabolism from a Drosophila perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Luo
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Sumin Liu
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Long Zhao
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (OUC), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Ying Su
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
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27
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Xing J, Guo L, Jia Z, Li Y, Han Y. The Multi-Omics Landscape and Clinical Relevance of the Immunological Signature of Phagocytosis Regulators: Implications for Risk Classification and Frontline Therapies in Skin Cutaneous Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153582. [PMID: 35892841 PMCID: PMC9331497 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In this study, we focused on exploring phagocytosis regulators’ expression and mutational characteristics in skin cutaneous melanoma samples and delineating two molecular subtypes based on expression characteristics. We determined the relationship between phagocytosis regulators and survival by survival analysis of molecular subtypes. We then constructed a survival model (PRRS) to further quantify the criteria. Moreover, we combined pathway analysis, immune infiltration analysis, and mutation analysis to deeply explore the effects of phagocytosis regulators on skin cutaneous melanoma samples. Abstract Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) have gained considerable attention as therapeutic targets. Monoclonal antibody treatments directed against tumor antigens contribute significantly to cancer cell clearance by activating macrophages to phagocytose tumor cells. Due to its complicated genetic and molecular pathways, skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) has not yet attained the expected clinical efficacy and prognosis when compared to other skin cancers. Therefore, we chose TAMs as an entrance point. This study aimed to thoroughly assess the dysregulation and regulatory role of phagocytosis regulators in SKCM, as well as to understand their regulatory patterns in SKCM. This study subtyped prognosis-related phagocytosis regulators to investigate prognostic differences between subtypes. Then, we screened prognostic factors and constructed phagocytosis-related scoring models for survival prediction using differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between subtypes. Additionally, we investigated alternative treatment options using chemotherapeutic drug response data and clinical cohort treatment data. We first characterized and generalized phagocytosis regulators in SKCM and extensively examined the tumor immune cell infiltration. We created two phagocytosis regulator-related system (PRRS) phenotypes and derived PRRS scores using a principal component analysis (PCA) technique. We discovered that subtypes with low PRRS scores had a poor prognosis and decreased immune checkpoint-associated gene expression levels. We observed significant therapeutic and clinical improvements in patients with higher PRRS scores. Our findings imply that the PRRS scoring system can be employed as an independent and robust prognostic biomarker, serving as a critical reference point for developing novel immunotherapeutic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahua Xing
- The First Medical Center, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China; (J.X.); (L.G.); (Y.L.)
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Lingli Guo
- The First Medical Center, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China; (J.X.); (L.G.); (Y.L.)
| | - Ziqi Jia
- Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China;
| | - Yan Li
- The First Medical Center, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China; (J.X.); (L.G.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yan Han
- The First Medical Center, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China; (J.X.); (L.G.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence:
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28
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Titania nanospikes activate macrophage phagocytosis by ligand-independent contact stimulation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12250. [PMID: 35851278 PMCID: PMC9293906 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16214-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage phagocytosis is an important research target to combat various inflammatory or autoimmune diseases; however, the phenomenon has never been controlled by artificial means. Titania nanospikes created by alkaline etching treatment can tune macrophage polarization toward a M1-like type and might regulate macrophage phagocytosis. This in vitro study aimed to determine whether the two-dimensional titania nanosurfaces created by alkaline etching treatment activated the macrophage phagocytosis by nanospike-mediated contact stimulation. On two-dimensional pure titanium sheets, alkaline etching treatments with different protocols created superhydrophilic nanosurfaces with hydroxyl function groups and moderate or dense nanospikes. Both types of titania nanosurfaces promoted the phagocytic activity of the mouse macrophage-like cell line, J774A.1, through upregulation of M1 polarization markers and phagocytosis-related receptors, such as toll-like receptors (TLR2 and 4). In contrast, the hydrophobic smooth or micro-roughened titanium surfaces did not activate macrophage phagocytosis or the expression of related receptors. These phenomena remained unchanged even under the antibody blockade of macrophage TLR2 but were either suppressed or augmented for each surface excited by ultraviolet irradiation. Titania nanospikes induced paxillin expression and provided physical stimuli to macrophages, the extent of which was positively correlated with TLR expression levels. Ligand stimulation with lipopolysaccharide did not upregulate macrophage TLR expression but further enhanced M1 marker expression by titania nanosurfaces. These results showed that the two-dimensional titania nanosurfaces activated macrophage phagocytosis by enhancing expression of phagocytosis-related receptors through nanospike-mediated contact stimulation, in assistance with physical surface properties, in a ligand-independent manner.
