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Khan A, Riaz R, Nadeem A, Amir A, Siddiqui T, Batool UEA, Raufi N. Japanese encephlu emergence in Australia: the potential population at risk. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2024; 86:1540-1549. [PMID: 38463109 PMCID: PMC10923274 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000001739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), an RNA virus transmitted by Culex mosquitoes, primarily cycles between aquatic birds and mosquitoes with pigs as amplifying hosts, posing a significant global encephalitis threat. The emergence and spread of the JEV in new epidemiological regions, such as recent cases in Australia and nonendemic areas like Pune, India, raise significant concerns. With an estimated 68 000 clinical cases and 13 600 to 20 400 deaths annually, JEV poses a substantial global health threat. The virus primarily affects children, with a case-fatality ratio of 20-30% and long-term neurological sequelae in survivors. The changing epidemiology, influenced by factors like bird migration, climate change, and increased urbanization, contributes to the geographic expansion of JEV. The recent outbreaks underscore the potential for the virus to establish itself in nonendemic regions, posing a threat to populations previously considered at low-risk. With limited treatment options and high rates of neurological complications, continued surveillance, traveler vaccination, and research into treatments are crucial to mitigate the impact of JEV on human health. The evolving scenario necessitates proactive measures to prevent and control the spread of the virus in both endemic and newly affected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsheen Khan
- Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Rumaisa Riaz
- Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Abdullah Nadeem
- Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Amir
- Department of Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation
| | - Tasmiyah Siddiqui
- Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Um e A. Batool
- Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Nahid Raufi
- Department of Medicine, Kabul Medical University, Afghanistan
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2
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Han J, Wang Z, Han F, Peng B, Du J, Zhang C. Microtubule disruption synergizes with STING signaling to show potent and broad-spectrum antiviral activity. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012048. [PMID: 38408104 PMCID: PMC10919859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The activation of stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling induces the production of type I interferons (IFNs), which play critical roles in protective innate immunity for the host to defend against viral infections. Therefore, achieving sustained or enhanced STING activation could become an antiviral immune strategy with potential broad-spectrum activities. Here, we discovered that various clinically used microtubule-destabilizing agents (MDAs) for the treatment of cancer showed a synergistic effect with the activation of STING signaling in innate immune response. The combination of a STING agonist cGAMP and a microtubule depolymerizer MMAE boosted the activation of STING innate immune response and showed broad-spectrum antiviral activity against multiple families of viruses. Mechanistically, MMAE not only disrupted the microtubule network, but also switched the cGAMP-mediated STING trafficking pattern and changed the distribution of Golgi apparatus and STING puncta. The combination of cGAMP and MMAE promoted the oligomerization of STING and downstream signaling cascades. Importantly, the cGAMP plus MMAE treatment increased STING-mediated production of IFNs and other antiviral cytokines to inhibit viral propagation in vitro and in vivo. This study revealed a novel role of the microtubule destabilizer in antiviral immune responses and provides a previously unexploited strategy based on STING-induced innate antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhimeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fangping Han
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Department of Microbiology Laboratory, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Juanjuan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry &Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University Beijing, China
| | - Conggang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
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3
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Guo J, Mi Y, Guo Y, Bai Y, Wang M, Wang W, Wang Y. Current Advances in Japanese Encephalitis Virus Drug Development. Viruses 2024; 16:202. [PMID: 38399978 PMCID: PMC10892782 DOI: 10.3390/v16020202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) belongs to the Flaviviridae family and is a representative mosquito-borne flavivirus responsible for acute encephalitis and meningitis in humans. Despite the availability of vaccines, JEV remains a major public health threat with the potential to spread globally. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there are an estimated 69,000 cases of JE each year, and this figure is probably an underestimate. The majority of JE victims are children in endemic areas, and almost half of the surviving patients have motor or cognitive sequelae. Thus, the absence of a clinically approved drug for the treatment of JE defines an urgent medical need. Recently, several promising and potential drug candidates were reported through drug repurposing studies, high-throughput drug library screening, and de novo design. This review focuses on the historical aspects of JEV, the biology of JEV replication, targets for therapeutic strategies, a target product profile, and drug development initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Guo
- The Xi’an Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganism and Tumor Immunity, School of Basic Medicine, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an 710021, China; (J.G.); (Y.M.); (Y.B.)
| | - Yunqi Mi
- The Xi’an Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganism and Tumor Immunity, School of Basic Medicine, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an 710021, China; (J.G.); (Y.M.); (Y.B.)
| | - Yan Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Yang Bai
- The Xi’an Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganism and Tumor Immunity, School of Basic Medicine, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an 710021, China; (J.G.); (Y.M.); (Y.B.)
| | - Meihua Wang
- Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China;
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yang Wang
- The Xi’an Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganism and Tumor Immunity, School of Basic Medicine, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an 710021, China; (J.G.); (Y.M.); (Y.B.)
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4
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Chan C, Kwan Sze NS, Suzuki Y, Ohira T, Suzuki T, Begley TJ, Dedon PC. Dengue virus exploits the host tRNA epitranscriptome to promote viral replication. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.05.565734. [PMID: 37986976 PMCID: PMC10659268 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.05.565734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The 40-50 RNA modifications of the epitranscriptome regulate posttranscriptional gene expression. Here we show that flaviviruses hijack the host tRNA epitranscriptome to promote expression of pro-viral proteins, with tRNA-modifying ALKBH1 acting as a host restriction factor in dengue virus infection. Early in the infection of human Huh-7 cells, ALKBH1 and its tRNA products 5-formylcytidine (f5C) and 2'-O-methyl-5-formylcytidine (f5Cm) were reduced. ALKBH1 knockdown mimicked viral infection, but caused increased viral NS3 protein levels during infection, while ALKBH1 overexpression reduced NS3 levels and viral replication, and increased f5C and f5Cm. Viral NS5, but not host FTSJ1, increased f5Cm levels late in infection. Consistent with reports of impaired decoding of leucine UUA codon by f5Cm-modified tRNALeu(CAA), ALKBH1 knockdown induced translation of UUA-deficient transcripts, most having pro-viral functions. Our findings support a dynamic ALKBH1/f5Cm axis during dengue infection, with virally-induced remodeling of the proteome by tRNA reprogramming and codon-biased translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Chan
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 CREATE Way, 138602, Singapore
| | - Newman Siu Kwan Sze
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Yuka Suzuki
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ohira
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Suzuki
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Thomas J. Begley
- Department of Biological Sciences and The RNA Institute, College of Arts and Science, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Peter C. Dedon
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 CREATE Way, 138602, Singapore
- Department of Biological Engineering and Center for Environmental Health Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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Denolly S, Guo H, Martens M, Płaszczyca A, Scaturro P, Prasad V, Kongmanas K, Punyadee N, Songjaeng A, Mairiang D, Pichlmair A, Avirutnan P, Bartenschlager R. Dengue virus NS1 secretion is regulated via importin-subunit β1 controlling expression of the chaperone GRp78 and targeted by the clinical drug ivermectin. mBio 2023; 14:e0144123. [PMID: 37702492 PMCID: PMC10653883 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01441-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Dengue virus (DENV) is a major human pathogen that can cause hemorrhagic fever and shock syndrome. One important factor of DENV pathogenicity is non-structural protein 1 (NS1), a glycoprotein that is secreted from infected cells. Here we study the mode of action of the widely used drug ivermectin, used to treat parasitic infections and recently shown to lower NS1 blood levels in DENV-infected patients. We found that ivermectin blocks the nuclear transport of transcription factors required for the expression of chaperones that support the folding and secretion of glycoproteins, including NS1. Impairing nuclear transport of these transcription factors by ivermectin or depleting them from infected cells dampens NS1 folding and thus its secretion. These results reveal a novel mode of action of ivermectin that might apply to other flaviviruses as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solène Denolly
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Center for Integrative Infectious Disease Research, Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hongbo Guo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Center for Integrative Infectious Disease Research, Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Miriam Martens
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Center for Integrative Infectious Disease Research, Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Płaszczyca
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Center for Integrative Infectious Disease Research, Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pietro Scaturro
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Institute of Virology, Munich, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Vibhu Prasad
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Center for Integrative Infectious Disease Research, Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kessiri Kongmanas
- Division of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Research, Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence in Dengue and Emerging Pathogens, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nuntaya Punyadee
- Division of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Research, Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence in Dengue and Emerging Pathogens, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Adisak Songjaeng
- Division of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Research, Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence in Dengue and Emerging Pathogens, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Dumrong Mairiang
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence in Dengue and Emerging Pathogens, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Molecular Biology of Dengue and Flaviviruses Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Andreas Pichlmair
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Institute of Virology, Munich, Germany
| | - Panisadee Avirutnan
- Division of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Research, Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence in Dengue and Emerging Pathogens, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Center for Integrative Infectious Disease Research, Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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6
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Diani E, Lagni A, Lotti V, Tonon E, Cecchetto R, Gibellini D. Vector-Transmitted Flaviviruses: An Antiviral Molecules Overview. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2427. [PMID: 37894085 PMCID: PMC10608811 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses cause numerous pathologies in humans across a broad clinical spectrum with potentially severe clinical manifestations, including hemorrhagic and neurological disorders. Among human flaviviruses, some viral proteins show high conservation and are good candidates as targets for drug design. From an epidemiological point of view, flaviviruses cause more than 400 million cases of infection worldwide each year. In particular, the Yellow Fever, dengue, West Nile, and Zika viruses have high morbidity and mortality-about an estimated 20,000 deaths per year. As they depend on human vectors, they have expanded their geographical range in recent years due to altered climatic and social conditions. Despite these epidemiological and clinical premises, there are limited antiviral treatments for these infections. In this review, we describe the major compounds that are currently under evaluation for the treatment of flavivirus infections and the challenges faced during clinical trials, outlining their mechanisms of action in order to present an overview of ongoing studies. According to our review, the absence of approved antivirals for flaviviruses led to in vitro and in vivo experiments aimed at identifying compounds that can interfere with one or more viral cycle steps. Still, the currently unavailability of approved antivirals poses a significant public health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Diani
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.L.); (V.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Anna Lagni
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.L.); (V.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Virginia Lotti
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.L.); (V.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Emil Tonon
- Unit of Microbiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| | - Riccardo Cecchetto
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.L.); (V.L.); (R.C.)
