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Cometta S, Hutmacher DW, Chai L. In vitro models for studying implant-associated biofilms - A review from the perspective of bioengineering 3D microenvironments. Biomaterials 2024; 309:122578. [PMID: 38692146 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2024.122578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Biofilm research has grown exponentially over the last decades, arguably due to their contribution to hospital acquired infections when they form on foreign body surfaces such as catheters and implants. Yet, translation of the knowledge acquired in the laboratory to the clinic has been slow and/or often it is not attempted by research teams to walk the talk of what is defined as 'bench to bedside'. We therefore reviewed the biofilm literature to better understand this gap. Our search revealed substantial development with respect to adapting surfaces and media used in models to mimic the clinical settings, however many of the in vitro models were too simplistic, often discounting the composition and properties of the host microenvironment and overlooking the biofilm-implant-host interactions. Failure to capture the physiological growth conditions of biofilms in vivo results in major differences between lab-grown- and clinically-relevant biofilms, particularly with respect to phenotypic profiles, virulence, and antimicrobial resistance, and they essentially impede bench-to-bedside translatability. In this review, we describe the complexity of the biological processes at the biofilm-implant-host interfaces, discuss the prerequisite for the development and characterization of biofilm models that better mimic the clinical scenario, and propose an interdisciplinary outlook of how to bioengineer biofilms in vitro by converging tissue engineering concepts and tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Cometta
- Max Planck Queensland Centre, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia; Faculty of Engineering, School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia; Australian Research Council (ARC) Training Centre for Multiscale 3D Imaging, Modelling, and Manufacturing (M3D Innovation), Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.
| | - Dietmar W Hutmacher
- Max Planck Queensland Centre, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia; Faculty of Engineering, School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia; Australian Research Council (ARC) Training Centre for Multiscale 3D Imaging, Modelling, and Manufacturing (M3D Innovation), Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia; Australian Research Council Training Centre for Cell and Tissue Engineering Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia.
| | - Liraz Chai
- Max Planck Queensland Centre, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Institute of Chemistry, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel; The Harvey M. Krueger Family Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel.
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Mishra N, Gido CD, Herdendorf TJ, Hammel M, Hura GL, Fu ZQ, Geisbrecht BV. S. aureus Eap is a polyvalent inhibitor of neutrophil serine proteases. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107627. [PMID: 39098536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus expresses three high-affinity neutrophil serine protease (NSP) inhibitors known as the extracellular adherence protein domain (EAPs) proteins. Whereas EapH1 and EapH2 are comprised of a single EAP domain, the modular extracellular adherence protein (Eap) from S. aureus strain Mu50 consists of four EAP domains. We recently reported that EapH2 can simultaneously bind and inhibit cathepsin-G (CG) and neutrophil elastase (NE), which are the two most abundant NSPs. This unusual property of EapH2 arises from independent CG and NE-binding sites that lie on opposing faces of its EAP domain. Here we used X-ray crystallography and enzyme assays to show that all four individual domains of Eap (i.e. Eap1, Eap2, Eap3, and Eap4) exhibit an EapH2-like ability to form ternary complexes with CG and NE that inhibit both enzymes simultaneously. We found that Eap1, Eap2, and Eap3 have similar functional profiles insofar as NSP inhibition is concerned but that Eap4 displays an unexpected ability to inhibit two NE enzymes simultaneously. Using X-ray crystallography, we determined that this second NE-binding site in Eap4 arises through the same region of its EAP domain that also comprises its CG-binding site. Interestingly, small angle X-ray scattering data showed that stable tail-to-tail dimers of the NE/Eap4/NE ternary complex exist in solution. This arrangement is compatible with NSP-binding at all available sites in a two-domain fragment of Eap. Together, our work implies that Eap is a polyvalent inhibitor of NSPs. It also raises the possibility that higher-order structures of NSP-bound Eap may have unique functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Mishra
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Carson D Gido
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Timothy J Herdendorf
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Michal Hammel
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Gregory L Hura
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Zheng-Qing Fu
- SER-CAT, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Brian V Geisbrecht
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA.
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3
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Jing Q, Liu R, Jiang Q, Liu Y, He J, Zhou X, Yu OY, Chu CH, Cheng L, Ren B, Li M. Staphylococcus aureus wraps around Candida albicans and synergistically escapes from Neutrophil extracellular traps. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1422440. [PMID: 39050841 PMCID: PMC11266059 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1422440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background NETs, a unique neutrophil immune mechanism, are vital in defending against microbial invasions. Understanding the mechanisms of co-infection by Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus, which often leads to higher mortality and poorer prognosis, is crucial for studying infection progression. Methods In our study, we established a mouse model of subcutaneous infection to characterize the inflammation induced by co-infection. By purifying and extracting NETs to interact with microorganisms, we delve into the differences in their interactions with various microbial species. Additionally, we investigated the differences in NETs production by neutrophils in response to single or mixed microorganisms through the interaction between neutrophils and these microorganisms. Furthermore, we analyzed the gene expression differences during co-infection using transcriptomics. Results In vivo, C. albicans infections tend to aggregate, while S. aureus infections are more diffuse. In cases of co-infection, S. aureus adheres to and wraps C. albicans. NETs exhibit strong killing capability against C. albicans but weaker efficacy against S. aureus. When NETs interact with mixed microorganisms, they preferentially target and kill the outer layer of S. aureus. In the early stages, neutrophils primarily rely on phagocytosis to kill S. aureus, but as the bacteria accumulate, they stimulate neutrophils to produce NETs. Interestingly, in the presence of neutrophils, S. aureus promotes the proliferation and hyphal growth of C. albicans. Conclusion Our research has showed substantial differences in the progression of co-infections compared to single-microbial infections, thereby providing scientific evidence for NETs as potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of co-infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qingsong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Orthodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingshuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinzhi He
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ollie Yiru Yu
- Faculty of Dentistry, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chun-Hung Chu
- Faculty of Dentistry, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Biao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingyun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Baz AA, Hao H, Lan S, Li Z, Liu S, Chen S, Chu Y. Neutrophil extracellular traps in bacterial infections and evasion strategies. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1357967. [PMID: 38433838 PMCID: PMC10906519 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1357967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are innate immune cells that have a vital role in host defense systems. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are one of neutrophils' defense mechanisms against pathogens. NETs comprise an ejected lattice of chromatin associated with histones, granular proteins, and cytosolic proteins. They are thought to be an efficient strategy to capture and/or kill bacteria and received intensive research interest in the recent years. However, soon after NETs were identified, it was observed that certain bacteria were able to evade NET entrapment through many different mechanisms. Here, we outline the recent progress of NETs in bacterial infections and the strategies employed by bacteria to evade or withstand NETs. Identifying the molecules and mechanisms that modulate NET release will improve our understanding of the functions of NETs in infections and provide new avenues for the prevention and treatment of bacterial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Adel Baz
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Huafang Hao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shimei Lan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhangcheng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shengli Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuefeng Chu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
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Bhattacharya M, Horswill AR. The role of human extracellular matrix proteins in defining Staphylococcus aureus biofilm infections. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2024; 48:fuae002. [PMID: 38337187 PMCID: PMC10873506 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuae002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Twenty to forty one percent of the world's population is either transiently or permanently colonized by the Gram-positive bacterium, Staphylococcus aureus. In 2017, the CDC designated methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) as a serious threat, reporting ∼300 000 cases of MRSA-associated hospitalizations annually, resulting in over 19 000 deaths, surpassing that of HIV in the USA. S. aureus is a proficient biofilm-forming organism that rapidly acquires resistance to antibiotics, most commonly methicillin (MRSA). This review focuses on a large group of (>30) S. aureus adhesins, either surface-associated or secreted that are designed to specifically bind to 15 or more of the proteins that form key components of the human extracellular matrix (hECM). Importantly, this includes hECM proteins that are pivotal to the homeostasis of almost every tissue environment [collagen (skin), proteoglycans (lung), hemoglobin (blood), elastin, laminin, fibrinogen, fibronectin, and fibrin (multiple organs)]. These adhesins offer S. aureus the potential to establish an infection in every sterile tissue niche. These infections often endure repeated immune onslaught, developing into chronic, biofilm-associated conditions that are tolerant to ∼1000 times the clinically prescribed dose of antibiotics. Depending on the infection and the immune response, this allows S. aureus to seamlessly transition from colonizer to pathogen by subtly manipulating the host against itself while providing the time and stealth that it requires to establish and persist as a biofilm. This is a comprehensive discussion of the interaction between S. aureus biofilms and the hECM. We provide particular focus on the role of these interactions in pathogenesis and, consequently, the clinical implications for the prevention and treatment of S. aureus biofilm infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohini Bhattacharya