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29
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Moreno-Mendieta S, Guillén D, Vasquez-Martínez N, Hernández-Pando R, Sánchez S, Rodríguez-Sanoja R. Understanding the Phagocytosis of Particles: the Key for Rational Design of Vaccines and Therapeutics. Pharm Res 2022; 39:1823-1849. [PMID: 35739369 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03301-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A robust comprehension of phagocytosis is crucial for understanding its importance in innate immunity. A detailed description of the molecular mechanisms that lead to the uptake and clearance of endogenous and exogenous particles has helped elucidate the role of phagocytosis in health and infectious or autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, knowledge about this cellular process is important for the rational design and development of particulate systems for the administration of vaccines or therapeutics. Depending on these specific applications and the required biological responses, particles must be designed to encourage or avoid their phagocytosis and prolong their circulation time. Functionalization with specific polymers or ligands and changes in the size, shape, or surface of particles have important effects on their recognition and internalization by professional and nonprofessional phagocytes and have a major influence on their fate and safety. Here, we review the phagocytosis of particles intended to be used as carrier or delivery systems for vaccines or therapeutics, the cells involved in this process depending on the route of administration, and the strategies employed to obtain the most desirable particles for each application through the manipulation of their physicochemical characteristics. We also offer a view of the challenges and potential opportunities in the field and give some recommendations that we expect will enable the development of improved approaches for the rational design of these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Moreno-Mendieta
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT), Ciudad de México, Mexico. .,Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), A.P. 70228, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Daniel Guillén
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), A.P. 70228, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Nathaly Vasquez-Martínez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), A.P. 70228, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico.,Doctorado en Ciencias Bioquímicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), A.P. 70228, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Hernández-Pando
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Delegación Tlalpan, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Sergio Sánchez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), A.P. 70228, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Romina Rodríguez-Sanoja
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), A.P. 70228, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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30
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Xin S, Sun X, Jin L, Li W, Liu X, Zhou L, Ye L. The Prognostic Signature and Therapeutic Value of Phagocytic Regulatory Factors in Prostate Adenocarcinoma (PRAD). Front Genet 2022; 13:877278. [PMID: 35706452 PMCID: PMC9190300 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.877278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that phagocytosis regulatory factors (PRFs) play important roles in tumor progression, and therefore, identifying and characterizing these factors is crucial for understanding the mechanisms of cellular phagocytosis in tumorigenesis. Our research aimed to comprehensively characterize PRFs in prostate adenocarcinoma (PRAD) and to screen and determine important PRFs in PRAD which may help to inform tumor prognostic and therapeutic signatures based on these key PRFs. Here, we first systematically described the expression of PRFs in PRAD and evaluated their expression patterns and their prognostic value. We then analyzed prognostic phagocytic factors by Cox and Lasso analysis and constructed a phagocytic factor-mediated risk score. We then divided the samples into two groups with significant differences in overall survival (OS) based on the risk score. Then, we performed correlation analysis between the risk score and clinical features, immune infiltration levels, immune characteristics, immune checkpoint expression, IC50 of several classical sensitive drugs, and immunotherapy efficacy. Finally, the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) database was used to determine the protein expression of 18 PRF characteristic genes. The aforementioned results confirmed that multilayer alterations of PRFs were associated with the prognosis of patients with PRAD and the degree of macrophage infiltration. These findings may provide us with potential new therapies for PRAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyong Xin
- Department of Urology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianchao Sun
- Department of Urology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Jin
- Department of Urology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiyi Li
- Department of Urology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liqing Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Lin Ye
- Department of Urology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Le Goff E, Martinand-Mari C, Belkhir K, Vacelet J, Nidelet S, Godefroy N, Baghdiguian S. Molecular complexity and gene expression controlling cell turnover during a digestive cycle of carnivorous sponge Lycopodina hypogea. Cell Tissue Res 2022; 388:399-416. [PMID: 35260936 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03610-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lycopodina hypogea is a carnivorous sponge that tolerates laboratory husbandry very well. During a digestion cycle, performed without any digestive cavity, this species undergoes spectacular morphological changes leading to a total regression of long filaments that ensure the capture of prey and their reformation at the end of the cycle. This phenomenon is a unique opportunity to analyze the molecular and cellular determinants that ensure digestion in the sister group of all other metazoans. Using differential transcriptomic analysis coupled with cell biology studies of proliferation, differentiation, and programmed cell deaths (i.e., autophagy and the destructive/constructive function of apoptosis), we demonstrate that the molecular and cellular actors that ensure digestive homeostasis in a sister group of all remaining animals are similar in variety and complexity to those controlling tissue homeostasis in higher vertebrates. During a digestion cycle, most of these actors are finely tuned in a coordinated manner. Our data benefits from complementary approaches coupling in silico and cell biology studies and demonstrate that the nutritive function is provided by the coordination of molecular network that impacts the cells turnover in the entire organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Le Goff
- ISEM, CNRS, EPHE, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, IRD, France
| | | | - Khalid Belkhir
- ISEM, CNRS, EPHE, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, IRD, France
| | - Jean Vacelet
- IMBE, CNRS, Station Marine d'Endoume, Université Aix-Marseille, Université d'Avignon, 13007, Marseille, IRD, France
| | - Sabine Nidelet
- Montpellier GenomiX, Université Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
- New Affiliation: CBGP, INRA, CIRAD, Université Montpellier, Montpellier SupAgroMontpellier, IRD, France
| | - Nelly Godefroy
- ISEM, CNRS, EPHE, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, IRD, France.