- Unit of Microbiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| | - Davide Gibellini
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.L.); (V.L.); (R.C.)
- Unit of Microbiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
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7
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Desingu PA, Mishra S, Dindi L, Srinivasan S, Rajmani RS, Ravi V, Tamta AK, Raghu S, Murugasamy K, Pandit AS, Sundaresan NR. PARP1 inhibition protects mice against Japanese encephalitis virus infection. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113103. [PMID: 37676769 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a vector-borne viral disease that causes acute encephalitis in children. Although vaccines have been developed against the JE virus (JEV), no effective antiviral therapy exists. Our study shows that inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1), an NAD+-dependent (poly-ADP) ribosyl transferase, protects against JEV infection. Interestingly, PARP1 is critical for JEV pathogenesis in Neuro-2a cells and mice. Small molecular inhibitors of PARP1, olaparib, and 3-aminobenzamide (3-AB) significantly reduce clinical signs and viral load in the serum and brains of mice and improve survival. PARP1 inhibition confers protection against JEV infection by inhibiting autophagy. Mechanistically, upon JEV infection, PARP1 PARylates AKT and negatively affects its phosphorylation. In addition, PARP1 transcriptionally upregulates PTEN, the PIP3 phosphatase, negatively regulating AKT. PARP1-mediated AKT inactivation promotes autophagy and JEV pathogenesis by increasing the FoxO activity. Thus, our findings demonstrate PARP1 as a potential mediator of JEV pathogenesis that can be effectively targeted for treating JE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perumal Arumugam Desingu
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India.
| | - Sneha Mishra
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Lavanya Dindi
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Shalini Srinivasan
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Raju S Rajmani
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Venkatraman Ravi
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Ankit Kumar Tamta
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Sukanya Raghu
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Krishnega Murugasamy
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Anwit Shriniwas Pandit
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Nagalingam R Sundaresan
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India.
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8
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Milan Bonotto R, Mitrović A, Sosič I, Martinez-Orellana P, Dattola F, Gobec S, Kos J, Marcello A. Cathepsin inhibitors nitroxoline and its derivatives inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection. Antiviral Res 2023:105655. [PMID: 37355023 PMCID: PMC10287183 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
The severity of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and the recurring (re)emergence of viruses prompted the development of new therapeutic approaches that target viral and host factors crucial for viral infection. Among them, host peptidases cathepsins B and L have been described as essential enzymes during SARS-CoV-2 entry. In this study, we evaluated the effect of potent selective cathepsin inhibitors as antiviral agents. We demonstrated that selective cathepsin B inhibitors, such as the antimicrobial agent nitroxoline and its derivatives, impair SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro. Antiviral activity observed at early stage of virus entry was cell-type dependent and correlated well with the intracellular content and enzymatic function of cathepsins B or L. Furthermore, tested inhibitors were effective against the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 D614 as well as against the more recent BA.1_4 (Omicron). Taken together, our results highlight the important role of host cysteine cathepsin B in SARS-CoV-2 virus entry and show that cathepsin-specific inhibitors, such as nitroxoline and its derivatives, could be used to treat COVID-19. Finally, these results also suggest that nitroxoline has potential to be further explored as repurposed drug in antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Milan Bonotto
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, The International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Padriciano, 99, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Ana Mitrović
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Izidor Sosič
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Pamela Martinez-Orellana
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, The International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Padriciano, 99, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Federica Dattola
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, The International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Padriciano, 99, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Stanislav Gobec
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janko Kos
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Alessandro Marcello
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, The International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Padriciano, 99, 34149, Trieste, Italy.
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9
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Taveira N. Antivirals and Vaccines. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10315. [PMID: 37373462 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
New antivirals are urgently needed to treat respiratory diseases caused by RNA viruses [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Taveira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health and Science, Campus Universitário, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
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10
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Srivastava KS, Jeswani V, Pal N, Bohra B, Vishwakarma V, Bapat AA, Patnaik YP, Khanna N, Shukla R. Japanese Encephalitis Virus: An Update on the Potential Antivirals and Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11040742. [PMID: 37112654 PMCID: PMC10146181 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the causal agent behind Japanese encephalitis (JE), a potentially severe brain infection that spreads through mosquito bites. JE is predominant over the Asia-Pacific Region and has the potential to spread globally with a higher rate of morbidity and mortality. Efforts have been made to identify and select various target molecules essential in JEV’s progression, but until now, no licensed anti-JEV drug has been available. From a prophylactic point of view, a few licensed JE vaccines are available, but various factors, viz., the high cost and different side effects imposed by them, has narrowed their global use. With an average occurrence of >67,000 cases of JE annually, there is an urgent need to find a suitable antiviral drug to treat patients at the acute phase, as presently only supportive care is available to mitigate infection. This systematic review highlights the current status of efforts put in to develop antivirals against JE and the available vaccines, along with their effectiveness. It also summarizes epidemiology, structure, pathogenesis, and potential drug targets that can be explored to develop a new range of anti-JEV drugs to combat JEV infection globally.