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - Alexander R Horswill
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
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Cranmer KD, Pant MD, Quesnel S, Sharp JA. Clonal Diversity, Antibiotic Resistance, and Virulence Factor Prevalence of Community Associated Staphylococcus aureus in Southeastern Virginia. Pathogens 2023; 13:25. [PMID: 38251333 PMCID: PMC10821353 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a significant human pathogen with a formidable propensity for antibiotic resistance. Worldwide, it is the leading cause of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI), septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, and infective endocarditis originating from both community- and healthcare-associated settings. Although often grouped by methicillin resistance, both methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and methicillin-sensitive (MSSA) strains are known to cause significant pathologies and injuries. Virulence factors and growing resistance to antibiotics play major roles in the pathogenicity of community-associated strains. In our study, we examined the genetic variability and acquired antibiograms of 122 S. aureus clinical isolates from SSTI, blood, and urinary tract infections originating from pediatric patients within the southeast region of Virginia, USA. We identified a suite of clinically relevant virulence factors and evaluated their prevalence within these isolates. Five genes (clfA, spA, sbi, scpA, and vwb) with immune-evasive functions were identified in all isolates. MRSA isolates had a greater propensity to be resistant to more antibiotics as well as significantly more likely to carry several virulence factors compared to MSSA strains. Further, the carriage of various genes was found to vary significantly based on the infection type (SSTI, blood, urine).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn D. Cranmer
- Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
| | - Mohan D. Pant
- School of Health Professions, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
| | - Suzanne Quesnel
- Children’s Hospital of the King’s Daughters, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
| | - Julia A. Sharp
- Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
- School of Health Professions, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
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Campoccia D, Ravaioli S, Mirzaei R, Bua G, Daglia M, Arciola CR. Interactions of Neutrophils with the Polymeric Molecular Components of the Biofilm Matrix in the Context of Implant-Associated Bone and Joint Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17042. [PMID: 38069365 PMCID: PMC10707472 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242317042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In the presence of orthopedic implants, opportunistic pathogens can easily colonize the biomaterial surfaces, forming protective biofilms. Life in biofilm is a central pathogenetic mechanism enabling bacteria to elude the host immune response and survive conventional medical treatments. The formation of mature biofilms is universally recognized as the main cause of septic prosthetic failures. Neutrophils are the first leukocytes to be recruited at the site of infection. They are highly efficient in detecting and killing planktonic bacteria. However, the interactions of these fundamental effector cells of the immune system with the biofilm matrix, which is the true interface of a biofilm with the host cells, have only recently started to be unveiled and are still to be fully understood. Biofilm matrix macromolecules consist of exopolysaccharides, proteins, lipids, teichoic acids, and the most recently described extracellular DNA. The latter can also be stolen from neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) by bacteria, who use it to strengthen their biofilms. This paper aims to review the specific interactions that neutrophils develop when they physically encounter the matrix of a biofilm and come to interact with its polymeric molecular components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Campoccia
- Laboratorio di Patologia Delle Infezioni Associate all’Impianto, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (D.C.); (S.R.); (G.B.)
| | - Stefano Ravaioli
- Laboratorio di Patologia Delle Infezioni Associate all’Impianto, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (D.C.); (S.R.); (G.B.)
| | - Rasoul Mirzaei
- Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Laboratory, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran;
| | - Gloria Bua
- Laboratorio di Patologia Delle Infezioni Associate all’Impianto, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (D.C.); (S.R.); (G.B.)
| | - Maria Daglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy;
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Carla Renata Arciola
- Laboratory of Immunorheumatology and Tissue Regeneration, Laboratory of Pathology of Implant Infections, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Martens CP, Peetermans M, Vanassche T, Verhamme P, Jacquemin M, Martinod K. Peptidylarginine deiminase 4 and ADAMTS13 activity in Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20230042. [PMID: 37778390 PMCID: PMC10542450 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus infection is associated with increased levels of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and von Willebrand factor (VWF), and with reduced activity of ADAMTS13 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin type 1 motifs, member 13). Peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) contributes to NET formation and inactivates ADAMTS13 in vitro. The role of PADs in the dynamics of NETs, VWF and ADAMTS13 has not yet been studied. We thus aimed to assess the longitudinal evolution of NETs, PADs, VWF and ADAMTS13 activity in S. aureus infection. Plasma samples from S. aureus bacteraemia patients were longitudinally collected and analysed for NETs, PAD4/PAD2, VWF and ADAMTS13 activity. Correlation analyses with clinical data were performed. Recombinant PAD4 and S. aureus were assessed in vitro for their potential to modulate ADAMTS13 activity. Sixty-seven patients were included. Plasma levels of NETs, VWF, PAD4 and PAD2 were increased and ADAMTS13 activity was decreased. Levels of PADs were negatively correlated with ADAMTS13 activity. NETs were positively correlated with PADs, and negatively with ADAMTS13 activity. In vitro, recombinant PAD4 but not S. aureus reduced ADAMTS13 activity in plasma. Levels of PAD4 and PAD2 correlate with reduced ADAMTS13 activity, with neutrophils as the likely source of PAD activity in S. aureus bacteraemia. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'The virtues and vices of protein citrullination'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline P. Martens
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Marijke Peetermans
- Laboratory for Clinical Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Department of General Internal Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Thomas Vanassche
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Peter Verhamme
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Marc Jacquemin
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Kimberly Martinod
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
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Leidecker M, Bertling A, Hussain M, Bischoff M, Eble JA, Fender AC, Jurk K, Rumpf C, Herrmann M, Kehrel BE, Niemann S. Protein Disulfide Isomerase and Extracellular Adherence Protein Cooperatively Potentiate Staphylococcal Invasion into Endothelial Cells. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0388622. [PMID: 36995240 PMCID: PMC10269700 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03886-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasion of host cells is an important feature of Staphylococcus aureus. The main internalization pathway involves binding of the bacteria to host cells, e.g., endothelial cells, via a fibronectin (Fn) bridge between S. aureus Fn binding proteins and α5β1-integrin, followed by phagocytosis. The secreted extracellular adherence protein (Eap) has been shown to promote this cellular uptake pathway of not only S. aureus, but also of bacteria otherwise poorly taken up by host cells, such as Staphylococcus carnosus. The exact mechanisms are still unknown. Previously, we demonstrated that Eap induces platelet activation by stimulation of the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), a catalyst of thiol-disulfide exchange reactions. Here, we show that Eap promotes PDI activity on the surface of endothelial cells, and that this contributes critically to Eap-driven staphylococcal invasion. PDI-stimulated β1-integrin activation followed by increased Fn binding to host cells likely accounts for the Eap-enhanced uptake of S. aureus into non-professional phagocytes. Additionally, Eap supports the binding of S. carnosus to Fn-α5β1 integrin, thereby allowing its uptake into endothelial cells. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that PDI is crucial for the uptake of bacteria into host cells. We describe a hitherto unknown function of Eap-the promotion of an enzymatic activity with subsequent enhancement of bacterial uptake-and thus broaden mechanistic insights into its importance as a driver of bacterial pathogenicity. IMPORTANCE Staphylococcus aureus can invade and persist in non-professional phagocytes, thereby escaping host defense mechanisms and antibiotic treatment. The intracellular lifestyle of S. aureus contributes to the development of infection, e.g., in infective endocarditis or chronic osteomyelitis. The extracellular adherence protein secreted by S. aureus promotes its own internalization as well as that of bacteria that are otherwise poorly taken up by host cells, such as Staphylococcus carnosus. In our study, we demonstrate that staphylococcal uptake by endothelial cells requires catalytic disulfide exchange activity by the cell-surface protein disulfide isomerase, and that this critical enzymatic function is enhanced by Eap. The therapeutic application of PDI inhibitors has previously been investigated in the context of thrombosis and hypercoagulability. Our results add another intriguing possibility: therapeutically targeting PDI, i.e., as a candidate approach to modulate the initiation and/or course of S. aureus infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen Leidecker
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Anne Bertling
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Experimental and Clinical Haemostasis, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Muzaffar Hussain
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Markus Bischoff
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Johannes A. Eble
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Anke C. Fender
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Experimental and Clinical Haemostasis, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Jurk