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Comprehensive Analysis of Phagocytosis-Related Regulators to Aid Prognostic Prediction and Immunotherapy in Patients with Low-Grade Glioma. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:4142684. [PMID: 35510040 PMCID: PMC9061072 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4142684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis- (ADCP-) related regulators (PRs) have been confirmed an important role in immunotherapy. However, the characterization of specific PRs in low-grade glioma (LGG) has not been comprehensively explored. In this study, we retrieved RNA-seq and CRISPR-Cas9 data to identify specific PRs in LGG patients and constructed a PRs-signature using the LASSO-Cox algorithm. The ROC analysis and Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that PRs-signature had a good predictive effect, and the multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that PRs-risk scores were independent prognostic factors correlated with overall survival (OS). In addition, CIBERSORT, ssGSEA, and MCP counter algorithms were used to explore immune cell content in different risk groups, especially in the correlation between macrophages and specific PRs. Finally, mRNA expression was upregulated in the high-risk group compared with the low-risk group at most immune checkpoints and proinflammatory factors. In conclusion, we constructed a prediction model for prognostic management and revealed the cross-talk between specific PRs and immunotherapy in LGG patients.
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Menko AS, Romisher A, Walker JL. The Pro-fibrotic Response of Mesenchymal Leader Cells to Lens Wounding Involves Hyaluronic Acid, Its Receptor RHAMM, and Vimentin. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:862423. [PMID: 35386200 PMCID: PMC8977891 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.862423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronic Acid/Hyaluronan (HA) is a major component of the provisional matrix deposited by cells post-wounding with roles both in regulating cell migration to repair a wound and in promoting a fibrotic outcome to wounding. Both are mediated through its receptors CD44 and RHAMM. We now showed that HA is present in the provisional matrix assembled on the substrate surface in a lens post-cataract surgery explant wound model in which mesenchymal leader cells populate the wound edges to direct migration of the lens epithelium across the adjacent culture substrate onto which this matrix is assembled. Inhibiting HA expression with 4-MU blocked assembly of FN-EDA and collagen I by the wound-responsive mesenchymal leader cells and their migration. These cells express both the HA receptors CD44 and RHAMM. CD44 co-localized with HA at their cell-cell interfaces. RHAMM was predominant in the lamellipodial protrusions extended by the mesenchymal cells at the leading edge, and along HA fibrils organized on the substrate surface. Within a few days post-lens wounding the leader cells are induced to transition to αSMA+ myofibroblasts. Since HA/RHAMM is implicated in both cell migration and inducing fibrosis we examined the impact of blocking HA synthesis on myofibroblast emergence and discovered that it was dependent on HA. While RHAMM has not been previously linked to the intermediate filament protein vimentin, our studies with these explant cultures have shown that vimentin in the cells’ lamellipodial protrusions regulate their transition to myofibroblast. PLA studies now revealed that RHAMM was complexed with both HA and vimentin in the lamellipodial protrusions of leader cells, implicating this HA/RHAMM/vimentin complex in the regulation of leader cell function post-wounding, both in promoting cell migration and in the transition of these cells to myofibroblasts. These results increase our understanding of how the post-wounding matrix environment interacts with receptor/cytoskeletal complexes to determine whether injury outcomes are regenerative or fibrotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sue Menko
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Alison Romisher
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Janice L Walker
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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MicroRNA-181c-5p modulates phagocytosis efficiency in bone marrow-derived macrophages. Inflamm Res 2022; 71:321-330. [PMID: 35020000 PMCID: PMC8919373 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-022-01539-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN Phagocytosis and clearance of apoptotic cells are essential for inflammation resolution, efficient wound healing, and tissue homeostasis. MicroRNAs are critical modulators of macrophage polarization and function. The current study aimed to investigate the role of miR-181c-5p in macrophage phagocytosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS miR-181c-5p was identified as a potential candidate in microRNA screening of RAW264.7 macrophages fed with apoptotic cells. To investigate the role of miR-181c-5p in phagocytosis, the expression of miR-181c-5p was assessed in phagocyting bone marrow-derived macrophages. Phagocytosis efficiency was measured by fluorescence microscopy. Gain- and loss-of-function studies were performed using miR-181c-5p-specific mimic and inhibitor. The expression of the phagocytosis-associated genes and proteins of interest was evaluated by RT2 profiler PCR array and western blotting, respectively. RESULTS miR-181c-5p expression was significantly upregulated in the phagocyting macrophages. Furthermore, mimic-induced overexpression of miR-181c-5p resulted in the increased phagocytic ability of macrophages. Moreover, overexpression of miR-181c-5p resulted in upregulation of WAVE-2 in phagocyting macrophages, suggesting that miR-181c-5p may regulate cytoskeletal arrangement during macrophage phagocytosis. CONCLUSION Altogether, our data provide a novel function of miR-181c-5p in macrophage biology and suggest that targeting macrophage miR-181c-5p in injured tissues might improve clearance of dead cells and lead to efficient inflammation resolution.