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11
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Pelaez MA, Torti MF, Alvarez De Lauro AE, Marquez AB, Giovannoni F, Damonte EB, García CC. Modulation of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Signaling Pathway Impacts on Junín Virus Replication. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020369. [PMID: 36851583 PMCID: PMC9967227 DOI: 10.3390/v15020369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Junín virus (JUNV), a member of the family Arenaviridae, is the etiological agent of the Argentine hemorrhagic fever, an endemic disease in the rural region of Argentina lacking a specific chemotherapy. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is expressed in several mammalian tissues and has been indicated as a sensor of ligands from variable sources and a modulator of the cell immune response. Interestingly, recent studies have suggested that the activation or depression of the AHR signaling pathway may play a role in the outcome of diverse human viral infections. In the present report, the effect of the pharmacological modulation of AHR on JUNV in vitro infection was analyzed. An initial microarray screening showed that the AHR pathway was overexpressed in JUNV-infected hepatic cells. Concomitantly, the infection of Vero and Huh-7 cells with the JUNV strains IV4454 and Candid#1 was significantly inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by treatment with CH223191, a specific AHR antagonist, as detected by infectivity assays, real-time RT-PCR and immunofluorescence detection of viral proteins. Furthermore, the pro-viral role of AHR in JUNV infection appears to be independent of the IFN-I pathway. Our findings support the promising perspectives of the pharmacological modulation of AHR as a potential target for the control of AHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Angel Pelaez
- Laboratory of Antiviral Strategies, Biochemistry Department, School of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN, University of Buenos Aires/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - María Florencia Torti
- Laboratory of Antiviral Strategies, Biochemistry Department, School of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN, University of Buenos Aires/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - Aaron Ezequiel Alvarez De Lauro
- Laboratory of Antiviral Strategies, Biochemistry Department, School of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN, University of Buenos Aires/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - Agostina Belén Marquez
- Laboratory of Antiviral Strategies, Biochemistry Department, School of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN, University of Buenos Aires/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - Federico Giovannoni
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elsa Beatriz Damonte
- Laboratory of Antiviral Strategies, Biochemistry Department, School of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN, University of Buenos Aires/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
- Correspondence: (E.B.D.); (C.C.G.)
| | - Cybele Carina García
- Laboratory of Antiviral Strategies, Biochemistry Department, School of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN, University of Buenos Aires/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
- Correspondence: (E.B.D.); (C.C.G.)
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12
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Mackenzie JS, Smith DW, Speers DJ. Japanese encephalitis disease: overview of the virus, its risk to Australia and the need for better surveillance. Intern Med J 2022; 52:2029-2033. [PMID: 37133372 DOI: 10.1111/imj.15967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John S. Mackenzie
- Faculty of Health Sciences Curtin University Western Australia Perth Australia
| | - David W. Smith
- Faculty of Health Sciences PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA Western Australia Perth Australia
- School of Medicine The University of Western Australia Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - David J. Speers
- Department of Microbiology Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA Perth Western Australia Australia
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13
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Fiestas Solórzano VE, de Lima RC, de Azeredo EL. The Role of Growth Factors in the Pathogenesis of Dengue: A Scoping Review. Pathogens 2022; 11:1179. [PMID: 36297236 PMCID: PMC9608673 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth factors (GFs) have a role in tissue repair and in the modulation of the expression of inflammatory cells in damage caused by pathogens. This study aims to systematize the evidence on the role of GFs in the pathogenesis of dengue. This scoping review considered all published peer-reviewed studies in the MEDLINE and Embase databases. Ultimately, 58 studies that analyzed GFs in dengue patients, published between 1998 and 2021, were included. DENV-2 infection and secondary infection were more frequent in the patients studied. ELISA and multiplex immunoassay (Luminex) were the most used measurement techniques. Increased levels of vascular endothelial growth factor, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, transforming growth factor beta, and hepatocyte growth factor as well as reduced levels of platelet-derived growth factor and epidermal growth factor were observed in severe dengue in most studies. Vascular endothelial growth factor and hepatocyte growth factor were identified as biomarkers of severity. In addition, there is evidence that the dengue virus can use the growth factor pathway to facilitate its entry into the cell and promote its viral replication. The use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors is an alternative treatment for dengue that is being studied.
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14
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Avila-Bonilla RG, Salas-Benito JS. Interactions of host miRNAs in the flavivirus 3´UTR genome: From bioinformatics predictions to practical approaches. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:976843. [PMID: 36310869 PMCID: PMC9606609 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.976843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Flavivirus of the Flaviviridae family includes important viruses, such as Dengue, Zika, West Nile, Japanese encephalitis, Murray Valley encephalitis, tick-borne encephalitis, Yellow fever, Saint Louis encephalitis, and Usutu viruses. They are transmitted by mosquitoes or ticks, and they can infect humans, causing fever, encephalitis, or haemorrhagic fever. The treatment resources for these diseases and the number of vaccines available are limited. It has been discovered that eukaryotic cells synthesize small RNA molecules that can bind specifically to sequences present in messenger RNAs to inhibit the translation process, thus regulating gene expression. These small RNAs have been named microRNAs, and they have an important impact on viral infections. In this review, we compiled the available information on miRNAs that can interact with the 3’ untranslated region (3’UTR) of the flavivirus genome, a conserved region that is important for viral replication and translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Gamaliel Avila-Bonilla
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Rodolfo Gamaliel Avila-Bonilla, ; Juan Santiago Salas-Benito,
| | - Juan Santiago Salas-Benito
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Moleculart 3, Maestría en Ciencias en Biomedicina Molecular, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Rodolfo Gamaliel Avila-Bonilla, ; Juan Santiago Salas-Benito,
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15
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Inhibitors of Nucleotide Biosynthesis as Candidates for a Wide Spectrum of Antiviral Chemotherapy. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081631. [PMID: 36014049 PMCID: PMC9413629 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging and re-emerging viruses have been a challenge in public health in recent decades. Host-targeted antivirals (HTA) directed at cellular molecules or pathways involved in virus multiplication represent an interesting strategy to combat viruses presently lacking effective chemotherapy. HTA could provide a wide range of agents with inhibitory activity against current and future viruses that share similar host requirements and reduce the possible selection of antiviral-resistant variants. Nucleotide metabolism is one of the more exploited host metabolic pathways as a potential antiviral target for several human viruses. This review focuses on the antiviral properties of the inhibitors of pyrimidine and purine nucleotide biosynthesis, with an emphasis on the rate-limiting enzymes dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) and inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) for which there are old and new drugs active against a broad spectrum of pathogenic viruses.
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16
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Zhang H, Zhang XQ, Huang LS, Fang X, Khan M, Xu Y, An J, Schooley RT, Huang Z. Synergistic inhibition of hepatitis C virus infection by a novel microtubule inhibitor in combination with daclatasvir. Biochem Biophys Rep 2022; 30:101283. [PMID: 35647321 PMCID: PMC9136107 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2022.101283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Even though substantial progress has been made in the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, viral resistance and relapse still occur in some patients and additional therapeutic approaches may ultimately be needed should viral resistance become more prevalent. Microtubules play important roles in several HCV life cycle events, including cell attachment, entry, cellular transportation, morphogenesis and progeny secretion steps. Therefore, it was hypothesized that microtubular inhibition might be a novel approach for the treatment of HCV infection. Here, the inhibitory effects of our recently developed microtubule inhibitors were studied in the HCV replicon luciferase reporter system and the infectious system. In addition, the combination responses of microtubule inhibitors with daclatasvir, which is a clinically used HCV NS5A inhibitor, were also evaluated. Our results indicated that microtubule targeting had activity against HCV replication and showed synergistic effect with a current clinical drug. Microtubule inhibition affects HCV replication. Compound 9f displays time and concentration dependent inhibitory activities against HCV production. Combination of compound 9f with Daclatasvir shows modest synergistic effects against HCV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Zhang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, California, USA
- School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xing-Quan Zhang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, California, USA
| | - Lina S. Huang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, California, USA
| | - Xiong Fang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Mohsin Khan
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, California, USA
| | - Yan Xu
- School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Jing An
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, California, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Robert T. Schooley
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, California, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Ziwei Huang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, California, USA
- Corresponding author.
