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Monachesi CF, Gomes-Silva A, Carvalho-Costa FA. Factors associated with mucosal involvement in tegumentary leishmaniasis: a nation-based study using surveillance data from Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2023; 65:e47. [PMID: 37703118 PMCID: PMC10495114 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202365047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the factors associated with mucosal leishmaniasis (ML) within the scope of tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) cases reported in Brazil. Surveillance data were assessed, and comparisons were made between ML and cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) cases. Additionally, ML incidence rates for municipalities were depicted through a geographic information system. From 2007 to 2017, 235,489 TL cases were reported, of which 235,232 were classified as follows: 14,204 (6%) were ML cases and 221,028 (94%) were CL cases. Multivariate analysis showed that the proportion of ML cases reached 16.8% among individuals >75 years (adjusted OR = 2.77; 95% CI = 2.41-3.19; p < 0.001), and ML was also more frequent among males (aOR = 1.28; 95% CI = 1.20-1.38; p < 0.001), HIV-positive patients (aOR = 2.15; 95% CI = 1.80-2.56; p < 0.001), patients residing in urban areas (aOR = 1.52; 95% CI = 1.43-1.62; p < 0.001), and imported cases (with respect to county) when compared to autochthonous cases (aOR = 1.84; 95% CI = 1.71-1.98; p < 0.001). A lower proportion of positive results in direct parasitological examinations was observed in ML cases (32.6% vs. 60.8%; p < 0.001). The leishmanin skin test results were more often positive in ML cases (41.7% vs. 25.9%; p < 0.001). In ML, compatible changes in histopathology were more frequent (14.6% vs. 3.9%; p < 0.001). A greater proportion of ML cases were treated with amphotericin B (6.9% vs. 0.9%; p < 0.001). The case-fatality rate was higher in ML (0.6% vs. 0.1%; p < 0.001). A higher incidence of ML was observed in a geographical band extending across the Amazon region from the southern Para State to the Acre State. ML exhibited varying frequencies within specific populations. The definition of predictable factors predisposing Leishmania-infected subjects to develop ML is important for defining strategies to mitigate the mucosal damage caused by leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarisse Fonseca Monachesi
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Sistemática Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adriano Gomes-Silva
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Micobacterioses, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Filipe Anibal Carvalho-Costa
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Sistemática Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Goes WM, Brasil CRF, Reis-Cunha JL, Coqueiro-Dos-Santos A, Grazielle-Silva V, de Souza Reis J, Souto TC, Laranjeira-Silva MF, Bartholomeu DC, Fernandes AP, Teixeira SMR. Complete assembly, annotation of virulence genes and CRISPR editing of the genome of Leishmania amazonensis PH8 strain. Genomics 2023; 115:110661. [PMID: 37263313 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2023.110661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We report the sequencing and assembly of the PH8 strain of Leishmania amazonensis one of the etiological agents of leishmaniasis. After combining data from long Pacbio reads, short Illumina reads and synteny with the Leishmania mexicana genome, the sequence of 34 chromosomes with 8317 annotated genes was generated. Multigene families encoding three virulence factors, A2, amastins and the GP63 metalloproteases, were identified and compared to their annotation in other Leishmania species. As they have been recently recognized as virulence factors essential for disease establishment and progression of the infection, we also identified 14 genes encoding proteins involved in parasite iron and heme metabolism and compared to genes from other Trypanosomatids. To follow these studies with a genetic approach to address the role of virulence factors, we tested two CRISPR-Cas9 protocols to generate L. amazonensis knockout cell lines, using the Miltefosine transporter gene as a proof of concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanessa Moreira Goes
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - Carlos Rodolpho Ferreira Brasil
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - João Luis Reis-Cunha
- Departamento de Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP 31.270-901, Brazil; Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - Anderson Coqueiro-Dos-Santos
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - Viviane Grazielle-Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - Júlia de Souza Reis
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Cristina Souto
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - Maria Fernanda Laranjeira-Silva
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 101, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP CEP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Daniella Castanheira Bartholomeu
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Fernandes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP 31.270-901, Brazil; Centro de Tecnologia de Vacinas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Rua Professor José Vieira de Mendonça 770, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31.210-360, Brazil
| | - Santuza Maria Ribeiro Teixeira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP 31.270-901, Brazil; Centro de Tecnologia de Vacinas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Rua Professor José Vieira de Mendonça 770, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31.210-360, Brazil.
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Marinho-Júnior JF, Monteiro JFCLS, Sales de Carvalho AW, de Carvalho FG, de Paiva Cavalcanti M, Shaw J, Courtenay O, Brandão-Filho SP. High levels of infectiousness of asymptomatic Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis infections in wild rodents highlights their importance in the epidemiology of American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis in Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0010996. [PMID: 36716345 PMCID: PMC9910795 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epidemiological significance of wildlife infections with aetiological agents causing human infectious diseases is largely determined by their infection status, contact potential with humans (via vectors for vector-borne diseases), and their infectiousness to maintain onward transmission. This study quantified these parameters in wild and synanthropic naturally infected rodent populations in an endemic region of tegumentary leishmaniasis in northeast Brazil. METHODS Capture-mark-recapture (CMR) of rodents was conducted over 27 months in domestic/peri domestic environs, household plantations and nearby Atlantic Forest (9,920 single trap nights). Rodent clinical samples (blood and ear tissue) were tested for infection by conventional PCR and quantitative PCR (qPCR) for Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, and xenodiagnosis to measure infectiousness to the local sand fly vector. RESULTS A total 603 individuals of 8 rodent species were (re)captured on 1,051 occasions. The most abundant species were Nectomys squamipes (245 individuals, 41% of the total catch), Rattus rattus (148, 25%), and Necromys lasiurus (83, 14%). All species were captured in greater relative frequencies in plantations; R. rattus was the only species captured in all three habitats including in and around houses. Four species, comprising 22.6% of individuals captured at least twice, were geolocated in more than one habitat type; 78.6% were infected with L. (V.) braziliensis, facilitating inter-species and inter-habitat transmission. Species specific period prevalence ranged between 0%-62% being significantly higher in N. squamipes (54-62%) and Hollochillus sciureus (43-47%). Xenodiagnosis was performed on 41 occasions exposing 1,879 Nyssomyia whitmani sand flies to five rodent species (37 individuals). Similar mean levels of infectiousness amongst the more common rodent species were observed. Longitudinal xenodiagnosis of the N. squamipes population revealed a persistent level of infectiousness over 13 months follow-up, infecting a median 48% (IQR: 30.1%-64.2%) of exposed blood-fed vectors. The proportion of exposed flies infected was greater in the low compared to in the high seasonal period of vector abundance. L. (V.) braziliensis parasite loads in rodent blood quantified by qPCR were similar across rodent species but did not represent a reliable quantitative marker of infectiousness to sand flies. The standardised risk of rodent infection in plantations was 70.3% relative to 11.3% and 18.4% in peri domestic and forest habitats respectively. R. rattus was the only exception to this trend indicating greatest risk in the peri domestic environment. CONCLUSIONS The results support the view that a collective assemblage of wild and synanthropic rodent species is an important wild reservoir of L. (V.) braziliensis in this region, with N. squamipes and R. rattus probably playing a key role in transmission within and between habitat types and rodent species. Rodents, and by implication humans, are at risk of infection in all sampled habitats, but more so in homestead plantations. These conclusions are based on one of the longest CMR study of small rodents in an American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (ATL) foci.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Francisco Gomes de Carvalho
- Department of Immunology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães/FIOCRUZ, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Milena de Paiva Cavalcanti
- Department of Immunology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães/FIOCRUZ, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Jeffrey Shaw
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Orin Courtenay
- The Zeeman Institute and School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SPBF); (OC)
| | - Sinval Pinto Brandão-Filho
- Department of Immunology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães/FIOCRUZ, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- * E-mail: (SPBF); (OC)
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4
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Freire RDP, Fonseca FRM, Rodrigues de Castro NL, Lima CXM, Ribeiro-Romão RP, Cavalcante DIM, Teixeira CR, Gomes R, Da-Cruz AM, Teixeira MJ. Different inoculum of Leishmania braziliensis concentrations influence immunopathogenesis and clinical evolution in the ear dermis hamster model of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Parasite Immunol 2022; 44:e12947. [PMID: 36057920 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) is commonly used as a promising model for Leishmania braziliensis infection developing skin-ulcerated lesions. However, different protocols using high concentration of parasites inoculated in the footpad result in severe clinical disease. Here, we further investigate the outcome of the site of infection and concentration of L. braziliensis parasites inoculated on the immunopathogenesis and clinical evolution. Initially, hamsters were infected in the ear dermis or hind footpad with a concentration of 1x105 parasites. Animals infected in the ear dermis developed a disease, with an increased parasite load that more closely resembled human CL lesions comparing to the group infected in the footpad. Next, we evaluated if different parasite concentrations (104 , 105 and 106 ) inoculated in the ear dermis would impact the course and clinical aspects of infection. Hamsters infected with 104 and 105 parasites developed mild lesions compared to the group infected with 106 that presented severe and persistent lesions. The parasite load varied between the different parasite concentrations. The inflammatory response was more intense when infection was initiated with 106 parasites accompanied by an increased initial expression of IL-4, IL-10 and arginase in the lymph node followed by expression of both pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines comparing to groups infected with 104 and 105 parasites. In conclusion, the number of parasites inoculated, and the initial site of infection could influence the inflammatory response, and clinical presentation. Our results suggest that the ear dermis infection model induces a chronic disease that relate to immunopathological aspects of CL natural infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Regis Gomes
- FIOCRUZ Ceará, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Eusébio, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Alda Maria Da-Cruz
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Disciplina de Parasitologia, DMIP-Faculdade de Ciencias Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Jania Teixeira
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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Endoplasmic Stress Affects the Coinfection of Leishmania Amazonensis and the Phlebovirus (Bunyaviridae) Icoaraci. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091948. [PMID: 36146755 PMCID: PMC9503334 DOI: 10.3390/v14091948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral coinfections can modulate the severity of parasitic diseases, such as human cutaneous leishmaniasis. Leishmania parasites infect thousands of people worldwide and cause from single cutaneous self-healing lesions to massive mucosal destructive lesions. The transmission to vertebrates requires the bite of Phlebotomine sandflies, which can also transmit Phlebovirus. We have demonstrated that Leishmania infection requires and triggers the Endoplasmic stress (ER stress) response in infected macrophages. In the present paper, we tested the hypothesis that ER stress is increased and required for the aggravation of Leishmania infection due to coinfection with Phlebovirus. We demonstrated that Phlebovirus Icoaraci induces the ER stress program in macrophages mediated by the branches IRE/XBP1 and PERK/ATF4. The coinfection with L. amazonensis potentiates and sustains the ER stress, and the inhibition of IRE1α or PERK results in poor viral replication and decreased parasite load in macrophages. Importantly, we observed an increase in viral replication during the coinfection with Leishmania. Our results demonstrated the role of ER stress branches IRE1/XBP1 and PERK/ATF4 in the synergic effect on the Leishmania increased load during Phlebovirus coinfection and suggests that Leishmania infection can also increase the replication of Phlebovirus in macrophages.