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Zhang Y, Liu X, Zhao J, Wang J, Song Q, Zhao C. The phagocytic receptors of β-glucan. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 205:430-441. [PMID: 35202631 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.02.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a cellular process maintaining tissue balance and plays an essential role in initiating the innate immune response. The process of phagocytosis was triggered by the binding of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) with their cell surface receptors on the phagocytes. These receptors not only perform phagocytic functions, but also bridge the gap between extracellular and intracellular communication, leading to signal transduction and the production of inflammatory mediators, which are crucial for clearing the invading pathogens and maintaining cell homeostasis. For the past few years, the application of β-glucan comes down to immunoregulation and anti-tumor territory. As a well-known PAMP, β-glucan is one of the most abundant polysaccharides in nature. By binding to specific receptors on immune cells and activating intracellular signal transduction pathways, it causes phagocytosis and promotes the release of cytokines. Further retrieval and straightening out literature related to β-glucan phagocytic receptors will help better elucidate their immunomodulatory functions. This review attempts to summarize physicochemical properties and specific processes involved in β-glucan induced phagocytosis, its phagocytic receptors, and cascade events triggered by β-glucan at the cellular and molecular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhuo Zhang
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 23 East Hong Kong Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Xinning Liu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 23 East Hong Kong Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 23 East Hong Kong Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China; Innovation Platform of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, China
| | - Jie Wang
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 23 East Hong Kong Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Qiaoling Song
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 23 East Hong Kong Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China; Innovation Platform of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, China
| | - Chenyang Zhao
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 23 East Hong Kong Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China; Innovation Platform of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, China.
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Kraus RF, Gruber MA. Neutrophils-From Bone Marrow to First-Line Defense of the Innate Immune System. Front Immunol 2022; 12:767175. [PMID: 35003081 PMCID: PMC8732951 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.767175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils (polymorphonuclear cells; PMNs) form a first line of defense against pathogens and are therefore an important component of the innate immune response. As a result of poorly controlled activation, however, PMNs can also mediate tissue damage in numerous diseases, often by increasing tissue inflammation and injury. According to current knowledge, PMNs are not only part of the pathogenesis of infectious and autoimmune diseases but also of conditions with disturbed tissue homeostasis such as trauma and shock. Scientific advances in the past two decades have changed the role of neutrophils from that of solely immune defense cells to cells that are responsible for the general integrity of the body, even in the absence of pathogens. To better understand PMN function in the human organism, our review outlines the role of PMNs within the innate immune system. This review provides an overview of the migration of PMNs from the vascular compartment to the target tissue as well as their chemotactic processes and illuminates crucial neutrophil immune properties at the site of the lesion. The review is focused on the formation of chemotactic gradients in interaction with the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the influence of the ECM on PMN function. In addition, our review summarizes current knowledge about the phenomenon of bidirectional and reverse PMN migration, neutrophil microtubules, and the microtubule organizing center in PMN migration. As a conclusive feature, we review and discuss new findings about neutrophil behavior in cancer environment and tumor tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Felix Kraus
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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37
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Wang Y, Yang Z, Shi L, Yang R, Guo H, Zhang S, Geng G. Transcriptome analysis of Auricularia fibrillifera fruit-body responses to drought stress and rehydration. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:58. [PMID: 35033026 PMCID: PMC8760723 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08284-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drought stress severely restricts edible fungus production. The genus Auricularia has a rare drought tolerance, a rehydration capability, and is nutrient rich. RESULTS The key genes and metabolic pathways involved in drought-stress and rehydration were investigated using a transcriptome analysis to clarify the relevant molecular mechanisms. In total, 173.93 Mb clean reads, 26.09 Gb of data bulk, and 52,954 unigenes were obtained. Under drought-stress and rehydration conditions, 14,235 and 8539 differentially expressed genes, respectively, were detected. 'Tyrosine metabolic', 'caffeine metabolism', 'ribosome', 'phagosome', and 'proline and arginine metabolism', as well as 'peroxisome' and 'mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling' pathways, had major roles in A. fibrillifera responses to drought stress. 'Tyrosine' and 'caffeine metabolism' might reveal unknown mechanisms for the antioxidation of A. fibrillifera under drought-stress conditions. During the rehydration process, 'diterpenoid biosynthesis', 'butanoate metabolism', 'C5-branched dibasic acid', and 'aflatoxin biosynthesis' pathways were significantly enriched. Gibberellins and γ-aminobutyric acid were important in the recovery of A. fibrillifera growth after rehydration. Many genes related to antibiotics, vitamins, and other health-related ingredients were found in A. fibrillifera. CONCLUSION These findings suggested that the candidate genes and metabolites involved in crucial biological pathways might regulate the drought tolerance or rehydration of Auricularia, shedding light on the corresponding mechanisms and providing new potential targets for the breeding and cultivation of drought-tolerant fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqin Wang
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Zhifen Yang
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Luxi Shi
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Rui Yang
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Hao Guo
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Suqin Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.