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17
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Setz C, Große M, Auth J, Fröba M, Rauch P, Bausch A, Wright M, Schubert U. Synergistic Antiviral Activity of Pamapimod and Pioglitazone against SARS-CoV-2 and Its Variants of Concern. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6830. [PMID: 35743273 PMCID: PMC9224751 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic remains a major public health threat, especially due to newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern (VoCs), which are more efficiently transmitted, more virulent, and more able to escape naturally acquired and vaccine-induced immunity. Recently, the protease inhibitor Paxlovid® and the polymerase inhibitor molnupiravir, both targeting mutant-prone viral components, were approved for high-risk COVID-19 patients. Nevertheless, effective therapeutics to treat COVID-19 are urgently needed, especially small molecules acting independently of VoCs and targeting genetically stable cellular pathways which are crucial for viral replication. Pamapimod is a selective inhibitor of p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase alpha (p38 MAPKα) that has been extensively clinically evaluated for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Signaling via p38 has recently been described as a key pathway for the replication of SARS-CoV-2. Here, we reveal that the combination of pamapimod with pioglitazone, an anti-inflammatory and approved drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, possesses potent and synergistic activity to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication in vitro. Both drugs showed similar antiviral potency across several cultured cell types and similar antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan type, and the VoCs Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron. These data support the combination of pamapimod and pioglitazone as a potential therapy to reduce duration and severity of disease in COVID-19 patients, an assumption currently evaluated in an ongoing phase II clinical study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Setz
- Institute of Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (C.S.); (M.G.); (J.A.); (M.F.); (P.R.)
| | - Maximilian Große
- Institute of Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (C.S.); (M.G.); (J.A.); (M.F.); (P.R.)
| | - Janina Auth
- Institute of Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (C.S.); (M.G.); (J.A.); (M.F.); (P.R.)
| | - Maria Fröba
- Institute of Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (C.S.); (M.G.); (J.A.); (M.F.); (P.R.)
| | - Pia Rauch
- Institute of Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (C.S.); (M.G.); (J.A.); (M.F.); (P.R.)
| | | | | | - Ulrich Schubert
- Institute of Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (C.S.); (M.G.); (J.A.); (M.F.); (P.R.)
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18
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Antiviral drug research for Japanese encephalitis: an updated review. Pharmacol Rep 2022; 74:273-296. [PMID: 35182390 PMCID: PMC8964565 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-022-00355-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is one of Asia's most common viral encephalitis. JEV is a flavivirus, common in rural and sub-urban regions of Asian countries. Although only 1% of JEV-infected individuals develop JE, there is a 20-30% chance of death among these individuals and possible neurological sequelae post-infection. No licensed anti-JE drugs are currently available, despite extensive efforts to develop them. Literature search was performed using databases such as PubMed Central, Google Scholar, Wiley Online Library, etc. using keywords such as Japanese encephalitis virus, antiviral drugs, antiviral drug screening, antiviral drug targets, etc. From around 230 papers/abstracts and research reviews retrieved and reviewed for this study, approximately 180 most relevant and important ones have been cited. Different approaches in drug testing and various antiviral drug targets explored so far have been thoroughly searched from the literature and compiled, besides addressing the future perspectives of the antiviral drug development strategies. Although the development of effective anti-JE drugs is an urgent issue, only supportive care is currently available. Recent advancements in understanding the biology of infection and new drug targets have been promising improvements. Despite hindrances such as the unavailability of a proper drug delivery system or a treatment regimen irrespective of the stage of infection, several promising anti-JE candidate molecules are in different phases of clinical trials. Nonetheless, efficient therapy against JEV is expected to be achieved with drug combinations and a highly targeted drug delivery system soon.
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19
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Mertinková P, Mochnáčová E, Bhide K, Kulkarni A, Tkáčová Z, Hruškovicová J, Bhide M. Development of peptides targeting receptor binding site of the envelope glycoprotein to contain the West Nile virus infection. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20131. [PMID: 34635758 PMCID: PMC8505397 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99696-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV), re-emerging neurotropic flavivirus, can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and cause fatal encephalitis and meningitis. Infection of the human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMECs), building blocks of the BBB, represents the pivotal step in neuroinvasion. Domain III (DIII) of the envelope (E) glycoprotein is a key receptor-binding domain, thus, it is an attractive target for anti-flavivirus strategies. Here, two combinatorial phage display peptide libraries, Ph.D.-C7C and Ph.D.-12, were panned against receptor-binding site (RBS) on DIII to isolate peptides that could block DIII. From series of pannings, nine peptides (seven 7-mer cyclic and two 12-mer linear) were selected and overexpressed in E. coli SHuffle T5. Presence of disulfide bond in 7-mer peptides was confirmed with thiol-reactive maleimide labeling. Except for linear peptide 19 (HYSWSWIAYSPG), all peptides proved to be DIII binders. Among all peptides, 4 cyclic peptides (CTKTDVHFC, CIHSSTRAC, CTYENHRTC, and CLAQSHPLC) showed significant blocking of the interaction between DIII and hBMECs, and ability to neutralize infection in cultured cells. None of these peptides showed toxic or hemolytic activity. Peptides identified in this study may serve as potential candidates for the development of novel antiviral therapeutics against WNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Mertinková
- grid.412971.80000 0001 2234 6772Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Evelína Mochnáčová
- grid.412971.80000 0001 2234 6772Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Katarína Bhide
- grid.412971.80000 0001 2234 6772Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Amod Kulkarni
- grid.412971.80000 0001 2234 6772Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia ,grid.419303.c0000 0001 2180 9405Institute of Neuroimmunology of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84510 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Tkáčová
- grid.412971.80000 0001 2234 6772Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Jana Hruškovicová
- grid.412971.80000 0001 2234 6772Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Mangesh Bhide
- grid.412971.80000 0001 2234 6772Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia ,grid.419303.c0000 0001 2180 9405Institute of Neuroimmunology of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84510 Bratislava, Slovakia
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20
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Xing J, Liang J, Liu S, Huang L, Hu P, Liu L, Liao M, Qi W. Japanese encephalitis virus restricts HMGB1 expression to maintain MAPK pathway activation for viral replication. Vet Microbiol 2021; 262:109237. [PMID: 34592637 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a typical insect-borne flavivirus and an important zoonotic pathogen that causes human viral encephalitis and reproductive failure in pigs. Various strategies were utilized by JEV to facilitate its replication. It is important to identify key molecules that mediate JEV infection, as well as to investigate their underlying mechanism. In this study, the critical role of high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), a non-histone, DNA-binding protein, was assessed in JEV propagation. Upon JEV infection, the HMGB1 mRNA and protein levels were down-regulated at late infection in Huh7 cells. JEV replication was significantly enhanced with HMGB1 knock-down by siRNA and knock-out by the CRISPR/Cas9 system, whereas JEV growth was restricted in HMGB1-over-expressed Huh7 cells. Further investigation showed that HMGB1 suppressed MAPK pathway, and demonstrated that the weakening of MAPK pathway negatively regulated JEV infection. Together, these results suggested that JEV restricted HMGB1 expression to maintain MAPK pathway activation for viral replication. Our data showed that HMGB1 played a key role in JEV infection, providing the potential for the development of a novel drug to combat JEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchao Xing
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jiaqi Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shukai Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lihong Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Pingsheng Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lele Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ming Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Wenbao Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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21
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Fumagalli MJ, Figueiredo LTM, Aquino VH. Linear and Continuous Flavivirus Epitopes From Naturally Infected Humans. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:710551. [PMID: 34458161 PMCID: PMC8387565 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.710551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This manuscript is an up-to-date review of experimentally validated linear and continuous epitopes identified from arbovirus members of the Flavivirus genus. We summarized 153 immunoreactive peptides from the Dengue virus, Zika virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, and tick-borne encephalitis virus described in studies published from 1989 to 2020. We included peptides from structural (envelope, capsid, and pre-membrane) and nonstructural (Ns1–5) viral proteins that demonstrated relevant immunoreactivity with antibodies from naturally infected or vaccinated humans. We included peptides that demonstrated relevant reactivity features, such as indicators of disease severity related to immunological or immunopathological outcomes, differential or group diagnostic markers, immunotherapy candidates, and potential for vaccine formulation. The majority of immunoreactive peptides were described for DENV probably due to its long-lasting impact on human health and the lack of efficient vaccines and therapeutic methods. Immune landscape data regarding linear immunoreactive and continuous flavivirus peptides are still scarce, and a complete and more detailed map remains to be elucidated. Therefore, this review provides valuable data for those investigating the antibody response against flavivirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcilio Jorge Fumagalli