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6
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Muñoz-Durango N, Gómez A, García-Valencia N, Roldán M, Ochoa M, Bautista-Erazo DE, Ramírez-Pineda JR. A Mouse Model of Ulcerative Cutaneous Leishmaniasis by Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis to Investigate Infection, Pathogenesis, Immunity, and Therapeutics. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:907631. [PMID: 35770175 PMCID: PMC9234518 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.907631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A mouse model of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) by Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis (L(V)p) that reproduces the characteristics of the human disease remains elusive. Here we report the development of a CL model that uses a mouse-adapted L(V)p isolate to reproducibly induce a dermal disease with a remarkable similarity to human CL. BALB/c mice infected intradermally in the ear with 105 stationary UA-946 L(V)p promastigotes develop a progressive cutaneous disease that exhibits the typical ulcerated lesions with indurated borders observed in CL patients. Although most of parasites in the inoculum die within the first week of infection, the survivors vigorously multiply at the infection site during the following weeks, paralleling disease appearance and aggravation. Regional lymphadenopathy as well as lymphatic dissemination of parasites to draining lymph nodes (dLN) was evidenced early after infection. Viable parasites were also isolated from spleen at later timepoints indicating systemic parasitic dissemination, but, strikingly, no signs of systemic disease were observed. Increasing numbers of myeloid cells and T lymphocytes producing IFNγ and IL-4 were observed in the dLN as disease progressed. A mixed adaptive L(V)p-specific T cell-mediated response was induced, since ex vivo recall experiments using dLN cells and splenocytes revealed the production of type 1 (IFNγ, IL-2), type 2 (IL-4, IL-13), regulatory (IL-10), and inflammatory (GM-CSF, IL-3) cytokines. Humoral adaptive response was characterized by early production of IgG1- followed by IgG2a-type of L(V)p-specific antibodies. IFNγ/IL-4 and IgG2a/IgG1 ratios indicated that the initial non-protective Th2 response was redirected toward a protective Th1 response. In situ studies revealed a profuse recruitment of myeloid cells and of IFNγ- and IL-4-producing T lymphocytes to the site of infection, and the typical histopathological changes induced by dermotropic Leishmania species. Evidence that this model is suitable to investigate pharmacological and immunomodulatory interventions, as well as for antigen discovery and vaccine development, is also presented. Altogether, these results support the validity and utility of this novel mouse model to study the pathogenesis, immunity, and therapeutics of L(V)p infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Muñoz-Durango
- Grupo Inmunomodulación (GIM), Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Corporación Académica para el Estudio de Patologías Tropicales (CAEPT), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Alexander Gómez
- Grupo Inmunomodulación (GIM), Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Corporación Académica para el Estudio de Patologías Tropicales (CAEPT), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Natalia García-Valencia
- Grupo Inmunomodulación (GIM), Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Corporación Académica para el Estudio de Patologías Tropicales (CAEPT), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Miguel Roldán
- Instituto de Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Marcela Ochoa
- Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales (PECET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - David E. Bautista-Erazo
- Grupo Inmunomodulación (GIM), Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Corporación Académica para el Estudio de Patologías Tropicales (CAEPT), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - José R. Ramírez-Pineda
- Grupo Inmunomodulación (GIM), Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Corporación Académica para el Estudio de Patologías Tropicales (CAEPT), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- *Correspondence: José R. Ramírez-Pineda,
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7
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Floro e Silva M, Roque GAS, Machado DDA, Rocha FJS, Giorgio S. Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis replicates in mouse bone marrow. Acta Trop 2022; 230:106407. [PMID: 35304124 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected disease caused by species of the protozoan Leishmania. Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis causes the cutaneous and mucocutaneous forms of the disease. Experimental cutaneous infection of mice is one of the most important preclinical research models of leishmaniasis. Here, we investigated the course of infection in mice inoculated with two reference strains of L. (V.) braziliensis (MHOM/BR/00/BA788 strain [BA] and MHOM/BR/94/H-3227 strain [CE]). Although both parasite strains induced detectable footpad lesions, BA-infected mice developed small non-ulcerated lesions that self-healed, whereas CE-infected mice developed small non-ulcerated lesions that did not regress. The parasites were detected in the footpad lesions, lymph nodes draining the site of inoculation, spleen, and bone marrow of mice infected with BA or CE parasites at 6 and 25 weeks post-inoculation. These data indicate that L (V.) braziliensis-infected mice harbor parasites that spread, even when these animals do not display overt lesions. In addition, this is the first report of the presence of the parasite in the bone marrow of mice inoculated with L. (V.) braziliensis.
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Mendes B, Minori K, Consonni SR, Andrews NW, Miguel DC. Causative Agents of American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis Are Able to Infect 3T3-L1 Adipocytes In Vitro. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:824494. [PMID: 35186797 PMCID: PMC8855065 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.824494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although macrophages have long been considered key players in the course of Leishmania infections, other non-professional phagocytes have lately been shown to maintain low levels of the parasite in safe intracellular niches. Recently, it was demonstrated that the adipose tissue is capable of harboring Old World L. (L.) infantum in mice. However, there is no evidence of experimental adipocyte infection with New World Leishmania species so far. In addition, it was not known whether adipocytes would be permissive for formation of the unique, large and communal parasitophorous vacuoles that are typical of L. (L.) amazonensis in macrophages. Here we evaluated the ability of L. (L.) amazonensis and L. (V.) braziliensis promastigotes and amastigotes to infect 3T3-L1 fibroblast-derived adipocytes (3T3-Ad) using light and transmission electron microscopy. Our results indicate that amastigotes and promastigotes of both species were capable of infecting and surviving inside pre- and fully differentiated 3T3-Ad for up to 144 h. Importantly, L. (L.) amazonensis amastigotes resided in large communal parasitophorous vacuoles in pre-adipocytes, which appeared to be compressed between large lipid droplets in mature adipocytes. In parallel, individual L. (V.) braziliensis amastigotes were detected in single vacuoles 144 h post-infection. We conclude that 3T3-Ad may constitute an environment that supports low loads of viable parasites perhaps contributing to parasite maintenance, since amastigotes of both species recovered from these cells differentiated into replicative promastigotes. Our findings shed light on the potential of a new host cell model that can be relevant to the persistence of New World Leishmania species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Mendes
- Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas – UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Karen Minori
- Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas – UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Silvio R. Consonni
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas – UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Norma W. Andrews
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Danilo C. Miguel
- Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas – UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Danilo C. Miguel,
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Tiburcio R, Melo LD, Nunes S, Barbosa ALA, de Oliveira EC, Suarez M, Borges VM, Tavares N, Brodskyn CI. DC-SIGN Mediates the Interaction Between Neutrophils and Leishmania amazonensis-Infected Dendritic Cells to Promote DC Maturation and Parasite Elimination. Front Immunol 2021; 12:750648. [PMID: 34790196 PMCID: PMC8591281 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.750648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmaniasis is a neglected arthropod-borne disease that affects millions of people worldwide. Successful Leishmania infections require the mitigation of immune cell functions leading to parasite survival and proliferation. A large body of evidence highlights the involvement of neutrophils (PMNs) and dendritic cells (DCs) in the establishment of immunological responses against these parasites. However, few studies, contemplate to what extent these cells interact synergistically to constrain Leishmania infection. Objective We sought to investigate how PMNs and infected DCs interact in an in vitro model of Leishmania amazonensis infection. Material and Methods Briefly, human PMNs and DCs were purified from the peripheral blood of healthy donors. Next, PMNs were activated with fibronectin and subsequently co-cultured with L. amazonensis-infected DCs. Results We observed that L. amazonensis-infected DC exhibited lower rates of infection when co-cultivated with either resting or activated PMNs. Surprisingly, we found that the release of neutrophil enzymes was not involved in Leishmania killing. Next, we showed that the interaction between PMNs and infected-DCs was intermediated by DC-SIGN, further suggesting that parasite elimination occurs in a contact-dependent manner. Furthermore, we also observed that TNFα and ROS production was dependent on DC-SIGN-mediated contact, as well as parasite elimination is dependent on TNFα production in the co-culture. Finally, we observed that direct contact between PMNs and DCs are required to restore the expression of DC maturation molecules during L. amazonensis infection. Conclusion Our findings suggest that the engagement of direct contact between PMNs and L. amazonensis-infected DC via DC-SIGN is required for the production of inflammatory mediators with subsequent parasite elimination and DC maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Tiburcio
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Léon Dimitri Melo
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia - Instituto de nacional de ciência e tecnologia (iii-INCT), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sara Nunes
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Elaine Carvalho de Oliveira
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Martha Suarez
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Valéria M Borges
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Natalia Tavares
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Claudia Ida Brodskyn
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia - Instituto de nacional de ciência e tecnologia (iii-INCT), São Paulo, Brazil
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10
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Salloum T, Tokajian S, Hirt RP. Advances in Understanding Leishmania Pathobiology: What Does RNA-Seq Tell Us? Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:702240. [PMID: 34540827 PMCID: PMC8440825 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.702240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease caused by a protozoa parasite from over 20 Leishmania species. The clinical manifestations and the outcome of the disease vary greatly. Global RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analyses emerged as a powerful technique to profile the changes in the transcriptome that occur in the Leishmania parasites and their infected host cells as the parasites progresses through their life cycle. Following the bite of a sandfly vector, Leishmania are transmitted to a mammalian host where neutrophils and macrophages are key cells mediating the interactions with the parasites and result in either the elimination the infection or contributing to its proliferation. This review focuses on RNA-Seq based transcriptomics analyses and summarizes the main findings derived from this technology. In doing so, we will highlight caveats in our understanding of the parasite's pathobiology and suggest novel directions for research, including integrating more recent data highlighting the role of the bacterial members of the sandfly gut microbiota and the mammalian host skin microbiota in their potential role in influencing the quantitative and qualitative aspects of leishmaniasis pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Salloum
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Sima Tokajian
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Robert P. Hirt
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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11