| | - Guangdong Geng
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.
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aVASP boosts protrusive activity of macroendocytic cups and drives phagosome rocketing after internalization. Eur J Cell Biol 2022; 101:151200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2022.151200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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Jiang F, Shi Y, Zou X, Han J, Han S. In cellulo synthesis of dendrimeric sensors for fluorescence-on imaging of bacterial phagocytosis. J Mater Chem B 2021; 10:4800-4809. [PMID: 34761795 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb02012a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Methods for optical tracking of pathogen-host interactions are of biomedical significance. We herein have reported a high molecular weight pH sensor (Den-pH) that is assembled in bacteria and then stably trapped in bacteria irrespective of bacterial membrane potentials. Endowed with acidity-triggered red fluorescence, Den-pH allows signal-on tracking of S. aureus in phagocytosis by macrophages. Intra-bacterial formation of multifunctional optical probes, which offers the advantage of overcoming the liability of conventional potential-sensitive dyes to dissipate from stressed bacteria, offers a new tool to study stressed pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, the Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Yilong Shi
- State key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signalling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xiaoxue Zou
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, the Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Jiahuai Han
- State key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signalling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Shoufa Han
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, the Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
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Vorselen D, Barger SR, Wang Y, Cai W, Theriot JA, Gauthier NC, Krendel M. Phagocytic 'teeth' and myosin-II 'jaw' power target constriction during phagocytosis. eLife 2021; 10:e68627. [PMID: 34708690 PMCID: PMC8585483 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis requires rapid actin reorganization and spatially controlled force generation to ingest targets ranging from pathogens to apoptotic cells. How actomyosin activity directs membrane extensions to engulf such diverse targets remains unclear. Here, we combine lattice light-sheet microscopy (LLSM) with microparticle traction force microscopy (MP-TFM) to quantify actin dynamics and subcellular forces during macrophage phagocytosis. We show that spatially localized forces leading to target constriction are prominent during phagocytosis of antibody-opsonized targets. This constriction is largely driven by Arp2/3-mediated assembly of discrete actin protrusions containing myosin 1e and 1f ('teeth') that appear to be interconnected in a ring-like organization. Contractile myosin-II activity contributes to late-stage phagocytic force generation and progression, supporting a specific role in phagocytic cup closure. Observations of partial target eating attempts and sudden target release via a popping mechanism suggest that constriction may be critical for resolving complex in vivo target encounters. Overall, our findings present a phagocytic cup shaping mechanism that is distinct from cytoskeletal remodeling in 2D cell motility and may contribute to mechanosensing and phagocytic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan Vorselen
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Sarah R Barger
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuseUnited States
| | - Yifan Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Wei Cai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Julie A Theriot
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | | | - Mira Krendel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuseUnited States
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Daldaban F, Karaca Bekdik İ, Aslan Ö, Akyüz B, Akçay A, Arslan K. Investigation of TLR1-9 genes and miR-155 expression in dogs infected with canine distemper. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 79:101711. [PMID: 34601173 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the relationship of toll-like receptor (TLR) 1-9 genes and microRNA (miR) -155 expression levels with hematologic parameters in dogs diagnosed with canine distemper. In the study, two groups were used pre-treatment and post-treatment. Infected dogs were diagnosed with canine distemper with the help of a rapid test kit and Real Time-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). Based on the correlation coefficients between the expression levels of the genes examined within the scope of the study and hematologic values, a positive correlation was found between the TLR2 gene and the monocyte (MON) value and between the TLR4 gene and the platelet (PLT) value in the pre-treatment group. A strong positive correlation was identified between TLR3 and TLR9 genes and erythrocyte (RBC) and hemoglobin (HGB) values; between TLR5 gene and RBC, HGB and hematocrit (HCT) values and between TLR9 gene and RBC and HGB values in the post-treatment group, on the other hand, a positive correlation was found between TLR1 gene and MON and neutrophil (GRAN) values; between TLR3 gene and HCT value and between TLR9 gene and MON and HCT values. The study concluded that miR-155 and TLR8 gene were upregulated at a statistically significant level (P < 0.05) Post-treatment in dogs infected with canine distemper and there was a positive correlation between the upregulation of miR-155 and the upregulation of TLR8 in the same period. This result suggests that the upregulated miR-155 expression post-treatment increased TLR8 gene expression. In the light of these findings, it miR-155 may have the potential to be used in clinical practice in the treatment or prognosis of dogs infected with canine distemper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadime Daldaban
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Genetics, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - İlknur Karaca Bekdik
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Öznur Aslan
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Bilal Akyüz
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Genetics, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Aytaç Akçay
- Ankara University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Korhan Arslan
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Genetics, Kayseri, Turkey.