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Experimental and Clinical Haemostasis, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christine Rumpf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Mathias Herrmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Beate E. Kehrel
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Experimental and Clinical Haemostasis, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Silke Niemann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
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10
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Biswas S, Sarojini S, Jayaram S, Philip I, Umesh M, Mascarenhas R, Pappuswamy M, Balasubramanian B, Arokiyaraj S. Understanding the Role of Antimicrobial Peptides in Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Promoting Autoimmune Disorders. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1307. [PMID: 37374090 DOI: 10.3390/life13061307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
AMPs are small oligopeptides acting as integral elements of the innate immune system and are of tremendous potential in the medical field owing to their antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities. They offer a multitude of immunomodulatory properties such as immune cell differentiation, inflammatory responses, cytokine production, and chemoattraction. Aberrancy in neutrophil or epithelial cell-producing AMPs leads to inflammation culminating in various autoimmune responses. In this review, we have tried to explore the role of prominent mammalian AMPs-defensins and cathelicidins, as immune regulators with special emphasis on their role in neutrophil extracellular traps which promotes autoimmune disorders. When complexed with self-DNA or self-RNA, AMPs act as autoantigens which activate plasmacytoid dendritic cells and myeloid dendritic cells leading to the production of interferons and cytokines. These trigger a series of self-directed inflammatory reactions, leading to the emergence of diverse autoimmune disorders. Since AMPs show both anti- and pro-inflammatory abilities in different ADs, there is a dire need for a complete understanding of their role before developing AMP-based therapy for autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Biswas
- Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru 560029, India
| | - Suma Sarojini
- Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru 560029, India
| | - Saranya Jayaram
- Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru 560029, India
| | - Indhu Philip
- Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru 560029, India
| | - Mridul Umesh
- Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru 560029, India
| | - Roseanne Mascarenhas
- Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru 560029, India
| | - Manikantan Pappuswamy
- Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru 560029, India
| | | | - Selvaraj Arokiyaraj
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
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11
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Salzmann M, Platzer H, Mussbacher M, Derler M, Lenz M, Haider P, Brekalo M, Kral-Pointner JB, Kastl S, Speidl WS, Preissner KT, Schubert U, Bischoff M, Uhrin P, Wojta J, Hohensinner PJ. Staphylococcus aureus extracellular adherence protein (Eap) reduces immune cell phenotype in developing but not in established atherosclerotic lesions. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166616. [PMID: 36513287 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic, inflammatory disease of the vessel wall where triggered immune cells bind to inflamed endothelium, extravasate and sustain local inflammation. Leukocyte adhesion and extravasation are mediated by adhesion molecules expressed by activated endothelial cells, like intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1). Extracellular adherence protein (Eap) from Staphylococcus aureus binds to a plethora of extracellular matrix proteins, including ICAM-1 and its ligands macrophage-1 antigen (Mac-1, αMβ2) and lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1, αLβ2), thereby disrupting the interaction between leukocytes and endothelial cells. We aimed to use Eap to inhibit the interaction of leukocytes with activated endothelial cells in settings of developing and established atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E (ApoE) deficient mice on high-fat diet. In developing atherosclerosis, Eap treatment reduced circulating platelet-neutrophil aggregates as well as infiltration of T cells and neutrophils into the growing plaque, accompanied by reduced formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). However, plaque size did not change. Intervention treatment with Eap of already established plaques did not result in cellular or morphological plaque changes, whereas T cell infiltration was increased and thereby again modulated by Eap. We conclude that although Eap leads to cellular changes in developing plaques, clinical implications might be limited as patients are usually treated at a more advanced stage of disease progression. Hence, usage of Eap might be an interesting mechanistic tool for cellular infiltration during plaque development in basic research but not a clinical target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Salzmann
- Department of Internal Medicine II/Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Harald Platzer
- Department of Internal Medicine II/Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Marion Mussbacher
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Graz, Humboldtstraße 46, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Martina Derler
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Graz, Humboldtstraße 46, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Max Lenz
- Department of Internal Medicine II/Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Patrick Haider
- Department of Internal Medicine II/Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Mira Brekalo
- Department of Internal Medicine II/Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Julia B Kral-Pointner
- Department of Internal Medicine II/Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Stefan Kastl
- Department of Internal Medicine II/Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Walter S Speidl
- Department of Internal Medicine II/Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Klaus T Preissner
- Department of Cardiology, Kerckhoff Heart Research Institute, Justus-Liebig-University, Aulweg 129, 35392 Giessen, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Justus-Liebig-University, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Uwe Schubert
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Justus-Liebig-University, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Markus Bischoff
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße 100, 66424 Homburg, Germany.
| | - Pavel Uhrin
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Schwarzspanierstraße 17A, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Johann Wojta
- Department of Internal Medicine II/Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Philipp J Hohensinner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Center for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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12
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Francis D, Bhairaddy A, Joy A, Hari GV, Francis A. Secretory proteins in the orchestration of microbial virulence: The curious case of Staphylococcus aureus. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2023; 133:271-350. [PMID: 36707204 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Microbial virulence showcases an excellent model for adaptive changes that enable an organism to survive and proliferate in a hostile environment and exploit host resources to its own benefit. In Staphylococcus aureus, an opportunistic pathogen of the human host, known for the diversity of the disease conditions it inflicts and the rapid evolution of antibiotic resistance, virulence is a consequence of having a highly plastic genome that is amenable to quick reprogramming and the ability to express a diverse arsenal of virulence factors. Virulence factors that are secreted to the host milieu effectively manipulate the host conditions to favor bacterial survival and growth. They assist in colonization, nutrient acquisition, immune evasion, and systemic spread. The structural and functional characteristics of the secreted virulence proteins have been shaped to assist S. aureus in thriving and disseminating effectively within the host environment and exploiting the host resources to its best benefit. With the aim of highlighting the importance of secreted virulence proteins in bacterial virulence, the present chapter provides a comprehensive account of the role of the major secreted proteins of S. aureus in orchestrating its virulence in the human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dileep Francis
- Department of Life Sciences, Kristu Jayanti College, Autonomous, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
| | - Anusha Bhairaddy
- Department of Life Sciences, Kristu Jayanti College, Autonomous, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Atheene Joy
- Department of Life Sciences, Kristu Jayanti College, Autonomous, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Ashik Francis
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
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13
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A Novel Conserved Protein in Streptococcus agalactiae, BvaP, Is Important for Vaginal Colonization and Biofilm Formation. mSphere 2022; 7:e0042122. [PMID: 36218343 PMCID: PMC9769775 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00421-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococcus [GBS]) infections in neonates are often fatal and strongly associated with maternal GBS vaginal colonization. Here, we investigated the role of an uncharacterized protein, BvaP, in GBS vaginal colonization. bvaP was previously identified as the most highly upregulated gene in the GBS A909 transcriptome when comparing vaginal colonization to growth in liquid culture. We found that the absence of BvaP affects the ability of GBS to adhere to extracellular matrix components and human vaginal epithelial cells, and the ability of a ΔbvaP mutant to colonize the murine vaginal tract was significantly decreased. Cellular morphological alterations such as changes in cell shape, chain length, and clumping were also observed in a knockout mutant strain. Given its high expression level in vivo, high degree of conservation among GBS strains, and role in vaginal colonization, BvaP may be an eligible target for GBS vaccination and/or drug therapy. IMPORTANCE Neonatal GBS disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, and maternal vaginal colonization is the leading risk factor for the disease. Colonization prevention would greatly impact the rates of disease transmission, but vaccine development has stalled as capsular polysaccharide vaccines have low immunogenicity in vivo. While these vaccines are still in development, the addition of a protein conjugate may prove fruitful in increasing immunogenicity and strain coverage across GBS serotypes. Previous research identified sak_1753 as a highly upregulated gene during murine vaginal colonization. This study reveals that Sak_1753 is required to maintain proper GBS cellular morphology and colonization phenotypes and is required for full in vivo vaginal colonization in a murine model. We have renamed Sak_1753 group B streptococcus vaginal adherence protein (BvaP). The findings of this study indicate that BvaP is important for GBS colonization of the vaginal tract and, given its high expression level in vivo and strain conservation, may be a candidate for vaccine development.
