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Pourbarkhordar V, Rahmani S, Roohbakhsh A, Hayes AW, Karimi G. Melatonin effect on breast and ovarian cancers by targeting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. IUBMB Life 2024. [PMID: 39212097 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Melatonin, the hormone of the pineal gland, possesses a range of physiological functions, and recently, its anticancer effect has become more apparent. A more thorough understanding of molecular alterations in the components of several signaling pathways as new targets for cancer therapy is needed because of current innate restrictions such as drug toxicity, side effects, and acquired or de novo resistance. The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is overactivated in many solid tumors, such as breast and ovarian cancers. This pathway in normal cells is essential for growth, proliferation, and survival. However, it is an undesirable characteristic in malignant cells. We have reviewed multiple studies about the effect of melatonin on breast and ovarian cancer, focusing on the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Melatonin exerts its inhibitory effects via several mechanisms. A: Downregulation of downstream or upstream components of the signaling pathway such as phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate kinase (PI3K), p-PI3K, Akt, p-Akt, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and mTOR complex1 (mTORC1). B: Apoptosis induction by decreasing MDM2 expression, a downstream target of Akt, and mTOR, which leads to Bad activation in addition to Bcl-XL and p53 inhibition. C: Induction of autophagy in cancer cells via activating ULK1 after mTOR inhibition, resulting in Beclin-1 phosphorylation. Beclin-1 with AMBRA1 and VPS34 promotes PI3K complex I activity and autophagy in cancer cells. The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway overlaps with other intracellular signaling pathways and components such as AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), Wnt/β-catenin, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and other similar pathways. Cancer therapy can benefit from understanding how these pathways interact and how melatonin affects these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Pourbarkhordar
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sohrab Rahmani
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Roohbakhsh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - A Wallace Hayes
- Center for Environmental Occupational Risk Analysis and Management, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Zambrano C, Garitaonaindia MT, Salmerón D, Pérez-Sanz F, Tchio C, Picinato MC, de Medina FS, Luján J, Scheer FAJL, Saxena R, Martínez-Augustin O, Garaulet M. Melatonin decreases human adipose tissue insulin sensitivity. J Pineal Res 2024; 76:e12965. [PMID: 38860494 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Melatonin is a pineal hormone that modulates the circadian system and exerts soporific and phase-shifting effects. It is also involved in many other physiological processes, such as those implicated in cardiovascular, endocrine, immune, and metabolic functions. However, the role of melatonin in glucose metabolism remains contradictory, and its action on human adipose tissue (AT) explants has not been demonstrated. We aimed to assess whether melatonin (a pharmacological dose) influences insulin sensitivity in human AT. This will help better understand melatonin administration's effect on glucose metabolism. Abdominal AT (subcutaneous and visceral) biopsies were obtained from 19 participants with severe obesity (age: 42.84 ± 12.48 years; body mass index: 43.14 ± 8.26 kg/m2) who underwent a laparoscopic gastric bypass. AT biopsies were exposed to four different treatments: control (C), insulin alone (I) (10 nM), melatonin alone (M) (5000 pg/mL), and insulin plus melatonin combined (I + M). All four conditions were repeated in both subcutaneous and visceral AT, and all were performed in the morning at 8 a.m. (n = 19) and the evening at 8 p.m. (in a subsample of n = 12). We used western blot analysis to determine insulin signaling (using the pAKT/tAKT ratio). Furthermore, RNAseq analyses were performed to better understand the metabolic pathways involved in the effect of melatonin on insulin signaling. As expected, insulin treatment (I) increased the pAKT/tAKT ratio compared with control (p < .0001). Furthermore, the addition of melatonin (I + M) resulted in a decrease in insulin signaling as compared with insulin alone (I); this effect was significant only during the evening time (not in the morning time). Further, RNAseq analyses in visceral AT during the evening condition (at 8 p.m.) showed that melatonin resulted in a prompt transcriptome response (around 1 h after melatonin addition), particularly by downregulating the insulin signaling pathway. Our results show that melatonin reduces insulin sensitivity in human AT during the evening. These results may partly explain the previous studies showing a decrease in glucose tolerance after oral melatonin administration in the evening or when eating late when endogenous melatonin is present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Zambrano
- Department of Physiology, Regional Campus of International Excellence, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Research Biomedical Institute of Murcia (IMIB)-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Mireia Tena Garitaonaindia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Ibs Granada, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INYTA) José Mataix, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Diego Salmerón
- Research Biomedical Institute of Murcia (IMIB)-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
- Health and Social Sciences Department, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Cynthia Tchio
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Fermín Sánchez de Medina
- Department of Pharmacology, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Ibs Granada, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Luján
- General Surgery Service, Hospital Quirónsalud Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Frank A J L Scheer
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Richa Saxena
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Olga Martínez-Augustin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Ibs Granada, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INYTA) José Mataix, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Marta Garaulet
- Department of Physiology, Regional Campus of International Excellence, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Research Biomedical Institute of Murcia (IMIB)-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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3
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Colizzi FS, Martínez-Torres D, Helfrich-Förster C. The circadian and photoperiodic clock of the pea aphid. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2024; 210:627-639. [PMID: 37482577 PMCID: PMC11226554 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-023-01660-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
The pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, is a paradigmatic photoperiodic species that exhibits a remarkable annual life cycle, which is tightly coupled to the seasonal changes in day length. During spring and summer, characterised by longer days, aphid populations consist exclusively of viviparous females that reproduce parthenogenetically. When autumn comes and the days shorten, aphids switch their reproductive mode and generate males and oviparous sexual females, which mate and produce cold-resistant eggs that overwinter and survive the unfavourable season. While the photoperiodic responses have been well described, the nature of the timing mechanisms which underlie day length discrimination are still not completely understood. Experiments from the 1960's suggested that aphids rely on an 'hourglass' clock measuring the elapsed time during the dark night by accumulating a biochemical factor, which reaches a critical threshold at a certain night length and triggers the switch in reproduction mode. However, the photoperiodic responses of aphids can also be attributed to a strongly dampened circadian clock. Recent studies have uncovered the molecular components and the location of the circadian clock in the brain of the pea aphid and revealed that it is well connected to the neurohormonal system controlling aphid reproduction. We provide an overview of the putative mechanisms of photoperiodic control in aphids, from the photoreceptors involved in this process to the circadian clock and the neuroendocrine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Sara Colizzi
- University of Würzburg, Neurobiology and Genetics, Biocenter, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - David Martínez-Torres
- Institut de Biologia Integrativa de Sistemes, Parc Cientific Universitat de València, C/ Catedrático José Beltrán nº 2, 46980, Paterna,, València, Spain
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Farag HI, Murphy BA, Templeman JR, Hanlon C, Joshua J, Koch TG, Niel L, Shoveller AK, Bedecarrats GY, Ellison A, Wilcockson D, Martino TA. One Health: Circadian Medicine Benefits Both Non-human Animals and Humans Alike. J Biol Rhythms 2024; 39:237-269. [PMID: 38379166 PMCID: PMC11141112 DOI: 10.1177/07487304241228021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Circadian biology's impact on human physical health and its role in disease development and progression is widely recognized. The forefront of circadian rhythm research now focuses on translational applications to clinical medicine, aiming to enhance disease diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment responses. However, the field of circadian medicine has predominantly concentrated on human healthcare, neglecting its potential for transformative applications in veterinary medicine, thereby overlooking opportunities to improve non-human animal health and welfare. This review consists of three main sections. The first section focuses on the translational potential of circadian medicine into current industry practices of agricultural animals, with a particular emphasis on horses, broiler chickens, and laying hens. The second section delves into the potential applications of circadian medicine in small animal veterinary care, primarily focusing on our companion animals, namely dogs and cats. The final section explores emerging frontiers in circadian medicine, encompassing aquaculture, veterinary hospital care, and non-human animal welfare and concludes with the integration of One Health principles. In summary, circadian medicine represents a highly promising field of medicine that holds the potential to significantly enhance the clinical care and overall health of all animals, extending its impact beyond human healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham I. Farag
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Centre for Cardiovascular Investigations, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Barbara A. Murphy
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - James R. Templeman
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Charlene Hanlon
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Jessica Joshua
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Thomas G. Koch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Lee Niel
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Anna K. Shoveller
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Amy Ellison
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - David Wilcockson
- Department of Life Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Tami A. Martino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Centre for Cardiovascular Investigations, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Giri A, Mehan S, Khan Z, Das Gupta G, Narula AS, Kalfin R. Modulation of neural circuits by melatonin in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:3867-3895. [PMID: 38225412 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02939-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders are two broad categories of neurological disorders characterized by progressive impairments in movement and cognitive functions within the central and peripheral nervous systems, and have emerged as a significant cause of mortality. Oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neurotransmitter imbalances are recognized as prominent pathogenic factors contributing to cognitive deficits and neurobehavioral anomalies. Consequently, preventing neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases has surfaced as a pivotal challenge in contemporary public health. This review explores the investigation of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders using both synthetic and natural bioactive compounds. A central focus lies on melatonin, a neuroregulatory hormone secreted by the pineal gland in response to light-dark cycles. Melatonin, an amphiphilic molecule, assumes multifaceted roles, including scavenging free radicals, modulating energy metabolism, and synchronizing circadian rhythms. Noteworthy for its robust antioxidant and antiapoptotic properties, melatonin exhibits diverse neuroprotective effects. The inherent attributes of melatonin position it as a potential key player in the pathophysiology of neurological disorders. Preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated melatonin's efficacy in alleviating neuropathological symptoms across neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric conditions (depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and autism spectrum disorder). The documented neuroprotective prowess of melatonin introduces novel therapeutic avenues for addressing neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. This comprehensive review encompasses many of melatonin's applications in treating diverse brain disorders. Despite the strides made, realizing melatonin's full neuroprotective potential necessitates further rigorous clinical investigations. By unravelling the extended neuroprotective benefits of melatonin, future studies promise to deepen our understanding and augment the therapeutic implications against neurological deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Giri
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Sidharth Mehan
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy Moga, Punjab, India.
- IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144603, India.
| | - Zuber Khan
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy Moga, Punjab, India
- IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144603, India
| | | | - Acharan S Narula
- Narula Research, LLC, 107 Boulder Bluff, Chapel Hill, NC, 27516, USA
| | - Reni Kalfin
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev St., Block 23, Sofia, 1113, Bulgaria
- Department of Healthcare, South-West University "NeofitRilski", Ivan Mihailov St. 66, Blagoevgrad, 2700, Bulgaria
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Favero G, Golic I, Arnaboldi F, Cappella A, Korac A, Monsalve M, Stacchiotti A, Rezzani R. Cardiometabolic Changes in Sirtuin1-Heterozygous Mice on High-Fat Diet and Melatonin Supplementation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:860. [PMID: 38255934 PMCID: PMC10815439 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
A hypercaloric fatty diet predisposes an individual to metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular complications. Sirtuin1 (SIRT1) belongs to the class III histone deacetylase family and sustains anabolism, mitochondrial biogenesis, and fat distribution. Epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) is involved in inflammation, whilst interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT) drives metabolism in obese rodents. Melatonin, a pineal indoleamine, acting as a SIRT1 modulator, may alleviate cardiometabolic damage. In the present study, we morphologically characterized the heart, eWAT, and iBAT in male heterozygous SIRT1+/- mice (HET mice) on a high-fat diet (60%E lard) versus a standard rodent diet (8.5% E fat) and drinking melatonin (10 mg/kg) for 16 weeks. Wild-type (WT) male C57Bl6/J mice were similarly fed for comparison. Cardiomyocyte fibrosis and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response worsened in HET mice on a high-fat diet vs. other groups. Lipid peroxidation, ER, and mitochondrial stress were assessed by 4 hydroxy-2-nonenal (4HNE), glucose-regulated protein78 (GRP78), CCAA/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP), heat shock protein 60 (HSP60), and mitofusin2 immunostainings. Ultrastructural analysis indicated the prevalence of atypical inter-myofibrillar mitochondria with short, misaligned cristae in HET mice on a lard diet despite melatonin supplementation. Abnormal eWAT adipocytes, crown-like inflammatory structures, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), and iBAT whitening characterized HET mice on a hypercaloric fatty diet and were maintained after melatonin supply. All these data suggest that melatonin's mechanism of action is strictly linked to full SIRT1 expression, which is required for the exhibition of effective antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Favero
- Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (G.F.); (R.R.)
- Interdipartimental University Center of Research “Adaption and Regeneration of Tissues and Organs (ARTO)”, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Igor Golic
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.G.); (A.K.)
| | - Francesca Arnaboldi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy; (F.A.); (A.C.)
| | - Annalisa Cappella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy; (F.A.); (A.C.)
- U.O. Laboratorio di Morfologia Umana Applicata, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
| | - Aleksandra Korac
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.G.); (A.K.)
| | - Maria Monsalve
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas “Alberto Sols” (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Alessandra Stacchiotti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy; (F.A.); (A.C.)
- U.O. Laboratorio di Morfologia Umana Applicata, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
| | - Rita Rezzani
- Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (G.F.); (R.R.)
- Interdipartimental University Center of Research “Adaption and Regeneration of Tissues and Organs (ARTO)”, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Italian Society for the Study of Orofacial Pain (Società Italiana Studio Dolore Orofacciale—SISDO), 25123 Brescia, Italy
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Derby CB, Gasbjerg KS, Hägi-Pedersen D, Lunn TH, Pedersen NA, Lindholm P, Brorson S, Schrøder HM, Thybo KH, Bagger J, Lindberg-Larsen M, Overgaard S, Jakobsen JC, Mathiesen O. Prolonged effects of dexamethasone following total knee arthroplasty: A pre-planned sub-study of the DEX-2-TKA trial. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2024; 68:35-42. [PMID: 37709280 DOI: 10.1111/aas.14319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The DEX-2-TKA trial demonstrated that one and two doses of 24 mg intravenous dexamethasone reduced opioid consumption and pain after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). We aimed to investigate the prolonged effects of dexamethasone after the 48-h intervention period. DESIGN This was a prospective, pre-planned questionnaire follow-up on postoperative days 3-7 of patients in the DEX-2-TKA trial that randomly received: DX1 (dexamethasone 24 mg + placebo), DX2 (dexamethasone 24 mg + dexamethasone 24 mg), and placebo (placebo + placebo) perioperatively and 24 h later. SETTING A multicenter trial performed at five Danish hospitals. PARTICIPANTS We analyzed 434 of 485 adult participants enrolled in the DEX-2-TKA trial. OUTCOME MEASURES Primary outcome was difference between groups in average of all numerical rating scale (NRS) pain scores reported in the morning, at bedtime, and the daily average pain on postoperative days 3-7. Secondary outcomes were sleep quality and patient satisfaction. RESULTS The median (interquartile range) pain intensity levels for postoperative days 3-7 were: DX2 3.2 (2.1-4.3); DX1 3.3 (2.3-4.1); and placebo 3.3 (2.5-4.7). Hodges-Lehmann median differences between groups were: 0 (95% confidence interval - 0.54 to 0.2), P = 0.38 between DX1 and placebo; 0.1 (-0.47 to 0.33), p = .87 between DX1 and DX2; and 0.1 (-0.6 to 0.13), p = .20 between DX2 and placebo. We found no relevant differences between groups on sleep quality on postoperative days 3-7 nor for patient satisfaction with the analgesic treatment. CONCLUSIONS We found that neither one nor two doses of 24 mg intravenous dexamethasone demonstrated prolonged effects on overall pain or sleep quality on postoperative days 3-7 after total knee arthroplasty. We also found that dexamethasone had no effect on patient satisfaction. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Clinicaltrials.gov NCT03506789 (main result trial).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilie Bauer Derby
- Centre for Anaesthesiological Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Zealand University Hospital, Køge, Denmark
| | - Kasper Smidt Gasbjerg
- Research Centre of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Naestved, Slagelse and Ringsted Hospitals, Naestved, Denmark
| | - Daniel Hägi-Pedersen
- Research Centre of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Naestved, Slagelse and Ringsted Hospitals, Naestved, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Troels Haxholdt Lunn
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Peter Lindholm
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Stig Brorson
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zealand University Hospital, Køge, Denmark
| | | | - Kasper Højgaard Thybo
- Centre for Anaesthesiological Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Zealand University Hospital, Køge, Denmark
| | - Jens Bagger
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Lindberg-Larsen
- Orthopaedic Research Unit, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Søren Overgaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Orthopaedic Research Unit, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Janus Christian Jakobsen
- Department of Regional Health Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Mathiesen
- Centre for Anaesthesiological Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Zealand University Hospital, Køge, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Boutin JA, Liberelle M, Yous S, Ferry G, Nepveu F. Melatonin facts: Lack of evidence that melatonin is a radical scavenger in living systems. J Pineal Res 2024; 76:e12926. [PMID: 38146602 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin is a small natural compound, so called a neuro-hormone that is synthesized mainly in pineal gland in animals. Its main role is to master the clock of the body, under the surveillance of light. In other words, it transfers the information concerning night and day to the peripheral organs which, without it, could not "know" which part of the circadian rhythm the body is in. Besides its main circadian and circannual rhythms mastering, melatonin is reported to be a radical scavenger and/or an antioxidant. Because radical scavengers are chemical species able to neutralize highly reactive and toxic species such as reactive oxygen species, one would like to transfer this property to living system, despite impossibilities already largely reported in the literature. In the present commentary, we refresh the memory of the readers with this notion of radical scavenger, and review the possible evidence that melatonin could be an in vivo radical scavenger, while we only marginally discuss here the fact that melatonin is a molecular antioxidant, a feature that merits a review on its own. We conclude four things: (i) the evidence that melatonin is a scavenger in acellular systems is overwhelming and could not be doubted; (ii) the transposition of this property in living (animal) systems is (a) theoretically impossible and (b) not proven in any system reported in the literature where most of the time, the delay of the action of melatonin is over several hours, thus signing a probable induction of cellular enzymatic antioxidant defenses; (iii) this last fact needs a confirmation through the discovery of a nuclear factor-a key relay in induction processes-that binds melatonin and is activated by it and (iv) we also gather the very important description of the radical scavenging capacity of melatonin in acellular systems that is now proven and shared by many other double bond-bearing molecules. We finally discussed briefly on the reason-scientific or else-that led this description, and the consequences of this claim, in research, in physiology, in pathology, but most disturbingly in therapeutics where a vast amount of money, hope, and patient bien-être are at stake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean A Boutin
- Laboratory of Regulatory Peptides, Energy Metabolism and Motivated Behavior, Department of Neuroendocrine, Endocrine and Germinal Differentiation and Communication (NorDiC), Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm, NorDiC, Rouen, France
| | - Maxime Liberelle
- University of Lille, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition Research Center, U1172, Lille, France
| | - Saïd Yous
- University of Lille, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition Research Center, U1172, Lille, France
| | | | - Françoise Nepveu
- Dpt Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Faculté de santé, PHARMADEV, UMR 152, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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Espie CA. Revisiting the Psychobiological Inhibition Model: a conceptual framework for understanding and treating insomnia using cognitive and behavioural therapeutics (CBTx). J Sleep Res 2023; 32:e13841. [PMID: 36747476 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is a biological imperative, so one might wonder "what has psychology got to do with it?" A person's behaviours, thoughts, emotions and interactions with the environment inevitably serve for good, or for ill, as the "setting conditions" for the expression of sleep. Put simply, although sleep is not a psychological phenomenon, sleep has crucial behavioural dependencies. Consequently, the Psychobiological Inhibition Model can embrace numerous, potentially interacting, pathways to the persistence of this ubiquitous disorder, providing an overarching conceptual framework for why and how insomnia develops. The clinical guideline treatment for chronic insomnia is cognitive behavioural therapy. Although typically delivered as "talking therapy", cognitive behavioural therapy is not some form of "psychobabble". Rather, the Psychobiological Inhibition Model framework for insomnia articulates how specific techniques can correct the various ways in which the expression of normal sleep and circadian brain-behaviour relationships have become disrupted. Indeed, cognitive behavioural therapy is best conceived of as an approach to treatment rather than being one specific agent. A shift in emphasis towards a cognitive and behavioural therapeutics formulary would provide improved impetus to understanding of how insomnia develops, and of how it may best be treated in any given patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin A Espie
- Sir Jules Thorn Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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10