- Virology Research Center, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Victor Hugo Aquino
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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22
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Cramer J, Aliu B, Jiang X, Sharpe T, Pang L, Hadorn A, Rabbani S, Ernst B. Poly-l-lysine Glycoconjugates Inhibit DC-SIGN-mediated Attachment of Pandemic Viruses. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:2345-2353. [PMID: 34061468 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The C-type lectin receptor DC-SIGN mediates interactions with envelope glycoproteins of many viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, ebola, and HIV and contributes to virus internalization and dissemination. In the context of the recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, involvement of DC-SIGN has been linked to severe cases of COVID-19. Inhibition of the interaction between DC-SIGN and viral glycoproteins has the potential to generate broad spectrum antiviral agents. Here, we demonstrate that mannose-functionalized poly-l-lysine glycoconjugates efficiently inhibit the attachment of viral glycoproteins to DC-SIGN-presenting cells with picomolar affinity. Treatment of these cells leads to prolonged receptor internalization and inhibition of virus binding for up to 6 h. Furthermore, the polymers are fully bio-compatible and readily cleared by target cells. The thermodynamic analysis of the multivalent interactions reveals enhanced enthalpy-driven affinities and promising perspectives for the future development of multivalent therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Cramer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.,Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Butrint Aliu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Timothy Sharpe
- Biophysics Facility, Biocenter of the University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lijuan Pang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Hadorn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Said Rabbani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Beat Ernst
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
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23
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Zhao R, Wang M, Cao J, Shen J, Zhou X, Wang D, Cao J. Flavivirus: From Structure to Therapeutics Development. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11070615. [PMID: 34202239 PMCID: PMC8303334 DOI: 10.3390/life11070615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses are still a hidden threat to global human safety, as we are reminded by recent reports of dengue virus infections in Singapore and African-lineage-like Zika virus infections in Brazil. Therapeutic drugs or vaccines for flavivirus infections are in urgent need but are not well developed. The Flaviviridae family comprises a large group of enveloped viruses with a single-strand RNA genome of positive polarity. The genome of flavivirus encodes ten proteins, and each of them plays a different and important role in viral infection. In this review, we briefly summarized the major information of flavivirus and further introduced some strategies for the design and development of vaccines and anti-flavivirus compound drugs based on the structure of the viral proteins. There is no doubt that in the past few years, studies of antiviral drugs have achieved solid progress based on better understanding of the flavivirus biology. However, currently, there are no fully effective antiviral drugs or vaccines for most flaviviruses. We hope that this review may provide useful information for future development of anti-flavivirus drugs and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China; (R.Z.); (M.W.); (J.C.); (J.S.)
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Meiyue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China; (R.Z.); (M.W.); (J.C.); (J.S.)
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Jing Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China; (R.Z.); (M.W.); (J.C.); (J.S.)
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Jing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China; (R.Z.); (M.W.); (J.C.); (J.S.)
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Medical Imaging, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China;
| | - Deping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China; (R.Z.); (M.W.); (J.C.); (J.S.)
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
- Correspondence: (D.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Jimin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China; (R.Z.); (M.W.); (J.C.); (J.S.)
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
- Correspondence: (D.W.); (J.C.)
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Cordero-Rivera CD, De Jesús-González LA, Osuna-Ramos JF, Palacios-Rápalo SN, Farfan-Morales CN, Reyes-Ruiz JM, Del Ángel RM. The importance of viral and cellular factors on flavivirus entry. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 49:164-175. [PMID: 34171540 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The flavivirus are emerging and re-emerging arthropod-borne pathogens responsible for significant mortality and morbidity worldwide. The genus comprises more than 70 viruses, and despite genomic and structural similarities, infections by different flaviviruses result in different clinical presentations. In the absence of a safe and effective vaccine against these infections, the search for new strategies to inhibit viral infection is necessary. The life cycle of arboviruses begins with the entry process composed of multiple steps: attachment, internalization, endosomal escape and capsid uncoating. This mini-review describes factors and mechanisms involved in the viral entry as events required to take over the cellular machinery and host factors and cellular pathways commonly used by flaviviruses as possible approaches for developing broad-spectrum antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Daniel Cordero-Rivera
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Intituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de México 07320, Mexico
| | - Luis Adrián De Jesús-González
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Intituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de México 07320, Mexico
| | - Juan Fidel Osuna-Ramos
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Intituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de México 07320, Mexico
| | - Selvin Noé Palacios-Rápalo
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Intituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de México 07320, Mexico
| | - Carlos Noe Farfan-Morales
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Intituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de México 07320, Mexico
| | - José Manuel Reyes-Ruiz
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Intituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de México 07320, Mexico
| | - Rosa María Del Ángel
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Intituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de México 07320, Mexico.
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25
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Sarkar S, Armitage BA. Targeting a Potential G-Quadruplex Forming Sequence Found in the West Nile Virus Genome by Complementary Gamma-Peptide Nucleic Acid Oligomers. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:1445-1456. [PMID: 33886274 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the United States, West Nile virus (WNV) infects approximately 2500 people per year, of which 100-200 cases are fatal. No antiviral drug or vaccine is currently available for WNV. In this study, we designed gamma-modified peptide nucleic acid (γPNA) oligomers to target a newly identified guanine-rich gene sequence in the WNV genome. The target is found in the NS5 protein-coding region and was previously predicted to fold into a G-quadruplex (GQ) structure. Biophysical techniques such as UV melting analysis, circular dichroism spectroscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy demonstrated that the target RNA indeed folds into a moderately stable GQ structure at physiological temperature and potassium concentration. Successful invasion of the GQ by three complementary γPNAs was also characterized by the above-mentioned biophysical techniques. The γPNAs showed very strong binding to the target with low femtomolar affinity at physiological temperature. Targeting this potential guanine quadruplex forming sequence (PQS) and other related sequences with γPNA may represent a new approach for inhibiting both WNV replication and transcription, thereby representing a generally useful antiviral strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srijani Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Nucleic Acids Science and Technology, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-3890, United States
| | - Bruce A. Armitage
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Nucleic Acids Science and Technology, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-3890, United States
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Inhibitors of Protein Glycosylation Are Active against the Coronavirus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050808. [PMID: 33946304 PMCID: PMC8144969 DOI: 10.3390/v13050808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Repurposing clinically available drugs to treat the new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an urgent need in the course of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, as very few treatment options are available. The iminosugar Miglustat is a well-characterized drug for the treatment of rare genetic lysosome storage diseases, such as Gaucher and Niemann-Pick type C, and has also been described to be active against a variety of enveloped viruses. The activity of Miglustat is here demonstrated in the micromolar range for SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. The drug acts at the post-entry level and leads to a marked decrease of viral proteins and release of infectious viruses. The mechanism resides in the inhibitory activity toward α-glucosidases that are involved in the early stages of glycoprotein N-linked oligosaccharide processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, leading to a marked decrease of the viral Spike protein. Indeed, the antiviral potential of protein glycosylation inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 is further highlighted by the low-micromolar activity of the investigational drug Celgosivir. These data point to a relevant role of this approach for the treatment of COVID-19.