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14
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In Silico Genome-Scale Analysis of Molecular Mechanisms Contributing to the Development of a Persistent Infection with Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ST239. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416086. [PMID: 36555727 PMCID: PMC9781258 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing frequency of isolation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) limits the chances for the effective antibacterial therapy of staphylococcal diseases and results in the development of persistent infection such as bacteremia and osteomyelitis. The aim of this study was to identify features of the MRSAST239 0943-1505-2016 (SA943) genome that contribute to the formation of both acute and chronic musculoskeletal infections. The analysis was performed using comparative genomics data of the dominant epidemic S. aureus lineages, namely ST1, ST8, ST30, ST36, and ST239. The SA943 genome encodes proteins that provide resistance to the host's immune system, suppress immunological memory, and form biofilms. The molecular mechanisms of adaptation responsible for the development of persistent infection were as follows: amino acid substitution in PBP2 and PBP2a, providing resistance to ceftaroline; loss of a large part of prophage DNA and restoration of the nucleotide sequence of beta-hemolysin, that greatly facilitates the escape of phagocytosed bacteria from the phagosome and formation of biofilms; dysfunction of the AgrA system due to the presence of psm-mec and several amino acid substitutions in the AgrC; partial deletion of the nucleotide sequence in genomic island vSAβ resulting in the loss of two proteases of Spl-operon; and deletion of SD repeats in the SdrE amino acid sequence.
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15
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de Jesus Gonzalez-Contreras F, Zarate X. Neutrophil extracellular traps: Modulation mechanisms by pathogens. Cell Immunol 2022; 382:104640. [PMID: 36413806 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils, as innate effector cells, play an essential role in the containment and elimination of pathogens. Among the main neutrophil mechanisms use for these processes is the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which consist of decondensed DNA decorated with various cytoplasmic proteins. NETs' principal role is the trapping and elimination of infectious agents; therefore, the formation of NETs is regulated by bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses through different mechanisms: the presence of virulence factors (adhered or secreted), microbial load, size of the microorganism, and even due to other immune cells activation (mainly platelets). This review summarizes the significant aspects that contribute to NETs modulation by pathogens and their components, and the effect NETs have on these pathogens as a cellular defense mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xristo Zarate
- Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Av. Universidad s/n, San Nicolas de los Garza 66455, NL, Mexico
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16
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Zhao J, Chen W, Zhang Y, Liu Q, Yang D, Wang Z. Bacterial infection induces pyroptotic signaling-mediated neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:982-990. [PMID: 35870743 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils can capture and kill pathogens by releasing neutrophils extracellular traps (NETs), which play critical roles in anti-microbial infection in mammals; however, the mechanisms involved in NETs formation and its role in anti-bacterial infection in teleost fish remains largely unknown. In this study, to explore the function of NETs in turbot, we established an in vitro bacterial infection model in head kidney derived neutrophils, and found that the haemolysin over-expressed Edwardsiella piscicida (ethA+) could induce a robust phenotype of NETs, compared with that in wild type or ethA mutant (ethA+ -ΔethA) strains. Besides, the NETosis was mediated by ethA+ -induced pyroptosis, and arms the ability of bacterial killing in neutrophils of turbot. Moreover, we found that neutrophils elastase (NE) might involves in this pyroptotic signaling, rather than inflammatory Smcaspase. Taken together, this study reveals the important role of pyroptosis in NETs formation in turbot neutrophils, suggesting that NETs formation is a critical immune response during bacterial infection in teleost fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Weijie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yuanxing Zhang
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Maricultured Animal Vaccines, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Qin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Maricultured Animal Vaccines, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Dahai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Maricultured Animal Vaccines, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Zhuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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17
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Meyers S, Crescente M, Verhamme P, Martinod K. Staphylococcus aureus and Neutrophil Extracellular Traps: The Master Manipulator Meets Its Match in Immunothrombosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2022; 42:261-276. [PMID: 35109674 PMCID: PMC8860219 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.121.316930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 10 years, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have become widely accepted as an integral player in immunothrombosis, due to their complex interplay with both pathogens and components of the coagulation system. While the release of NETs is an attempt by neutrophils to trap pathogens and constrain infections, NETs can have bystander effects on the host by inducing uncontrolled thrombosis, inflammation, and tissue damage. From an evolutionary perspective, pathogens have adapted to bypass the host innate immune response. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), in particular, proficiently overcomes NET formation using several virulence factors. Here we review mechanisms of NET formation and how these are intertwined with platelet activation, the release of endothelial von Willebrand factor, and the activation of the coagulation system. We discuss the unique ability of S. aureus to modulate NET formation and alter released NETs, which helps S. aureus to escape from the host's defense mechanisms. We then discuss how platelets and the coagulation system could play a role in NET formation in S. aureus-induced infective endocarditis, and we explain how targeting these complex cellular interactions could reveal novel therapies to treat this disease and other immunothrombotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severien Meyers
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, Belgium (S.M., M.C., P.V., K.M.)
| | - Marilena Crescente
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, Belgium (S.M., M.C., P.V., K.M.).,Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, United Kingdom (M.C.)
| | - Peter Verhamme
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, Belgium (S.M., M.C., P.V., K.M.)
| | - Kimberly Martinod
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, Belgium (S.M., M.C., P.V., K.M.)
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18
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Schultz BM, Acevedo OA, Kalergis AM, Bueno SM. Role of Extracellular Trap Release During Bacterial and Viral Infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:798853. [PMID: 35154050 PMCID: PMC8825568 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.798853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are innate immune cells that play an essential role during the clearance of pathogens that can release chromatin structures coated by several cytoplasmatic and granular antibacterial proteins, called neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). These supra-molecular structures are produced to kill or immobilize several types of microorganisms, including bacteria and viruses. The contribution of the NET release process (or NETosis) to acute inflammation or the prevention of pathogen spreading depends on the specific microorganism involved in triggering this response. Furthermore, studies highlight the role of innate cells different from neutrophils in triggering the release of extracellular traps during bacterial infection. This review summarizes the contribution of NETs during bacterial and viral infections, explaining the molecular mechanisms involved in their formation and the relationship with different components of such pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara M Schultz
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Orlando A Acevedo
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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19
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von Köckritz-Blickwede M, Winstel V. Molecular Prerequisites for Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation and Evasion Mechanisms of Staphylococcus aureus. Front Immunol 2022; 13:836278. [PMID: 35237275 PMCID: PMC8884242 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.836278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
NETosis is a multi-facetted cellular process that promotes the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs as web-like structures consist of DNA fibers armed with granular proteins, histones, and microbicidal peptides, thereby exhibiting pathogen-immobilizing and antimicrobial attributes that maximize innate immune defenses against invading microbes. However, clinically relevant pathogens often tolerate entrapment and even take advantage of the remnants of NETs to cause persistent infections in mammalian hosts. Here, we briefly summarize how Staphylococcus aureus, a high-priority pathogen and causative agent of fatal diseases in humans as well as animals, catalyzes and concurrently exploits NETs during pathogenesis and recurrent infections. Specifically, we focus on toxigenic and immunomodulatory effector molecules produced by staphylococci that prime NET formation, and further highlight the molecular and underlying principles of suicidal NETosis compared to vital NET-formation by viable neutrophils in response to these stimuli. We also discuss the inflammatory potential of NET-controlled microenvironments, as excessive expulsion of NETs from activated neutrophils provokes local tissue injury and may therefore amplify staphylococcal disease severity in hospitalized or chronically ill patients. Combined with an overview of adaptation and counteracting strategies evolved by S. aureus to impede NET-mediated killing, these insights may stimulate biomedical research activities to uncover novel aspects of NET biology at the host-microbe interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren von Köckritz-Blickwede
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Volker Winstel
- Research Group Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- *Correspondence: Volker Winstel,
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20
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Spengler C, Nolle F, Thewes N, Wieland B, Jung P, Bischoff M, Jacobs K. Using Knock-Out Mutants to Investigate the Adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus to Abiotic Surfaces. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11952. [PMID: 34769382 PMCID: PMC8584566 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus to abiotic surfaces is crucial for establishing device-related infections. With a high number of single-cell force spectroscopy measurements with genetically modified S. aureus cells, this study provides insights into the adhesion process of the pathogen to abiotic surfaces of different wettability. Our results show that S. aureus utilizes different cell wall molecules and interaction mechanisms when binding to hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces. We found that covalently bound cell wall proteins strongly interact with hydrophobic substrates, while their contribution to the overall adhesion force is smaller on hydrophilic substrates. Teichoic acids promote adhesion to hydrophobic surfaces as well as to hydrophilic surfaces. This, however, is to a lesser extent. An interplay of electrostatic effects of charges and protein composition on bacterial surfaces is predominant on hydrophilic surfaces, while it is overshadowed on hydrophobic surfaces by the influence of the high number of binding proteins. Our results can help to design new models of bacterial adhesion and may be used to interpret the adhesion of other microorganisms with similar surface properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Spengler
- Experimental Physics and Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; (C.S.); (F.N.); (N.T.)
