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Costa B, Alves PM, Fonseca DR, Campos F, Monteiro AC, Shahrour H, Gomes A, Costa F, Gomes P, Martínez-de-Tejada G, Monteiro C, Martins MCL. Dhvar5-chitosan nanogels and their potential to improve antibiotics activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:134059. [PMID: 39038581 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Infection is one of the main causes of orthopedic implants failure, with antibiotic-resistant bacteria playing a crucial role in this outcome. In this work, antimicrobial nanogels were developed to be applied in situ as implant coating to prevent orthopedic-device-related infections. To that regard, a broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptide, Dhvar5, was grafted onto chitosan via thiol-norbornene "photoclick" chemistry. Dhvar5-chitosan nanogels (Dhvar5-NG) were then produced using a microfluidic system. Dhvar5-NG (1010 nanogels (NG)/mL) with a Dhvar5 concentration of 6 μg/mL reduced the burden of the most critical bacteria in orthopedic infections - methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) - after 24 h in medium supplemented with human plasma proteins. Transmission electron microscopy showed that Dhvar5-NG killed bacteria by membrane disruption and cytoplasm release. No signs of cytotoxicity against a pre-osteoblast cell line were verified upon incubation with Dhvar5-NG. To further explore therapeutic alternatives, the potential synergistic effect of Dhvar5-NG with antibiotics was evaluated against MRSA. Dhvar5-NG at a sub-minimal inhibitory concentration (109 NG/mL) demonstrated synergistic effect with oxacillin (4-fold reduction: from 2 to 0.5 μg/mL) and piperacillin (2-fold reduction: from 2 to 1 μg/mL). This work supports the use of Dhvar5-NG as adjuvant of antibiotics to the prevention of orthopedic devices-related infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Costa
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; FEUP-Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - P M Alves
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; FEUP-Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - D R Fonseca
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; FEUP-Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - F Campos
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - A C Monteiro
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - H Shahrour
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - A Gomes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - F Costa
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - P Gomes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - G Martínez-de-Tejada
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - C Monteiro
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - M C L Martins
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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2
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Ouahed JD, Griffith A, Collen LV, Snapper SB. Breaking Down Barriers: Epithelial Contributors to Monogenic IBD Pathogenesis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2024; 30:1189-1206. [PMID: 38280053 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izad319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Monogenic causes of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are increasingly being discovered. To date, much attention has been placed in those resulting from inborn errors of immunity. Therapeutic efforts have been largely focused on offering personalized immune modulation or curative bone marrow transplant for patients with IBD and underlying immune disorders. To date, less emphasis has been placed on monogenic causes of IBD that pertain to impairment of the intestinal epithelial barrier. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of monogenic causes of IBD that result in impaired intestinal epithelial barrier that are categorized into 6 important functions: (1) epithelial cell organization, (2) epithelial cell intrinsic functions, (3) epithelial cell apoptosis and necroptosis, (4) complement activation, (5) epithelial cell signaling, and (6) control of RNA degradation products. We illustrate how impairment of any of these categories can result in IBD. This work reviews the current understanding of the genes involved in maintaining the intestinal barrier, the inheritance patterns that result in dysfunction, features of IBD resulting from these disorders, and pertinent translational work in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie D Ouahed
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexandra Griffith
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lauren V Collen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Scott B Snapper
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Galyamina MA, Pobeguts OV, Firova RK, Mosievich DV, Kharaeva ZF, Panasenko OM, Balabushevich NG, Mikhalchik EV. Biological Activity of Hybrid Vaterite-Pectin Microparticles Towards Bacteria E. coli and Human Neutrophils. Bull Exp Biol Med 2024; 177:238-242. [PMID: 39090460 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-024-06164-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Interaction of microbiota with hybrid vaterite-pectin microparticles as an attractive multifunctional vehicle for mucosal delivery should not provoke inflammation. Our purpose was to study the reaction of bacteria E. coli strain Mg1655 and isolate SharL from a patient with Crohn disease on the cultivation with hybrid microparticles and vaterite, and the subsequent activation of neutrophils. Vaterite-pectin microparticles enhanced leakage of ATP from bacteria. For E. coli Mg1655, the concentration of DNA decreased, while intracellular ATP increased. For E. coli SharL, the intracellular ATP decreased with simultaneous growth of DNA. Bacteria and microparticles together did not enhance activation of neutrophils in comparison with the particles per se in the medium without serum and in comparison with bacteria in the medium supplemented with serum; microparticles did not reduce functional activity of neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Galyamina
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia.
| | - O V Pobeguts
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - R K Firova
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - D V Mosievich
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Z F Kharaeva
- Kabardino-Balkarian State University named after Kh. M. Berbekov, Nalchik, Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, Russia
| | - O M Panasenko
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - N G Balabushevich
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - E V Mikhalchik
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
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Shrivastava S, Agnememel AB, Ndungo E, Islam D, Liang Y, Frenck RW, Pasetti MF. Oral immunization with Shigella sonnei WRSs2 and WRSs3 vaccine strains elicits systemic and mucosal antibodies with functional anti-microbial activity. mSphere 2024; 9:e0041923. [PMID: 38132716 PMCID: PMC10826362 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00419-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Shigella causes bacillary dysentery and is responsible for a high burden of disease globally. Several studies have emphasized the value of functional antibody activity to understand Shigella immunity and correlates of protection. The anti-microbial function of local (mucosal) antibodies and their contribution to preventing Shigella infection remain unknown. The goal of this study was to identify the functional humoral immune effectors elicited by two Shigella sonnei live oral vaccine candidates, WRSs2 and WRSs3. Complement-dependent bactericidal [serum bactericidal antibody (SBA)/bactericidal antibody (BA)] and opsonophagocytic killing antibody (OPKA) activity were determined in sera and stool extracts as indicators of systemic and local anti-microbial immunity. High levels of SBA/BA and OPKA were detected in serum as well as in fecal extracts from volunteers who received a single dose of WRSs2 and WRSs3. Functional antibody activity peaked on days 10 and 14 post-vaccination in fecal and serum samples, respectively. Bactericidal and OPKA titers were closely associated. Peak fold rises in functional antibody titers in serum and fecal extracts were also associated. Antibody activity interrogated in IgG and IgA purified from stool fractions identified IgG as the primary driver of mucosal bactericidal and OPKA activity, with minimal functional activity of IgA alone, highlighting an underappreciated role for IgG in bacterial clearance in the mucosa. The combination of IgG and IgA in equal proportions enhanced bactericidal and OPKA titers hinting at a co-operative or synergistic action. Our findings provide insight into the functional anti-microbial capacity of vaccine-induced mucosal IgG and IgA and propose an operative local humoral effector of protective immunity.IMPORTANCEThere is an urgent need for a safe, effective, and affordable vaccine against Shigella. Understanding the immunological underpinning of Shigella infection and the make-up of protective immunity is critical to achieve the best approach to prevent illness caused by this mucosal pathogen. We measured the complement-dependent bactericidal and opsonophagocytic antibody killing in serum and stool extracts from adult volunteers vaccinated with Shigella sonnei live oral vaccine candidates WRSs2 and WRSs3. For the first time, we detected functional antibody responses in stool samples that were correlated with those in sera. Using purified stool IgA and IgG fractions, we found that functional activity was mediated by IgG, with some help from IgA. These findings provide insight into the functional anti-microbial capacity of vaccine-induced mucosal IgG and IgA and support future studies to identify potential markers of protective mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Shrivastava
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alain B. Agnememel
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Esther Ndungo
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Dilara Islam
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Liang
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert W. Frenck
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Marcela F. Pasetti
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Alajmi F, Al-Otaibi T, Al-Quraishy S, Al-Shaebi EM, Al-Hoshani N, Dkhil MA, Abdel-Gaber R. Persea americana extract protects intestinal tissue from Eimeria papillata-induced murine Infection. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:248. [PMID: 38017513 PMCID: PMC10683183 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03810-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Coccidiosis is the most prevalent disease-causing widespread economic loss among farm and domestic animals. Currently, several drugs are available for the control of this disease but resistance has been confirmed for all of them. There is an urgent need, therefore, for the identification of new sources as alternative treatments to control coccidiosis. The present work aimed to study the effect of the Persea americana extract (PAE) as an anti-coccidial, anti-oxidant, and anti-apoptotic modulator during murine intestinal Eimeria papillata infection. A total of 25 male mice were divided into five groups, as follows: Group1: Non-infected-non-treated (negative control), Group2: Non-infected-treated group with PAE (500 mg/kg b.w). Group3: Infected-non-treated (positive control), Group4: Infected-treated group with PAE (500 mg/kg b.w.), and Group5: Infected-treated group with Amprolium (120 mg/kg b.w.). Groups (3-5) were orally inoculated with 1 × 103 sporulated E. papillata oocysts. After 60 min of infection, groups (4 and 5) were treated for 5 consecutive days with the recommended doses of PAE and amprolium. The fact that PAE has an anti-coccidial efficacy against intestinal E. papillata infection in mice has been clarified by the reduction of fecal oocyst output on the 5th day post-infection by about 85.41%. Moreover, there is a significant reduction in the size of each parasite stage in the jejunal tissues of the infected-treated group with PAE. PAE counteracted the E. papillata-induced loss of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and total antioxidant capacity (TCA). E. papillata infection also induced an increase in the apoptotic cells expressed by caspase-3 which modulated after PAE treatment. Moreover, the mRNA expression of the goblet cell response gene, mucin (MUC2), was upregulated from 0.50 to 1.20-fold after treatment with PAE. Based on our results, PAE is a promising medicinal plant with anti-coccidial, anti-oxidant, and anti-apoptotic activities and could be used as a food additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemah Alajmi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafr Al Batin, P.O. 39524, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tahani Al-Otaibi