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Dos Santos AGA, da Silva MGL, Carneiro EL, de Lima LL, Fernandes ACBS, Silveira TGV, Sant'Ana DDMG, Nogueira-Melo GDA. A New Target Organ of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis Chronic Infection: The Intestine. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:687499. [PMID: 34336715 PMCID: PMC8317265 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.687499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis is one of the main causes of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Americas. This species presents genetic polymorphism that can cause destructive lesions in oral, nasal, and oropharyngeal tracts. In a previous study, the parasite caused several histopathological changes to hamster ileums. Our study evaluates immune response components, morphological changes, and effects on neurons in the ileums of hamsters infected by three different strains of L. (V.) braziliensis in two infection periods. For the experiment, we separated hamsters into four groups: a control group and three infected groups. Infected hamsters were euthanized 90- or 120-days post infection. We used three strains of L. (V.) braziliensis: the reference MHOM/BR/1975/M2903 and two strains isolated from patients who had different responses to Glucantime® treatment (MHOM/BR/2003/2314 and MHOM/BR/2000/1655). After laparotomy, ileums were collected for histological processing, biochemical analysis, and evaluation of neurons in the myenteric and submucosal plexuses of the enteric nervous system (ENS). The results demonstrated the increase of blood leukocytes after the infection. Optical microscopy analysis showed histopathological changes with inflammatory infiltrates, edemas, ganglionitis, and Leishmania amastigotes in the ileums of infected hamsters. We observed changes in the organ histoarchitecture of infected hamsters when compared to control groups, such as thicker muscular and submucosa layers, deeper and wider crypts, and taller and broader villi. The number of intraepithelial lymphocytes and TGF-β-immunoreactive cells increased in all infected groups when compared to the control groups. Mast cells increased with longer infection periods. The infection also caused remodeling of intestinal collagen and morphometry of myenteric and submucosal plexus neurons; but this effect was dependent on infection duration. Our results show that L. (V.) braziliensis infection caused time-dependent alterations in hamster ileums. This was demonstrated by the reduction of inflammatory cells and the increase of tissue regeneration factors at 120 days of infection. The infected groups demonstrated different profiles in organ histoarchitecture, migration of immune cells, and morphometry of ENS neurons. These findings suggest that the small intestine (or at least the ileum) is a target organ for L. (V.) braziliensis infection, as the infection caused changes that were dependent on duration and strain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Erick Lincoln Carneiro
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Lainy Leiny de Lima
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | | | | | - Debora de Mello Gonçales Sant'Ana
- Biosciences and Physiopathology Program, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil.,Department of Morphological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Gessilda de Alcantara Nogueira-Melo
- Biosciences and Physiopathology Program, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil.,Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
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12
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Macrophage Polarization in the Skin Lesion Caused by Neotropical Species of Leishmania sp. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:5596876. [PMID: 33937417 PMCID: PMC8055412 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5596876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play important roles in the innate and acquired immune responses against Leishmania parasites. Depending on the subset and activation status, macrophages may eliminate intracellular parasites; however, these host cells also can offer a safe environment for Leishmania replication. In this sense, the fate of the parasite may be influenced by the phenotype of the infected macrophage, linked to the subtype of classically activated (M1) or alternatively activated (M2) macrophages. In the present study, M1 and M2 macrophage subsets were analyzed by double-staining immunohistochemistry in skin biopsies from patients with American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) caused by L. (L.) amazonensis, L. (V.) braziliensis, L. (V.) panamensis ,and L. (L.) infantum chagasi. High number of M1 macrophages was detected in nonulcerated cutaneous leishmaniasis (NUCL) caused by L. (L.) infantum chagasi (M1 = 112 ± 12, M2 = 43 ± 12 cells/mm2). On the other side, high density of M2 macrophages was observed in the skin lesions of patients with anergic diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (ADCL) (M1 = 195 ± 25, M2 = 616 ± 114), followed by cases of localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) caused by L. (L.) amazonensis (M1 = 97 ± 24, M2 = 219 ± 29), L. (V.) panamensis (M1 = 71 ± 14, M2 = 164 ± 14), and L. (V.) braziliensis (M1 = 50 ± 13, M2 = 53 ± 10); however, low density of M2 macrophages was observed in NUCL. The data presented herein show the polarization of macrophages in skin lesions caused by different Leishmania species that may be related with the outcome of the disease.
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13
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Kawakami MYM, Zamora LO, Araújo RS, Fernandes CP, Ricotta TQN, de Oliveira LG, Queiroz-Junior CM, Fernandes AP, da Conceição EC, Ferreira LAM, Barros ALB, Aguiar MG, Oliveira AEMFM. Efficacy of nanoemulsion with Pterodon emarginatus Vogel oleoresin for topical treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 134:111109. [PMID: 33341050 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a neglected tropical skin disease caused by the protozoan genus Leishmania. The treatment is restricted to a handful number of drugs that exhibit toxic effects, limited efficacy, and drug resistance. Additionally, developing an effective topical treatment is still an enormous unmet medical challenge. Natural oils, e.g. the oleoresin from P. emarginatus fruits (SO), contain various bioactive molecules, especially terpenoid compounds such as diterpenes and sesquiterpenes. However, its use in topical formulations can be impaired due to the natural barrier of the skin for low water solubility compounds. Nanoemulsions (NE) are drug delivery systems able to increase penetration of lipophilic compounds throughout the skin, improving their topical effect. In this context, we propose the use of SO-containing NE (SO-NE) for CL treatment. The SO-NE was produced by a low energy method and presented suitable physicochemical characteristic: average diameter and polydispersity index lower than 180 nm and 0.2, respectively. Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis-infected BALB/c mice were given topical doses of SO or SO-NE. The topical use of a combination of SO-NE and intraperitoneal meglumine antimoniate reduced lesion size by 41 % and tissue regeneration was proven by histopathological analyses. In addition, a reduction in the parasitic load and decreased in the level of IFN-γ in the lesion may be associated, as well as a lower level of the cytokine IL-10 may be associated with a less intense inflammatory process. The present study suggests that SO-NE in combination meglumine antimoniate represents a promising alternative for the topical treatment of CL caused by L. (L.) amazonensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Y M Kawakami
- Department of Biological Sciences and Health, Amapá Federal University, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil
| | - Lisset Ortiz Zamora
- Department of Biological Sciences and Health, Amapá Federal University, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil
| | - Raquel S Araújo
- Department of Biological Sciences and Health, Amapá Federal University, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil
| | - Caio P Fernandes
- Department of Biological Sciences and Health, Amapá Federal University, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil
| | - Tiago Q N Ricotta
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Leandro G de Oliveira
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Celso M Queiroz-Junior
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Fernandes
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Edemilson C da Conceição
- Laboratory of Research, Development and Innovation of Bioproducts, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Lucas A M Ferreira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - André L B Barros
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marta G Aguiar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Anna E M F M Oliveira
- Department of Biological Sciences and Health, Amapá Federal University, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil.
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14
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Vago JP, Tavares LP, Riccardi C, Teixeira MM, Sousa LP. Exploiting the pro-resolving actions of glucocorticoid-induced proteins Annexin A1 and GILZ in infectious diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 133:111033. [PMID: 33378946 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
For decades, glucocorticoids (GC) have been used to treat several inflammatory conditions, including chronic and autoimmune diseases, due to their potent anti-inflammatory properties. In the context of infectious diseases, the use of GCs may be effective as adjuvant to antibiotic therapy by controlling excessive inflammatory responses resulting in better outcome in some cases. However, the use of GCs has been associated with a vast number of side effects, including increased probability of immunosuppression and consequent risk of opportunistic infection. Glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) and Annexin A1 (AnxA1) are GC-induced proteins intrinsically involved with the anti-inflammatory functions of GCs without the associated adverse metabolic effects. Recent studies have shown that these GC-proteins exhibit pro-resolving effects. An essential characteristic of pro-resolving molecules is their ability to coordinate the resolution of inflammation and promote host defense in most experimental models of infection. Although the role of GILZ and AnxA1 in the context of infectious diseases remain to be better explored, herein we provide an overview of the emerging functions of these GC-proteins obtained from pre-clinical models of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana P Vago
- Signaling in Inflammation Laboratory, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Luciana P Tavares
- Signaling in Inflammation Laboratory, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Carlo Riccardi
- Departament of Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Mauro M Teixeira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lirlândia P Sousa
- Signaling in Inflammation Laboratory, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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15
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Dutra BM, Rodrigues NLDC, Fonseca FRM, de Moura TR, Pacheco de Almeida R, de Jesus AR, Abreu TM, Pompeu MMDL, Teixeira CR, Teixeira MJ. CXCL10 immunomodulatory effect against infection caused by an antimony refractory isolate of Leishmania braziliensis in mice. Parasite Immunol 2020; 43:e12805. [PMID: 33131089 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania braziliensis is the main causative agent of American tegumentary leishmaniasis in Brazil. Current treatment includes different drugs that have important side effects and identification of cases of parasite resistance to treatment support the search for new therapeutic strategies. Recent findings have indicated that CXCL10, a chemokine that recruits and activates Th1 cells, NK cells, macrophages, dendritic cells and B lymphocytes, is a potential alternative to treat Leishmania infection. Here, we tested CXCL10 immunotherapy against experimental infection caused by an antimony-resistant isolate of Leishmania braziliensis. Following infection, mice were treated with CXCL10 for 7 days after onset of lesions. We demonstrate that mice treated with CXCL10 controlled lesion progression and parasite burden more efficiently comparing to controls. An increased IFN-γ, IL-10, TGF-β and low IL-4 production combined with a distinct inflammatory infiltrate composed by activated macrophages, lymphocytes and granulomas was observed in the CXCL10-treated group comparing to controls. However, CXCL10 and Glucantime combined therapy did not improve CXCL10-induced protective effect. Our findings reinforce the potential of CXCL10 immunotherapy as an alternative treatment against infection caused by L. braziliensis resistant to conventional chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brunheld Maia Dutra
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Amélia Ribeiro de Jesus
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pathology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracajú, Brazil
| | - Ticiana Monteiro Abreu
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maria Jania Teixeira
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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16
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Genetic variability of molecules involved in the disease pathogenesis in Leishmania infection. Exp Parasitol 2020; 218:108007. [PMID: 32979344 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.108007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are the primary host cell for Leishmania parasites, by Toll like receptors (TLR-MyD88) that are central components of the innate and adaptive immunity against leishmania infection. The CD40/CD40L interaction has also been shown to be important in resistance to various protozoa. In this context, one of the most important properties of suppressors of cytokine signalling (SOCS) proteins, especially SOCS1 and SOCS3, is the regulation of macrophages cell for Leishmania parasites. In the present study we evaluated variants of molecules involved in activation and modulation of leishmanicidal signaling cascades and the possible associations between polymorphisms present in the TLR2, TLR4, MyD88, CD40, SOCS1, SOCS3 genes with susceptibility/resistent to Leishmania. The results suggest the absence of any association between TLR2 and TLR4 variants and susceptibility to Leishmaniasis. Analysis of the nucleotide sequence encoding the TIR recognition domain of the MyD88 molecule showed that it is highly conserved when compared to the reference sequences. In contrast, heterozygous rs 12953258, which reflects a decrease in the expression of SOCS3, suggesting that it may be involved in the leishmaniasis susceptibility. This study is a first advance in the analysis of polymorphisms of genes involved in the signaling pathway of the macrophage and their relationship with leishmaniases infection and disease progression.