| | - Friederike Nolle
- Experimental Physics and Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; (C.S.); (F.N.); (N.T.)
| | - Nicolas Thewes
- Experimental Physics and Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; (C.S.); (F.N.); (N.T.)
| | - Ben Wieland
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene and Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (B.W.); (P.J.); (M.B.)
| | - Philipp Jung
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene and Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (B.W.); (P.J.); (M.B.)
| | - Markus Bischoff
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene and Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (B.W.); (P.J.); (M.B.)
| | - Karin Jacobs
- Experimental Physics and Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; (C.S.); (F.N.); (N.T.)
- Max Planck School Matter to Life, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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21
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Hill BM, Bisht K, Atkins GR, Gomez AA, Rumbaugh KP, Wakeman CA, Brown AMV. Lysis-Hi-C as a method to study polymicrobial communities and eDNA. Mol Ecol Resour 2021; 22:1029-1042. [PMID: 34669257 PMCID: PMC9215119 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Microbes interact in natural communities in a spatially structured manner, particularly in biofilms and polymicrobial infections. While next generation sequencing approaches provide powerful insights into diversity, metabolic capacity, and mutational profiles of these communities, they generally fail to recover in situ spatial proximity between distinct genotypes in the interactome. Hi‐C is a promising method that has assisted in analysing complex microbiomes, by creating chromatin cross‐links in cells, that aid in identifying adjacent DNA, to improve de novo assembly. This study explored a modified Hi‐C approach involving an initial lysis phase prior to DNA cross‐linking, to test whether adjacent cell chromatin can be cross‐linked, anticipating that this could provide a new avenue for study of spatial‐mutational dynamics in structured microbial communities. An artificial polymicrobial mixture of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli was lysed for 1–18 h, then prepared for Hi‐C. A murine biofilm infection model was treated with sonication, mechanical lysis, or chemical lysis before Hi‐C. Bioinformatic analyses of resulting Hi‐C interspecies chromatin links showed that while microbial species differed from one another, generally lysis significantly increased links between species and increased the distance of Hi‐C links within species, while also increasing novel plasmid‐chromosome links. The success of this modified lysis‐Hi‐C protocol in creating extracellular DNA links is a promising first step toward a new lysis‐Hi‐C based method to recover genotypic microgeography in polymicrobial communities, with potential future applications in diseases with localized resistance, such as cystic fibrosis lung infections and chronic diabetic ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bravada M Hill
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Karishma Bisht
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Georgia Rae Atkins
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Amy A Gomez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Kendra P Rumbaugh
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Texas Tech Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Catherine A Wakeman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Amanda M V Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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22
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Pizauro LJL, de Almeida CC, Silva SR, MacInnes JI, Kropinski AM, Zafalon LF, de Avila FA, de Mello Varani A. Genomic comparisons and phylogenetic analysis of mastitis-related staphylococci with a focus on adhesion, biofilm, and related regulatory genes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17392. [PMID: 34462461 PMCID: PMC8405628 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96842-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is a common and costly disease on dairy farms, commonly caused by Staphylococcus spp. though the various species are associated with different clinical outcomes. In the current study, we performed genomic analyses to determine the prevalence of adhesion, biofilm, and related regulatory genes in 478 staphylococcal species isolated from clinical and subclinical mastitis cases deposited in public databases. The most prevalent adhesin genes (ebpS, atl, pls, sasH and sasF) were found in both clinical and subclinical isolates. However, the ebpS gene was absent in subclinical isolates of Staphylococcus arlettae, S. succinus, S. sciuri, S. equorun, S. galinarum, and S. saprophyticus. In contrast, the coa, eap, emp, efb, and vWbp genes were present more frequently in clinical (vs. subclincal) mastitis isolates and were highly correlated with the presence of the biofim operon (icaABCD) and its transcriptional regulator, icaR. Co-phylogenetic analyses suggested that many of these adhesins, biofilm, and associated regulatory genes could have been horizontally disseminated between clinical and subclinical isolates. Our results further suggest that several adhesins, biofilm, and related regulatory genes, which have been overlooked in previous studies, may be of use for virulence profiling of mastitis-related Staphylococcus strains or as potential targets for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas José Luduverio Pizauro
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XDepartment of Technology, Sao Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Camila Chioda de Almeida
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XDepartment of Microbiology, Sao Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Saura Rodrigues Silva
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XDepartment of Technology, Sao Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Janet I. MacInnes
- grid.34429.380000 0004 1936 8198Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON Canada
| | - Andrew M. Kropinski
- grid.34429.380000 0004 1936 8198Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON Canada
| | - Luiz Francisco Zafalon
- grid.460200.00000 0004 0541 873XBrazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Embrapa Southeast Livestock, Sao Carlos, Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Fernando Antônio de Avila
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XDepartment of Microbiology, Sao Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Alessandro de Mello Varani
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XDepartment of Technology, Sao Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo Brazil
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23
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Tabrizi ZA, Khosrojerdi A, Aslani S, Hemmatzadeh M, Babaie F, Bairami A, Shomali N, Hosseinzadeh R, Safari R, Mohammadi H. Multi-facets of neutrophil extracellular trap in infectious diseases: Moving beyond immunity. Microb Pathog 2021; 158:105066. [PMID: 34174356 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are networks of extracellular chromosomal DNA fibers, histones, and cytoplasmic granule proteins. The release of NET components from neutrophils is involved in the suppression of pathogen diffusion. Development of NETs around target microbes leads to disruption of the cell membrane, eventuating in kind of cell death that is called as NETosis. The very first step in the process of NETosis is activation of Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase upon signaling by innate immune receptors. Afterwards, produced Reactive oxygen species (ROS) trigger protein-arginine deiminase type 4, neutrophil elastase, and myeloperoxidase to generate decondensed chromatin and disrupted integrity of nuclear membrane. Subsequently, decondensed chromatin is mixed with several enzymes in the cytoplasm released from granules, leading to release of DNA and histones, and finally formation of NET. Several reports have indicated that NETosis might contribute to the immune responses through limiting the dissemination of microbial organisms. In this review, we discuss recent advances on the role of neutrophils, NETs, and their implications in the pathogenesis of microbial infections. Additionally, the prospective of the NET modulation as a therapeutic strategy to treat infectious diseases are clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Azimzadeh Tabrizi
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Arezou Khosrojerdi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Aslani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Hemmatzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farhad Babaie
- Department of Immunology and Genetic, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Amir Bairami
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Navid Shomali
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ramin Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roghaiyeh Safari
- Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics, GIGA, University of Liege, Sart-Tilman Liège, Belgium; Molecular and Cellular Biology, TERRA, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
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24