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27
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Proteins involved in actin filament organization are key host factors for Japanese encephalitis virus life-cycle in human neuronal cells. Microb Pathog 2020; 149:104565. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Evans DeWald L, Starr C, Butters T, Treston A, Warfield KL. Iminosugars: A host-targeted approach to combat Flaviviridae infections. Antiviral Res 2020; 184:104881. [PMID: 32768411 PMCID: PMC7405907 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
N-linked glycosylation is the most common form of protein glycosylation and is required for the proper folding, trafficking, and/or receptor binding of some host and viral proteins. As viruses lack their own glycosylation machinery, they are dependent on the host's machinery for these processes. Certain iminosugars are known to interfere with the N-linked glycosylation pathway by targeting and inhibiting α-glucosidases I and II in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Perturbing ER α-glucosidase function can prevent these enzymes from removing terminal glucose residues on N-linked glycans, interrupting the interaction between viral glycoproteins and host chaperone proteins that is necessary for proper folding of the viral protein. Iminosugars have demonstrated broad-spectrum antiviral activity in vitro and in vivo against multiple viruses. This review discusses the broad activity of iminosugars against Flaviviridae. Iminosugars have shown favorable activity against multiple members of the Flaviviridae family in vitro and in murine models of disease, although the activity and mechanism of inhibition can be virus-specfic. While iminosugars are not currently approved for the treatment of viral infections, their potential use as future host-targeted antiviral (HTAV) therapies continues to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chloe Starr
- Emergent BioSolutions, Gaithersburg, MD, 20879, USA
| | | | | | - Kelly L. Warfield
- Emergent BioSolutions, Gaithersburg, MD, 20879, USA,Corresponding author. 400 Professional Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20879, USA
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29
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Marcello A, Civra A, Milan Bonotto R, Nascimento Alves L, Rajasekharan S, Giacobone C, Caccia C, Cavalli R, Adami M, Brambilla P, Lembo D, Poli G, Leoni V. The cholesterol metabolite 27-hydroxycholesterol inhibits SARS-CoV-2 and is markedly decreased in COVID-19 patients. Redox Biol 2020; 36:101682. [PMID: 32810737 PMCID: PMC7416714 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need to identify antivirals against the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in the current COVID-19 pandemic and to contain future similar emergencies early on. Specific side-chain cholesterol oxidation products of the oxysterols family have been shown to inhibit a large variety of both enveloped and non-enveloped human viral pathogens. Here we report on the in vitro inhibitory activity of the redox active oxysterol 27-hydroxycholesterol against SARS-CoV-2 and against one of the common cold agents HCoV-OC43 human coronavirus without significant cytotoxicity. Interestingly, physiological serum levels of 27-hydroxycholesterol in SARS-CoV-2 positive subjects were significantly decreased compared to the matched control group, reaching a marked 50% reduction in severe COVID-19 cases. Moreover, no correlation at all was observed between 24-hydroxycholesterol and 25-hydroxycholesterol serum levels and the severity of the disease. Opposite to that of 27-hydroxycholesterol was the behaviour of two recognized markers of redox imbalance, i.e. 7-ketocholesterol and 7β-hydroxycholesterol, whose serum levels were significantly increased especially in severe COVID-19. The exogenous administration of 27-hydroxycholesterol may represent in the near future a valid antiviral strategy in the worsening of diseases caused by present and emerging coronaviruses. 27-hydroxycholesterol (27OHC) inhibits the replication of SARS-CoV-2 by interfering with its entry into target cells. The broad antiviral effect of 27OHC is also exerted against another β-coronavirus, HCoV-OC43. Blood levels of 27OHC were decreased in SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals, especially in patients with severe COVID-19. COVID-19 patients showed increased serum levels of 7-ketocholesterol and 7β-hydroxycholesterol, markers of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Marcello
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, 34149, Italy
| | - Andrea Civra
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Antiviral Research, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, 10043, Italy
| | - Rafaela Milan Bonotto
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, 34149, Italy
| | - Lais Nascimento Alves
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, 34149, Italy
| | - Sreejith Rajasekharan
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, 34149, Italy
| | - Chiara Giacobone
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Hospitals of Desio and Monza, ASST-Monza and Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, 20900, Italy
| | - Claudio Caccia
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Roberta Cavalli
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Adami
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Hospitals of Desio and Monza, ASST-Monza and Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, 20900, Italy
| | - David Lembo
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Antiviral Research, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, 10043, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Poli
- Unit of General Pathology and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, 10043, Italy.
| | - Valerio Leoni
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Hospitals of Desio and Monza, ASST-Monza and Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, 20900, Italy
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Antiviral Activity of Compound L3 against Dengue and Zika Viruses In Vitro and In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114050. [PMID: 32517029 PMCID: PMC7312370 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) are mosquito-borne flaviviruses that cause severe illness after infection. Currently, there are no specific or effective treatments against DENV and ZIKV. Previous studies have shown that tyrosine kinase activities and signal transduction are involved in flavivirus replication, suggesting a potential therapeutic strategy for DENV and ZIKV. In this study, we found that compound L3 can significantly reduce viral protein expression and viral titers in HEK-293, MCF-7, HepG2, and Huh-7 cells and exhibits superior therapeutic efficacy against flaviviral infection compared to other tyrosine kinase inhibitors. In addition, compound L3 can decrease endogenous HER2 activation and inhibit the phosphorylation of the HER2 downstream signaling molecules Src and ERK1/2, the levels of which have been associated with viral protein expression in MCF-7 cells. Moreover, silencing HER2 diminished DENV-2 and ZIKV expression in MCF-7 cells, which suggests that HER2 activity is involved in flavivirus replication. Furthermore, in DENV-2-infected AG129 mice, treatment with compound L3 increased the survival rates and reduced the viremia levels. Overall, compound L3 demonstrates therapeutic efficacy both in vitro and in vivo and could be developed as a promising antiviral drug against emerging flaviviruses or for concurrent DENV and ZIKV outbreaks.
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Bhushan G, Lim L, Bird I, Chothe SK, Nissly RH, Kuchipudi SV. Iminosugars With Endoplasmic Reticulum α-Glucosidase Inhibitor Activity Inhibit ZIKV Replication and Reverse Cytopathogenicity in vitro. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:531. [PMID: 32373079 PMCID: PMC7179685 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV), a vector-borne virus of the family Flaviviridae, continues to spread and remains a significant global public health threat. Currently, there are no approved vaccines or antivirals against ZIKV. We investigated the anti-ZIKV ability of three iminosugars with endoplasmic reticulum α-glucosidase inhibitor (ER-AGI) activity, namely deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), castanospermine, and celgosivir. None of the three iminosugars showed any significant cytotoxicity in Vero or human microglia CHME3 cells when applied for 72 h at concentrations up to 100 μM. Iminosugar treatment of Vero or CHME3 cells prior to ZIKV infection resulted in significant inhibition of ZIKV replication over 48 h. Reduction in ZIKV replication in iminosugar-treated cells was not associated with any significant change in the expression levels of key antiviral genes. Following infection with three different strains of ZIKV, iminosugar-treated Vero or CHME3 cells showed no cell death, whereas vehicle-treated control cells exhibited 50–60% cell death at 72 h post-infection (hpi). While there was no significant difference in apoptosis between iminosugar-treated and control cells, iminosugar-treated cells exhibited a substantial reduction of necrosis at 72 hpi following ZIKV infection. In summary, iminosugars with ER-AGI activity inhibit ZIKV replication and significantly reduce necrosis without altering the antiviral gene expression and apoptosis of infected human cells. The results of this study strongly suggest that iminosugars are promising anti-ZIKV antiviral agents and such warrant further in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitanjali Bhushan
- Penn State Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Levina Lim
- Penn State Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Ian Bird
- Penn State Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Shubhada K Chothe
- Penn State Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Ruth H Nissly
- Penn State Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Suresh V Kuchipudi