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17
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Bhattacharya A, Corbeil A, do Monte-Neto RL, Fernandez-Prada C. Of Drugs and Trypanosomatids: New Tools and Knowledge to Reduce Bottlenecks in Drug Discovery. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11070722. [PMID: 32610603 PMCID: PMC7397081 DOI: 10.3390/genes11070722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis (Leishmania species), sleeping sickness (Trypanosoma brucei), and Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi) are devastating and globally spread diseases caused by trypanosomatid parasites. At present, drugs for treating trypanosomatid diseases are far from ideal due to host toxicity, elevated cost, limited access, and increasing rates of drug resistance. Technological advances in parasitology, chemistry, and genomics have unlocked new possibilities for novel drug concepts and compound screening technologies that were previously inaccessible. In this perspective, we discuss current models used in drug-discovery cascades targeting trypanosomatids (from in vitro to in vivo approaches), their use and limitations in a biological context, as well as different examples of recently discovered lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Bhattacharya
- Department of Microbiology, Adamas University, Kolkata, West Bengal 700 126, India;
| | - Audrey Corbeil
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada;
| | | | - Christopher Fernandez-Prada
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-450-773-8521 (ext. 32802)
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18
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Saberi R, Fakhar M, Mohebali M, Anvari D, Gholami S. Global status of synchronizing Leishmania RNA virus in Leishmania parasites: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:2244-2251. [PMID: 31376334 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is one of the most neglected tropical diseases caused by protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Leishmania. There is much evidence regarding prevalence of Leishmania RNAvirus (LRV) causing Old World leishmaniasis (OWL) and New World leishmaniasis (NWL); however, a combined evidence-based knowledge on this topic is not still available. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to address the global status of synchronizing LRV in Leishmania in the available literature. The data were systematically collected from the English electronic databases up to May 2018. Then, the studies were screened based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The random-effect model was used by forest plot with 95% confidence interval (CI). Overall, 877 samples from 17 articles were included in this study. Given species of Leishmania, the highest prevalence of LRV belonged to Leishmania (L.) Viannia (V.) guyanensis and L. V. braziliensis. Additionally, the virus was detected also in L. V. amazonensis, L. V. panamanensis, L. V. lainsoni, L. aethiopica, L. major and L. infantum. By random-effect model, the global prevalence of LRV was estimated to be 26.2% (95% CI: 14.4% - 40.1%). The high prevalence of LRV among causative agents of NWLisolated from the metastatic clinical forms suggests potential association of LRV with metastatic clinical forms in New World endemic regions. A comprehensive investigation on experimental and clinical aspects of LRV is needed to fully appraise the role of these viruses in pathogenicity of Leishmania parasites and their drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Saberi
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran.,Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mahdi Fakhar
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mohebali
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Anvari
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
| | - Sara Gholami
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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19
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Mucosal leishmaniasis: A forgotten disease, description and identification of species in 50 Colombian cases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 39:58-65. [PMID: 31529834 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v39i3.4347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mucosal leishmaniasis has a progressive course and can cause deformity and even mutilation in the affected areas. It is endemic in the American continent and it is mainly caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. OBJECTIVE To describe a series of mucosal leishmaniasis cases and the infectious Leishmania species. MATERIALS AND METHODS We included 50 patients with a clinical diagnosis of mucosal leishmaniasis and parasitological confirmation, and we described their clinical and laboratory results. We performed species typing by PCR-RFLP using the miniexon sequence and hsp70 genes; confirmation was done by sequencing. RESULTS The median time of disease evolution was 2.9 years (range: 1 month to 16 years). The relevant clinical findings included mucosal infiltration (94%), cutaneous leishmaniasis scar (74%), total loss of the nasal septum (24%), nasal deformity (22%), and mucosal ulceration (38%). The symptoms reported included nasal obstruction (90%), epistaxis (72%), rhinorrhea (72%), dysphonia (28%), dysphagia (18%), and nasal pruritus (34%). The histopathological study revealed a pattern compatible with leishmaniasis in 86% of the biopsies, and amastigotes were identified in 14% of them. The Montenegro skin test was positive in 86% of patients, immunofluorescence in 84%, and culture in 8%. Leishmania (V.) braziliensis was identified in 88% of the samples, L. (V) panamensis in 8%, and L. (V.) guyanensis and L. (L.) amazonensis in 2% respectively. CONCLUSION In this study, we found a severe nasal disease with destruction and deformity of the nasal septum in 25% of the cases, probably associated with late diagnosis. Leishmania (V.) braziliensis was the predominant species. We described a case of mucosal leishmaniasis in Colombia caused by L. (L.) amazonensis for the first time.
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20
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Cataneo AHD, Tomiotto-Pellissier F, Miranda-Sapla MM, Assolini JP, Panis C, Kian D, Yamauchi LM, Colado Simão AN, Casagrande R, Pinge-Filho P, Costa IN, Verri WA, Conchon-Costa I, Pavanelli WR. Quercetin promotes antipromastigote effect by increasing the ROS production and anti-amastigote by upregulating Nrf2/HO-1 expression, affecting iron availability. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 113:108745. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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21
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Tibúrcio R, Nunes S, Nunes I, Rosa Ampuero M, Silva IB, Lima R, Machado Tavares N, Brodskyn C. Molecular Aspects of Dendritic Cell Activation in Leishmaniasis: An Immunobiological View. Front Immunol 2019; 10:227. [PMID: 30873156 PMCID: PMC6401646 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are a diverse group of leukocytes responsible for bridging innate and adaptive immunity. Despite their functional versatility, DCs exist primarily in two basic functional states: immature and mature. A large body of evidence suggests that upon interactions with pathogens, DCs undergo intricate cellular processes that culminate in their activation, which is paramount to the orchestration of effective immune responses against Leishmania parasites. Herein we offer a concise review of the emerging hallmarks of DCs activation in leishmaniasis as well as a comprehensive discussion of the following underlying molecular events: DC-Leishmania interaction, antigen uptake, costimulatory molecule expression, parasite ability to affect DC migration, antigen presentation, metabolic reprogramming, and epigenetic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Tibúrcio
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Sara Nunes
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Ivanéia Nunes
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Mariana Rosa Ampuero
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Icaro Bonyek Silva
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Reinan Lima
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Natalia Machado Tavares
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT) iii Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Brodskyn
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT) iii Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, São Paulo, Brazil
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22
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Łanocha-Arendarczyk N, Kolasa-Wołosiuk A, Wojciechowska-Koszko I, Kot K, Roszkowska P, Krasnodębska-Szponder B, Paczkowska E, Machaliński B, Łuczkowska K, Wiszniewska B, Kosik-Bogacka D. Changes in the immune system in experimental acanthamoebiasis in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed hosts. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:517. [PMID: 30236160 PMCID: PMC6149055 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3108-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acanthamoebiasis is most often found in patients with immune deficiency, with infections facilitated by the intake of immunosuppressive drugs. The host immune response to Acanthamoeba spp. infection is poorly understood. Thus, in this study, we aimed to examine the course of Acanthamoeba spp. infection taking into account the host’s immunological status, including assessment of the hematological parameters, cytokine analysis, immunophenotypic changes in spleen populations, and histological spleen changes, which could help clarify some aspects of the immune response to acanthamoebiasis. In our experimental study, we used Acanthamoeba strain AM 22 isolated from the bronchoaspirate of a patient with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and atypical pneumonia symptoms. Results Acanthamoeba spp. affected the hematological parameters in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed mice and induced a change in spleen weight during infection. Moreover, analysis of anti-inflammatory (IL-4 and IL-10) and pro-inflammatory (IL-17A and IFN-γ) cytokines produced by splenocytes stimulated with concanavalin A demonstrated that Acanthamoeba spp. induced a selective Th1, Th2 and Th17 response at later stages of the infection in immunocompetent hosts. In the case of hosts with low immunity, Acanthamoeba elicited robust Th1 cell-mediated immunity without the participation of Th17. We observed suppression of CD8+ and CD4+ T lymphocytes and CD3+CD4-CD8- double-negative (DN) T lymphocyte populations in the beginning, and in the case of CD3+/CD4+/CD8+ double-positive (DP) T cells in the final phase of Acanthamoeba spp. infection in hosts with low immunity. Also, CD4+T lymphocytes and CD3+/CD4+ and CD3+/CD8+ lymphocyte counts during each stage of acanthamoebiasis were shown to be upregulated. Conclusions We demonstrated that analysis of the immune response and pathogenesis mechanisms of clinical isolates of Acanthamoeba spp. in an animal model not only has purely cognitive significance but above all, may help in the development of effective methods of pharmacological therapy especially in patients with low immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Łanocha-Arendarczyk
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kolasa-Wołosiuk
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Iwona Wojciechowska-Koszko
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Karolina Kot
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Paulina Roszkowska
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Barbara Krasnodębska-Szponder
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Edyta Paczkowska
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Bogusław Machaliński
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Karolina Łuczkowska
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Barbara Wiszniewska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Danuta Kosik-Bogacka
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204, Szczecin, Poland.