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Speziale P, Pietrocola G. Staphylococcus aureus induces neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and neutralizes their bactericidal potential. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:3451-3457. [PMID: 34194670 PMCID: PMC8220102 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are considered part of the innate human immune system because they are involved in host defense during bacterial infections. NETs are formed by activated neutrophils and consist of a DNA backbone combined with proteins with different biological functions. The activity of NETs can be significantly reduced by a Staphylococcus aureus DNase, which degrades the DNA backbone and enables the liberation of bacteria from NETs, and by Eap, a secreted protein which binds and aggregates linearized DNA, suppressing the formation of NETs. Furthermore, the pathogen can resist NET-mediated killing by expressing the surface protein FnBPB, which neutralizes the bactericidal activity of histones. Finally, the anti-staphylococcal activity of NETs is counteracted and blocked by S. aureus biofilm. Staphylococcal cells and several virulence factors such as protein A and phenol-soluble modulins can also elicit the formation of NETs which in turn can cause tissue injury, enhancing bacterial performance in host colonization. The identification of additional virulence factors involved in NET formation/neutralization could provide the basis for therapeutic interventions against this formidable pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Speziale
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biochemistry Unit, Viale Taramelli 3/b, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giampiero Pietrocola
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biochemistry Unit, Viale Taramelli 3/b, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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25
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Elhawy MI, Molle V, Becker SL, Bischoff M. The Low-Molecular Weight Protein Arginine Phosphatase PtpB Affects Nuclease Production, Cell Wall Integrity, and Uptake Rates of Staphylococcus aureus by Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105342. [PMID: 34069497 PMCID: PMC8161221 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidemiological success of Staphylococcus aureus as a versatile pathogen in mammals is largely attributed to its virulence factor repertoire and the sophisticated regulatory network controlling this virulon. Here we demonstrate that the low-molecular-weight protein arginine phosphatase PtpB contributes to this regulatory network by affecting the growth phase-dependent transcription of the virulence factor encoding genes/operons aur, nuc, and psmα, and that of the small regulatory RNA RNAIII. Inactivation of ptpB in S. aureus SA564 also significantly decreased the capacity of the mutant to degrade extracellular DNA, to hydrolyze proteins in the extracellular milieu, and to withstand Triton X-100 induced autolysis. SA564 ΔptpB mutant cells were additionally ingested faster by polymorphonuclear leukocytes in a whole blood phagocytosis assay, suggesting that PtpB contributes by several ways positively to the ability of S. aureus to evade host innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ibrahem Elhawy
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (M.I.E.); (S.L.B.)
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Virginie Molle
- Laboratory of Pathogen Host Interactions, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, UMR 5235, 34095 Montpellier, France;
| | - Sören L. Becker
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (M.I.E.); (S.L.B.)
| | - Markus Bischoff
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (M.I.E.); (S.L.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-6841-1623963
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26
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Guyon L, Groo AC, Malzert-Fréon A. Relevant Physicochemical Methods to Functionalize, Purify, and Characterize Surface-Decorated Lipid-Based Nanocarriers. Mol Pharm 2020; 18:44-64. [PMID: 33244972 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Surface functionalization of lipid-based nanocarriers (LBNCs) with targeting ligands has attracted huge interest in the field of nanomedicines for their ability to overcome some physiological barriers and their potential to deliver an active molecule to a specific target without causing damage to healthy tissues. The principal objective of this review is to summarize the present knowledge on LBNC decoration used for biomedical applications, with an emphasis on the ligands used, the functionalization approaches, and the purification methods after ligand corona formation. The most potent experimental techniques for the LBNC surface characterization are described. The potential of promising methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and isothermal titration calorimetry to characterize ligand surface corona is also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léna Guyon
- CERMN, UNICAEN Université de Caen Normandie, F-14000 Caen, France
| | - Anne-Claire Groo
- CERMN, UNICAEN Université de Caen Normandie, F-14000 Caen, France
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27
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Hu J, Kang H, Chen H, Yao J, Yi X, Tang W, Wan M. Targeting neutrophil extracellular traps in severe acute pancreatitis treatment. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2020; 13:1756284820974913. [PMID: 33281940 PMCID: PMC7692350 DOI: 10.1177/1756284820974913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is a critical abdominal disease associated with high death rates. A systemic inflammatory response promotes disease progression, resulting in multiple organ dysfunction. The functions of neutrophils in the pathology of SAP have been presumed traditionally to be activation of chemokine and cytokine cascades accompanying the inflammatory process. Recently, since their discovery, a new type of antimicrobial mechanism, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), and their role in SAP, has attracted widespread attention from the scientific community. Significantly different from phagocytosis and degranulation, NETs kill extracellular microorganisms by releasing DNA fibers decorated with granular proteins. In addition to their strong antimicrobial functions, NETs participate in the pathophysiological process of many noninfectious diseases. In SAP, NETs injure normal tissues under inflammatory stress, which is associated with the activation of inflammatory cells, to cause an inflammatory cascade, and SAP products also trigger NET formation. Thus, due to the interaction between NET generation and SAP, a treatment targeting NETs might become a key point in SAP therapy. In this review, we summarize the mechanism of NETs in protecting the host from pathogen invasion, the stimulus that triggers NET formation, organ injury associated with SAP involving NETs, methods to interrupt the harmful effects of NETs, and different therapeutic strategies to preserve the organ function of patients with SAP by targeting NETs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Huan Chen
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiaqi Yao
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaolin Yi
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenfu Tang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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28
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Ríos-López AL, González GM, Hernández-Bello R, Sánchez-González A. Avoiding the trap: Mechanisms developed by pathogens to escape neutrophil extracellular traps. Microbiol Res 2020; 243:126644. [PMID: 33199088 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are the first cells of the innate immune system that respond to infection by arriving at sites when pathogens have exceeded physical barriers. Among their response mechanisms against pathogens is the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which are composed of deoxyribonucleic acid and antimicrobial proteins such as neutrophil elastase, myeloperoxidase, antimicrobial peptides, and other proteins in neutrophil granules. The formation of extracellular traps is considered an effective strategy to capture and, in some cases, neutralize pathogenic bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses. However, it is also known that pathogens can respond to NETs by expressing some virulence factors, thus evading the antimicrobial effect of these structures. These include the secretion of proteins to degrade the deoxyribonucleic acid scaffold, the formation of biofilms that impede the effect of NETs, or the modification of its membrane structure to avoid interaction with NETs. In this review, we discuss these mechanisms and summarize the different pathogens that employ one or more mechanisms to evade the NET-mediated neutrophil response.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Ríos-López
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "Dr. Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, 64460, Mexico
| | - G M González
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "Dr. Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, 64460, Mexico
| | - R Hernández-Bello
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "Dr. Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, 64460, Mexico
| | - A Sánchez-González
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "Dr. Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, 64460, Mexico.