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Pang X, Chen L, Xu G. New Awareness of the Interplay Between the Gut Microbiota and Circadian Rhythms. Pol J Microbiol 2023; 72:355-363. [PMID: 38095865 PMCID: PMC10725168 DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2023-046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms influence various aspects of the biology and physiology of the host, such as food intake and sleep/wake cycles. In recent years, an increasing amount of genetic and epidemiological data has shown that the light/dark cycle is the main cue that regulates circadian rhythms. Other factors, including sleep/wake cycles and food intake, have necessary effects on the composition and rhythms of the gut microbiota. Interestingly, the gut microbiota can affect the circadian rhythm of hosts in turn through contact-dependent and contact-independent mechanisms. Furthermore, the gut microbiota has been shown to regulate the sleep/wake cycles through gut-brain-microbiota interaction. In addition to diabetes, the gut microbiota can also intervene in the progression of neuro- degenerative diseases through the gut-brain-microbiota interaction, and also in other diseases such as hypertension and rheumatoid arthritis, where it is thought to have a spare therapeutic potential. Even though fecal microbiota transplantation has good potential for treating many diseases, the risk of spreading intestinal pathogens should not be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Pang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Long Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guoxin Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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11
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Kong X, Meerlo P, Hut RA. Melatonin Does Not Affect the Stress-Induced Phase Shifts of Peripheral Clocks in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2023; 165:bqad183. [PMID: 38128120 PMCID: PMC11083644 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Repeated or chronic stress can change the phase of peripheral circadian rhythms. Melatonin (Mel) is thought to be a circadian clock-controlled signal that might play a role in synchronizing peripheral rhythms, in addition to its direct suppressing effects on the stress axis. In this study we test whether Mel can reduce the social-defeat stress-induced phase shifts in peripheral rhythms, either by modulating circadian phase or by modulating the stress axis. Two experiments were performed with male Mel-deficient C57BL/6J mice carrying the circadian reporter gene construct (PER2::LUC). In the first experiment, mice received night-restricted (ZT11-21) Mel in their drinking water, resulting in physiological levels of plasma Mel peaking in the early dark phase. This treatment facilitated re-entrainment of the activity rhythm to a shifted light-dark cycle, but did not prevent the stress-induced (ZT21-22) reduction of activity during stress days. Also, this treatment did not attenuate the phase-delaying effects of stress in peripheral clocks in the pituitary, lung, and kidney. In a second experiment, pituitary, lung, and kidney collected from naive mice (ZT22-23), were treated with Mel, dexamethasone (Dex), or a combination of the two. Dex application affected PER2 rhythms in the pituitary, kidney, and lung by changing period, phase, or both. Administering Mel did not influence PER2 rhythms nor did it alleviate Dex-induced delays in PER2 rhythms in those tissues. We conclude that exogenous Mel is insufficient to affect peripheral PER2 rhythms and reduce stress effects on locomotor activity and phase changes in peripheral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangpan Kong
- Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen 9747AG, the Netherlands
- School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, PR China
| | - Peter Meerlo
- Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen 9747AG, the Netherlands
| | - Roelof A Hut
- Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen 9747AG, the Netherlands
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12
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Hariri A, Mirian M, Zarrabi A, Kohandel M, Amini-Pozveh M, Aref AR, Tabatabaee A, Prabhakar PK, Sivakumar PM. The circadian rhythm: an influential soundtrack in the diabetes story. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1156757. [PMID: 37441501 PMCID: PMC10333930 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1156757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) has been the main category of metabolic diseases in recent years due to changes in lifestyle and environmental conditions such as diet and physical activity. On the other hand, the circadian rhythm is one of the most significant biological pathways in humans and other mammals, which is affected by light, sleep, and human activity. However, this cycle is controlled via complicated cellular pathways with feedback loops. It is widely known that changes in the circadian rhythm can alter some metabolic pathways of body cells and could affect the treatment process, particularly for metabolic diseases like T2DM. The aim of this study is to explore the importance of the circadian rhythm in the occurrence of T2DM via reviewing the metabolic pathways involved, their relationship with the circadian rhythm from two perspectives, lifestyle and molecular pathways, and their effect on T2DM pathophysiology. These impacts have been demonstrated in a variety of studies and led to the development of approaches such as time-restricted feeding, chronotherapy (time-specific therapies), and circadian molecule stabilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirali Hariri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mina Mirian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Mohammad Kohandel
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Maryam Amini-Pozveh
- Department of Prosthodontics Dentistry, Dental Materials Research Center, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Amir Reza Aref
- Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
- Translational Sciences, Xsphera Biosciences Inc., Boston, MA, United States
| | - Aliye Tabatabaee
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Pranav Kumar Prabhakar
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
- Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara Punjab, India
| | - Ponnurengam Malliappan Sivakumar
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
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13
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Boutin JA, Kennaway DJ, Jockers R. Melatonin: Facts, Extrapolations and Clinical Trials. Biomolecules 2023; 13:943. [PMID: 37371523 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a fascinating molecule that has captured the imagination of many scientists since its discovery in 1958. In recent times, the focus has changed from investigating its natural role as a transducer of biological time for physiological systems to hypothesized roles in virtually all clinical conditions. This goes along with the appearance of extensive literature claiming the (generally) positive benefits of high doses of melatonin in animal models and various clinical situations that would not be receptor-mediated. Based on the assumption that melatonin is safe, high doses have been administered to patients, including the elderly and children, in clinical trials. In this review, we critically review the corresponding literature, including the hypotheses that melatonin acts as a scavenger molecule, in particular in mitochondria, by trying not only to contextualize these interests but also by attempting to separate the wheat from the chaff (or the wishful thinking from the facts). We conclude that most claims remain hypotheses and that the experimental evidence used to promote them is limited and sometimes flawed. Our review will hopefully encourage clinical researchers to reflect on what melatonin can and cannot do and help move the field forward on a solid basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Boutin
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, University of Normandy, INSERM U1239, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - D J Kennaway
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide Health and Medical Science Building, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
| | - R Jockers
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Cité, INSERM, CNRS, 75014 Paris, France
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14
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Wong KC, Jayapalan JJ, Subramanian P, Ismail MN, Abdul-Rahman PS. Label-free quantitative mass spectrometry analysis of the circadian proteome of Drosophila melanogaster lethal giant larvae mutants reveals potential therapeutic effects of melatonin. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 113:e22008. [PMID: 36915983 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Mutation in the Drosophila melanogaster lethal giant larvae (lgl), a tumor suppressor gene with a well-established role in cellular polarity, is known to results in massive cellular proliferation and neoplastic outgrowths. Although the tumorigenic properties of lgl mutant have been previously studied, however, little is known about its consequences on the proteome. In this study, mass spectrometry-based label-free quantitative proteomics was employed to investigate the changes in the head and intestinal tissues proteins of Drosophila melanogaster, due to lgl mutation and following treatment with melatonin. Additionally, to uncover the time-influenced variations in the proteome during tumorigenesis and melatonin treatment, the rhythmic expression of proteins was also investigated at 6-h intervals within 24-h clock. Together, the present study has identified 434 proteins of altered expressions (p < 0.05 and fold change ±1.5) in the tissues of flies in response to lgl mutation as well as posttreatment with melatonin. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis of differentially expressed proteins revealed that lgl mutation had significantly affected the biological functions, including metabolism, and protein synthesis and degradation, in flies' tissues. Besides, melatonin had beneficially mitigated the deleterious effects of lgl mutation by reversing the alterations in protein expression closer to baseline levels. Further, changes in protein expression in the tissues due to lgl mutation and melatonin treatment were found rhythmically orchestrated. Together, these findings provide novel insight into the pathways involved in lgl-induced tumorigenesis as well as demonstrated the efficacy of melatonin as a potential anticancer agent. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD033191.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kar-Cheng Wong
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jaime J Jayapalan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Universiti Malaya Centre for Proteomics Research (UMCPR), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Perumal Subramanian
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mohd Nazri Ismail
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Puteri S Abdul-Rahman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Universiti Malaya Centre for Proteomics Research (UMCPR), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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15
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Cardinali DP, Garay A. Melatonin as a Chronobiotic/Cytoprotective Agent in REM Sleep Behavior Disorder. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13050797. [PMID: 37239269 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13050797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Dream-enactment behavior that emerges during episodes of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep without muscle atonia is a parasomnia known as REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD). RBD constitutes a prodromal marker of α-synucleinopathies and serves as one of the best biomarkers available to predict diseases such as Parkinson disease, multiple system atrophy and dementia with Lewy bodies. Most patients showing RBD will convert to an α-synucleinopathy about 10 years after diagnosis. The diagnostic advantage of RBD relies on the prolonged prodromal time, its predictive power and the absence of disease-related treatments that could act as confounders. Therefore, patients with RBD are candidates for neuroprotection trials that delay or prevent conversion to a pathology with abnormal α-synuclein metabolism. The administration of melatonin in doses exhibiting a chronobiotic/hypnotic effect (less than 10 mg daily) is commonly used as a first line treatment (together with clonazepam) of RBD. At a higher dose, melatonin may also be an effective cytoprotector to halt α-synucleinopathy progression. However, allometric conversion doses derived from animal studies (in the 100 mg/day range) are rarely employed clinically regardless of the demonstrated absence of toxicity of melatonin in phase 1 pharmacological studies with doses up to 100 mg in normal volunteers. This review discusses the application of melatonin in RBD: (a) as a symptomatic treatment in RBD; (b) as a possible disease-modifying treatment in α-synucleinopathies. To what degree melatonin has therapeutic efficacy in the prevention of α-synucleinopathies awaits further investigation, in particular multicenter double-blind trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Cardinali
- CENECON, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1431FWO, Argentina
| | - Arturo Garay
- Unidad de Medicina del Sueño-Sección Neurología, Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas "Norberto Quirno" (CEMIC), Buenos Aires C1431FWO, Argentina
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16