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23
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Calegari-Silva TC, Vivarini ÁC, Pereira RDMS, Dias-Teixeira KL, Rath CT, Pacheco ASS, Silva GBL, Pinto CAS, Dos Santos JV, Saliba AM, Corbett CEP, de Castro Gomes CM, Fasel N, Lopes UG. Leishmania amazonensis downregulates macrophage iNOS expression via Histone Deacetylase 1 (HDAC1): a novel parasite evasion mechanism. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:1188-1198. [PMID: 29645094 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The induced expression of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) controls the intracellular growth of Leishmania in infected macrophages. Histones deacetylases (HDACs) negatively regulate gene expression through the formation of complexes containing transcription factors such as NF-κB p50/50. Herein, we demonstrated the occupancy of p50/p50_HDAC1 to iNOS promoter associated with reduced levels of H3K9Ac. Remarkably, we found increased levels of HDAC1 in L. amazonensis-infected macrophages. HDAC1 upregulation was not found in L. major-infected macrophages. The parasite intracellular load was reduced in HDAC1 knocked-down macrophages, which presented increased nitric oxide levels. HDAC1 silencing led to the occupancy of CBP/p300 to iNOS promoter and the rise of H3K9Ac modification. Importantly, the immunostaining of skin samples from hiporeactive cutaneous leishmaniasis patients infected with L. amazonensis, revealed high levels of HDAC1. In brief, L. amazonensis induces HDAC1 in infected macrophages, which contribute to parasite survival and is associated to hiporeactive stage found in L. amazonensis infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa C Calegari-Silva
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Áislan C Vivarini
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Renata de M S Pereira
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Karina L Dias-Teixeira
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carolina T Rath
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Amanda S S Pacheco
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gabrielle B L Silva
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Charlene A S Pinto
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - José V Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alessandra M Saliba
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos E P Corbett
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Nicolas Fasel
- Departamento of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Ulisses G Lopes
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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24
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Amorim CF, Galina L, Carvalho NB, Sperotto NDM, Pissinate K, Machado P, Campos MM, Basso LA, Rodrigues-Junior VS, Carvalho EM, Santos DS. Inhibitory activity of pentacyano(isoniazid)ferrate(II), IQG-607, against promastigotes and amastigotes forms of Leishmania braziliensis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0190294. [PMID: 29281707 PMCID: PMC5745003 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
M. tuberculosis and parasites of the genus Leishmania present the type II fatty acid biosynthesis system (FASII). The pentacyano(isoniazid)ferrate(II) compound, named IQG-607, inhibits the enzyme 2-trans-enoyl-ACP(CoA) reductase from M. tuberculosis, a key component in the FASII system. Here, we aimed to evaluate the inhibitory activity of IQG-607 against promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis isolated from patients with different clinical forms of L. braziliensis infection, including cutaneous, mucosal and disseminated leishmaniasis. Importantly, IQG-607 inhibited the proliferation of three different isolates of L. braziliensis promastigotes associated with cutaneous, mucosal and disseminated leishmaniasis. The IC50 values for IQG-607 ranged from 32 to 75 μM, for these forms. Additionally, IQG-607 treatment decreased the proliferation of intracellular amastigotes in infected macrophages, after an analysis of the percentage of infected cells and the number of intracellular parasites/100 cells. IQG-607 reduced from 58% to 98% the proliferation of L. braziliensis from cutaneous, mucosal and disseminated strains. Moreover, IQG-607 was also evaluated regarding its potential toxic profile, by using different cell lines. Cell viability of the lineages Vero, HaCat and HepG2 was significantly reduced after incubation with concentrations of IQG-607 higher than 2 mM. Importantly, IQG-607, in a concentration of 1 mM, did not induce DNA damage in HepG2 cells, when compared to the untreated control group. Future studies will confirm the mechanism of action of IQG-607 against L. braziliensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila F. Amorim
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Luiza Galina
- Centro de Pesquisas em Biologia Molecular e Funcional, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Natália B. Carvalho
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Nathalia D. M. Sperotto
- Centro de Pesquisas em Biologia Molecular e Funcional, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Kenia Pissinate
- Centro de Pesquisas em Biologia Molecular e Funcional, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Pablo Machado
- Centro de Pesquisas em Biologia Molecular e Funcional, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Maria M. Campos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Instituto de Toxicologia e Farmacologia, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luiz A. Basso
- Centro de Pesquisas em Biologia Molecular e Funcional, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Valnês S. Rodrigues-Junior
- Centro de Pesquisas em Biologia Molecular e Funcional, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- * E-mail: (EMC); (VSRJ)
| | - Edgar M. Carvalho
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Gonçalo Muniz – Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- * E-mail: (EMC); (VSRJ)
| | - Diógenes Santiago Santos
- Centro de Pesquisas em Biologia Molecular e Funcional, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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25
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Parasite Killing of Leishmania (V) braziliensis by Standardized Propolis Extracts. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:6067172. [PMID: 28690662 PMCID: PMC5485350 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6067172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Treatments based on antimonials to cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) entail a range of toxic side effects. Propolis, a natural compound widely used in traditional medical applications, exhibits a range of biological effects, including activity against infectious agents. The aim of this study was to test the potential leishmanicidal effects of different propolis extracts against Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes in vitro. Stationary-phase L. (V) braziliensis promastigotes were incubated with medium alone or treated with dry, alcoholic, or glycolic propolis extract (10, 50, or 100 μg/mL) for 96 h. Our data showed that all extracts exhibited a dose-dependent effect on the viability of L. (V) braziliensis promastigotes, while controlling the parasite burden inside infected macrophages. Dry propolis extract significantly modified the inflammatory profile of murine macrophages by downmodulating TGF-β and IL-10 production, while upmodulating TNF-α. All three types of propolis extract were found to reduce nitric oxide and superoxide levels in activated L. braziliensis-infected macrophages. Altogether, our results showed that propolis extracts exhibited a leishmanicidal effect against both stages of L. (V) braziliensis. The low cell toxicity and efficient microbicidal effect of alcoholic or glycolic propolis extracts make them candidates to an additive treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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26
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Abstract
The interleukin-17 (IL-17) family cytokines, such as IL-17A and IL-17F, play
important protective roles in host immune response to a variety of infections
such as bacterial, fungal, parasitic, and viral. The IL-17R signaling and
downstream pathways mediate induction of proinflammatory molecules which
participate in control of these pathogens. However, the production of IL-17 can
also mediate pathology and inflammation associated with infections. In this
review, we will discuss the yin-and-yang roles of IL-17 in host immunity to
pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibali Das
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Shabaana Khader
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
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27
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Saldanha MG, Queiroz A, Machado PRL, de Carvalho LP, Scott P, de Carvalho Filho EM, Arruda S. Characterization of the Histopathologic Features in Patients in the Early and Late Phases of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 96:645-652. [PMID: 28115669 PMCID: PMC5361539 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), characterized by an ulcerated lesion, is the most common clinical form of human leishmaniasis. Before the ulcer develops, patients infected with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis present a small papule at the site of the sandfly bite, referred to as early cutaneous leishmaniasis (E-CL). Two to four weeks later the typical ulcer develops, which is considered here as late CL (L-CL). Although there is a great deal known about T-cell responses in patients with L-CL, there is little information about the in situ inflammatory response in E-CL. Histological sections of skin biopsies from 15 E-CL and 28 L-CL patients were stained by hematoxilin and eosin to measure the area infiltrated by cells, as well as tissue necrosis. Leishmania braziliensis amastigotes, CD4+, CD8+, CD20+, and CD68+ cells were identified and quantified by immunohistochemistry. The number of amastigotes in E-CL was higher than in L-CL, and the inflammation area was larger in classical ulcers than in E-CL. There was no relationship between the number of parasites and magnitude of the inflammation area, or with the lesion size. However, there was a direct correlation between the number of macrophages and the lesion size in E-CL, and between the number of macrophages and necrotic area throughout the course of the disease. These positive correlations suggest that macrophages are directly involved in the pathology of L. braziliensis-induced lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maíra G Saldanha
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Adriano Queiroz
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Paulo Roberto L Machado
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Lucas P de Carvalho
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Phillip Scott
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Edgar M de Carvalho Filho
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Arruda
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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28
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Oliveira LG, Souza-Testasicca MC, Vago JP, Figueiredo AB, Canavaci AMC, Perucci LO, Ferreira TPT, Coelho EAF, Gonçalves DU, Rocha MOC, E Silva PMR, Ferreira CN, Queiroz-Junior C, Sousa LP, Fernandes AP. Annexin A1 Is Involved in the Resolution of Inflammatory Responses during Leishmania braziliensis Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:3227-3236. [PMID: 28289158 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1602028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniases are diseases caused by several Leishmania species. Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis can cause localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL), which heals spontaneously, or mucosal leishmaniasis (ML), characterized by chronic and intense inflammation and scanty parasitism. Annexin A1 (AnxA1) is a protein involved in modulation and resolution of inflammation through multiple mechanisms. In the present study, the role of AnxA1 was investigated in L. braziliensis-infected BALB/c mice. AnxA1 levels increased at the peak of tissue lesion and parasitism in infected mice. AnxA1 increased also after L. braziliensis infection of BALB/c (wild-type [WT]) bone marrow derived macrophages. Despite a lower parasite intake, parasite burden in bone marrow-derived macrophages from AnxA1-/- mice was similar to WT and associated with an early increase of TNF-α and, later, of IL-10. AnxA1-/- mice controlled tissue parasitism similarly to WT animals, but they developed significantly larger lesions at later stages of infection, with a more pronounced inflammatory infiltrate and increased specific production of IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-10. AnxA1-/- mice also presented higher phosphorylation levels of ERK-1/2 and p65/RelA (NF-κB) and inducible NO synthase expression, suggesting that AnxA1 may be involved in modulation of inflammation in this model of experimental leishmaniasis. Finally, assessment of AnxA1 levels in sera from patients with LCL or ML revealed that ML patients had higher levels of serum AnxA1 than did LCL patients or control subjects. Collectively, these data indicate that AnxA1 is actively expressed during L. braziliensis infection. In the absence of AnxA1, mice are fully able to control parasite replication, but they present more intense inflammatory responses and delayed ability to resolve their lesion size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro G Oliveira
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Míriam C Souza-Testasicca
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Juliana P Vago
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil.,Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901 Brazil
| | - Amanda Braga Figueiredo
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Adriana M C Canavaci
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Luiza Oliveira Perucci
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo A F Coelho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; and
| | - Denise Utsch Gonçalves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; and
| | - Manoel Otávio C Rocha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; and
| | - Patrícia M R E Silva
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Cláudia N Ferreira
- Setor de Patologia Clínica, Colégio Técnico, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901 Brazil
| | - Celso Queiroz-Junior
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901 Brazil
| | - Lirlândia P Sousa
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil.,Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901 Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Fernandes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil;
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29