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29
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Burgener SS, Schroder K. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Host Defense. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:cshperspect.a037028. [PMID: 31767647 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a037028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are produced in the bone marrow and then patrol blood vessels from which they can be rapidly recruited to a site of infection. Neutrophils bind, engulf, and efficiently kill invading microbes via a suite of defense mechanisms. Diverse extracellular and intracellular microbes induce neutrophils to extrude neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) through the process of NETosis. Here, we review the signaling mechanisms and cell biology underpinning the key NETosis pathways during infection and the antimicrobial functions of NETs in host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Sofia Burgener
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), and IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Kate Schroder
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), and IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia
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30
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Campoccia D, Mirzaei R, Montanaro L, Arciola CR. Hijacking of immune defences by biofilms: a multifront strategy. BIOFOULING 2019; 35:1055-1074. [PMID: 31762334 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2019.1689964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm formation by pathogens and opportunistic bacteria is the basis of persistent or recurrent infections. Up to 80% of bacterial infections in humans are associated with biofilms. Despite the efficiency of the evolved and complex human defence system against planktonic bacteria, biofilms are capable of subverting host defences. The immune system is not completely effective in opposing bacteria and preventing infection. Increasing attention is being focussed on the mechanisms enabling bacterial biofilms to skew the coordinate action of humoral and cell mediated responses. Knowledge of the interactions between biofilm bacteria and the immune system is critical to effectively address biofilm infections, which have multiplied over the years with the spread of biomaterials in medicine. In this article, the latest information on the interactions between bacterial biofilms and immune cells is examined and the areas where of information is still lacking are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Campoccia
- Laboratorio di Patologia delle Infezioni Associate all'Impianto, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rasoul Mirzaei
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Lucio Montanaro
- Laboratorio di Patologia delle Infezioni Associate all'Impianto, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carla Renata Arciola
- Laboratorio di Patologia delle Infezioni Associate all'Impianto, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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31
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Menina S, Eisenbeis J, Kamal MAM, Koch M, Bischoff M, Gordon S, Loretz B, Lehr C. Bioinspired Liposomes for Oral Delivery of Colistin to Combat Intracellular Infections by Salmonella enterica. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1900564. [PMID: 31328434 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201900564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial invasion into eukaryotic cells and the establishment of intracellular infection has proven to be an effective means of resisting antibiotic action, as anti-infective agents commonly exhibit a poor permeability across the host cell membrane. Encapsulation of anti-infectives into nanoscaled delivery systems, such as liposomes, is shown to result in an enhancement of intracellular delivery. The aim of the current work is, therefore, to formulate colistin, a poorly permeable anti-infective, into liposomes suitable for oral delivery, and to functionalize these carriers with a bacteria-derived invasive moiety to enhance their intracellular delivery. Different combinations of phospholipids and cholesterol are explored to optimize liposomal drug encapsulation and stability in biorelevant media. These liposomes are then surface-functionalized with extracellular adherence protein (Eap), derived from Staphylococcus aureus. Treatment of HEp-2 and Caco-2 cells infected with Salmonella enterica using colistin-containing, Eap-functionalized liposomes resulted in a significant reduction of intracellular bacteria, in comparison to treatment with nonfunctionalized liposomes as well as colistin alone. This indicates that such bio-invasive carriers are able to facilitate intracellular delivery of colistin, as necessary for intracellular anti-infective activity. The developed Eap-functionalized liposomes, therefore, present a promising strategy for improving the therapy of intracellular infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Menina
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI) Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
- Department of PharmacySaarland University Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
| | - Janina Eisenbeis
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and HygieneSaarland University Homburg 66421 Germany
| | - Mohamed Ashraf M. Kamal
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI) Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
| | - Marcus Koch
- Institute for New MaterialsSaarland University Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
| | - Markus Bischoff
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and HygieneSaarland University Homburg 66421 Germany
| | - Sarah Gordon
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI) Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular SciencesJohn Moores University Liverpool L3 3AF UK
| | - Brigitta Loretz
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI) Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
| | - Claus‐Michael Lehr
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI) Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
- Department of PharmacySaarland University Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
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Abstract
We developed a new approach that couples Southwestern blotting and mass spectrometry to discover proteins that bind extracellular DNA (eDNA) in bacterial biofilms. Using Staphylococcus aureus as a model pathogen, we identified proteins with known DNA-binding activity and uncovered a series of lipoproteins with previously unrecognized DNA-binding activity. We demonstrated that expression of these lipoproteins results in an eDNA-dependent biofilm enhancement. Additionally, we found that while deletion of lipoproteins had a minimal impact on biofilm accumulation, these lipoprotein mutations increased biofilm porosity, suggesting that lipoproteins and their associated interactions contribute to biofilm structure. For one of the lipoproteins, SaeP, we showed that the biofilm phenotype requires the lipoprotein to be anchored to the outside of the cellular membrane, and we further showed that increased SaeP expression correlates with more retention of high-molecular-weight DNA on the bacterial cell surface. SaeP is a known auxiliary protein of the SaeRS system, and we also demonstrated that the levels of SaeP correlate with nuclease production, which can further impact biofilm development. It has been reported that S. aureus biofilms are stabilized by positively charged cytoplasmic proteins that are released into the extracellular environment, where they make favorable electrostatic interactions with the negatively charged cell surface and eDNA. In this work we extend this electrostatic net model to include secreted eDNA-binding proteins and membrane-attached lipoproteins that can function as anchor points between eDNA in the biofilm matrix and the bacterial cell surface.IMPORTANCE Many bacteria are capable of forming biofilms encased in a matrix of self-produced extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) that protects them from chemotherapies and the host defenses. As a result of these inherent resistance mechanisms, bacterial biofilms are extremely difficult to eradicate and are associated with chronic wounds, orthopedic and surgical wound infections, and invasive infections, such as infective endocarditis and osteomyelitis. It is therefore important to understand the nature of the interactions between the bacterial cell surface and EPS that stabilize biofilms. Extracellular DNA (eDNA) has been recognized as an EPS constituent for many bacterial species and has been shown to be important in promoting biofilm formation. Using Staphylococcus aureus biofilms, we show that membrane-attached lipoproteins can interact with the eDNA in the biofilm matrix and promote biofilm formation, which suggests that lipoproteins are potential targets for novel therapies aimed at disrupting bacterial biofilms.
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33
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Xu L, Zhang W, Kwak M, Zhang L, Lee PCW, Jin JO. Protective Effect of Melatonin Against Polymicrobial Sepsis Is Mediated by the Anti-bacterial Effect of Neutrophils. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1371. [PMID: 31275316 PMCID: PMC6593141 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is an infection- or toxin-mediated systemic inflammatory syndrome. Previous studies have shown that melatonin, the primary hormone produced by the pineal gland, attenuates the effect of polymicrobial infection-mediated septic shock in animals. However, the mechanism of the anti-septic effect of melatonin during polymicrobial infection has not been well-studied. In this study, we investigated how melatonin protects mice from polymicrobial sepsis. Melatonin treatment inhibited peripheral tissue inflammation and tissue damage in a cecal ligation puncture (CLP)-induced polymicrobial sepsis model, consequently reducing the mortality of the mice. We found that macrophages and neutrophils expressed melatonin receptors. Upon depletion of neutrophils, melatonin-induced protection against polymicrobial infection failed in the mice, but melatonin treatment in macrophage-depleted mice attenuated the mice mortality resulting from polymicrobial sepsis. Moreover, melatonin treatment promoted the development of the neutrophil extracellular trap (NET), which contributed to anti-bacterial activity during polymicrobial infection, whereas the phagocytic activities of neutrophils were inhibited by melatonin. The data from this study support previously unexplained antiseptic effects of melatonin during a polymicrobial infection and could be potentially useful for human patients with sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Minseok Kwak
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - LiJun Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peter C W Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, ASAN Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jun-O Jin
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