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Liu LP, Li MH, Zheng YW. Hair Follicles as a Critical Model for Monitoring the Circadian Clock. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:2407. [PMID: 36768730 PMCID: PMC9916850 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Clock (circadian) genes are heterogeneously expressed in hair follicles (HFs). The genes can be modulated by both the central circadian system and some extrinsic factors, such as light and thyroid hormones. These circadian genes participate in the regulation of several physiological processes of HFs, including hair growth and pigmentation. On the other hand, because peripheral circadian genes are synchronized with the central clock, HFs could provide a noninvasive and practical method for monitoring and evaluating multiple circadian-rhythm-related conditions and disorders among humans, including day and night shifts, sleep-wake disorders, physical activities, energy metabolism, and aging. However, due to the complexity of circadian biology, understanding how intrinsic oscillation operates using peripheral tissues only may be insufficient. Combining HF sampling with multidimensional assays such as detection of body temperature, blood samples, or certain validated questionnaires may be helpful in improving HF applications. Thus, HFs can serve as a critical model for monitoring the circadian clock and can help provide an understanding of the potential mechanisms of circadian-rhythm-related conditions; furthermore, chronotherapy could support personalized treatment scheduling based on the gene expression profile expressed in HFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China
| | - Meng-Huan Li
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China
| | - Yun-Wen Zheng
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, South China Institute of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
- Department of Medicinal and Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama 234-0006, Japan
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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17
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Ruscitto C, Ogden J, Ellis JG. To what extent is circadian phase predictive of subjective jet lag in long-haul cabin crew pre- and post-trip? APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2023; 106:103882. [PMID: 36081186 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2022.103882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Long-haul cabin crew regularly report misalignment between their circadian phase and the external world (i.e. jet lag). The extent to which changes in circadian phase relate to reported levels of jet lag remains unclear. The main aim of the present study was first to evaluate the relationship between objective (circadian phase) and subjective jet lag and second to explore the relative role of both subjective and objective psycho-behavioural factors in predicting the subjective experience of jet lag. Twenty-eight long-haul cabin crew completed questionnaires measuring diurnal preference, trip characteristics and subjective jet lag as a single and as a multidimensional measure. Sleep was monitored using actigraphy and urinary melatonin peak time was measured, at baseline (T1), e.g. before a long-haul trip and post-trip on the crew's first recovery day (T2). Subjective jet lag was also measured at both time points. At T1, later circadian phase related to increased unidimensional jet lag, however, a post-trip discrepancy was found between objective and subjective uni- and multidimensional jet lag measured at T2 and change from T1 to T2. After controlling for direction and size of circadian phase, increased uni- and multidimensional subjective jet lag was predicted by depressed mood states. The regression models including phase, diurnal preference, departure time on the outbound sector and arousal levels accounted for 28% of the variance in unidimensional jet lag and 53% of the variance in multidimensional jet lag. It was concluded that there is a discordance between objective and subjective jet lag post-trip. Further, subjective jet lag in long-haul cabin crew is better explained by mood impairment than circadian phase. The results are discussed with reference to the gap between subjective and objective jet lag and the role of psychology rather than just biology in the jet lag experience. The implications for improving health and safety in the workplace, through a better understanding of the role of human factors in the management of jet lag, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jane Ogden
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Jason G Ellis
- Northumbria Sleep Research Laboratory, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK
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18
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Cruz-Sanabria F, Carmassi C, Bruno S, Bazzani A, Carli M, Scarselli M, Faraguna U. Melatonin as a Chronobiotic with Sleep-promoting Properties. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:951-987. [PMID: 35176989 PMCID: PMC10227911 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220217152617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of exogenous melatonin (exo-MEL) as a sleep-promoting drug has been under extensive debate due to the lack of consistency of its described effects. In this study, we conduct a systematic and comprehensive review of the literature on the chronobiotic, sleep-inducing, and overall sleep-promoting properties of exo-MEL. To this aim, we first describe the possible pharmacological mechanisms involved in the sleep-promoting properties and then report the corresponding effects of exo-MEL administration on clinical outcomes in: a) healthy subjects, b) circadian rhythm sleep disorders, c) primary insomnia. Timing of administration and doses of exo-MEL received particular attention in this work. The exo-MEL pharmacological effects are hereby interpreted in view of changes in the physiological properties and rhythmicity of endogenous melatonin. Finally, we discuss some translational implications for the personalized use of exo-MEL in the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francy Cruz-Sanabria
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa - Italy
| | - Claudia Carmassi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa - Italy
| | - Simone Bruno
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa - Italy
| | - Andrea Bazzani
- Institute of Management, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa – Italy
| | - Marco Carli
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa - Italy
| | - Marco Scarselli
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa - Italy
| | - Ugo Faraguna
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa - Italy
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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19
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Kunorozva L, Rae DE, Roden LC. Dim light melatonin onset following simulated eastward travel is earlier in young males genotyped as PER35/5 than PER34/4. Chronobiol Int 2022; 39:1611-1623. [PMID: 36324294 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2022.2139184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Inter-individual variability exists in recovery from jetlag following travel across time zones. Part of this variation may be due to genetic differences at the variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism of the PERIOD3 (PER3) gene as this polymorphism has been associated with chronotype and sleep, as well as sensitivity to blue light on melatonin suppression. To test this hypothesis we conducted a laboratory-based study to compare re-entrainment in males genotyped as PER34/4 (n = 8) and PER35/5 (n = 8) following simulated eastward travel across six time zones. The recovery strategy included morning blue-enriched light exposure and appropriately-timed meals during the first 24 h after simulated travel. Dim light melatonin onset (DLMO), sleep characteristics, perceived sleepiness levels (Stanford Sleepiness Scale), and resting metabolic parameters were measured during constant routine periods before and after simulated travel. While DLMO time was similar between the two groups prior to simulated eastward travel (p = .223), it was earlier in the PER35/5 group (17h23 (17h15; 17h37)) than the PER34/4 group (18h05 (17h53; 18h12)) afterwards (p = .046). During resynchronisation, perceived sleepiness and metabolic parameters were similar to pre-travel in both groups but sleep was more disturbed in the PER35/5 group (total sleep time: p = .008, sleep efficiency: p = .008, wake after sleep onset: p = .023). The PER3 VNTR genotype may influence the efficacy of re-entrainment following trans-meridian travel when blue-enriched light exposure is incorporated into the recovery strategy on the first day following travel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovemore Kunorozva
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Sleep Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dale E Rae
- Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre & Division of Physiological Sciences, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Laura C Roden
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa.,Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre & Division of Physiological Sciences, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences/School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
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20
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Begum R, Mamun-Or-Rashid ANM, Lucy TT, Pramanik MK, Sil BK, Mukerjee N, Tagde P, Yagi M, Yonei Y. Potential Therapeutic Approach of Melatonin against Omicron and Some Other Variants of SARS-CoV-2. Molecules 2022; 27:6934. [PMID: 36296527 PMCID: PMC9609612 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27206934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Omicron variant (B.529) of COVID-19 caused disease outbreaks worldwide because of its contagious and diverse mutations. To reduce these outbreaks, therapeutic drugs and adjuvant vaccines have been applied for the treatment of the disease. However, these drugs have not shown high efficacy in reducing COVID-19 severity, and even antiviral drugs have not shown to be effective. Researchers thus continue to search for an effective adjuvant therapy with a combination of drugs or vaccines to treat COVID-19 disease. We were motivated to consider melatonin as a defensive agent against SARS-CoV-2 because of its various unique properties. Over 200 scientific publications have shown the significant effects of melatonin in treating diseases, with strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects. Melatonin has a high safety profile, but it needs further clinical trials and experiments for use as a therapeutic agent against the Omicron variant of COVID-19. It might immediately be able to prevent the development of severe symptoms caused by the coronavirus and can reduce the severity of the infection by improving immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahima Begum
- Department of Microbiology, Gono Bishwabidyalay, Dhaka 1344, Bangladesh
| | - A. N. M. Mamun-Or-Rashid
- Anti-Aging Medical Research Center, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University 1-3 TataraMiyakodani, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
- Glycative Stress Research Center, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University 1-3 Tatara Miyakodani, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 De Soto Str., Pittsburgh, PA 15231, USA
| | - Tanzima Tarannum Lucy
- Anti-Aging Medical Research Center, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University 1-3 TataraMiyakodani, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
- Glycative Stress Research Center, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University 1-3 Tatara Miyakodani, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Md. Kamruzzaman Pramanik
- Microbiology and Industrial Irradiation Division, Institute of Food and Radiation Biology, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Savar 1349, Bangladesh
| | - Bijon Kumar Sil
- Department of Microbiology, Gono Bishwabidyalay, Dhaka 1344, Bangladesh
| | - Nobendu Mukerjee
- Department of Microbiology, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary College, Kolkata 700118, India
- Department of Health Sciences, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Sydney 37729, Australia
| | - Priti Tagde
- Patel College of Pharmacy, Madhyanchal Professional University, Bhopal 462044, India
| | - Masayuki Yagi
- Anti-Aging Medical Research Center, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University 1-3 TataraMiyakodani, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
- Glycative Stress Research Center, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University 1-3 Tatara Miyakodani, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Yonei
- Anti-Aging Medical Research Center, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University 1-3 TataraMiyakodani, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
- Glycative Stress Research Center, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University 1-3 Tatara Miyakodani, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
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Abstract
The pineal gland is a interface between light-dark cycle and shows neuro-endocrine functions. Melatonin is the primary hormone of pineal gland, secreted at night. The night-time melatonin peak regulates the physiological functions at dark. Melatonin has several unique features as it synchronises internal rhythm with daily and seasonal variations, regulates circadian rhythm and sleep-wake cycle. Physiologically melatonin involves in detoxification of free radicals, immune functions, neuro-protection, oncostatic effects, cardiovascular functions, reproduction, and foetal development. The precise functions of melatonin are exhibited by specific receptors. In relation to pathophysiology, impaired melatonin secretion promotes sleep disorder, cancer progression, type-2 diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases. Several reports have highlighted the therapeutic benefits of melatonin specially related to cancer protection, sleep disorder, psychiatric disorders, and jet lag problems. This review will touch the most of the area of melatonin-oriented health impacts and its therapeutic aspects.