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Carneiro MW, Fukutani KF, Andrade BB, Curvelo RP, Cristal JR, Carvalho AM, Barral A, Van Weyenbergh J, Barral-Netto M, de Oliveira CI. Gene Expression Profile of High IFN-γ Producers Stimulated with Leishmania braziliensis Identifies Genes Associated with Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0005116. [PMID: 27870860 PMCID: PMC5117592 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The initial response to Leishmania parasites is essential in determining disease development or resistance. In vitro, a divergent response to Leishmania, characterized by high or low IFN-γ production has been described as a potential tool to predict both vaccine response and disease susceptibility in vivo. Methods and findings We identified uninfected and healthy individuals that were shown to be either high- or low IFN-γ producers (HPs and LPs, respectively) following stimulation of peripheral blood cells with Leishmania braziliensis. Following stimulation, RNA was processed for gene expression analysis using immune gene arrays. Both HPs and LPs were shown to upregulate the expression of CXCL10, IFI27, IL6 and LTA. Genes expressed in HPs only (CCL7, IL8, IFI44L and IL1B) were associated with pathways related to IL17 and TREM 1 signaling. In LPs, uniquely expressed genes (for example IL9, IFI44, IFIT1 and IL2RA) were associated with pathways related to pattern recognition receptors and interferon signaling. We then investigated whether the unique gene expression profiles described here could be recapitulated in vivo, in individuals with active Cutaneous Leishmaniasis or with subclinical infection. Indeed, using a set of six genes (TLR2, JAK2, IFI27, IFIT1, IRF1 and IL6) modulated in HPs and LPs, we could successfully discriminate these two clinical groups. Finally, we demonstrate that these six genes are significantly overexpressed in CL lesions. Conclusion Upon interrogation of the peripheral response of naive individuals with diverging IFN-γ production to L. braziliensis, we identified differences in the innate response to the parasite that are recapitulated in vivo and that discriminate CL patients from individuals presenting a subclinical infection. Control and development of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) are dependent on the host immunological response. One of the key molecules in determining elimination of Leishmania parasites from the infected host cell is the cytokine interferon gamma (IFN-γ). The aim of this study was to investigate which immune response genes are associated with the production of IFN-γ in the context of Leishmania infection. We identified individuals that are high- or low IFN-γ producers upon stimulation of their peripheral blood cells with Leishmania parasites. We then determined the immune gene expression profile of these individuals and we identified a set of genes that are differentially expressed comparing high- and low IFN-γ producers. The expression of these genes was also evaluated in patients with CL and in individuals with a subclinical Leishmania infection (SC). In this setting, the overall pattern of expression of this particular gene combination discriminated the CL patients x from SC individuals. Understanding the initial response to Leishmania may lead to the identification of markers that are associated with development of CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia W. Carneiro
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno B. Andrade
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
- Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER) Initiative, Fundação José Silveira, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Rebecca P. Curvelo
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | | | | | - Aldina Barral
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
- Federal University of Bahia School of Medicine, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Johan Van Weyenbergh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Manoel Barral-Netto
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
- Federal University of Bahia School of Medicine, Salvador, Brazil
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Davis RE, Sharma S, Conceição J, Carneiro P, Novais F, Scott P, Sundar S, Bacellar O, Carvalho EM, Wilson ME. Phenotypic and functional characteristics of HLA-DR + neutrophils in Brazilians with cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 101:739-749. [PMID: 28076241 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4a0915-442rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The protozoan Leishmania braziliensis causes cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in endemic regions. In murine models, neutrophils (PMNs) are recruited to the site of infection soon after parasite inoculation. However, the roles of neutrophils during chronic infection and in human disease remain undefined. We hypothesized that neutrophils help maintain a systemic inflammatory state in subjects with CL. Lesion biopsies from all patients with CL tested contained neutrophils expressing HLA-DR, a molecule thought to be restricted to professional antigen-presenting cells. Although CL is a localized disease, a subset of patients with CL also had circulating neutrophils expressing HLA-DR and the costimulatory molecules CD80, CD86, and CD40. PMNs isolated from a low-density leukocyte blood fraction (LD-PMNs) contained a higher percentage of HLA-DR+ PMNs than did normal-density PMNs. In vitro coculture experiments suggested LD-PMNs do not suppress T cell responses, differentiating them from MDSCs. Flow-sorted HLA-DR+ PMNs morphologically resembled conventional PMNs, and they exhibited functional properties of PMNs. Compared with conventional PMNs, HLA-DR+ PMNs showed increased activation, degranulation, DHR123 oxidation, and phagocytic capacity. A few HLA-DR+ PMNs were observed in healthy subjects, and that proportion could be increased by incubation in either inflammatory cytokines or in plasma from a patient with CL. This was accompanied by an increase in PMN hladrb1 mRNA, suggesting a possible connection between neutrophil "priming" and up-regulation of HLA-DR. These data suggest that PMNs that are primed for activation and that also express surface markers of antigen-presenting cells emerge in the circulation and infected tissue lesions of patients with CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Davis
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Smriti Sharma
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jacilara Conceição
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais, INCT-DT (CNPq/MCT), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Pedro Carneiro
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais, INCT-DT (CNPq/MCT), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Novais
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Phillip Scott
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Olivia Bacellar
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais, INCT-DT (CNPq/MCT), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Edgar M Carvalho
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais, INCT-DT (CNPq/MCT), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Fundação Gonçalo Muniz, Fiocruz-Bahia, Salvador, Bahia Brazil
| | - Mary E Wilson
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA; .,Departments of Internal Medicine and Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA; and.,Research Service, Iowa City Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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31
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McGwire BS, Satoskar AR. Treatment Options for Leishmaniasis. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40588-016-0048-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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32
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Christensen SM, Dillon LAL, Carvalho LP, Passos S, Novais FO, Hughitt VK, Beiting DP, Carvalho EM, Scott P, El-Sayed NM, Mosser DM. Meta-transcriptome Profiling of the Human-Leishmania braziliensis Cutaneous Lesion. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004992. [PMID: 27631090 PMCID: PMC5025153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Host and parasite gene expression in skin biopsies from Leishmania braziliensis-infected patients were simultaneously analyzed using high throughput RNA-sequencing. Biopsies were taken from 8 patients with early cutaneous leishmaniasis and 17 patients with late cutaneous leishmaniasis. Although parasite DNA was found in all patient lesions at the time of biopsy, the patients could be stratified into two groups: one lacking detectable parasite transcripts (PTNeg) in lesions, and another in which parasite transcripts were readily detected (PTPos). These groups exhibited substantial differences in host responses to infection. PTPos biopsies contained an unexpected increase in B lymphocyte-specific and immunoglobulin transcripts in the lesions, and an upregulation of immune inhibitory molecules. Biopsies without detectable parasite transcripts showed decreased evidence for B cell activation, but increased expression of antimicrobial genes and genes encoding skin barrier functions. The composition and abundance of L. braziliensis transcripts in PTPos lesions were surprisingly conserved among all six patients, with minimal meaningful differences between lesions from patients with early and late cutaneous leishmaniasis. The most abundant parasite transcripts expressed in lesions were distinct from transcripts expressed in vitro in human macrophage cultures infected with L. amazonensis or L. major. Therefore in vitro gene expression in macrophage monolayers may not be a strong predictor of gene expression in lesions. Some of the most highly expressed in vivo transcripts encoded amastin-like proteins, hypothetical genes, putative parasite virulence factors, as well as histones and tubulin. In summary, RNA sequencing allowed us to simultaneously analyze human and L. braziliensis transcriptomes in lesions of infected patients, and identify unexpected differences in host immune responses which correlated with active transcription of parasite genes. Leishmania spp are intracellular protozoan parasites that replicate primarily within host tissue macrophages. In this paper we simultaneously query host and parasite gene expression in human cutaneous L. braziliensis lesions. We observe an unexpectedly prominent role for B cells and immunoglobulins in lesions in which actively transcribing parasites reside. We also observe that parasite gene expression is surprisingly conserved among L. braziliensis lesions, and the genes that are expressed in lesions are not those that have been previously associated with parasite growth in vitro. This analysis of parasite and host gene expression in lesions may lead to the identification of new parasite virulence factors and may identify host responses that promote parasite persistence in lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Christensen
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Laura A. L. Dillon
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Sara Passos
- Universidade Federal da Bahia Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fernanda O. Novais
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - V. Keith Hughitt
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Daniel P. Beiting
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Phillip Scott
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Najib M. El-Sayed
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David M. Mosser
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Cruz AF, Resende RG, Albuquerque DR, de Lacerda JCT, Leite CF, Ferreira Aguiar MC. Mucosal leishmaniasis in Brazilian patients: two case reports with similar clinical presentation and different approaches. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2016; 122:e199-e203. [PMID: 27234853 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2016.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal leishmaniasis is a chronic infection that affects the upper respiratory tract and/or the oral mucosa caused by Leishmania protozoan parasites. We present two cases of oral leishmaniasis and discuss the different diagnostic strategies and treatment. In both cases, the patients were male, 60 and 94 years of age, and presented with lesions on the soft palate. In the first patient, the final diagnosis was made on the basis of histopathologic examination. In the second case, polymerase chain reaction and Montenegro skin test were necessary to confirm the diagnosis. The first patient was treated with meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime), and the lesions healed after 2 months. In the second case, the patient received treatment with liposomal amphotericin B but later died as a result of generalized infection. Mucosal leishmaniasis is a highly disfiguring disease. Early diagnosis is important to prevent a lethal outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Fernanda Cruz
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Camila Ferreira Leite
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria Cássia Ferreira Aguiar
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Exploiting death: apoptotic immunity in microbial pathogenesis. Cell Death Differ 2016; 23:990-6. [PMID: 26943319 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2016.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity typically is responsible for initial host responses against infections. Independently, nucleated cells that die normally as part of the physiological process of homeostasis in mammals (including humans) suppress immunity. Specifically, the physiological process of cell death (apoptosis) generates cells that are recognized specifically by viable cells of all types and elicit a profound transient suppression of host immunity (termed 'innate apoptotic immunity' (IAI)). IAI appears to be important normally for the maintenance of self-tolerance and for the resolution of inflammation. In addition, pathogens are able to take advantage of IAI through a variety of distinct mechanisms, to enable their proliferation within the host and enhance pathogenicity. For example, the protist pathogen Leishmania amazonensis, at its infective stage, mimics apoptotic cells by expressing apoptotic-like protein determinants on the cell surface, triggering immunosuppression directly. In contrast, the pathogenic bacterium Listeria monocytogenes triggers cell death in host lymphocytes, relying on those apoptotic cells to suppress host immune control and facilitate bacterial expansion. Finally, although the inhibition of apoptotic cell death is a common attribute of many viruses which facilitates their extended replication, it is clear that adenoviruses also reprogram the non-apoptotic dead cells that arise subsequently to manifest apoptotic-like immunosuppressive properties. These three instances represent diverse strategies used by microbial pathogens to exploit IAI, focusing attention on the potency of this facet of host immune control. Further examination of these cases will be revealing both of varied mechanisms of pathogenesis and the processes involved in IAI control.