- Department of Science and Technology, Al-Nairiyah University College, University of Hafr Al-Batin, Hafr Al- Batin, 31991, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Al-Quraishy
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Esam M Al-Shaebi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawal Al-Hoshani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A Dkhil
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rewaida Abdel-Gaber
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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6
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Mao Z, Zhang H, Cai W, Yang Y, Zhang X, Jiang F, Li G. NhaA facilitates the maintenance of bacterial envelope integrity and the evasion of complement attack contributing to extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli virulence. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0003923. [PMID: 37815368 PMCID: PMC10652942 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00039-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) is responsible for severe bloodstream infections in humans and animals. However, the mechanisms underlying ExPEC's serum resistance remain incompletely understood. Through the transposon-directed insertion-site sequencing approach, our previous study identified nhaA, the gene encoding a Na+/H+ antiporter, as a crucial factor for infection in vivo. In this study, we investigated the role of NhaA in ExPEC virulence utilizing both in vitro models and systemic infection models involving avian and mammalian animals. Genetic mutagenesis analysis revealed that nhaA deletion resulted in filamentous bacterial morphology and rendered the bacteria more susceptible to sodium dodecyl sulfate, suggesting the role of nhaA in maintaining cell envelope integrity. The nhaA mutant also displayed heightened sensitivity to complement-mediated killing compared to the wild-type strain, attributed to augmented deposition of complement components (C3b and C9). Remarkably, NhaA played a more crucial role in virulence compared to several well-known factors, including Iss, Prc, NlpI, and OmpA. Our findings revealed that NhaA significantly enhanced virulence across diverse human ExPEC prototype strains within B2 phylogroups, suggesting widespread involvement in virulence. Given its pivotal role, NhaA could serve as a potential drug target for tackling ExPEC infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Mao
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Haobo Zhang
- National Animal Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Division of Zoonoses Surveillance, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Wentong Cai
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xinyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Fengwei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Ganwu Li
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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7
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Petrisko TJ, Gargus M, Chu SH, Selvan P, Whiteson KL, Tenner AJ. Influence of complement protein C1q or complement receptor C5aR1 on gut microbiota composition in wildtype and Alzheimer's mouse models. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:211. [PMID: 37726739 PMCID: PMC10507976 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02885-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The contribution of the gut microbiome to neuroinflammation, cognition, and Alzheimer's disease progression has been highlighted over the past few years. Additionally, inhibition of various components of the complement system has repeatedly been demonstrated to reduce neuroinflammation and improve cognitive performance in AD mouse models. Whether the deletion of these complement components is associated with distinct microbiome composition, which could impact neuroinflammation and cognitive performance in mouse models has not yet been examined. Here, we provide a comprehensive analysis of conditional and constitutive knockouts, pharmacological inhibitors, and various housing paradigms for the animal models and wild-type controls at various ages. We aimed to determine the impact of C1q or C5aR1 inhibition on the microbiome in the Arctic and Tg2576 mouse models of AD, which develop amyloid plaques at different ages and locations. Analysis of fecal samples from WT and Arctic mice following global deletion of C1q demonstrated significant alterations to the microbiomes of Arctic but not WT mice, with substantial differences in abundances of Erysipelotrichales, Clostridiales and Alistipes. While no differences in microbiome diversity were detected between cohoused wildtype and Arctic mice with or without the constitutive deletion of the downstream complement receptor, C5aR1, a difference was detected between the C5aR1 sufficient (WT and Arctic) and deficient (C5ar1KO and ArcticC5aR1KO) mice, when the mice were housed segregated by C5aR1 genotype. However, cohousing of C5aR1 sufficient and deficient wildtype and Arctic mice resulted in a convergence of the microbiomes and equalized abundances of each identified order and genus across all genotypes. Similarly, pharmacologic treatment with the C5aR1 antagonist, PMX205, beginning at the onset of beta-amyloid plaque deposition in the Arctic and Tg2576 mice, demonstrated no impact of C5aR1 inhibition on the microbiome. This study demonstrates the importance of C1q in microbiota homeostasis in neurodegenerative disease. In addition, while demonstrating that constitutive deletion of C5aR1 can significantly alter the composition of the fecal microbiome, these differences are not present when C5aR1-deficient mice are cohoused with C5aR1-sufficient animals with or without the AD phenotype and suggests limited if any contribution of the microbiome to the previously observed prevention of cognitive and neuronal loss in the C5aR1-deficient AD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany J Petrisko
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, 3205 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697-3900, USA
| | - Matthew Gargus
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, 3205 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697-3900, USA
| | - Shu-Hui Chu
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, 3205 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697-3900, USA
| | - Purnika Selvan
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, 3205 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697-3900, USA
| | - Katrine L Whiteson
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, 3205 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697-3900, USA
| | - Andrea J Tenner
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, 3205 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697-3900, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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8
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Thimmappa PY, Vasishta S, Ganesh K, Nair AS, Joshi MB. Neutrophil (dys)function due to altered immuno-metabolic axis in type 2 diabetes: implications in combating infections. Hum Cell 2023:10.1007/s13577-023-00905-7. [PMID: 37115481 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-023-00905-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic and inflammatory pathways are highly interdependent, and both systems are dysregulated in Type 2 diabetes (T2D). T2D is associated with pre-activated inflammatory signaling networks, aberrant cytokine production and increased acute phase reactants which leads to a pro-inflammatory 'feed forward loop'. Nutrient 'excess' conditions in T2D with hyperglycemia, elevated lipids and branched-chain amino acids significantly alter the functions of immune cells including neutrophils. Neutrophils are metabolically active cells and utilizes energy from glycolysis, stored glycogen and β-oxidation while depending on the pentose phosphate pathway for NADPH for performing effector functions such as chemotaxis, phagocytosis and forming extracellular traps. Metabolic changes in T2D result in constitutive activation and impeded acquisition of effector or regulatory activities of neutrophils and render T2D subjects for recurrent infections. Increased flux through the polyol and hexosamine pathways, elevated production of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), and activation of protein kinase C isoforms lead to (a) an enhancement in superoxide generation; (b) the stimulation of inflammatory pathways and subsequently to (c) abnormal host responses. Neutrophil dysfunction diminishes the effectiveness of wound healing, successful tissue regeneration and immune surveillance against offending pathogens. Hence, Metabolic reprogramming in neutrophils determines frequency, severity and duration of infections in T2D. The present review discusses the influence of the altered immuno-metabolic axis on neutrophil dysfunction along with challenges and therapeutic opportunities for clinical management of T2D-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Yedehalli Thimmappa
- Department of Ageing Research, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Planetarium Complex, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Sampara Vasishta
- Department of Ageing Research, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Planetarium Complex, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Kailash Ganesh
- Department of Ageing Research, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Planetarium Complex, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Aswathy S Nair
- Department of Ageing Research, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Planetarium Complex, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Manjunath B Joshi
- Department of Ageing Research, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Planetarium Complex, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
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9
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Hu S, Ottemann KM. Helicobacter pylori initiates successful gastric colonization by utilizing L-lactate to promote complement resistance. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1695. [PMID: 36973281 PMCID: PMC10042806 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37160-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement system has long been appreciated for its role in bloodborne infections, but its activities in other places, including the gastrointestinal tract, remain elusive. Here, we report that complement restricts gastric infection by the pathogen Helicobacter pylori. This bacterium colonized complement-deficient mice to higher levels than wild-type counterparts, particularly in the gastric corpus region. H. pylori uses uptake of the host molecule L-lactate to create a complement-resistant state that relies on blocking the deposition of the active complement C4b component on H. pylori's surface. H. pylori mutants unable to achieve this complement-resistant state have a significant mouse colonization defect that is largely corrected by mutational removal of complement. This work highlights a previously unknown role for complement in the stomach, and has revealed an unrecognized mechanism for microbial-derived complement resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Hu
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Karen M Ottemann
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA.