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Hou H, Wu S, Qiu Y, Song F, Deng L. The effects of morning/afternoon surgeries on the early postoperative sleep quality of patients undergoing general anesthesia. BMC Anesthesiol 2022; 22:286. [PMID: 36088298 PMCID: PMC9463857 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-022-01828-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to investigate the effects of morning and afternoon surgeries on the early postoperative sleep function in patients undergoing general anesthesia. Methods Fifty nine patients, aged 18–60 years, American society of anaesthesiologists (ASA) grade I or II, Body mass index of 18.5–28 kg/m2, undergoing laparoscopic myomectomy under total intravenous anesthesia, were included in the study. These patients were divided into two groups according to the start time of anesthesia: morning surgery group (group A, 8:00–12:00) and afternoon surgery group (group P, 14:00–18:00). The sleep conditions of the two groups of patients were evaluated by the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS) one day before and one day after the operation. A total score of > 6 was regarded as postoperative sleep disturbance. The incidences of sleep disturbance one day after the operation in two groups were compared. The bispectral Index assessed the patient’s total sleep duration, sleep efficiency, and overall quality of sleep from 21:00 to 6:00 on the first night after surgery. Plasma concentrations of melatonin and cortisol at 6:00 am 1 day before surgery, 1 day after surgery were measured by ELISA, and rapid random blood glucose was measured. Results The total AIS score, overall quality of sleep, total sleep duration, and final awakening earlier than desired scores of the two groups of patients on the first night after surgery were significantly increased compared with preoperative scores (P < 0.01). In group P, the sleep induction and the physical and mental functioning during the day scores increased significantly after surgery compared with preoperative scores (P < 0.05). The postoperative AIS scores in group P increased significantly compared with those in group A (P < 0.01). The incidence of postoperative sleep disturbances (70.0%) in group P was significantly higher than that in group A (37.9%) (P < 0.05). Compared with group A, the total sleep duration under BIS monitoring in group P was significantly shorter, the sleep efficiency and the overall quality of sleep was significantly reduced (P < 0.01). Compared with those in group A, the level of melatonin on 1 d after surgery in group P was significantly decreased, and the level of cortisol in group P was significantly increased. There were no significant differences between the two groups in the levels of postoperative blood glucose and pain. Conclusion Both morning and afternoon surgeries have significant impacts on the sleep function in patients undergoing general anesthesia, while afternoon surgery has a more serious impact on sleep function. Trial registration ClinicalTrials, NCT04103528. Registered 24 September 2019—Retrospectively registered, http://www.ClinicalTrials.gov/ NCT04103528.
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Hardman S, O'Mahony E. Is there a role for melatonin in the treatment of schizophrenia? PROGRESS IN NEUROLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pnp.755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Hardman
- Dr Hardman is a Clinical Research Fellow at Kingshill Research Centre, Avon & Wiltshire Mental Health Partnership NHS Trust and Dr O'Mahony is a Consultant Forensic Psychiatrist at Wickham LSU, Avon & Wiltshire Mental Health Partnership NHS Trust
| | - Elizabeth O'Mahony
- Dr Hardman is a Clinical Research Fellow at Kingshill Research Centre, Avon & Wiltshire Mental Health Partnership NHS Trust and Dr O'Mahony is a Consultant Forensic Psychiatrist at Wickham LSU, Avon & Wiltshire Mental Health Partnership NHS Trust
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24
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Wei ML, He SM, Chen AQ, Fan ZX, Liu W, Zhang L, Lv SJ, Qiu CZ, Liu HR, Hao MX, Yin ZJ, Ren DL. Fluoxetine modifies circadian rhythm by reducing melatonin content in zebrafish. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113268. [PMID: 35777221 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluoxetine (FLX), a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), increases the serotonin levels in the brain to treat depression. Antidepressants have been demonstrated to modulate circadian rhythm, but the underlying mechanisms by which antidepressants regulate circadian rhythm require more research. This study aimed to investigate the role of FLX on circadian rhythm by analyzing the movement behavior and internal circadian oscillations in zebrafish. The results showed that the expression of clock genes clock1a and bmal1b was significantly down-regulated, and the amplitude reduction and phase shift were observed after FLX treatment. Furthermore, FLX exposure inhibited the expression of aanat2, which led to a decrease in nocturnal melatonin secretion. aanat2-/- larvae showed disrupted circadian rhythm. These findings may help reveal the effect of FLX exposure on the circadian rhythm and locomotor activity. It may provide theoretical data for the clinical application of FLX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Li Wei
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resource Conservation and Bio-breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; School of Life Science, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui Province 233030, China
| | - Shi-Min He
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resource Conservation and Bio-breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - An-Qi Chen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resource Conservation and Bio-breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Zi-Xuan Fan
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resource Conservation and Bio-breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resource Conservation and Bio-breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resource Conservation and Bio-breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Shi-Jie Lv
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resource Conservation and Bio-breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Cheng-Zeng Qiu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resource Conservation and Bio-breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Hui-Ru Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resource Conservation and Bio-breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Mu-Xian Hao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resource Conservation and Bio-breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Zong-Jun Yin
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resource Conservation and Bio-breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Da-Long Ren
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resource Conservation and Bio-breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
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Yalçin M, Mundorf A, Thiel F, Amatriain-Fernández S, Kalthoff IS, Beucke JC, Budde H, Garthus-Niegel S, Peterburs J, Relógio A. It's About Time: The Circadian Network as Time-Keeper for Cognitive Functioning, Locomotor Activity and Mental Health. Front Physiol 2022; 13:873237. [PMID: 35547585 PMCID: PMC9081535 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.873237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of organisms including mammals have evolved a 24h, self-sustained timekeeping machinery known as the circadian clock (biological clock), which enables to anticipate, respond, and adapt to environmental influences such as the daily light and dark cycles. Proper functioning of the clock plays a pivotal role in the temporal regulation of a wide range of cellular, physiological, and behavioural processes. The disruption of circadian rhythms was found to be associated with the onset and progression of several pathologies including sleep and mental disorders, cancer, and neurodegeneration. Thus, the role of the circadian clock in health and disease, and its clinical applications, have gained increasing attention, but the exact mechanisms underlying temporal regulation require further work and the integration of evidence from different research fields. In this review, we address the current knowledge regarding the functioning of molecular circuits as generators of circadian rhythms and the essential role of circadian synchrony in a healthy organism. In particular, we discuss the role of circadian regulation in the context of behaviour and cognitive functioning, delineating how the loss of this tight interplay is linked to pathological development with a focus on mental disorders and neurodegeneration. We further describe emerging new aspects on the link between the circadian clock and physical exercise-induced cognitive functioning, and its current usage as circadian activator with a positive impact in delaying the progression of certain pathologies including neurodegeneration and brain-related disorders. Finally, we discuss recent epidemiological evidence pointing to an important role of the circadian clock in mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Müge Yalçin
- Institute for Theoretical Biology (ITB), Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Molecular Cancer Research Center (MKFZ), Medical Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumour Immunology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annakarina Mundorf
- Institute for Systems Medicine and Faculty of Human Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Freya Thiel
- Institute for Systems Medicine and Faculty of Human Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sandra Amatriain-Fernández
- Institute for Systems Medicine and Faculty of Human Sciences, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ida Schulze Kalthoff
- Institute for Systems Medicine and Faculty of Human Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan-Carl Beucke
- Institute for Systems Medicine and Faculty of Human Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henning Budde
- Institute for Systems Medicine and Faculty of Human Sciences, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Susan Garthus-Niegel
- Institute for Systems Medicine and Faculty of Human Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Child Health and Development, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jutta Peterburs
- Institute for Systems Medicine and Faculty of Human Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Angela Relógio
- Institute for Theoretical Biology (ITB), Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Molecular Cancer Research Center (MKFZ), Medical Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumour Immunology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Systems Medicine and Faculty of Human Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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26