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The Role of PPAR Alpha in the Modulation of Innate Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910545. [PMID: 34638886 PMCID: PMC8508635 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α is a potent regulator of systemic and cellular metabolism and energy homeostasis, but it also suppresses various inflammatory reactions. In this review, we focus on its role in the regulation of innate immunity; in particular, we discuss the PPARα interplay with inflammatory transcription factor signaling, pattern-recognition receptor signaling, and the endocannabinoid system. We also present examples of the PPARα-specific immunomodulatory functions during parasitic, bacterial, and viral infections, as well as approach several issues associated with innate immunity processes, such as the production of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species, phagocytosis, and the effector functions of macrophages, innate lymphoid cells, and mast cells. The described phenomena encourage the application of endogenous and pharmacological PPARα agonists to alleviate the disorders of immunological background and the development of new solutions that engage PPARα activation or suppression.
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Abstract
Macrophages are essential components of the immune system and play a role in the normal functioning of the cardiovascular system. Depending on their origin and phenotype, cardiac macrophages perform various functions. In a steady-state, these cells play a beneficial role in maintaining cardiac homeostasis by defending the body from pathogens and eliminating apoptotic cells, participating in electrical conduction, vessel patrolling, and arterial tone regulation. However, macrophages also take part in adverse cardiac remodeling that could lead to the development and progression of heart failure (HF) in such HF comorbidities as hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and myocardial infarction. Nevertheless, studies on detailed mechanisms of cardiac macrophage function are still in progress, and could enable potential therapeutic applications of these cells. This review aims to present the latest reports on the origin, heterogeneity, and functions of cardiac macrophages in the healthy heart and in cardiovascular diseases leading to HF. The potential therapeutic use of macrophages is also briefly discussed.
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Hasan MM, Gazi MA, Das S, Fahim SM, Hossaini F, Alam MA, Mahfuz M, Ahmed T. Association of lipocalin-2 and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) with biomarkers of environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) among under 2 children in Bangladesh: results from a community-based intervention study. BMJ Paediatr Open 2021; 5:e001138. [PMID: 34423140 PMCID: PMC8340289 DOI: 10.1136/bmjpo-2021-001138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) is thought to occur from persistent intestinal inflammation. Studies also revealed the association of lipocalin-2 (LCN2) and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) with intestinal inflammation. Therefore, we intended to explore the relationship of LCN2 and LRP1 with gut inflammation and biomarkers of EED in Bangladeshi malnourished children. Methods A total of 222 children (length-for-age z-score (LAZ) <-1) aged 12-18 months were enrolled in this study in a cross-sectional manner. Among the participants, 115 were stunted (LAZ <-2) and 107 were at risk of being stunted (LAZ -1 to -2) children. Plasma and faecal biomarkers were measured using ELISA. Spearman's rank correlation was done to see the correlation among LCN2, LRP1 and biological biomarkers. Results LCN2 correlates positively with myeloperoxidase (r=0.19, p=0.005), neopterin (r=0.20, p=0.004), calprotectin (r=0.3, p=0.0001), Reg1B (r=0.20, p=0.003) and EED score (r=0.20, p=0.003). Whereas, LRP1 correlates negatively with myeloperoxidase (r = -0.18, p=0.006), neopterin (r = -0.30, p=0.0001), alpha-1-antitrypsin (r = -0.18, p=0.006), Reg1B (r=-0.2, p=0.003) and EED score (r = -0.29, p=0.0001). Conclusions Our findings imply that LCN2 might be a promising biomarker to predict gut inflammation and EED. Whereas, increased level of LRP1 may contribute to alleviating intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Mehedi Hasan
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division (NCSD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Amran Gazi
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division (NCSD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Subhasish Das
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division (NCSD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shah Mohammad Fahim
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division (NCSD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Farzana Hossaini
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division (NCSD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Ashraful Alam
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division (NCSD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mustafa Mahfuz
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division (NCSD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmeed Ahmed
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division (NCSD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Menko AS, DeDreu J, Logan CM, Paulson H, Levin AV, Walker JL. Resident immune cells of the avascular lens: Mediators of the injury and fibrotic response of the lens. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21341. [PMID: 33710665 PMCID: PMC8200928 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002200r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tissues typically harbor subpopulations of resident immune cells that function as rapid responders to injury and whose activation leads to induction of an adaptive immune response, playing important roles in repair and protection. Since the lens is an avascular tissue, it was presumed that it was absent of resident immune cells. Our studies now show that resident immune cells are a shared feature of the human, mouse, and chicken lens epithelium. These resident immune cells function as immediate responders to injury and rapidly populate the wound edge following mock cataract surgery to function as leader cells. Many of these resident immune cells also express MHCII providing them with antigen presenting ability to engage an adaptive immune response. We provide evidence that during development immune cells migrate on the ciliary zonules and localize among the equatorial epithelial cells of the lens adjacent to where the ciliary zonules associate with the lens capsule. These findings suggest that the vasculature‐rich ciliary body is a source of lens resident immune cells. We identified a major role for these cells as rapid responders to wounding, quickly populating each wound were they can function as leaders of lens tissue repair. Our findings also show that lens resident immune cells are progenitors of myofibroblasts, which characteristically appear in response to lens cataract surgery injury, and therefore, are likely agents of lens pathologies to impair vision like fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sue Menko