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10
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Al-Otaibi T, Hawsah MA, Alojayri G, Mares MM, Aljawdah HMA, Maodaa SN, Al-Shaebi EM, Dkhil MA, Thagfan FA, Al-Quraishy S, Abdel-Gaber R. In vivo anticoccidial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of avocado fruit, Persea americana (Lauraceae), against Eimeria papillata infection. Parasitol Int 2023; 95:102741. [PMID: 36871789 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2023.102741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Apicomplexan parasites, especially Eimeria sp., are the main intestinal murine pathogens, that lead to severe injuries to farm and domestic animals. Many anticoccidial drugs are available for coccidiosis, which, leads to the development of drug-resistant parasites. Recently, natural products are considered as an alternative agent to control coccidiosis. This study was designed to evaluate the anticoccidial activity of the Persea americana fruit extract (PAFE) in male C57BL/6 mice. A total of 35 male mice were divided into seven equal groups (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7). At day 0, all groups except the first group which served as uninfected-untreated control were infected orally with 1 × 103E. papillata sporulated oocysts. Group 2 served as uninfected-treated control. Group 3 was considered an infected-untreated group. After 60 min of infection, groups 4, 5, and 6 were treated with oral doses of PAFE aqueous methanolic extract (100, 300, and 500 mg/kg of body weight, respectively). Group 7 was treated with amprolium (a reference drug for coccidiosis). PAFE with 500 mg/kg, was the most effective dose, inducing a significant reduction in the output of oocysts in mice feces (by about 85.41%), accompanied by a significant decrease in the number of the developmental parasite stages and a significant elevation of the goblet cells in the jejunal tissues. Upon treatment, a significant change in the oxidative status due to E. papillata infection was observed, where the levels of glutathione (GSH) increased, while, levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) were decreased. In addition, the infection significantly upregulated the inflammatory cytokines of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ). This increase in mRNA expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IFN-γ was about 8.3, 10.6, and 4.5-fold, respectively, which significantly downregulated upon treatment. Collectively, P. americana is a promising medicinal plant with anticoccidial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities and could be used for the treatment of coccidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahani Al-Otaibi
- Department of Science and Technology, Al-Nairiyah University College, University of Hafr Al-Batin, Hafr Al-Batin 31991, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maysar Abu Hawsah
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghada Alojayri
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M Mares
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hossam M A Aljawdah
- Department of Science and Technology, Al-Nairiyah University College, University of Hafr Al-Batin, Hafr Al-Batin 31991, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh N Maodaa
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Esam M Al-Shaebi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A Dkhil
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt; Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Felwa A Thagfan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Al-Quraishy
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rewaida Abdel-Gaber
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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11
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Cardoso MH, Meneguetti BT, Oliveira-Júnior NG, Macedo MLR, Franco OL. Antimicrobial peptide production in response to gut microbiota imbalance. Peptides 2022; 157:170865. [PMID: 36038014 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2022.170865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota presents essential functions in the immune response. The gut epithelium acts as a protective barrier and, therefore, can produce several antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that can act against pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria. Several factors cause a disturbance in gut microbiota, including the exacerbated and erroneous use of antibiotics. Antibiotic therapy has been closely related to bacterial resistance and is also correlated with undesired side-effects to the host, including the eradication of commensal bacteria. Consequently, this results in gut microbiota imbalance and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) development. In this context, AMPs in the gut epithelium play a restructuring role for gut microbiota. Some naturally occurring AMPs are selective for pathogenic bacteria, thus preserving the health microbiota. Therefore, AMPs produced by the host's epithelial cells represent effective molecules in treating gut bacterial infections. Bearing this in mind, this review focused on describing the importance of the host's AMPs in gut microbiota modulation and their role as anti-infective agents against pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlon H Cardoso
- S-inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, MS 79117900, Brazil; Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF 70790160, Brazil; Laboratório de Purificação de Proteínas e suas Funções Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, 79070900 Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Beatriz T Meneguetti
- S-inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, MS 79117900, Brazil
| | - Nelson G Oliveira-Júnior
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF 70790160, Brazil
| | - Maria L R Macedo
- Laboratório de Purificação de Proteínas e suas Funções Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, 79070900 Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Octávio L Franco
- S-inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, MS 79117900, Brazil; Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF 70790160, Brazil.