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Cheung FTW, Ho AWY, Chan JWY, Li X, Chan NY, Zhang J, Ho CS, Wing YK, Li SX. Validation of the Chinese version of the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire (MCTQ HK) in Hong Kong Chinese youths. Chronobiol Int 2022; 39:678-689. [PMID: 35086397 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2022.2025821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Chronotype, referred to as an individual's diurnal preference of timing for rest and activity, can be subjectively measured using the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire (MCTQ). However, the validity of MCTQ has yet to be tested in the youth population. In addition, it remains uncertain if MCTQ is a good measure of chronotype in individuals with insomnia. The current study aimed to validate the Chinese version of MCTQ (MCTQHK) in the youth population and to explore the utility of MCTQHK in individuals with insomnia. The original MCTQ was translated into Chinese language using the translation-back-translation method. Part one of this study included 988 youths who completed a battery of self-report questionnaires online consisting of the MCTQHK and the morningness-eveningness questionnaire (MEQ) for the measures of circadian preference, Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) to assess insomnia symptoms, and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) to measure depressive symptoms. Test-retest reliability was examined in 442 participants at one-month follow-up. Of the overall sample, 69 participants were randomly drawn to complete the second part of the study, which included prospective 7-day actigraphy monitoring and a further subset (n = 40) additionally completed a laboratory-based assessment of dim-light melatonin onset (DLMO) as a circadian phase marker. A total of 659 participants with valid responses were finally included in the analyses of the data collected from part one of the study (female = 67.7%; mean age: 20.7 ± 2.02). Results showed that MCTQ parameters, namely the midpoint of sleep on free days (MSF), midpoint of sleep on workdays (MSW), and midpoint of sleep adjusted for sleep debt (MSFsc), were significantly correlated with MEQ score (r = -.514 to -.650, p < .01). Test-retest reliability for MCTQHK was good (intraclass correlation = 0.75 to 0.84). Later MSFsc was significantly associated with greater insomnia and depressive symptoms after controlling for age and sex. All MCTQ parameters showed significant correlations with actigraphy-based midpoint of sleep and circadian rhythm parameters, i.e., acrophase and L5 onset (r = .362 to .619, p < .01), as well as DLMO (r = .393 to .517, p < .05). The associations remained significant after controlling for age. MSFsc derived from MCTQ was significantly correlated with MEQ score in both the healthy sleepers and participants with insomnia (as defined by ISI > 14), r = -.600, p < .001 and r = -.543, p < .001, respectively. The present study demonstrated that MCTQHK is suitable for assessing chronotype with good reliability and validity in Chinese youths and supported the utility of MCTQHK in individuals with insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forrest Tin Wai Cheung
- Sleep Research Clinic and Laboratory, Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Amy Wing Yin Ho
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Joey Wing Yan Chan
- Li Chiu Kong Sleep Assessment Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Xiao Li
- Sleep Research Clinic and Laboratory, Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ngan Yin Chan
- Li Chiu Kong Sleep Assessment Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jihui Zhang
- Guang Dong Mental Health Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chung Shun Ho
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yun Kwok Wing
- Li Chiu Kong Sleep Assessment Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Shirley Xin Li
- Sleep Research Clinic and Laboratory, Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Gallo CC, Nishino FA, do Amaral FG, Cipolla-Neto J. Pinealectomy in Rats. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2550:45-51. [PMID: 36180676 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2593-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The pinealectomy technique consists of the surgical removal of the superficial pineal gland. This procedure allows the ablation of circulating indoles produced by this gland. Withdrawal of systemic melatonin, a pineal hormone, affects animal circadian rhythms and induces several physiological changes that are the subject of many investigations. In this chapter, we describe the pinealectomy protocol adapted to rats. We describe the animal placement on the stereotaxic fixation system, and the procedure for the pineal gland removal and animal recovery from surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Congentino Gallo
- Pineal Neurobiology Lab, Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Akane Nishino
- Pineal Neurobiology Lab, Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Gaspar do Amaral
- Pineal Neurobiology Lab, Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - José Cipolla-Neto
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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28
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Light-dependent effects on mood: Mechanistic insights from animal models. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2022; 273:71-95. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2022.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Foster provides an overview of the hormone melatonin, discussing its role in seasonal biology and its more controversial function in human sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell G Foster
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), University of Oxford, New Biochemistry Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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30
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Kishi T, Nishida M, Koebis M, Taninaga T, Muramoto K, Kubota N, Moline M, Sakuma K, Okuya M, Nomura I, Iwata N. Evidence-based insomnia treatment strategy using novel orexin antagonists: A review. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep 2021; 41:450-458. [PMID: 34553844 PMCID: PMC8698673 DOI: 10.1002/npr2.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Most conventional insomnia medications are gamma‐aminobutylic acid receptor agonists. However, physical dependence is a concern and one of the major limiting factors for long‐term treatment. The dual orexin receptor antagonists, suvorexant and lemborexant, were recently approved for treating chronic insomnia, giving a novel pharmacotherapeutic option. Because there are no comparative studies on these drugs, a network meta‐analysis was conducted, which is suitable for comparing interventions. According to this analysis, 5‐ and 10‐mg lemborexant were superior to 20‐mg suvorexant because of the greater improvement in initiating sleep after 1‐week administration. Furthermore, 5‐mg lemborexant (not 10 mg) and suvorexant were similarly well tolerated, without requiring discontinuation due to adverse events. We also overviewed the pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties of lemborexant and suvorexant that may support these clinical outcomes. When compared to suvorexant, lemborexant quickly binds to the orexin receptors. The time to reach the maximum concentration after multiple administrations is shorter for lemborexant than for suvorexant. Considering these results, we recommend 5‐mg lemborexant as an initial treatment for insomnia, followed by 10‐mg lemborexant or suvorexant. A network meta‐analysis of the dual orexin receptor antagonists, suvorexant, and lemborexant, showed that 5‐ and 10‐mg lemborexant were superior to 20‐mg suvorexant, with greater improvement in sleep onset after 1 week of treatment. In addition, 5‐mg (but not 10‐mg) lemborexant and suvorexant were similarly well tolerated. We have overviewed the pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties of lemborexant and suvorexant that may support these clinical results, and recommended 5‐mg lemborexant as initial treatment for insomnia, followed by 10‐mg lemborexant or suvorexant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Kishi
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kenji Sakuma
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Makoto Okuya
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ikuo Nomura
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Psychiatry, The Moriyama General Mental Hospital, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Nakao Iwata
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
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Lin YC, Lin TJ, Liu CH, Chen YT, Lai HL. Effects of an earplug placement intervention on sleep quality in patients in a medical intensive care unit: A randomized controlled trial. Int J Nurs Pract 2021; 28:e13016. [PMID: 34541752 DOI: 10.1111/ijn.13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to evaluate the effects of an intervention involving earplug placement during nocturnal sleep in non-ventilated intensive care unit patients. METHODS A randomized controlled trial was conducted in 107 adult patients between January 2017 and December 2018. Participants in the intervention group (n = 55) slept with earplugs between 10 pm and 7 am on the second night of their intensive care unit stay. In the control group, participants slept with no earplugs. Outcome parameters included sleep, urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin levels, relaxation responses measured using the Richards-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry results and vital signs. Urine was collected between 10 pm and 7 am. RESULTS Overall, 28.03% of participants showed virtually no 6-sulfatoxymelatonin excretion in the collected urine. Outcome parameters were not significantly different between the groups, indicating that wearing earplugs alone did not affect sleep quality, urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin and vital signs. CONCLUSIONS The effects of using earplugs alone on sleep quality, urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin and relaxation responses in patients admitted to the intensive care unit were inconclusive. Additional research is required before earplugs alone can be widely used to improve sleep quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Chian Lin
- Department of Nursing Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Jen Lin
- Program in Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Hung Liu
- Program in Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ling Lai
- Department of Nursing, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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Moyo GT, Thomas-Jackson SC, Childress A, Dawson J, Thompson LD, Oldewage-Theron W. Chrononutrition and Breast Milk: A Review of the Circadian Variation of Hormones Present in Human Milk. CLINICAL LACTATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1891/clinlact-d-20-00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
IntroductionBreast milk contains a wide range of hormones, nutrients, and bioactive compounds. Chrononutrition looks at the interaction between food, both meal timing and meal composition, and circadian rhythms.MethodThis review is a continuation on series on chrononutrition and breast milk. All human studies published in English were included regardless of location or year of publication.ResultsThis review identifies the hormonal circadian variation researched in breast milk to date for melatonin, cortisol, cortisone, leptin, and insulin.ConclusionThe circadian variation observed in some hormones reinforces the superiority of breast milk over formula milk. Melatonin has been the most studied, but more research for all the hormones is needed due to various gaps in the literature and varying levels of study quality. There is insufficient evidence to make recommendations specifically targeting the lactating mother, but we identify and recommend several ideas for future research.