- Penn State Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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Caracciolo I, Mora-Cardenas E, Aloise C, Carletti T, Segat L, Burali MS, Chiarvesio A, Totis V, Avšič–Županc T, Mastrangelo E, Manfroni G, D’Agaro P, Marcello A. Comprehensive response to Usutu virus following first isolation in blood donors in the Friuli Venezia Giulia region of Italy: Development of recombinant NS1-based serology and sensitivity to antiviral drugs. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008156. [PMID: 32226028 PMCID: PMC7145266 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Surveillance of Usutu virus is crucial to prevent future outbreaks both in Europe and in other countries currently naïve to the infection, such as the Americas. This goal remains difficult to achieve, notably because of the lack of large-scale cohort studies and the absence of commercially available diagnostic reagents for USUV. This work started with the first identification of USUV in a blood donor in the Friuli Venezia Giulia (FVG) Region in Northern-Eastern Italy, which is endemic for West Nile virus. Considering that only one IgG ELISA is commercially available, but none for IgM, a novel NS1 antigen based IgG/M ELISA has been developed. This assay tested successfully for the detection of Usutu virus in blood donors with the identification of a second case of transmission and high levels of exposure. Furthermore, two pan-flavivirus antiviral drugs, that we previously characterized to be inhibitors of other flavivirus infectivity, were successfully tested for inhibition of Usutu virus with inhibitory concentrations in the low micromolar range. To conclude, this work identifies North-Eastern Italy as endemic for Usutu virus with implications for the screening of transfusion blood. A novel NS1-based ELISA test has been implemented for the detection of IgM/G that will be of importance as a tool for the diagnosis and surveillance of Usutu virus infection. Finally, Usutu virus is shown to be sensitive to a class of promising pan-flavivirus drugs. Tropical viruses transmitted by ticks or mosquitoes are becoming a health threat in areas of the world that were previously naïve to these infections. Usutu virus is a mosquito-borne virus that is circulating in Europe causing massive outbreaks in birds. Transmission to humans is documented, with some reports of severe neurological disease. However, the real size of transmission to humans suffers from lack of data due to insufficient surveillance. The first confirmed case of human USUV infection in an asymptomatic blood donor from North-Eastern Italy is hereby demonstrated by molecular assays and virus isolation. Specific Usutu virus serology has also been developed taking advantage of the NS1 viral antigen, which is tested on a number of blood donors demonstrating a high level of Usutu positivity. These findings confirm the human transmission in the region and offer a novel tool for specific Usutu virus surveillance. Finally, two drugs that were previously shown to have a wide spectrum of activity towards members of this family of viruses are shown to inhibit also Usutu virus, opening the way to a novel class antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Caracciolo
- Regional Reference Centre for Arbovirus Infections, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Erick Mora-Cardenas
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Padriciano, Trieste, Italy
| | - Chiara Aloise
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Padriciano, Trieste, Italy
| | - Tea Carletti
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Padriciano, Trieste, Italy
| | - Ludovica Segat
- Regional Reference Centre for Arbovirus Infections, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Trieste, UCO Igiene e Sanità Pubblica, Trieste, Italy
| | - Maria Sole Burali
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alexsia Chiarvesio
- Centro Unico Regionale Produzione Emocomponenti C.U.R.P.E. P.O. Palmanova A.A.S.2 Bassa Friulana Isontina, Palmanova, Italy
| | - Vivianna Totis
- Centro Unico Regionale Produzione Emocomponenti C.U.R.P.E. P.O. Palmanova A.A.S.2 Bassa Friulana Isontina, Palmanova, Italy
| | - Tatjana Avšič–Županc
- Laboratory of Diagnostics of Zoonoses and WHO Centre, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Giuseppe Manfroni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Pierlanfranco D’Agaro
- Regional Reference Centre for Arbovirus Infections, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Trieste, UCO Igiene e Sanità Pubblica, Trieste, Italy
- * E-mail: (PD); (AM)
| | - Alessandro Marcello
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Padriciano, Trieste, Italy
- * E-mail: (PD); (AM)
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Gwon YD, Strand M, Lindqvist R, Nilsson E, Saleeb M, Elofsson M, Överby AK, Evander M. Antiviral Activity of Benzavir-2 against Emerging Flaviviruses. Viruses 2020; 12:v12030351. [PMID: 32235763 PMCID: PMC7150796 DOI: 10.3390/v12030351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Most flaviviruses are arthropod-borne viruses, transmitted by either ticks or mosquitoes, and cause morbidity and mortality worldwide. They are endemic in many countries and have recently emerged in new regions, such as the Zika virus (ZIKV) in South-and Central America, the West Nile virus (WNV) in North America, and the Yellow fever virus (YFV) in Brazil and many African countries, highlighting the need for preparedness. Currently, there are no antiviral drugs available to treat flavivirus infections. We have previously discovered a broad-spectrum antiviral compound, benzavir-2, with potent antiviral activity against both DNA- and RNA-viruses. Our purpose was to investigate the inhibitory activity of benzavir-2 against flaviviruses. We used a ZIKV ZsGreen-expressing vector, two lineages of wild-type ZIKV, and other medically important flaviviruses. Benzavir-2 inhibited ZIKV derived reporter gene expression with an EC50 value of 0.8 ± 0.1 µM. Furthermore, ZIKV plaque formation, progeny virus production, and viral RNA expression were strongly inhibited. In addition, 2.5 µM of benzavir-2 reduced infection in vitro in three to five orders of magnitude for five other flaviviruses: WNV, YFV, the tick-borne encephalitis virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, and dengue virus. In conclusion, benzavir-2 was a potent inhibitor of flavivirus infection, which supported the broad-spectrum antiviral activity of benzavir-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Dae Gwon
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, 90185 Umeå, Sweden; (Y.-D.G.); (M.S.); (R.L.); (E.N.); (A.K.Ö.)
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden;
| | - Mårten Strand
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, 90185 Umeå, Sweden; (Y.-D.G.); (M.S.); (R.L.); (E.N.); (A.K.Ö.)
| | - Richard Lindqvist
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, 90185 Umeå, Sweden; (Y.-D.G.); (M.S.); (R.L.); (E.N.); (A.K.Ö.)
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden;
- The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Emma Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, 90185 Umeå, Sweden; (Y.-D.G.); (M.S.); (R.L.); (E.N.); (A.K.Ö.)
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden;
- The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Michael Saleeb
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden;
| | - Mikael Elofsson
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden;
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden;
| | - Anna K. Överby
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, 90185 Umeå, Sweden; (Y.-D.G.); (M.S.); (R.L.); (E.N.); (A.K.Ö.)
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden;
- The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Magnus Evander
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, 90185 Umeå, Sweden; (Y.-D.G.); (M.S.); (R.L.); (E.N.); (A.K.Ö.)
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-90-785-1790
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Vicenti I, Dragoni F, Giannini A, Giammarino F, Spinicci M, Saladini F, Boccuto A, Zazzi M. Development of a Cell-Based Immunodetection Assay for Simultaneous Screening of Antiviral Compounds Inhibiting Zika and Dengue Virus Replication. SLAS DISCOVERY 2020; 25:506-514. [PMID: 32186426 DOI: 10.1177/2472555220911456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Practical cell-based assays can accelerate anti-Zika (ZIKV) and anti-dengue (DENV) virus drug discovery. We developed an immunodetection assay (IA), using a pan-flaviviral monoclonal antibody recognizing a conserved envelope domain. The final protocol includes a direct virus yield reduction assay (YRA) carried out in the human Huh7 cell line, followed by transfer of the supernatant to a secondary Huh7 culture to characterize late antiviral effects. Sofosbuvir and ribavirin were used to validate the assay, while celgosivir was used to evaluate the ability to discriminate between early and late antiviral activity. In the direct YRA, at 100, 50, and 25 TCID50, sofosbuvir IC50 values were 5.0 ± 1.5, 2.7 ± 0.5, 2.5 ± 1.1 µM against ZIKV and 16.6 ± 2.8, 4.6 ± 1.4, 2.6 ± 2.2 µM against DENV; ribavirin IC50 values were 6.8 ± 4.0, 3.8 ± 0.6, 4.5 ± 1.4 µM against ZIKV and 17.3 ± 4.6, 7.6 ± 1.2, 4.1 ± 2.3 µM against DENV. Sofosbuvir and ribavirin IC50 values determined in the secondary YRA were reproducible and comparable with those obtained by direct YRA and plaque reduction assay (PRA). In agreement with the proposed mechanism of late action, celgosivir was active against DENV only in the secondary YRA (IC50 11.0 ± 1.0 µM) and in PRA (IC50 10.1 ± 1.1 µM). The assay format overcomes relevant limitations of the gold standard PRA, allowing concurrent analysis of candidate antiviral compounds against different viruses and providing preliminary information about early versus late antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Vicenti
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Filippo Dragoni
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessia Giannini
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Michele Spinicci
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Toscana, Italy
| | - Francesco Saladini
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Adele Boccuto
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Maurizio Zazzi
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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35