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Gimblet C, Loesche MA, Carvalho L, Carvalho EM, Grice EA, Artis D, Scott P. IL-22 Protects against Tissue Damage during Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134698. [PMID: 26285207 PMCID: PMC4540492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a disease characterized by ulcerating skin lesions, the resolution of which requires an effective, but regulated, immune response that limits parasite growth without causing permanent tissue damage. While mechanisms that control the parasites have been well studied, the factors regulating immunopathologic responses are less well understood. IL-22, a member of the IL-10 family of cytokines, can contribute to wound healing, but in other instances promotes pathology. Here we investigated the role of IL-22 during leishmania infection, and found that IL-22 limits leishmania-induced pathology when a certain threshold of damage is induced by a high dose of parasites. Il22-/- mice developed more severe disease than wild-type mice, with significantly more pathology at the site of infection, and in some cases permanent loss of tissue. The increased inflammation was not due to an increased parasite burden, but rather was associated with the loss of a wound healing phenotype in keratinocytes. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that during cutaneous leishmaniasis, IL-22 can play a previously unappreciated role in controlling leishmania-induced immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara Gimblet
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Loesche
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States of America
| | - Lucas Carvalho
- Serviço de Imunologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia—Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Edgar M. Carvalho
- Serviço de Imunologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia—Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth A. Grice
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States of America
| | - David Artis
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States of America
| | - Phillip Scott
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States of America
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Ferraz R, Cunha CF, Pimentel MI, Lyra MR, Schubach AO, Mendonça SCFD, Da-Cruz AM, Bertho AL. T-cell receptor Vβ repertoire of CD8+ T-lymphocyte subpopulations in cutaneous leishmaniasis patients from the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 110:596-605. [PMID: 26107186 PMCID: PMC4569821 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760150039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In human cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), the immune response is mainly mediated by
T-cells. The role of CD8+ T-lymphocytes, which are related to healing or
deleterious functions, in affecting clinical outcome is controversial. The aim of
this study was to evaluate T-cell receptor diversity in late-differentiated effector
(LDE) and memory CD8+ T-cell subsets in order to create a profile of
specific clones engaged in deleterious or protective CL immune responses. Healthy
subjects, patients with active disease (PAD) and clinically cured patients were
enrolled in the study. Total CD8+ T-lymphocytes showed a disturbance in
the expression of the Vβ2, Vβ9, Vβ13.2, Vβ18 and Vβ23 families. The analyses of
CD8+T-lymphocyte subsets showed high frequencies of LDE
CD8+T-lymphocytes expressing Vβ12 and Vβ22 in PAD, as well as
effector-memory CD8+ T-cells expressing Vβ22. We also observed low
frequencies of effector and central-memory CD8+ T-cells expressing Vβ2 in
PAD, which correlated with a greater lesion size. Particular Vβ expansions point to
CD8+ T-cell clones that are selected during CL immune responses,
suggesting that CD8+ T-lymphocytes expressing Vβ12 or Vβ22 are involved in
a LDE response and that Vβ2 contractions in memory CD8+T-cells are
associated with larger lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Ferraz
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR
| | - Clarissa Ferreira Cunha
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR
| | - Maria Inês Pimentel
- Laboratório de Vigilância em Leishmaniose, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR
| | - Marcelo Rosandiski Lyra
- Laboratório de Vigilância em Leishmaniose, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR
| | - Armando Oliveira Schubach
- Laboratório de Vigilância em Leishmaniose, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR
| | | | - Alda Maria Da-Cruz
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR
| | - Alvaro Luiz Bertho
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR
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Soto M, Corvo L, Garde E, Ramírez L, Iniesta V, Bonay P, Gómez-Nieto C, González VM, Martín ME, Alonso C, Coelho EAF, Barral A, Barral-Netto M, Iborra S. Coadministration of the Three Antigenic Leishmania infantum Poly (A) Binding Proteins as a DNA Vaccine Induces Protection against Leishmania major Infection in BALB/c Mice. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003751. [PMID: 25955652 PMCID: PMC4425485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Highly conserved intracellular proteins from Leishmania have been described as antigens in natural and experimental infected mammals. The present study aimed to evaluate the antigenicity and prophylactic properties of the Leishmania infantum Poly (A) binding proteins (LiPABPs). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Three different members of the LiPABP family have been described. Recombinant tools based on these proteins were constructed: recombinant proteins and DNA vaccines. The three recombinant proteins were employed for coating ELISA plates. Sera from human and canine patients of visceral leishmaniasis and human patients of mucosal leishmaniasis recognized the three LiPABPs. In addition, the protective efficacy of a DNA vaccine based on the combination of the three Leishmania PABPs has been tested in a model of progressive murine leishmaniasis: BALB/c mice infected with Leishmania major. The induction of a Th1-like response against the LiPABP family by genetic vaccination was able to down-regulate the IL-10 predominant responses elicited by parasite LiPABPs after infection in this murine model. This modulation resulted in a partial protection against L. major infection. LiPABP vaccinated mice showed a reduction on the pathology that was accompanied by a decrease in parasite burdens, in antibody titers against Leishmania antigens and in the IL-4 and IL-10 parasite-specific mediated responses in comparison to control mice groups immunized with saline or with the non-recombinant plasmid. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE The results presented here demonstrate for the first time the prophylactic properties of a new family of Leishmania antigenic intracellular proteins, the LiPABPs. The redirection of the immune response elicited against the LiPABP family (from IL-10 towards IFN-γ mediated responses) by genetic vaccination was able to induce a partial protection against the development of the disease in a highly susceptible murine model of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Soto
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail: (MS); (SI)
| | - Laura Corvo
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Garde
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Ramírez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Virginia Iniesta
- LeishmanCeres Laboratory (GLP Compliance Certified), Parasitology Unit. Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Pedro Bonay
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Gómez-Nieto
- LeishmanCeres Laboratory (GLP Compliance Certified), Parasitology Unit. Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Víctor M. González
- Departamento de Bioquímica-Investigación, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Elena Martín
- Departamento de Bioquímica-Investigación, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Alonso
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo A. F. Coelho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Aldina Barral
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz (Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Manoel Barral-Netto
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz (Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Salvador Iborra
- Immunobiology of Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail: (MS); (SI)
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Podinovskaia M, Descoteaux A. Leishmania and the macrophage: a multifaceted interaction. Future Microbiol 2015; 10:111-29. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.14.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Leishmania, the causative agent of leishmaniases, is an intracellular parasite of macrophages, transmitted to humans via the bite of its sand fly vector. This protozoan organism has evolved strategies for efficient uptake into macrophages and is able to regulate phagosome maturation in order to make the phagosome more hospitable for parasite growth and to avoid destruction. As a result, macrophage defenses such as oxidative damage, antigen presentation, immune activation and apoptosis are compromised whereas nutrient availability is improved. Many Leishmania survival factors are involved in shaping the phagosome and reprogramming the macrophage to promote infection. This review details the complexity of the host–parasite interactions and summarizes our latest understanding of key events that make Leishmania such a successful intracellular parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Podinovskaia
- INRS – Institut Armand-Frappier & Center for Host–Parasite Interactions, 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, Quebec, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Albert Descoteaux
- INRS – Institut Armand-Frappier & Center for Host–Parasite Interactions, 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, Quebec, H7V 1B7, Canada
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Morato CI, da Silva IA, Borges AF, Dorta ML, Oliveira MA, Jancar S, Serezani CH, Ribeiro-Dias F. Essential role of leukotriene B4 on Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis killing by human macrophages. Microbes Infect 2014; 16:945-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2014.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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da Silva Santos C, Brodskyn CI. The Role of CD4 and CD8 T Cells in Human Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Front Public Health 2014; 2:165. [PMID: 25325049 PMCID: PMC4178373 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis, caused by infection with parasites of the Leishmania genus, affects millions of individuals worldwide. This disease displays distinct clinical manifestations ranging from self-healing skin lesions to severe tissue damage. The control of Leishmania infection is dependent on cellular immune mechanisms, and evidence has shown that CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes play different roles in the outcome of leishmaniasis. Although the presence of CD4 T cells is important for controlling parasite growth, the results in the literature suggest that the inflammatory response elicited by these cells could contribute to the pathogenesis of lesions. However, recent studies on CD8 T lymphocytes show that these cells are mainly involved in tissue damage through cytotoxic mechanisms. In this review, we focus on the recent advances in the study of the human adaptive immunological response in the pathogenesis of tegumentary leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire da Silva Santos
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz) Bahia , Salvador , Brazil
| | - Cláudia Ida Brodskyn
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz) Bahia , Salvador , Brazil ; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal da Bahia , Salvador , Brazil ; Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia - Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (iii-INCT) , Salvador , Brazil
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41
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Novais FO, Carvalho LP, Passos S, Roos DS, Carvalho EM, Scott P, Beiting DP. Genomic profiling of human Leishmania braziliensis lesions identifies transcriptional modules associated with cutaneous immunopathology. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 135:94-101. [PMID: 25036052 PMCID: PMC4268311 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The host immune response plays a critical role not only in protection from human leishmaniasis, but also in promoting disease severity. Although candidate gene approaches in mouse models of leishmaniasis have been extremely informative, a global understanding of the immune pathways active in lesions from human patients is lacking. To address this issue, genome-wide transcriptional profiling of Leishmania braziliensis-infected cutaneous lesions and normal skin controls was carried out. A signature of the L. braziliensis skin lesion was defined that includes over 2,000 differentially regulated genes. Pathway-level analysis of this transcriptional response revealed key biological pathways present in cutaneous lesions, generating a testable ‘metapathway’ model of immunopathology, and providing new insights for treatment of human leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda O Novais
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lucas P Carvalho
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais-INCT-DT(CNPq/MCT), Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitario Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Sara Passos
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais-INCT-DT(CNPq/MCT), Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitario Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - David S Roos
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Edgar M Carvalho
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais-INCT-DT(CNPq/MCT), Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitario Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Phillip Scott
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Daniel P Beiting
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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42
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Perez AP, Casasco A, Schilrreff P, Tesoriero MVD, Duempelmann L, Pappalardo JS, Altube MJ, Higa L, Morilla MJ, Petray P, Romero EL. Enhanced photodynamic leishmanicidal activity of hydrophobic zinc phthalocyanine within archaeolipids containing liposomes. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:3335-45. [PMID: 25045264 PMCID: PMC4099200 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s60543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, the in vitro anti-Leishmania activity of photodynamic liposomes made of soybean phosphatidylcholine, sodium cholate, total polar archaeolipids (TPAs) extracted from the hyperhalophile archaea Halorubrum tebenquichense and the photosensitizer zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPcAL) was compared to that of ultradeformable photodynamic liposomes lacking TPAs (ZnPcUDLs). We found that while ZnPcUDLs and ZnPcALs (130 nm mean diameter and -35 mV zeta potential) were innocuous against promastigotes, a low concentration (0.01 μM ZnPc and 7.6 μM phospholipids) of ZnPcALs irradiated at a very low-energy density (0.2 J/cm(2)) eliminated L. braziliensis amastigotes from J774 macrophages, without reducing the viability of the host cells. In such conditions, ZnPcALs were harmless for J774 macrophages, HaCaT keratinocytes, and bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Therefore, topical photodynamic treatment would not likely affect skin-associated lymphoid tissue. ZnPcALs were extensively captured by macrophages, but ZnPcUDLs were not, leading to 2.5-fold increased intracellular delivery of ZnPc than with ZnPcUDLs. Despite mediating low levels of reactive oxygen species, the higher delivery of ZnPc and the multiple (caveolin- and clathrin-dependent plus phagocytic) intracellular pathway followed by ZnPc would have been the reason for the higher antiamastigote activity of ZnPcALs. The leishmanicidal activity of photodynamic liposomal ZnPc was improved by TPA-containing liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Perez