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12
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Mulligan JK, Nord D, Villanueva MV, Justice J, Lobo B, Schlosser RJ, Atkinson C. Role of C3a as a Novel Regulator of 25(OH)D 3 to 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 Metabolism in Upper Airway Epithelial Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:262-269. [PMID: 35793909 PMCID: PMC9432430 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, primary human sinonasal epithelial cell (HSNEC) 1α-hydroxylase levels are reduced, as is their ability to metabolize 25-hydroxycholecalciferol [25(OH)D3] to its active metabolite, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3]. In this study, we sought to identify the factor responsible for the regulation of HSNEC metabolism of 25(OH)D3, focusing on C3 and C3a. Multiple inhaled irritants trigger the release of complement components, C3 and C3a, leading to suppression of 1α-hydroxylase levels in HSNECs. Recombinant C3a was able to decrease 1α-hydroxylase and impair 25(OH)D3 to 1,25(OH)2D3 metabolism, while addition of a C3a receptor antagonist restored conversion. Conversely, 1,25(OH)2D3 suppressed Aspergillus fumigatus-induced C3 and C3a levels in HSNEC supernatant. Given the ability of 1,25(OH)2D3 to modulate LL37 in other cell types, we examined its regulation in HSNECs and relationship to C3a. 1,25(OH)2D3 stimulated the secretion of LL37, whereas A. fumigatus and C3a suppressed it. Conversely, LL37 reduced the release of C3/C3a by HSNECs. Lastly, oral steroid use and in vitro dexamethasone application both failed to increase 1α-hydroxylase or reduce C3a levels. In summary, in this article, we describe for the first time a novel relationship between complement activation and local vitamin D metabolism in airway epithelial cells. The presence of elevated C3/C3a in patients with asthma and/or chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps may account for their impaired HSNEC 25(OH)D3 to 1,25(OH)2D3 metabolism and explain why they receive limited therapeutic benefit from oral vitamin D3 supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Mulligan
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; and
| | - Dianna Nord
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Maria V Villanueva
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Jeb Justice
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; and
| | - Brian Lobo
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; and
| | - Rodney J Schlosser
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Carl Atkinson
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL;
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13
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Nagy ZA, Héja D, Bencze D, Kiss B, Boros E, Szakács D, Fodor K, Wilmanns M, Kocsis A, Dobó J, Gál P, Harmat V, Pál G. Synergy of protease-binding sites within the ecotin homodimer is crucial for inhibition of MASP enzymes and for blocking lectin pathway activation. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101985. [PMID: 35483450 PMCID: PMC9136129 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecotin is a homodimeric serine protease inhibitor produced by many commensal and pathogenic microbes. It functions as a virulence factor, enabling survival of various pathogens in the blood. The ecotin dimer binds two protease molecules, and each ecotin protomer has two protease-binding sites: site1 occupies the substrate-binding groove, whereas site2 engages a distinct secondary region. Owing to the twofold rotational symmetry within the ecotin dimer, sites 1 and 2 of a protomer bind to different protease molecules within the tetrameric complex. Escherichia coli ecotin inhibits trypsin-like, chymotrypsin-like, and elastase-like enzymes, including pancreatic proteases, leukocyte elastase, key enzymes of blood coagulation, the contact and complement systems, and other antimicrobial cascades. Here, we show that mannan-binding lectin-associated serine protease-1 (MASP-1) and MASP-2, essential activators of the complement lectin pathway, and MASP-3, an essential alternative pathway activator, are all inhibited by ecotin. We decipher in detail how the preorganization of site1 and site2 within the ecotin dimer contributes to the inhibition of each MASP enzyme. In addition, using mutated and monomeric ecotin variants, we show that site1, site2, and dimerization contribute to inhibition in a surprisingly target-dependent manner. We present the first ecotin:MASP-1 and ecotin:MASP-2 crystal structures, which provide additional insights and permit structural interpretation of the observed functional results. Importantly, we reveal that monomerization completely disables the MASP-2-inhibitory, MASP-3-inhibitory, and lectin pathway-inhibitory capacity of ecotin. These findings provide new opportunities to combat dangerous multidrug-resistant pathogens through development of compounds capable of blocking ecotin dimer formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Attila Nagy
- Department of Biochemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dávid Héja
- Department of Biochemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dániel Bencze
- Department of Biochemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bence Kiss
- Department of Biochemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Boros
- Department of Biochemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dávid Szakács
- Department of Biochemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Fodor
- Department of Biochemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary,European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Unit, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Wilmanns
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Unit, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Kocsis
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - József Dobó
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Gál
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Veronika Harmat
- Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Biology, Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary,MTA-ELTE Protein Modelling Research Group, ELKH, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Pál
- Department of Biochemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary,For correspondence: Gábor Pál
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14
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Li Q, Ouyang J, Zhou H, You J, Li G. Effect of probiotic supplementation on the expression of tight junction proteins, innate immunity-associated genes, and microbiota composition of broilers subjected to cyclic heat stress. Anim Sci J 2022; 93:e13719. [PMID: 35384158 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of probiotic on intestinal innate immunity-associated gene expression and cecal microbiota in heat-stressed broilers. A total of 180 21-day-old male broilers were randomly assigned to three treatment groups with four replicates per group. The thermoneutral group (TN) (23 ± 1°C) received a basal diet, and another two heat-stressed groups (28-35-28°C for 12 h daily) were fed the basal diet (HS) or the basal diet supplemented with probiotic at a dose of 1.5 × 108 CFU/kg (HS_Pro) for 21 consecutive days. Compared with the TN group, the abundance of beneficial bacteria was decreased (p < 0.05) in the caecum of heat-stressed broilers. Heat stress downregulated (p < 0.05) the expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and upregulated (p < 0.05) the expressions of TLR5, TLR15, avian β-defensin (AvBD)4, AvBD8, and AvBD14 in the ileum as compared with the TN group. Dietary supplementation of probiotic upregulated (p < 0.05) the occludin expression in the ileum, improved the microbiota balance in the caecum, and decreased (p < 0.05) the gene expressions of TLR5 and TLR15 in the ileum of heat-stressed broilers. Collectively, dietary probiotic supplementation could promote intestinal barrier function via improving gut microbiota community and regulating innate immunity-associated gene expressions in heat-stressed broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiufen Li
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Province Key Innovation Center of Integration in Production and Education for High-quality and Safe Livestock and Poultry, Nanchang, China
| | - Jingxin Ouyang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Province Key Innovation Center of Integration in Production and Education for High-quality and Safe Livestock and Poultry, Nanchang, China
| | - Hua Zhou
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Province Key Innovation Center of Integration in Production and Education for High-quality and Safe Livestock and Poultry, Nanchang, China
| | - Jinming You
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Province Key Innovation Center of Integration in Production and Education for High-quality and Safe Livestock and Poultry, Nanchang, China
| | - Guanhong Li
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Province Key Innovation Center of Integration in Production and Education for High-quality and Safe Livestock and Poultry, Nanchang, China
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15
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Linard M, Ravier A, Mougué L, Grgurina I, Boutillier AL, Foubert-Samier A, Blanc F, Helmer C. Infectious Agents as Potential Drivers of α-Synucleinopathies. Mov Disord 2022; 37:464-477. [PMID: 35040520 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
α-synucleinopathies, encompassing Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple system atrophy, are devastating neurodegenerative diseases for which available therapeutic options are scarce, mostly because of our limited understanding of their pathophysiology. Although these pathologies are attributed to an intracellular accumulation of the α-synuclein protein in the nervous system with subsequent neuronal loss, the trigger(s) of this accumulation is/are not clearly identified. Among the existing hypotheses, interest in the hypothesis advocating the involvement of infectious agents in the onset of these diseases is renewed. In this article, we aimed to review the ongoing relevant factors favoring and opposing this hypothesis, focusing on (1) the potential antimicrobial role of α-synuclein, (2) potential entry points of pathogens in regard to early symptoms of diverse α-synucleinopathies, (3) pre-existing literature reviews assessing potential associations between infectious agents and Parkinson's disease, (4) original studies assessing these associations for dementia with Lewy bodies and multiple system atrophy (identified through a systematic literature review), and finally (5) potential susceptibility factors modulating the effects of infectious agents on the nervous system. © 2022 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Linard
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR U1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Alix Ravier
- CM2R (Memory Resource and Research Centre), Geriatrics Department, University Hospitals of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Louisa Mougué
- Cognitive-Behavioral Unit and Memory Consultations, Hospital of Sens, Sens, France
| | - Iris Grgurina
- University of Strasbourg, UMR7364 CNRS, LNCA, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Alexandra Foubert-Samier
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR U1219, Bordeaux, France.,French Reference Centre for MSA, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Frédéric Blanc
- CM2R (Memory Resource and Research Centre), Geriatrics Department, University Hospitals of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,ICube Laboratory and FMTS (Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg), Team IMIS, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Catherine Helmer
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR U1219, Bordeaux, France
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16
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Suzuki Y, Kubota K, Haga S, Hayashi H, Oishi M, Miura H, Roh S, Koike S, Kobayashi Y. Expression of chemerin in intestinal mucosa of calves with comparable expression level with other antimicrobial proteins. Anim Sci J 2022; 93:e13750. [PMID: 35774014 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal calves are highly susceptible to infectious disorders including diarrhea. Therefore, epithelial innate immunity, including antimicrobial peptides/proteins (AMPs), is important during the early stage of their lives. Chemerin, a multifunctional protein that was originally identified as a chemokine, possesses a potent antimicrobial activity. The present study investigated the expression levels of chemerin in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of growing calves. Chemerin and its coding gene, retinoic acid receptor responder protein 2 (RARRES2), were highly expressed in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum compared with other parts of the GI tract. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that chemerin-producing cells were localized in the crypt of the intestinal mucosa. Finally, the expression level of RARRES2 was higher compared with those of other major AMPs in duodenum, although it was lower compared with that of enteric β-defensin but mostly higher than those of other AMPs in jejunum and ileum at various ages in calves. The expression levels of RARRES2 were not influenced by the age of calves in duodenum and jejunum, whereas a higher expression level of RARRES2 in ileum was observed in younger calves. This study revealed that chemerin is produced in the small intestine of calves and has the potential to contribute to the gut epithelial barrier system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Suzuki
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kanako Kubota
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Haga
- Grazing Animal Unit, Division of Grassland Farming, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, Nasushiobara, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hayashi
- Department of Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Oishi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroto Miura
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sanggun Roh
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Satoshi Koike
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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17
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Longitudinal analysis of human humoral responses after vaccination with a live attenuated V. cholerae vaccine. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009743. [PMID: 34478460 PMCID: PMC8445443 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae is a bacterial pathogen which causes the severe acute diarrheal disease cholera. Given that a symptomatic incident of cholera can lead to long term protection, a thorough understanding of the immune response to this pathogen is needed to identify parameters critical to the generation and durability of immunity. To approach this, we utilized a live attenuated cholera vaccine to model the response to V. cholerae infection in 12 naïve subjects. We found that this live attenuated vaccine induced durable vibriocidal antibody titers that were maintained at least one year after vaccination. Similar to what we previously reported in infected patients from Bangladesh, we found that vaccination induced plasmablast responses were primarily specific to the two immunodominant antigens lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and cholera toxin (CT). Interestingly, the magnitude of the early plasmablast response at day 7 predicted the serological outcome of vaccination at day 30. However, this correlation was no longer present at later timepoints. The acute responses displayed preferential immunoglobulin isotype usage, with LPS specific cells being largely IgM or IgA producing, while cholera toxin responses were predominantly IgG. Finally, CCR9 was highly expressed on vaccine induced plasmablasts, especially on IgM and IgA producing cells, suggesting a role in migration to the gastrointestinal tract. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that the use of a live attenuated cholera vaccine is an effective tool to examine the primary and long-term immune response following V. cholerae exposure. Additionally, it provides insight into the phenotype and specificity of the cells which likely return to and mediate immunity at the intestinal mucosa. A thorough understanding of these properties both in peripheral blood and in the intestinal mucosae will inform future vaccine development against both cholera and other mucosal pathogens. Trial Registration: NCT03251495.