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Wang JJ, Wei ZK, Han Z, Liu ZY, Zhu XY, Li XW, Wang K, Yang ZT. Zearalenone Induces Estrogen-Receptor-Independent Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Release in Vitro. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:4588-4594. [PMID: 30939243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) is a non-steroidal estrogenic mycotoxin synthesized in Fusarium species, mainly Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum, and it has strong estrogenic activity and causes genotoxic effects, reproductive disorders, and immunosuppressive effects. Neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) has been studied for many years. Initially, NET was considered a form of the innate response that combats invading microorganisms. However, NET is involved in a series of pathophysiological mechanisms, including thrombosis, tissue necrosis, autoinflammation, and even autoimmunity. We recently found that polymorphonuclear neutrophils response to ZEA exposure by undergoing NET formation. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in this process remain poorly characterized. Here, we analyze whether estrogen receptors (ERs) can affect NET formation after ZEA stimulation. The involvement of ERs is investigated with the selective ER antagonists. Moreover, we investigate the mechanisms of NET formation using immunofluorescence staining, fluorescence microplate, and western blot analysis. Our results show that ERs (ERα and ERβ) are not involved in ZEA-induced NET formation, but reactive oxygen species (ROS), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and p38 are postulated to be involved. Specifically, we provide data demonstrating that ZEA-induced ROS may promote activation of ERK and p38 as well as subsequent NET release. We are the first to demonstrate this new mechanism of ZEA-induced NET formation, which may help in understanding the role of ZEA in overexposure diseases and provide a relevant basis for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Wang
- College of Life Science and Engineering , Foshan University , Foshan , Guangdong 528231 , People's Republic of China
- College of Veterinary Medicine , Jilin University , Changchun , Jilin 130062 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Kai Wei
- College of Life Science and Engineering , Foshan University , Foshan , Guangdong 528231 , People's Republic of China
- College of Veterinary Medicine , Jilin University , Changchun , Jilin 130062 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Han
- College of Life Science and Engineering , Foshan University , Foshan , Guangdong 528231 , People's Republic of China
- College of Veterinary Medicine , Jilin University , Changchun , Jilin 130062 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Yi Liu
- College of Life Science and Engineering , Foshan University , Foshan , Guangdong 528231 , People's Republic of China
- College of Veterinary Medicine , Jilin University , Changchun , Jilin 130062 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Yi Zhu
- College of Life Science and Engineering , Foshan University , Foshan , Guangdong 528231 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Wen Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering , Foshan University , Foshan , Guangdong 528231 , People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Wang
- College of Life Science and Engineering , Foshan University , Foshan , Guangdong 528231 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Tao Yang
- College of Life Science and Engineering , Foshan University , Foshan , Guangdong 528231 , People's Republic of China
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Redundant and Distinct Roles of Secreted Protein Eap and Cell Wall-Anchored Protein SasG in Biofilm Formation and Pathogenicity of Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Immun 2019. [PMID: 30670553 DOI: 10.1128/iai00894-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic and fatal infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus are sometimes associated with biofilm formation. Secreted proteins and cell wall-anchored proteins (CWAPs) are important for the development of polysaccharide-independent biofilms, but functional relationships between these proteins are unclear. In the present study, we report the roles of the extracellular adherence protein Eap and the surface CWAP SasG in S. aureus MR23, a clinical methicillin-resistant isolate that forms a robust protein-dependent biofilm and accumulates a large amount of Eap in the extracellular matrix. Double deletion of eap and sasG, but not single eap or sasG deletion, reduced the biomass of the formed biofilm. Mutational analysis demonstrated that cell wall anchorage is essential for the role of SasG in biofilm formation. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that MR23 formed a rugged and thick biofilm; deletion of both eap and sasG reduced biofilm ruggedness and thickness. Although sasG deletion did not affect either of these features, eap deletion reduced the ruggedness but not the thickness of the biofilm. This indicated that Eap contributes to the rough irregular surface structure of the MR23 biofilm and that both Eap and SasG play roles in biofilm thickness. The level of pathogenicity of the Δeap ΔsasG strain in a silkworm larval infection model was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those of the wild type and single-deletion mutants. Collectively, these findings highlight the redundant and distinct roles of a secreted protein and a CWAP in biofilm formation and pathogenicity of S. aureus and may inform new strategies to control staphylococcal biofilm infections.
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36
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Redundant and Distinct Roles of Secreted Protein Eap and Cell Wall-Anchored Protein SasG in Biofilm Formation and Pathogenicity of Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00894-18. [PMID: 30670553 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00894-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic and fatal infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus are sometimes associated with biofilm formation. Secreted proteins and cell wall-anchored proteins (CWAPs) are important for the development of polysaccharide-independent biofilms, but functional relationships between these proteins are unclear. In the present study, we report the roles of the extracellular adherence protein Eap and the surface CWAP SasG in S. aureus MR23, a clinical methicillin-resistant isolate that forms a robust protein-dependent biofilm and accumulates a large amount of Eap in the extracellular matrix. Double deletion of eap and sasG, but not single eap or sasG deletion, reduced the biomass of the formed biofilm. Mutational analysis demonstrated that cell wall anchorage is essential for the role of SasG in biofilm formation. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that MR23 formed a rugged and thick biofilm; deletion of both eap and sasG reduced biofilm ruggedness and thickness. Although sasG deletion did not affect either of these features, eap deletion reduced the ruggedness but not the thickness of the biofilm. This indicated that Eap contributes to the rough irregular surface structure of the MR23 biofilm and that both Eap and SasG play roles in biofilm thickness. The level of pathogenicity of the Δeap ΔsasG strain in a silkworm larval infection model was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those of the wild type and single-deletion mutants. Collectively, these findings highlight the redundant and distinct roles of a secreted protein and a CWAP in biofilm formation and pathogenicity of S. aureus and may inform new strategies to control staphylococcal biofilm infections.
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37
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Pietrocola G, Nobile G, Alfeo MJ, Foster TJ, Geoghegan JA, De Filippis V, Speziale P. Fibronectin-binding protein B (FnBPB) from Staphylococcus aureus protects against the antimicrobial activity of histones. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:3588-3602. [PMID: 30622139 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive bacterium that can cause both superficial and deep-seated infections. Histones released by neutrophils kill bacteria by binding to the bacterial cell surface and causing membrane damage. We postulated that cell wall-anchored proteins protect S. aureus from the bactericidal effects of histones by binding to and sequestering histones away from the cell envelope. Here, we focused on S. aureus strain LAC and by using an array of biochemical assays, including surface plasmon resonance and ELISA, discovered that fibronectin-binding protein B (FnBPB) is the main histone receptor. FnBPB bound all types of histones, but histone H3 displayed the highest affinity and bactericidal activity and was therefore investigated further. H3 bound specifically to the A domain of recombinant FnBPB with a KD of 86 nm, ∼20-fold lower than that for fibrinogen. Binding apparently occurred by the same mechanism by which FnBPB binds to fibrinogen, because FnBPB variants defective in fibrinogen binding also did not bind H3. An FnBPB-deletion mutant of S. aureus LAC bound less H3 and was more susceptible to its bactericidal activity and to neutrophil extracellular traps, whereas an FnBPB-overexpressing mutant bound more H3 and was more resistant than the WT. FnBPB bound simultaneously to H3 and plasminogen, which after activation by tissue plasminogen activator cleaved the bound histone. We conclude that FnBPB provides a dual immune-evasion function that captures histones and prevents them from reaching the bacterial membrane and simultaneously binds plasminogen, thereby promoting its conversion to plasmin to destroy the bound histone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampiero Pietrocola
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy,
| | - Giulia Nobile
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Mariangela J Alfeo
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Timothy J Foster
- the Microbiology Department, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Joan A Geoghegan
- the Department of Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College, Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Vincenzo De Filippis
- the Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Molecular Hematology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, 36131 Padova, Italy, and
| | - Pietro Speziale
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy, .,the Department of Industrial and Information Engineering, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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38
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Singh V, Phukan UJ. Interaction of host and Staphylococcus aureus protease-system regulates virulence and pathogenicity. Med Microbiol Immunol 2018; 208:585-607. [PMID: 30483863 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-018-0573-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus causes various health care- and community-associated infections as well as certain chronic TH2 driven inflammatory diseases. It is a potent pathogen with serious virulence and associated high morbidity. Severe pathogenicity is accredited to the S. aureus secreted virulence factors such as proteases and host protease modulators. These virulence factors promote adhesion and invasion of bacteria through damage of tight junction barrier and keratinocytes. They inhibit activation and transmigration of various immune cells such as neutrophils (and neutrophil proteases) to evade opsono-phagocytosis and intracellular bacterial killing. Additionally, they protect the bacteria from extracellular killing by disrupting integrity of extracellular matrix. Platelet activation and agglutination is also impaired by these factors. They also block the classical as well as alternative pathways of complement activation and assist in spread of infection through blood and tissue. As these factors are exquisite factors of S. aureus mediated disease development, we have focused on review of diversification of various protease-system associated virulence factors, their structural building, diverse role in disease development and available therapeutic counter measures. This review summarises the role of protease-associated virulence factors during invasion and progression of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vigyasa Singh
- Molecular Bioprospection Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Ujjal Jyoti Phukan
- School of Life Science, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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