- Programa de Nanomedicinas, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustina Casasco
- Servicio de Parasitología y Enfermedad de Chagas, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Priscila Schilrreff
- Programa de Nanomedicinas, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Victoria Defain Tesoriero
- Programa de Nanomedicinas, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Buenos Aires, Argentina ; Unidad Operativa Sistemas de Liberación Controlada, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Química, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Industrial (INTI), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luc Duempelmann
- Programa de Nanomedicinas, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Sebastián Pappalardo
- Virology Institute, Center for Research in Veterinary and Agronomic Sciences, National Institute for Agricultural Technology (INTA), Hurlingham, BA, Argentina
| | - Maria Julia Altube
- Programa de Nanomedicinas, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leticia Higa
- Programa de Nanomedicinas, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Jose Morilla
- Programa de Nanomedicinas, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Patricia Petray
- Servicio de Parasitología y Enfermedad de Chagas, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eder L Romero
- Programa de Nanomedicinas, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Castellucci LC, Almeida LFD, Jamieson SE, Fakiola M, Carvalho EMD, Blackwell JM. Host genetic factors in American cutaneous leishmaniasis: a critical appraisal of studies conducted in an endemic area of Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 109:279-88. [PMID: 24863979 PMCID: PMC4131779 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276140028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) is a vector-transmitted infectious disease with an estimated 1.5 million new cases per year. In Brazil, ACL represents a significant public health problem, with approximately 30,000 new reported cases annually, representing an incidence of 18.5 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. Corte de Pedra is in a region endemic for ACL in the state of Bahia (BA), northeastern Brazil, with 500-1,300 patients treated annually. Over the last decade, population and family-based candidate gene studies were conducted in Corte de Pedra, founded on previous knowledge from studies on mice and humans. Notwithstanding limitations related to sample size and power, these studies contribute important genetic biomarkers that identify novel pathways of disease pathogenesis and possible new therapeutic targets. The present paper is a narrative review about ACL immunogenetics in BA, highlighting in particular the interacting roles of the wound healing gene FLI1 with interleukin-6 and genes SMAD2 and SMAD3 of the transforming growth factor beta signalling pathway. This research highlights the need for well-powered genetic and functional studies on Leishmania braziliensis infection as essential to define and validate the role of host genes in determining resistance/susceptibility regarding this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Cristina Castellucci
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Lucas Frederico de Almeida
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | | | - Michaela Fakiola
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australi, Perth, Australia
| | - Edgar Marcelino de Carvalho
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brasil
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Rodriguez-Pinto D, Saravia NG, McMahon-Pratt D. CD4 T cell activation by B cells in human Leishmania (Viannia) infection. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:108. [PMID: 24568275 PMCID: PMC3937821 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An effective adaptive immune response requires activation of specific CD4 T cells. The capacity of B cells to activate CD4 T cells in human cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia) has not been evaluated. Methods CD4 T cell activation by B cells of cutaneous leishmaniasis patients was evaluated by culture of PBMCs or purified B cells and CD4 T cells with Leishmania panamensis antigens. CD4 T cell and B cell activation markers were evaluated by flow cytometry and 13 cytokines were measured in supernatants with a bead-based capture assay. The effect of Leishmania antigens on BCR-mediated endocytosis of ovalbumin was evaluated in the Ramos human B cell line by targeting the antigen with anti-IgM-biotin and anti-biotin-ovalbumin-FITC. Results Culture of PBMCs from cutaneous leishmaniasis patients with Leishmania antigens resulted in upregulation of the activation markers CD25 and CD69 as well as increased frequency of CD25hiCD127- cells among CD4 T cells. Concomitantly, B cells upregulated the costimulatory molecule CD86. These changes were not observed in PBMCs from healthy subjects, indicating participation of Leishmania-specific lymphocytes expanded in vivo. Purified B cells from these patients, when interacting with purified CD4 T cells and Leishmania antigens, were capable of inducing significant increases in CD25 and CD69 expression and CD25hiCD127- frequency in CD4 T cells. These changes were associated with upregulation of CD86 in B cells. Comparison of changes in CD4 T cell activation parameters between PBMC and B cell/CD4 T cell cultures showed no statistically significant differences; further, significant secretion of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-13 was induced in both types of cultures. Additionally, culture with Leishmania antigens enhanced BCR-mediated endocytosis of ovalbumin in Ramos human B cells. Conclusions The capacity of B cells specific for Leishmania antigens in peripheral blood of cutaneous leishmaniasis patients to activate CD4 T cells and induce cytokine secretion is similar to that of all cell populations present in PBMCs. This capacity implicates B cells as a plausible target for modulation of the immune response to Leishmania infection as a therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rodriguez-Pinto
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia.
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45
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Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a global term for cutaneous and visceral anthroponotic and zoonotic diseases caused by the vector-borne parasites of the genus Leishmania. These diseases afflict at least 2 million people each year with more than 350 million at risk in 98 countries worldwide. These are diseases mostly of the impoverished making prevention, diagnosis and treatment difficult. Therapy of leishmaniasis ranges from local treatment of cutaneous lesions to systemic, often toxic, therapy for disseminated cutaneous, mucocutaneous and deadly visceral disease. This review is a summary of the clinical syndromes caused by Leishmania and treatment regimens currently used for various forms of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B.S. McGwire
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases and Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA and Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - A.R. Satoskar
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases and Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA and Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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46
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Novais FO, Carvalho LP, Graff JW, Beiting DP, Ruthel G, Roos DS, Betts MR, Goldschmidt MH, Wilson ME, de Oliveira CI, Scott P. Cytotoxic T cells mediate pathology and metastasis in cutaneous leishmaniasis. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003504. [PMID: 23874205 PMCID: PMC3715507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Disease progression in response to infection can be strongly influenced by both pathogen burden and infection-induced immunopathology. While current therapeutics focus on augmenting protective immune responses, identifying therapeutics that reduce infection-induced immunopathology are clearly warranted. Despite the apparent protective role for murine CD8⁺ T cells following infection with the intracellular parasite Leishmania, CD8⁺ T cells have been paradoxically linked to immunopathological responses in human cutaneous leishmaniasis. Transcriptome analysis of lesions from Leishmania braziliensis patients revealed that genes associated with the cytolytic pathway are highly expressed and CD8⁺ T cells from lesions exhibited a cytolytic phenotype. To determine if CD8⁺ T cells play a causal role in disease, we turned to a murine model. These studies revealed that disease progression and metastasis in L. braziliensis infected mice was independent of parasite burden and was instead directly associated with the presence of CD8⁺ T cells. In mice with severe pathology, we visualized CD8⁺ T cell degranulation and lysis of L. braziliensis infected cells. Finally, in contrast to wild-type CD8⁺ T cells, perforin-deficient cells failed to induce disease. Thus, we show for the first time that cytolytic CD8⁺ T cells mediate immunopathology and drive the development of metastatic lesions in cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Proteins/metabolism
- Brazil
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Progression
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Leishmania braziliensis/immunology
- Leishmania braziliensis/isolation & purification
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/parasitology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/pathology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/physiopathology
- Leishmaniasis, Diffuse Cutaneous/etiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Skin/immunology
- Skin/parasitology
- Skin/pathology
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/parasitology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda O. Novais
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lucas P. Carvalho
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais-INCT-DT(CNPq/MCT), Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitario Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Joel W. Graff
- Iowa City VA Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Daniel P. Beiting
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gordon Ruthel
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - David S. Roos
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael R. Betts
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael H. Goldschmidt
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mary E. Wilson
- Iowa City VA Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | | | - Phillip Scott
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Costa ISF, de Souza GFP, de Oliveira MG, Abrahamsohn IDA. S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) is cytotoxic to intracellular amastigotes and promotes healing of topically treated Leishmania major or Leishmania braziliensis skin lesions. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 68:2561-8. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkt210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Strazzulla A, Cocuzza S, Pinzone MR, Postorino MC, Cosentino S, Serra A, Cacopardo B, Nunnari G. Mucosal leishmaniasis: an underestimated presentation of a neglected disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:805108. [PMID: 23853773 PMCID: PMC3703408 DOI: 10.1155/2013/805108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We present a review of current knowledge about mucosal leishmaniasis (ML). Although involvement of mucous membranes is classically admitted in New World leishmaniasis, particularly occurring in infection by Leishmania (L.) braziliensis species complex, ML is also a possible presentation of Old World leishmaniasis, in either L. donovani or L. major species complex infections. Thus, ML has to be considered not only as a Latin American disease but as an Old and New World disease. We describe ML epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinics, diagnosis, and therapy. Considering both its highly disfiguring lesions and its possible lethal outcome, ML should not be underestimated by physicians. Moreover, leishmaniasis is expected to increase its burden in many countries as sandfly vector distribution is widespreading towards non-endemic areas. Finally, the lack of clear understanding of ML pathogenesis and the absence of effective human vaccines strongly claim for more research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Strazzulla
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, Garibaldi Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cocuzza
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Medical-Surgical Specialties, Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele Hospital, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Marilia Rita Pinzone
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, Garibaldi Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Concetta Postorino
- Division of Pathology and Experimental Microbiology, Elie Metchnikoff Department, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Stefano Cosentino
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, Garibaldi Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Agostino Serra
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Medical-Surgical Specialties, Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele Hospital, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Bruno Cacopardo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, Garibaldi Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Nunnari
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, Garibaldi Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
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Brazilian propolis antileishmanial and immunomodulatory effects. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:673058. [PMID: 23762152 PMCID: PMC3670560 DOI: 10.1155/2013/673058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The antileishmanial and immunomodulatory effects of propolis collected in Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil, were evaluated in Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis experimental infection. The antileishmanial effect of propolis on promastigote forms was verified by reducing growth and by promoting morphologic alterations observed by scanning electron microscopy. In in vitro immunomodulatory assays, macrophages were pretreated with propolis and then infected with L. (V.) braziliensis. In vivo, supernatants from liver cells and peritoneal exudate of BALB/c mice pretreated with propolis and infected with Leishmania (107/mL promastigotes) were collected, and TNF-α and IL-12 were measured by ELISA. Macrophages incubated with propolis showed a significant increase in interiorization and further killing of parasites. An increased TNF-α production was seen in mice pretreated with propolis, whereas IL-12 was downregulated during the infection. In conclusion, Brazilian propolis showed a direct action on the parasite and displayed immunomodulatory effects on murine macrophages, even though the parasite has been reported to affect the activation pathways of the cell. The observed effects could be associated with the presence of phenolic compounds (flavonoids, aromatic acids, and benzopyranes), di- and triterpenes, and essential oils found in our propolis sample.
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