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18
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Jenkins BR, Blaseg NA, Grifka-Walk HM, Deuling B, Swain SD, Campbell EL, Walk ST, Kominsky DJ. Loss of interleukin-10 receptor disrupts intestinal epithelial cell proliferation and skews differentiation towards the goblet cell fate. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21551. [PMID: 34042222 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002369r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) are crucial for maintaining proper digestion and overall homeostasis of the gut mucosa. IEC proliferation and differentiation are tightly regulated by well described pathways, however, relatively little is known about how cytokines shape these processes. Given that the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-10 promotes intestinal barrier function, and insufficient IL-10 signaling increases susceptibility to intestinal diseases like inflammatory bowel disease, we hypothesized that IL-10 signaling modulates processes underlying IEC proliferation and differentiation. This was tested using in vivo and in vitro IEC-specific IL-10 receptor 1 (IL-10R1) depletion under homeostatic conditions. Our findings revealed that loss of IL-10R1 drove lineage commitment toward a dominant goblet cell phenotype while decreasing absorptive cell-related features. Diminished IL-10 signaling also significantly elevated IEC proliferation with relatively minor changes to apoptosis. Characterization of signaling pathways upstream of proliferation demonstrated a significant reduction in the Wnt inhibitor, DKK1, increased nuclear localization of β-catenin, and increased transcripts of the proliferation marker, OLFM4, with IL-10R1 depletion. Phosphorylated STAT3 was nearly completely absent in IL-10R1 knockdown cells and may provide a mechanistic link between our observations and the regulation of these cellular processes. Our results demonstrate a novel role for IL-10 signaling in intestinal mucosal homeostasis by regulating proper balance of proliferation and IEC lineage fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany R Jenkins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Nathan A Blaseg
- University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Heather M Grifka-Walk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Benjamin Deuling
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Steve D Swain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Eric L Campbell
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Seth T Walk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Douglas J Kominsky
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
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19
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Noel G, In JG, Lemme-Dumit JM, DeVine LR, Cole RN, Guerrerio AL, Campbell JD, Kovbasnjuk O, Pasetti MF. Human Breast Milk Enhances Intestinal Mucosal Barrier Function and Innate Immunity in a Healthy Pediatric Human Enteroid Model. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:685171. [PMID: 34327199 PMCID: PMC8313895 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.685171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding has been associated with long lasting health benefits. Nutrients and bioactive components of human breast milk promote cell growth, immune development, and shield the infant gut from insults and microbial threats. The molecular and cellular events involved in these processes are ill defined. We have established human pediatric enteroids and interrogated maternal milk's impact on epithelial cell maturation and function in comparison with commercial infant formula. Colostrum applied apically to pediatric enteroid monolayers reduced ion permeability, stimulated epithelial cell differentiation, and enhanced tight junction function by upregulating occludin. Breast milk heightened the production of antimicrobial peptide α-defensin 5 by goblet and Paneth cells, and modulated cytokine production, which abolished apical release of pro-inflammatory GM-CSF. These attributes were not found in commercial infant formula. Epithelial cells exposed to breast milk elevated apical and intracellular pIgR and enabled maternal IgA translocation. Proteomic data revealed a breast milk-induced molecular pattern associated with tissue remodeling and homeostasis. Using a novel ex vivo pediatric enteroid model, we have identified distinct cellular and molecular events involved in human milk-mediated improvement of human intestinal physiology and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaelle Noel
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Julie G. In
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jose M. Lemme-Dumit
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Lauren R. DeVine
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Robert N. Cole
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Anthony L. Guerrerio
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - James D. Campbell
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Olga Kovbasnjuk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Marcela F. Pasetti
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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20
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The paraventricular thalamus serves as a nexus in the regulation of stress and immunity. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 95:36-44. [PMID: 33540073 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Many temperate zone animals exhibit seasonal rhythms in physiology and behavior, including seasonal cycles of reproduction, energetics, stress responsiveness, and immune function, among many others. These rhythms are driven by seasonal changes in the duration of pineal melatonin secretion. The neural melatonin target tissues that mediate several of these rhythms have been identified, though the target(s) mediating melatonin's regulation of glucocorticoid secretion, immune cell numbers, and bacterial killing capacity remain unspecified. The present results indicate that one melatonin target tissue, the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT), is necessary for the expression of these seasonal rhythms. Thus, while radiofrequency ablations of the PVT failed to alter testicular and body mass response to short photoperiod exposure, they did block the effect of short day lengths on cortisol secretion and bacterial killing efficacy. These results are consistent with the independent regulation by separate neural circuits of several physiological traits that vary seasonally in mammals.
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21
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Muehler A, Slizgi JR, Kohlhof H, Groeppel M, Peelen E, Vitt D. Clinical relevance of intestinal barrier dysfunction in common gastrointestinal diseases. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2020; 11:114-130. [PMID: 33362939 PMCID: PMC7739114 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v11.i6.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal barrier is a complex and well-controlled physiological construct designed to separate luminal contents from the bowel wall. In this review, we focus on the intestinal barrier’s relationship with the host’s immune system interaction and the external environment, specifically the microbiome. The bowel allows the host to obtain nutrients vital to survival while protecting itself from harmful pathogens, luminal antigens, or other pro-inflammatory factors. Control over barrier function and the luminal milieu is maintained at the biochemical, cellular, and immunological level. However, disruption to this highly regulated environment can cause disease. Recent advances to the field have progressed the mechanistic understanding of compromised intestinal barrier function in the context of gastrointestinal pathology. There are numerous examples where bowel barrier dysfunction and the resulting interaction between the microbiome and the immune system has disease-triggering consequences. The purpose of this review is to summarize the clinical relevance of intestinal barrier dysfunction in common gastrointestinal and related diseases. This may help highlight the importance of restoring barrier function as a therapeutic mechanism of action in gastrointestinal pathology.