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Kolpikova EP, Tronco AR, Den Hartigh AB, Jackson KJ, Iwawaki T, Fink SL. IRE1α Promotes Zika Virus Infection via XBP1. Viruses 2020; 12:v12030278. [PMID: 32138181 PMCID: PMC7150863 DOI: 10.3390/v12030278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emergent member of the Flaviviridae family which causes severe congenital defects and other major sequelae, but the cellular processes that support ZIKV replication are incompletely understood. Related flaviviruses use the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) as a membranous platform for viral replication and induce ER stress during infection. Our data suggest that ZIKV activates IRE1α, a component of the cellular response to ER stress. IRE1α is an ER-resident transmembrane protein that possesses a cytosolic RNase domain. Upon activation, IRE1α initiates nonconventional cytoplasmic splicing of XBP1 mRNA. Spliced XBP1 encodes a transcription factor, which upregulates ER-related targets. We find that ZIKV infection induces XBP1 mRNA splicing and induction of XBP1 target genes. Small molecule inhibitors of IRE1α, including those specific for the nuclease function, prevent ZIKV-induced cytotoxicity, as does genetic disruption of IRE1α. Optimal ZIKV RNA replication requires both IRE1α and XBP1. Spliced XBP1 has been described to cause ER expansion and remodeling and we find that ER redistribution during ZIKV infection requires IRE1α nuclease activity. Finally, we demonstrate that inducible genetic disruption of IRE1α and XBP1 impairs ZIKV replication in a mouse model of infection. Together, our data indicate that the ER stress response component IRE1α promotes ZIKV infection via XBP1 and may represent a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena P. Kolpikova
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ana R. Tronco
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | - Konner J. Jackson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Takao Iwawaki
- Division of Cell Medicine, Department of Life Science, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0265, Japan
| | - Susan L. Fink
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(206)-598-6131
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Arias-Arias JL, MacPherson DJ, Hill ME, Hardy JA, Mora-Rodríguez R. A fluorescence-activatable reporter of flavivirus NS2B-NS3 protease activity enables live imaging of infection in single cells and viral plaques. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:2212-2226. [PMID: 31919100 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Flavivirus in the family Flaviviridae comprises many medically important viruses, such as dengue virus (DENV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and yellow fever virus. The quest for therapeutic targets to combat flavivirus infections requires a better understanding of the kinetics of virus-host interactions during infections with native viral strains. However, this is precluded by limitations of current cell-based systems for monitoring flavivirus infection in living cells. In the present study, we report the construction of fluorescence-activatable sensors to detect the activities of flavivirus NS2B-NS3 serine proteases in living cells. The system consists of GFP-based reporters that become fluorescent upon cleavage by recombinant DENV-2/ZIKV proteases in vitro A version of this sensor containing the flavivirus internal NS3 cleavage site linker reported the highest fluorescence activation in stably transduced mammalian cells upon DENV-2/ZIKV infection. Moreover, the onset of fluorescence correlated with viral protease activity. A far-red version of this flavivirus sensor had the best signal-to-noise ratio in a fluorescent Dulbecco's plaque assay, leading to the construction of a multireporter platform combining the flavivirus sensor with reporter dyes for detection of chromatin condensation and cell death, enabling studies of viral plaque formation with single-cell resolution. Finally, the application of this platform enabled the study of cell-population kinetics of infection and cell death by DENV-2, ZIKV, and yellow fever virus. We anticipate that future studies of viral infection kinetics with this reporter system will enable basic investigations of virus-host interactions and facilitate future applications in antiviral drug research to manage flavivirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge L Arias-Arias
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | - Derek J MacPherson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Maureen E Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Jeanne A Hardy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Rodrigo Mora-Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
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Lien JC, Lin CS, Lai HC, Tsai YC, Lin YF, Huang AC, Huang SH, Lin CW. Antiviral efficacy of bromo-anilino substituents of 4,5-dihydrofuran-3-carboxylate compound CW-33 against Japanese encephalitis virus. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:126742. [PMID: 31648857 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, occasionally causes severe central nervous system disorders in the risk zone where more than 3 billion people reside. Our prior studies demonstrated antiviral potential of 4,5-dihydrofuran-3-carboxylate compound CW-33 (ethyl 2-(3',5'-dimethylanilino)-4-oxo-4,5-dihydrofuran-3-carboxylate) and its derivative CW-33A ((ethyl 2-(2-fluoroanilino)-4-oxo-4,5-dihydrofuran-3-carboxylate) against JEV infection ((Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17: E1386; Sci. Rep. 2018, 8: 16595). This study synthesized six new CW-33 derivatives containing chloro, or bromo groups at the C-2, C-3, or C-4 of anilino ring of CW-33, and assessed the antiviral activity and mechanisms of these chloro- and bromo-anilino substitutedderivatives. CW-33K, CW-33L and CW-33M had the bromo-substituents at the C-2, C-3, or C-4 of anilino ring of CW-33, respectively, showing the higher anti-JEV activity than CW-33 and other derivatives. CW-33K (ethyl 2-(2-bromoanilino)-4-oxo-4,5-dihydrofuran-3-carboxylate) exhibited the highest antiviral efficacy and therapeutic index. The IC50 value of CW-33K was less than 5 μM for reducing JEV-induced cytopathic effect, virus infectivity and virus yield. CW-33K significantly inhibited the JEV replication at the early and late stages, suppressing viral RNA synthesis and intracellular JEV particle production. The study demonstrated that the CW-33 derivative with a bromosubstitutionat the C-2 anilino ring improved the antiviral activity JEV, providing the structure-antiviral activity relationship for the development of anti-JEV agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Cherng Lien
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Sheng Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Kuang Tien General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Chou Lai
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Division of Hepato-gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chi Tsai
- PhD Program for Health Science and Industry, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fong Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - An-Cheng Huang
- Department of Nursing, St. Mary's Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Yilan County, Taiwan
| | - Su-Hua Huang
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Wen Lin
- PhD Program for Health Science and Industry, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan; Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Liu ZY, Qin CF. Structure and function of cis-acting RNA elements of flavivirus. Rev Med Virol 2019; 30:e2092. [PMID: 31777997 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The genus Flavivirus is a group of single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses that includes numerous human pathogens with global impact, such as dengue virus (DENV), yellow fever virus (YFV), West Nile virus (WNV), and Zika virus (ZIKV). The approximately 11-kilobase genome is flanked by highly structured untranslated regions (UTRs), which contain various cis-acting RNA elements with unique structures and functions. Moreover, local RNA elements circularize the genome non-covalently through long-range interactions. Interestingly, many flavivirus cis-acting RNA elements contain group-specific motifs or are specific for the given phylogenetic groups, suggesting their potential association with flavivirus evolution and diversification. In this review, we summarize recent advances about the structure and function of cis-acting RNA elements in flavivirus genomes and highlight the potential implications for flavivirus evolution. Finally, the scientific questions remained to be answered in the field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Yu Liu
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Medicine Shenzhen, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,The No. 8 People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng-Feng Qin
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,The No. 8 People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Piliponsky AM, Acharya M, Shubin NJ. Mast Cells in Viral, Bacterial, and Fungal Infection Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20122851. [PMID: 31212724 PMCID: PMC6627964 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are granule-rich immune cells that are distributed throughout the body in areas where microorganisms typically reside, such as mucosal tissues and the skin, as well as connective tissues. It is well known that mast cells have significant roles in IgE-mediated conditions, such as anaphylaxis, but, because of their location, it is also thought that mast cells act as innate immune cells against pathogens and initiate defensive immune responses. In this review, we discuss recent studies focused on mast cell interactions with flaviviruses and Candida albicans, and mast cell function in the cecal ligation and puncture model of sepsis. We selected these studies because they are clear examples of how mast cells can either promote host resistance to infection, as previously proposed, or contribute to a dysregulated host response that can increase host morbidity and mortality. Importantly, we can distill from these studies that the contribution of mast cells to infection outcomes depends in part on the infection model, including the genetic approach used to assess the influence of mast cells on host immunity, the species in which mast cells are studied, and the differential contribution of mast cell subtypes to immunity. Accordingly, we think that this review highlights the complexity of mast cell biology in the context of innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian M Piliponsky
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
| | - Manasa Acharya
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
| | - Nicholas J Shubin
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
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