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - JodiRae DeDreu
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Caitlin M Logan
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Heather Paulson
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alex V Levin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Janice L Walker
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Walker JL, Menko AS. Immune cells in lens injury repair and fibrosis. Exp Eye Res 2021; 209:108664. [PMID: 34126081 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Immune cells, both tissue resident immune cells and those immune cells recruited in response to wounding or degenerative conditions, are essential to both the maintenance and restoration of homeostasis in most tissues. These cells are typically provided to tissues by their closely associated vasculatures. However, the lens, like many of the tissues in the eye, are considered immune privileged sites because they have no associated vasculature. Such absence of immune cells was thought to protect the lens from inflammatory responses that would bring with them the danger of causing vision impairing opacities. However, it has now been shown, as occurs in other immune privileged sites in the eye, that novel pathways exist by which immune cells come to associate with the lens to protect it, maintain its homeostasis, and function in its regenerative repair. Here we review the discoveries that have revealed there are both innate and adaptive immune system responses to lens, and that, like most other tissues, the lens harbors a population of resident immune cells, which are the sentinels of danger or injury to a tissue. While resident and recruited immune cells are essential elements of lens homeostasis and repair, they also become the agents of disease, particularly as progenitors of pro-fibrogenic myofibroblasts. There still remains much to learn about the function of lens-associated immune cells in protection, repair and disease, the knowledge of which will provide new tools for maintaining the core functions of the lens in the visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice L Walker
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - A Sue Menko
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
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Abstract
When attempting to propagate infections, bacterial pathogens encounter phagocytes that encase them in vacuoles called phagosomes. Within phagosomes, bacteria are bombarded with a plethora of stresses that often lead to their demise. However, pathogens have evolved numerous strategies to counter those host defenses and facilitate survival. Given the importance of phagosome-bacteria interactions to infection outcomes, they represent a collection of targets that are of interest for next-generation antibacterials. To facilitate such therapies, different approaches can be employed to increase understanding of phagosome-bacteria interactions, and these can be classified broadly as top down (starting from intact systems and breaking down the importance of different parts) or bottom up (developing a knowledge base on simplified systems and progressively increasing complexity). Here we review knowledge of phagosomal compositions and bacterial survival tactics useful for bottom-up approaches, which are particularly relevant for the application of reaction engineering to quantify and predict the time evolution of biochemical species in these death-dealing vacuoles. Further, we highlight how understanding in this area can be built up through the combination of immunology, microbiology, and engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darshan M Sivaloganathan
- Program in Quantitative and Computational Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Mark P Brynildsen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA;
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48
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Neutrophils in Tuberculosis: Cell Biology, Cellular Networking and Multitasking in Host Defense. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094801. [PMID: 33946542 PMCID: PMC8125784 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils readily infiltrate infection foci, phagocytose and usually destroy microbes. In tuberculosis (TB), a chronic pulmonary infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), neutrophils harbor bacilli, are abundant in tissue lesions, and their abundances in blood correlate with poor disease outcomes in patients. The biology of these innate immune cells in TB is complex. Neutrophils have been assigned host-beneficial as well as deleterious roles. The short lifespan of neutrophils purified from blood poses challenges to cell biology studies, leaving intracellular biological processes and the precise consequences of Mtb–neutrophil interactions ill-defined. The phenotypic heterogeneity of neutrophils, and their propensity to engage in cellular cross-talk and to exert various functions during homeostasis and disease, have recently been reported, and such observations are newly emerging in TB. Here, we review the interactions of neutrophils with Mtb, including subcellular events and cell fate upon infection, and summarize the cross-talks between neutrophils and lung-residing and -recruited cells. We highlight the roles of neutrophils in TB pathophysiology, discussing recent findings from distinct models of pulmonary TB, and emphasize technical advances that could facilitate the discovery of novel neutrophil-related disease mechanisms and enrich our knowledge of TB pathogenesis.