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22
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Thomas RC, Kheder R, Alaridhee H, Martin N, Stover CM. Complement Properdin Regulates the Metabolo-Inflammatory Response to a High Fat Diet. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 56:medicina56090484. [PMID: 32971872 PMCID: PMC7558790 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56090484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Background and objectives: Overnutrition leads to a metabolic and inflammatory response that includes the activation of Complement. Properdin is the only amplifier of complement activation and increases the provision of complement activation products. Its absence has previously been shown to lead to increased obesity in mice on a high fat diet. The aim of this study was to determine ways in which properdin contributes to a less pronounced obese phenotype. Materials and Methods: Wild type (WT) and properdin deficient mice (KO) were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for up to 12 weeks. Results: There was a significant increase in liver triglyceride content in the KO HFD group compared to WT on HFD. WT developed steatosis. KO had an additional inflammatory component (steatohepatitis). Analysis of AKT signalling by phosphorylation array supported a decrease in insulin sensitivity which was greater for KO than WT in liver and kidney. There was a significant decrease of C5L2 in the fat membranes of the KO HFD group compared to the WT HFD group. Circulating microparticles in KO HFD group showed lower presence of C5L2. Expression of the fatty acid transporter CD36 in adipose tissue was increased in KO on HFD and was also significantly increased in plasma of KO HFD mice compared to WT on HFD. CD36 was elevated on microparticles from KO on HFD. Ultrastructural changes consistent with obesity-associated glomerulopathy were observed for both HFD fed genotypes, but tubular strain was greater in KO. Conclusion: Our work demonstrates that complement properdin is a dominant factor in limiting the severity of obesity-associated conditions that impact on liver and kidney. The two receptors, C5L2 and CD36, are downstream of the activity exerted by properdin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rόisín C. Thomas
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK; (R.C.T.); (R.K.); (H.A.); (N.M.)
| | - Ramiar Kheder
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK; (R.C.T.); (R.K.); (H.A.); (N.M.)
| | - Hasanain Alaridhee
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK; (R.C.T.); (R.K.); (H.A.); (N.M.)
| | - Naomi Martin
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK; (R.C.T.); (R.K.); (H.A.); (N.M.)
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Cordula M. Stover
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK; (R.C.T.); (R.K.); (H.A.); (N.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-116-2525032
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23
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Salamon H, Nissim-Eliraz E, Ardronai O, Nissan I, Shpigel NY. The role of O-polysaccharide chain and complement resistance of Escherichia coli in mammary virulence. Vet Res 2020; 51:77. [PMID: 32539761 PMCID: PMC7294653 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00804-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis, inflammation of the mammary gland, is a common disease of dairy animals. The disease is caused by bacterial infection ascending through the teat canal and mammary pathogenic Escherichia coli (MPEC) are common etiology. In the first phase of infection, virulence mechanisms, designated as niche factors, enable MPEC bacteria to resist innate antimicrobial mechanisms, replicate in milk, and to colonize the mammary gland. Next, massive replication of colonizing bacteria culminates in a large biomass of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as toll-like receptors (TLRs) mediating inflammatory signaling in mammary alveolar epithelial cells (MAEs) and macrophages. Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), the prototypical class of MAMPs are sufficient to elicit mammary inflammation mediated by TLR4 signaling and activation of nuclear factor kB (NF-kB), the master regulator of inflammation. Using in vivo mastitis model, in low and high complements mice, and in vitro NF-kB luminescence reporter system in MAEs, we have found that the smooth configuration of LPS O-polysaccharides in MPEC enables the colonizing organisms to evade the host immune response by reducing inflammatory response and conferring resistance to complement. Screening a collection of MPEC field strains, we also found that all strains were complement resistant and 94% (45/48) were smooth. These results indicate that the structure of LPS O-polysaccharides chain is important for the pathogenesis of MPEC mastitis and provides protection against complement-mediated killing. Furthermore, we demonstrate a role for complement, a key component of innate immunity, in host-microbe interactions of the mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagit Salamon
- The Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Einat Nissim-Eliraz
- The Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Oded Ardronai
- The Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Israel Nissan
- The Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nahum Y Shpigel
- The Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, 76100, Rehovot, Israel.
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24
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The Control of Intestinal Inflammation: A Major Objective in the Research of Probiotic Strains as Alternatives to Antibiotic Growth Promoters in Poultry. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8020148. [PMID: 31973199 PMCID: PMC7074883 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8020148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The reduction of antimicrobial resistance is a major challenge for the scientific community. In a few decades, infections by resistant bacteria are forecasted to be the main cause of death in the world. The withdrawal of antibiotics as growth promoters and their preventive use in animal production is essential to avoid these resistances, but this may impair productivity and health due to the increase in gut inflammation. This reduction in productivity aggravates the problem of increasing meat demand in developing countries and limits the availability of raw materials. Probiotics are promising products to address this challenge due to their beneficial effects on microbiota composition, mucosal barrier integrity, and immune system to control inflammation. Although many modes of action have been demonstrated, the scientific community is not able to describe the specific effects that a probiotic should induce on the host to maximize both productivity and animal health. First, it may be necessary to define what are the innate immune pathways acting in the gut that optimize productivity and health and to then investigate which probiotic strain is able to induce the specific effect needed. This review describes several gaps in the knowledge of host-microbiota-pathogen interaction and the related mechanisms involved in the inflammatory response not demonstrated yet in poultry.
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25
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Benis N, Wells JM, Smits MA, Kar SK, van der Hee B, Dos Santos VAPM, Suarez-Diez M, Schokker D. High-level integration of murine intestinal transcriptomics data highlights the importance of the complement system in mucosal homeostasis. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:1028. [PMID: 31888466 PMCID: PMC6937694 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6390-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mammalian intestine is a complex biological system that exhibits functional plasticity in its response to diverse stimuli to maintain homeostasis. To improve our understanding of this plasticity, we performed a high-level data integration of 14 whole-genome transcriptomics datasets from samples of intestinal mouse mucosa. We used the tool Centrality based Pathway Analysis (CePa), along with information from the Reactome database. Results The results show an integrated response of the mouse intestinal mucosa to challenges with agents introduced orally that were expected to perturb homeostasis. We observed that a common set of pathways respond to different stimuli, of which the most reactive was the Regulation of Complement Cascade pathway. Altered expression of the Regulation of Complement Cascade pathway was verified in mouse organoids challenged with different stimuli in vitro. Conclusions Results of the integrated transcriptomics analysis and data driven experiment suggest an important role of epithelial production of complement and host complement defence factors in the maintenance of homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirupama Benis
- Host Microbe Interactomics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands. .,Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jerry M Wells
- Host Microbe Interactomics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mari A Smits
- Host Microbe Interactomics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Soumya Kanti Kar
- Host Microbe Interactomics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart van der Hee
- Host Microbe Interactomics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vitor A P Martins Dos Santos
- Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,LifeGlimmer GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Suarez-Diez
- Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirkjan Schokker
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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26
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Prasad SV, Fiedoruk K, Daniluk T, Piktel E, Bucki R. Expression and Function of Host Defense Peptides at Inflammation Sites. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010104. [PMID: 31877866 PMCID: PMC6982121 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing interest in the complex role of host defense peptides (HDPs) in the pathophysiology of several immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. The physicochemical properties and selective interaction of HDPs with various receptors define their immunomodulatory effects. However, it is quite challenging to understand their function because some HDPs play opposing pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory roles, depending on their expression level within the site of inflammation. While it is known that HDPs maintain constitutive host protection against invading microorganisms, the inducible nature of HDPs in various cells and tissues is an important aspect of the molecular events of inflammation. This review outlines the biological functions and emerging roles of HDPs in different inflammatory conditions. We further discuss the current data on the clinical relevance of impaired HDPs expression in inflammation and selected diseases.