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Lépinay J, Taragnat C, Dubois JP, Chesneau D, Jockers R, Delagrange P, Bozon V. Negative regulation of melatonin secretion by melatonin receptors in ovine pinealocytes. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255249. [PMID: 34324562 PMCID: PMC8320996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin (MLT) is a biological modulator of circadian and seasonal rhythms and reproduction. The photoperiodic information is detected by retinal photoreceptors and transmitted through nerve transmissions to the pineal gland, where MLT is synthesized and secreted at night into the blood. MLT interacts with two G protein-coupled receptors, MT1 and MT2. The aim of our work was to provide evidence for the presence of MLT receptors in the ovine pineal gland and define their involvement on melatonin secretion. For the first time, we identified the expression of MLT receptors with the specific 2-[125I]-MLT agonistic radioligand in ovin pinealocytes. The values of Kd and Bmax are 2.24 ± 1.1 nM and 20 ± 6.8 fmol/mg. MLT receptors are functional and inhibit cAMP production and activate ERK1/2 through pertussis toxin-sensitive Gi/o proteins. The MLT receptor antagonist/ inverse agonist luzindole increased cAMP production (189 ± 30%) and MLT secretion (866 ± 13%). The effect of luzindole on MLT secretion was additive with the effect of well-described activators of this pathway such as the β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol and the α-adrenergic agonist phenylephrine. Co-incubation of all three compounds increased MLT secretion by 1236 ± 199%. These results suggest that MLT receptors are involved in the negative regulation of the synthesis of its own ligand in pinealocytes. While adrenergic receptors promote MLT secretion, MLT receptors mitigate this effect to limit the quantity of MLT secreted by the pineal gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Lépinay
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Catherine Taragnat
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Dubois
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Didier Chesneau
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Ralf Jockers
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | | | - Véronique Bozon
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
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Abstract
The objective of chronotherapy is to optimize medical treatments taking into account the body's circadian rhythms. Chronotherapy is referred to and practiced in two different ways: (1) to alter the sleep-wake rhythms of patients to improve the sequels of several pathologies; (2) to take into account the circadian rhythms of patients to improve therapeutics. Even minor dysfunction of the biological clock can greatly affect sleep/wake physiology causing excessive diurnal somnolence, increase in sleep onset latency, phase delays or advances in sleep onset, frequent night awakenings, reduced sleep efficiency, delayed and shortened rapid eye movement sleep, or increased periodic leg movements. Chronotherapy aims to restore the proper circadian pattern of the sleep-wake cycle, through adequate sleep hygiene, timed light exposure, and the use of chronobiotic medications, such as melatonin, that affect the output phase of circadian rhythms, thus controlling the clock. Concerning the second use of chronotherapy, therapeutic outcomes as diverse as the survival after open-heart surgery or the efficacy and tolerance to chemotherapy vary according to the time of day. However, humans are heterogeneous concerning the timing of their internal clocks. Not only different chronotypes exist but also the endogenous human circadian period (τ) is not a stable trait as it depends on many internal and external factors. If any scheduled therapeutic intervention is going to be optimized, a tool is needed for simple diagnostic and objectively measurement of an individual's internal time at any given time. Methodologic advances like the use of single-sample gene expression and metabolomics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Cardinali
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gregory M Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Sanchez REA, Kalume F, de la Iglesia HO. Sleep timing and the circadian clock in mammals: Past, present and the road ahead. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 126:3-14. [PMID: 34092510 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Nearly all mammals display robust daily rhythms of physiology and behavior. These approximately 24-h cycles, known as circadian rhythms, are driven by a master clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus and affect biological processes ranging from metabolism to immune function. Perhaps the most overt output of the circadian clock is the sleep-wake cycle, the integrity of which is critical for health and homeostasis of the organism. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the circadian regulation of sleep. We discuss the neural circuitry and molecular mechanisms underlying daily sleep timing, and the trajectory of circadian regulation of sleep across development. We conclude by proposing future research priorities for the field that will significantly advance our mechanistic understanding of the circadian regulation of sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond E A Sanchez
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Franck Kalume
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Horacio O de la Iglesia
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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36
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Boutin JA, Jockers R. Melatonin controversies, an update. J Pineal Res 2021; 70:e12702. [PMID: 33108677 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin was discovered more than 60 years ago. Since then, several seminal discoveries have allowed us to define its function as a neuroendocrine hormone and its molecular targets in mammals and many other species. However, many fundamental issues have not yet been solved such as the subcellular localization of melatonin synthesis and the full spectrum of its molecular targets. In addition, a considerable number of controversies persist in the field, mainly concerning how many functions melatonin has. Altogether, this illustrates how "immature" the field still is. The intention of this opinion article is to note the controversies and limitations in the field, to initiate a discussion and to make proposals/guidelines to overcome them and move the field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean A Boutin
- Institut de Recherches Internationales SERVIER, Suresnes Cedex, France
| | - Ralf Jockers
- INSERM, CNRS, Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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37
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Oishi A, Gbahou F, Jockers R. Melatonin receptors, brain functions, and therapies. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2021; 179:345-356. [PMID: 34225974 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819975-6.00022-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, including humans, the neurohormone melatonin is mainly secreted from the pineal gland at night and acts on two high-affinity G protein-coupled receptors, the melatonin MT1 and MT2 receptors. Major functions of melatonin receptors in the brain are the regulation of circadian rhythms and sleep. Correspondingly, the main indications of the currently available drugs for these receptors indicate this as targets. Yet these drugs may not only improve circadian rhythm- and sleep-related disorders but may also be beneficial for complex diseases like major depression, Alzheimer's disease, autism, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders. Here, we will focus on the hypothalamic functions of melatonin receptors by updating our knowledge on their hypothalamic expression pattern at normal, aged, and disease states, by discussing their capacity to regulate circadian rhythms and sleep and by presenting the clinical applications of the melatonin receptor-targeting drugs ramelteon, tasimelteon, and agomelatine or of prolonged-release melatonin formulations. Finally, we speculate about future trends in the field of melatonin receptor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuro Oishi
- Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Ralf Jockers
- Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, Paris, France.
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38
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Pevet P, Challet E, Felder-Schmittbuhl MP. Melatonin and the circadian system: Keys for health with a focus on sleep. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2021; 179:331-343. [PMID: 34225973 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819975-6.00021-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin (MLT), secreted during the night by the pineal gland, is an efferent hormonal signal of the master circadian clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Consequently, it is a reliable phase marker of the SCN clock. If one defines as "chronobiotic," a drug able to influence the phase and/or the period of the circadian clock, MLT is a very potent one. The most convincing data obtained so far come from studies on totally blind individuals. Exogenous MLT administered daily entrains the sleep-wake cycle of these individuals to a 24-h cycle. MLT, however, is not essential to sleep. In nocturnally, active mammals, MLT is released during the night concomitantly with the daily period of wakefulness. Therefore, MLT cannot be simply considered as a sleep hormone, but rather as a signal of darkness. Its role in the circadian system is to reinforce nighttime physiology, including timing of the sleep-wake cycle and other circadian rhythms. MLT exerts its effects on the sleep cycle especially by a direct action on the master circadian clock. The sleep-wake cycle is depending not only on the circadian clock but also on an orchestrated network of different centers in the brain. Thus, the control of sleep-wake rhythm might be explained by a parallel and concomitant action of MLT on the master clock (chronobiotic effect) and on sleep-related structures within the brain. MLT acts through two high-affinity membrane receptors (MT1 and MT2) with striking differences in their distribution pattern. MLT is a powerful synchronizer of human circadian rhythms, thus justifying the use of MLT and MLT agonists in clinical medicine as pharmacological tools to manipulate the sleep-wake cycle, and to treat sleep disorders and other circadian disorders. Available MLT analogs/drugs are all nonspecific MT1/MT2 agonists. The development of new ligands which are highly selectivity for each subtype is clearly a new challenge for the field and will be at the root of new therapeutic agents for curing specific pathologies, including sleep disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Pevet
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, CNRS, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Etienne Challet
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, CNRS, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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39
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Street ME, Sartori C, Catellani C, Righi B. Precocious Puberty and Covid-19 Into Perspective: Potential Increased Frequency, Possible Causes, and a Potential Emergency to Be Addressed. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:734899. [PMID: 34616700 PMCID: PMC8488256 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.734899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A significant increase in precocious puberty, rapidly progressive puberty and precocious menarche has been reported in Italy since the initial lockdown because of the pandemic, and this could represent a new emergency to be addressed during this pandemic. There is a need, therefore, for further understanding and research. Many causes could account for this. Initially, it was thought that the changes in life-style, in screen time, and sleeping habits could be the cause but if considered individually these are insufficient to explain this phenomenon. Likely, changes in central nervous mediators, and an increase in catecholamines could contribute as a trigger, however, these aspects are poorly studied and understood as well as the real perceptions of these children. Finally, staying more indoors has certainly exposed these children to specific contaminants working as endocrine disruptors which could also have had an effect. It would be of utmost importance to compare this phenomenon worldwide with appropriate studies in order to verify what is happening, and gain a new insight into the consequences of the covid-19 pandemic and into precocious puberty and for future prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Street
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Unit of Pediatrics, Department of Mother and Child, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Chiara Sartori
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Unit of Pediatrics, Department of Mother and Child, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Cecilia Catellani
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Unit of Pediatrics, Department of Mother and Child, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.,PhD Program in Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Beatrice Righi
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Unit of Pediatrics, Department of Mother and Child, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
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40
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Stebelova K, Roska J, Zeman M. Impact of Dim Light at Night on Urinary 6-Sulphatoxymelatonin Concentrations and Sleep in Healthy Humans. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207736. [PMID: 33086713 PMCID: PMC7588991 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Artificial light at night can have negative effects on human wellbeing and health. It can disrupt circadian rhythms, interfere with sleep, and participate in the progress of civilisation diseases. The aim of the present study was to explore if dim artificial light during the entire night (ALAN) can affect melatonin production and sleep quality in young volunteers. We performed two experiments in real-life home-based conditions. Young volunteers (n = 33) were exposed to four nights of one lux ALAN or two nights of five lux ALAN. Melatonin production, based on 6-sulphatoxymelatonin/creatinine concentrations in urine, and sleep quality, based on actimetry, were evaluated. Exposure to ALAN one lux during the entire night did not suppress aMT6s/creatinine concentrations but did aggravate sleep quality by increasing sleep fragmentation and one-minute immobility. ALAN up to five lux reduced melatonin biosynthesis significantly and interfered with sleep quality, as evidenced by an increased percentage of one-minute immobility and a tendency of increased fragmentation index. Our results show that people are more sensitive to low illuminance during the entire night, as previously expected. ALAN can interfere with melatonin production and sleep quality in young, healthy individuals, and both processes have different sensitivities to light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Stebelova
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ethology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovak; (J.R.); (M.Z.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jan Roska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ethology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovak; (J.R.); (M.Z.)