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Pisko J, Špirková A, Čikoš Š, Olexiková L, Kovaříková V, Šefčíková Z, Fabian D. Apoptotic cells in mouse blastocysts are eliminated by neighbouring blastomeres. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9228. [PMID: 33927296 PMCID: PMC8085119 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88752-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a physiological process that occurs commonly during the development of the preimplantation embryo. The present work examines the ability of apoptotic embryonic cells to express a signal promoting their phagocytosis, and quantifies the ability of neighbouring, normal embryonic cells to perform that task. Microscopic analysis of mouse blastocysts revealed phosphatidylserine externalization to be 10 times less common than incidence of apoptotic cells (as detected by TUNEL). In spite of the low frequency of phosphatidylserine-flipping (in inner cell mass, no annexin V staining was recorded), fluorescence staining of the plasma membrane showed more than 20% of apoptotic cells to have been engulfed by neighbouring blastomeres. The mean frequency of apoptotic cells escaping phagocytosis by their extrusion into blastocyst cavities did not exceed 10%. Immunochemically visualised RAC1 (an enzyme important in actin cytoskeleton rearrangement) was seen in phagosome-like structures containing a nucleus with a condensed morphology. Gene transcript analysis showed that the embryonic cells expressed 12 receptors likely involved in phagocytic process (Scarf1, Msr1, Cd36, Itgav, Itgb3, Cd14, Scarb1, Cd44, Stab1, Adgrb1, Cd300lf, Cd93). In conclusion, embryonic cells possess all the necessary mechanisms for recognising, engulfing and digesting apoptotic cells, ensuring the clearance of most dying blastomeres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Pisko
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Šoltésovej 4-6, 040 01, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Alexandra Špirková
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Šoltésovej 4-6, 040 01, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Štefan Čikoš
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Šoltésovej 4-6, 040 01, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Lucia Olexiková
- Research Institute for Animal Production Nitra, National Agricultural and Food Centre (NPPC), Hlohovecká 2, 951 41, Lužianky, Slovak Republic
| | - Veronika Kovaříková
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Šoltésovej 4-6, 040 01, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Zuzana Šefčíková
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Šoltésovej 4-6, 040 01, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Dušan Fabian
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Šoltésovej 4-6, 040 01, Košice, Slovak Republic.
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50
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Dixon CL, Mekhail K, Fairn GD. Examining the Underappreciated Role of S-Acylated Proteins as Critical Regulators of Phagocytosis and Phagosome Maturation in Macrophages. Front Immunol 2021; 12:659533. [PMID: 33868308 PMCID: PMC8047069 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.659533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a receptor-mediated process used by cells to engulf a wide variety of particulates, including microorganisms and apoptotic cells. Many of the proteins involved in this highly orchestrated process are post-translationally modified with lipids as a means of regulating signal transduction, membrane remodeling, phagosome maturation and other immunomodulatory functions of phagocytes. S-acylation, generally referred to as S-palmitoylation, is the post-translational attachment of fatty acids to a cysteine residue exposed topologically to the cytosol. This modification is reversible due to the intrinsically labile thioester bond between the lipid and sulfur atom of cysteine, and thus lends itself to a variety of regulatory scenarios. Here we present an overview of a growing number of S-acylated proteins known to regulate phagocytosis and phagosome biology in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charneal L Dixon
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Katrina Mekhail
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gregory D Fairn
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Toronto, ON, Canada
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