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27
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Capo F, Wilson A, Di Cara F. The Intestine of Drosophila melanogaster: An Emerging Versatile Model System to Study Intestinal Epithelial Homeostasis and Host-Microbial Interactions in Humans. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7090336. [PMID: 31505811 PMCID: PMC6780840 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7090336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In all metazoans, the intestinal tract is an essential organ to integrate nutritional signaling, hormonal cues and immunometabolic networks. The dysregulation of intestinal epithelium functions can impact organism physiology and, in humans, leads to devastating and complex diseases, such as inflammatory bowel diseases, intestinal cancers, and obesity. Two decades ago, the discovery of an immune response in the intestine of the genetic model system, Drosophila melanogaster, sparked interest in using this model organism to dissect the mechanisms that govern gut (patho) physiology in humans. In 2007, the finding of the intestinal stem cell lineage, followed by the development of tools available for its manipulation in vivo, helped to elucidate the structural organization and functions of the fly intestine and its similarity with mammalian gastrointestinal systems. To date, studies of the Drosophila gut have already helped to shed light on a broad range of biological questions regarding stem cells and their niches, interorgan communication, immunity and immunometabolism, making the Drosophila a promising model organism for human enteric studies. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the structure and functions of the Drosophila melanogaster intestine, asserting its validity as an emerging model system to study gut physiology, regeneration, immune defenses and host-microbiota interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Capo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, IWK Research Centre, Dalhousie University, 5850/5980 University Avenue, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada.
| | - Alexa Wilson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, IWK Research Centre, Dalhousie University, 5850/5980 University Avenue, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada.
| | - Francesca Di Cara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, IWK Research Centre, Dalhousie University, 5850/5980 University Avenue, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada.
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28
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Bhat AA, Uppada S, Achkar IW, Hashem S, Yadav SK, Shanmugakonar M, Al-Naemi HA, Haris M, Uddin S. Tight Junction Proteins and Signaling Pathways in Cancer and Inflammation: A Functional Crosstalk. Front Physiol 2019; 9:1942. [PMID: 30728783 PMCID: PMC6351700 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of epithelial cells to organize through cell–cell adhesion into a functioning epithelium serves the purpose of a tight epithelial protective barrier. Contacts between adjacent cells are made up of tight junctions (TJ), adherens junctions (AJ), and desmosomes with unique cellular functions and a complex molecular composition. These proteins mediate firm mechanical stability, serves as a gatekeeper for the paracellular pathway, and helps in preserving tissue homeostasis. TJ proteins are involved in maintaining cell polarity, in establishing organ-specific apical domains and also in recruiting signaling proteins involved in the regulation of various important cellular functions including proliferation, differentiation, and migration. As a vital component of the epithelial barrier, TJs are under a constant threat from proinflammatory mediators, pathogenic viruses and bacteria, aiding inflammation and the development of disease. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients reveal loss of TJ barrier function, increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines, and immune dysregulation; yet, the relationship between these events is partly understood. Although TJ barrier defects are inadequate to cause experimental IBD, mucosal immune activation is changed in response to augmented epithelial permeability. Thus, the current studies suggest that altered barrier function may predispose or increase disease progression and therapies targeted to specifically restore the barrier function may provide a substitute or supplement to immunologic-based therapies. This review provides a brief introduction about the TJs, AJs, structure and function of TJ proteins. The link between TJ proteins and key signaling pathways in cell proliferation, transformation, and metastasis is discussed thoroughly. We also discuss the compromised intestinal TJ integrity under inflammatory conditions, and the signaling mechanisms involved that bridge inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajaz A Bhat
- Division of Translational Medicine, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Srijayaprakash Uppada
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Iman W Achkar
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sheema Hashem
- Division of Translational Medicine, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Santosh K Yadav
- Division of Translational Medicine, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Hamda A Al-Naemi
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammad Haris
- Division of Translational Medicine, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar.,Laboratory Animal Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
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29
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Litvinova EA, Achasova KM, Borisova MA, Zhenilo SV, Prokhortchouk EB, Kozhevnikova EN. Role of the Kaiso gene in the development of inflammation in Mucin-2 defcient mice. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2019. [DOI: 10.18699/vj18.453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of people with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is constantly increasing worldwide. The main factors that have effects on the etiology of the disease are genetic, environmental and immunological. However, the mechanism of disease development and effective treatment of IBD have not yet been found. Animal models help address these problems. The most popular model is considered to be transgenic models in which individual genes are knocked out. One of such models for the study of IBD are mice with a null mutation of theMuc2gene encoding the Mucin-2 protein, which is involved in the formation of a protective mucin layer in the small and large intestine. Some of transcription factors that change the expression of intestinal genes are involved in the development of IBD and colorectal cancer. One of such transcription factors is “zinc fnger” domain-containing protein Kaiso which is able to bind to methylated DNA. In this study, we assessed the role of Kaiso in the development of intestinal inflammation using the experimental model of C57BL/6Muc2-/-Kaiso-/-. We have shown that mice with impaired intestinal barrier function that develop processes similar to human IBD also develop inflammatory responses, such as increased expression ofIl1,TnfandIl17agenes. The defciency of the Kaiso transcription factor in Mucin-2 knockout mice causes a decrease in the expression level of only theCox2andTff3genes. Perhaps a decline in the expression of the gene encoding cyclooxygenase-2 can lead to a decrease in the expression of the antibacterial factor Trefoil factor 3. However, in the experimental model of IBD, Kaiso protein did not play a signifcant role in the regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines of tumor necrosis factor and interleukins 1 and 17.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - S. V. Zhenilo
- Federal Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology”, RAS, Institute of Bioengineering
| | - E. B. Prokhortchouk
- Federal Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology”, RAS, Institute of Bioengineering
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30
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Parker A, Lawson MAE, Vaux L, Pin C. Host-microbe interaction in the gastrointestinal tract. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:2337-2353. [PMID: 28892253 PMCID: PMC6175405 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is a highly complex organ in which multiple dynamic physiological processes are tightly coordinated while interacting with a dense and extremely diverse microbial population. From establishment in early life, through to host-microbe symbiosis in adulthood, the gut microbiota plays a vital role in our development and health. The effect of the microbiota on gut development and physiology is highlighted by anatomical and functional changes in germ-free mice, affecting the gut epithelium, immune system and enteric nervous system. Microbial colonisation promotes competent innate and acquired mucosal immune systems, epithelial renewal, barrier integrity, and mucosal vascularisation and innervation. Interacting or shared signalling pathways across different physiological systems of the gut could explain how all these changes are coordinated during postnatal colonisation, or after the introduction of microbiota into germ-free models. The application of cell-based in-vitro experimental systems and mathematical modelling can shed light on the molecular and signalling pathways which regulate the development and maintenance of homeostasis in the gut and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimée Parker
- Quadram Institute BioscienceNorwich Research ParkNR4 7UAUK
| | | | - Laura Vaux
- Quadram Institute BioscienceNorwich Research ParkNR4 7UAUK
| | - Carmen Pin
- Quadram Institute BioscienceNorwich Research ParkNR4 7UAUK
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31
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Gassler N. Paneth cells in intestinal physiology and pathophysiology. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2017; 8:150-160. [PMID: 29184701 PMCID: PMC5696613 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v8.i4.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Small intestinal mucosa is characterised by villus forming connective tissues with highly specialised surface lining epithelial cells essentially contributing to the establishment of the intestinal border. In order to perform these diverse functions, spatially distinct compartments of epithelial differentiation are found along the crypt-villus axis, including Paneth cells as a highly specialised cell type. Paneth cells locate in crypts and assist undifferentiated columnar cells, called crypt base columnar cells, and rapidly amplifying cells in the regeneration of absorptive and secretory cell types. There is some evidence that Paneth cells are involved in the configuration and function of the stem cell zone as well as intestinal morphogenesis and crypt fission. However, the flow of Paneth cells to crypt bottoms requires strong Wnt signalling guided by EphB3 and partially antagonised by Notch. In addition, mature Paneth cells are essential for the production and secretion of antimicrobial peptides including α-defensins/cryptdins. These antimicrobials are physiologically involved in shaping the composition of the microbiome. The autophagy related 16-like 1 (ATG16L1) is a genetic risk factor and is involved in the exocytosis pathway of Paneth cells as well as a linker molecule to PPAR signalling and lipid metabolism. There is evidence that injuries of Paneth cells are involved in the etiopathogenesis of different intestinal diseases. The review provides an overview of the key points of Paneth cell activities in intestinal physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Gassler
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University, Braunschweig 38114, Germany
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Bosso M, Ständker L, Kirchhoff F, Münch J. Exploiting the human peptidome for novel antimicrobial and anticancer agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 26:2719-2726. [PMID: 29122440 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases and cancers are leading causes of death and pose major challenges to public health. The human peptidome encompasses millions of compounds that display an enormous structural and functional diversity and represents an excellent source for the discovery of endogenous agents with antimicrobial and/or anticancer activity. Here, we discuss how to exploit the human peptidome for novel antimicrobial and anticancer agents through the generation of peptide libraries from human body fluids and tissues and stepwise purification of bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Bosso
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Ludger Ständker
- Ulm Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081 Ulm, Germany; Core Facility Functional Peptidomics, Ulm University Medical Center, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 89081 Ulm, Germany; Ulm Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Jan Münch
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 89081 Ulm, Germany; Ulm Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081 Ulm, Germany; Core Facility Functional Peptidomics, Ulm University Medical Center, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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The Controversial C5a Receptor C5aR2: Its Role in Health and Disease. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:8193932. [PMID: 28706957 PMCID: PMC5494583 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8193932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
After the discovery of the C5a receptor C5aR1, C5aR2 is the second receptor found to bind C5a and its des-arginine form. As a heptahelical G protein-coupled receptor but devoid of the intracellular Gα signal, C5aR2 is special and confusing. Ramifications and controversies about C5aR2 are under debate since its identification, from putative ligands and cellular localization to intracellular signals and pathological roles in inflammation and immunity. The ruleless and even conflicting pro- or anti-inflammatory role of C5aR2 in animal models of diverse diseases makes one bewildered. This review summarizes reports on C5aR2, tries to clear up available evidence on these four controversial aspects, and delineates C5aR2 function(s). It also summarizes available toolboxes for C5aR2 study.