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovak
| | - Michal Zeman
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ethology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovak; (J.R.); (M.Z.)
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41
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NaveenKumar SK, Hemshekhar M, Jagadish S, Manikanta K, Vishalakshi GJ, Kemparaju K, Girish KS. Melatonin restores neutrophil functions and prevents apoptosis amid dysfunctional glutathione redox system. J Pineal Res 2020; 69:e12676. [PMID: 32597503 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin is a chronobiotic hormone, which can regulate human diseases like cancer, atherosclerosis, respiratory disorders, and microbial infections by regulating redox system. Melatonin exhibits innate immunomodulation by communicating with immune system and influencing neutrophils to fight infections and inflammation. However, sustaining redox homeostasis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in neutrophils are critical during chemotaxis, oxidative burst, phagocytosis, and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. Therefore, endogenous antioxidant glutathione (GSH) redox cycle is highly vital in regulating neutrophil functions. Reduced intracellular GSH levels and glutathione reductase (GR) activity in the neutrophils during clinical conditions like autoimmune disorders, neurological disorders, diabetes, and microbial infections lead to dysfunctional neutrophils. Therefore, we hypothesized that redox modulators like melatonin can protect neutrophil health and functions under GSH and GR activity-deficient conditions. We demonstrate the dual role of melatonin, wherein it protects neutrophils from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis by reducing ROS generation; in contrast, it restores neutrophil functions like phagocytosis, degranulation, and NETosis in GSH and GR activity-deficient neutrophils by regulating ROS levels both in vitro and in vivo. Melatonin mitigates LPS-induced neutrophil dysfunctions by rejuvenating GSH redox system, specifically GR activity by acting as a parallel redox system. Our results indicate that melatonin could be a potential auxiliary therapy to treat immune dysfunction and microbial infections, including virus, under chronic disease conditions by restoring neutrophil functions. Further, melatonin could be a promising immune system booster to fight unprecedented pandemics like the current COVID-19. However, further studies are indispensable to address the clinical usage of melatonin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Swamy Jagadish
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Mysore, India
| | | | | | - Kempaiah Kemparaju
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Mysore, India
| | - Kesturu S Girish
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Mysore, India
- Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry, Tumkur University, Tumakuru, India
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42
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Aparici-Gonzalo S, Carrasco-García Á, Gombert M, Carrasco-Luna J, Pin-Arboledas G, Codoñer-Franch P. Melatonin Content of Human Milk: The Effect of Mode of Delivery. Breastfeed Med 2020; 15:589-594. [PMID: 32721174 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2020.0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Cesarean section rates are increasing in developed countries and could be performed as an emergency or elective procedure. Our research aim was to determine whether elective cesarean section influences the melatonin content, the main circadian hormone, in human milk. Methods: Twenty-one women after vaginal delivery and 18 women after elective cesarean section were included. Only healthy mothers with normal newborns exclusively breastfed were recruited. Two samples of human milk were collected for each woman at three stages of lactation: colostrum, transitional milk, and mature milk; at each stage, one daytime sample and another nighttime sample were obtained. In total, 228 milk samples were studied. The melatonin content was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Melatonin rhythmicity with higher melatonin content at night was maintained at each of the three stages of lactation, regardless of the type of delivery. A higher melatonin content was found in daytime colostrum after cesarean section with respect to colostrum obtained from mothers after vaginal delivery (30.3 pg/mL versus 14.7 pg/mL, p = 0.020). Melatonin content decreased progressively throughout the course of lactation in both groups. This decrease was significant when comparing transitional milk to colostrum in the cesarean group, both in the daytime (p = 0.016) and nighttime samples (p = 0.048). Conclusions: Cesarean section is associated with an increase in daytime colostrum melatonin. No difference was observed in mature milk with respect to vaginal delivery. Melatonin values in human milk decrease during the first month of lactation and circadian rhythmicity was observed irrespective of the mode of delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Aparici-Gonzalo
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Sleep Unit, Hospital Quironsalud, Valencia, Spain
| | - Álvaro Carrasco-García
- Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marie Gombert
- Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Biotechnology, University of La Rochelle, La Rochelle, France
| | - Joaquín Carrasco-Luna
- Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Department Experimental Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Pin-Arboledas
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Sleep Unit, Hospital Quironsalud, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pilar Codoñer-Franch
- Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Peset University Hospital, Valencia, Spain.,Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
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43
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Abstract
Sleep is vital for our physical, emotional and cognitive health. However, adolescents face many challenges where their sleep is concerned. This is reflected in their sleep patterns including the timing of their sleep and how much sleep they achieve on a regular basis: their sleep is characteristically delayed and short. Notably, insufficient sleep is associated with impairments in adolescent functioning. Endogenous and exogenous factors are known to affect sleep at this age. Alterations in the bioregulation of sleep, comprising the circadian timing system and the sleep/wake homeostatic system, represent the intrinsic mechanisms at work. Compounding this, environmental, psychosocial and lifestyle factors may contribute to shortened sleep. This review discusses the amount of sleep gained by adolescents and its implications, the challenges to adolescent sleep and the interventions introduced in an effort to prioritize sleep health in this important developmental period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaby Illingworth
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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44
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Clinical impact of melatonin on breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy; effects on cognition, sleep and depressive symptoms: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231379. [PMID: 32302347 PMCID: PMC7164654 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial tested the hypothesis that 20mg of melatonin before and during the first cycle of adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer (ACBC) reduced the side effects associated with cognitive impairment. We evaluated the effects of melatonin on cognition, depressive symptoms and sleep quality, and whether these effects were related to serum levels of Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and its receptor, tropomyosin kinase B (TrkB). Thirty-six women were randomly assigned to receive melatonin or placebo for 10 days. To evaluate cognitive performance, we used the Trail-Making-Test Parts A and B (A-B), Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT) and an inhibitory task type Go / No-Go. Our results revealed that melatonin improved executive function on TMT scores, enhanced episodic memory (immediate and delayed) and recognition on RAVLT, and increased verbal fluency in the orthographic COWAT. The TMT-A-B(A-B) were negatively correlated with baseline levels of TrkB and BDNF, respectively. At the end of treatment, changes in TrkB and BDNF were inversely associated with depressive symptoms and sleep quality, but not with the TMT scores. These results suggest a neuroprotective effect of melatonin to counteract the adverse effects of ACBC on cognitive function, sleep quality and depressive symptoms.
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45
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Stacchiotti A, Favero G, Rodella LF. Impact of Melatonin on Skeletal Muscle and Exercise. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020288. [PMID: 31991655 PMCID: PMC7072499 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle disorders are dramatically increasing with human aging with enormous sanitary costs and impact on the quality of life. Preventive and therapeutic tools to limit onset and progression of muscle frailty include nutrition and physical training. Melatonin, the indole produced at nighttime in pineal and extra-pineal sites in mammalians, has recognized anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant properties. Mitochondria are the favorite target of melatonin, which maintains them efficiently, scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative damage. Here, we discuss the most recent evidence of dietary melatonin efficacy in age-related skeletal muscle disorders in cellular, preclinical, and clinical studies. Furthermore, we analyze the emerging impact of melatonin on physical activity. Finally, we consider the newest evidence of the gut-muscle axis and the influence of exercise and probably melatonin on the microbiota. In our opinion, this review reinforces the relevance of melatonin as a safe nutraceutical that limits skeletal muscle frailty and prolongs physical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Stacchiotti
- Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (G.F.); (L.F.R.)
- Interdepartmental University Center of Research “Adaptation and Regeneration of Tissues and Organs (ARTO)”, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-030-3717478; Fax: +39-030-3717486
| | - Gaia Favero
- Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (G.F.); (L.F.R.)
| | - Luigi Fabrizio Rodella
- Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (G.F.); (L.F.R.)
- Interdepartmental University Center of Research “Adaptation and Regeneration of Tissues and Organs (ARTO)”, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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