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Mu Q, Kirby J, Reilly CM, Luo XM. Leaky Gut As a Danger Signal for Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2017; 8:598. [PMID: 28588585 PMCID: PMC5440529 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelial lining, together with factors secreted from it, forms a barrier that separates the host from the environment. In pathologic conditions, the permeability of the epithelial lining may be compromised allowing the passage of toxins, antigens, and bacteria in the lumen to enter the blood stream creating a “leaky gut.” In individuals with a genetic predisposition, a leaky gut may allow environmental factors to enter the body and trigger the initiation and development of autoimmune disease. Growing evidence shows that the gut microbiota is important in supporting the epithelial barrier and therefore plays a key role in the regulation of environmental factors that enter the body. Several recent reports have shown that probiotics can reverse the leaky gut by enhancing the production of tight junction proteins; however, additional and longer term studies are still required. Conversely, pathogenic bacteria that can facilitate a leaky gut and induce autoimmune symptoms can be ameliorated with the use of antibiotic treatment. Therefore, it is hypothesized that modulating the gut microbiota can serve as a potential method for regulating intestinal permeability and may help to alter the course of autoimmune diseases in susceptible individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghui Mu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Jay Kirby
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | | | - Xin M Luo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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Mend Your Fences: The Epithelial Barrier and its Relationship With Mucosal Immunity in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 4:33-46. [PMID: 28560287 PMCID: PMC5439240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium can be easily disrupted during gut inflammation as seen in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. For a long time, research into the pathophysiology of IBD has been focused on immune cell-mediated mechanisms. Recent evidence, however, suggests that the intestinal epithelium might play a major role in the development and perpetuation of IBD. It is now clear that IBD can be triggered by disturbances in epithelial barrier integrity via dysfunctions in intestinal epithelial cell-intrinsic molecular circuits that control the homeostasis, renewal, and repair of intestinal epithelial cells. The intestinal epithelium in the healthy individual represents a semi-permeable physical barrier shielding the interior of the body from invasions of pathogens on the one hand and allowing selective passage of nutrients on the other hand. However, the intestinal epithelium must be considered much more than a simple physical barrier. Instead, the epithelium is a highly dynamic tissue that responds to a plenitude of signals including the intestinal microbiota and signals from the immune system. This epithelial response to these signals regulates barrier function, the composition of the microbiota, and mucosal immune homeostasis within the lamina propria. The epithelium can thus be regarded as a translator between the microbiota and the immune system and aberrant signal transduction between the epithelium and adjacent immune cells might promote immune dysregulation in IBD. This review summarizes the important cellular and molecular barrier components of the intestinal epithelium and emphasizes the mechanisms leading to barrier dysfunction during intestinal inflammation.
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Key Words
- BMP, bone morphogenic protein
- CD, Crohn's disease
- Fz, frizzled
- HD, humans α-defensin
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- IECs, intestinal epithelial cells
- IL, interleukin
- Immune-Epithelial Crosstalk
- Intestinal Epithelial Barrier
- Intestinal Inflammation
- JAMs, junctional adhesion molecules
- Lgr5, leucine rich repeat containing G-protein coupled receptor 5
- MARVEL, myelin and lymphocyte and related proteins for vesicle trafficking and membrane link
- MLCK, myosin light chain kinase
- NFκB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- NOD-2, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2
- STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription
- TAMP, tight junction–associated MARVEL protein
- TJ, tight junction
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- TSLP, thymic stromal lymphopoietin
- UC, ulcerative colitis
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Satyam A, Kannan L, Matsumoto N, Geha M, Lapchak PH, Bosse R, Shi GP, Dalle Lucca JJ, Tsokos MG, Tsokos GC. Intracellular Activation of Complement 3 Is Responsible for Intestinal Tissue Damage during Mesenteric Ischemia. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 198:788-797. [PMID: 27913632 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal ischemia followed by reperfusion leads to local and remote organ injury attributed to inflammatory response during the reperfusion phase. The extent to which ischemia contributes to ischemia/reperfusion injury has not been thoroughly studied. After careful evaluation of intestinal tissue following 30 min of ischemia, we noticed significant local mucosal injury in wild-type mice. This injury was drastically reduced in C3-deficient mice, suggesting C3 involvement. Depletion of circulating complement with cobra venom factor eliminated, as expected, injury recorded at the end of the reperfusion phase but failed to eliminate injury that occurred during the ischemic phase. Immunohistochemical studies showed that tissue damage during ischemia was associated with increased expression of C3/C3 fragments primarily in the intestinal epithelial cells, suggesting local involvement of complement. In vitro studies using Caco2 intestinal epithelial cells showed that in the presence of LPS or exposure to hypoxic conditions the cells produce higher C3 mRNA as well as C3a fragment. Caco2 cells were also noted to produce cathepsins B and L, and inhibition of cathepsins suppressed the release of C3a. Finally, we found that mice treated with a cathepsin inhibitor and cathepsin B-deficient mice suffer limited intestinal injury during the ischemic phase. To our knowledge, our findings demonstrate for the first time that significant intestinal injury occurs during ischemia prior to reperfusion and that this is due to activation of C3 within the intestinal epithelial cells in a cathepsin-dependent manner. Modulation of cathepsin activity may prevent injury of organs exposed to ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhigyan Satyam
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Lakshmi Kannan
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Naoya Matsumoto
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Mayya Geha
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215.,Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Peter H Lapchak
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Robin Bosse
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Guo-Ping Shi
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Jurandir J Dalle Lucca
- Translational Medical Division, Department of Chemical and Biological Technologies, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, VA 22060
| | - Maria G Tsokos
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - George C Tsokos
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215;
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Cassmann E, White R, Atherly T, Wang C, Sun Y, Khoda S, Mosher C, Ackermann M, Jergens A. Alterations of the Ileal and Colonic Mucosal Microbiota in Canine Chronic Enteropathies. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147321. [PMID: 26840462 PMCID: PMC4740465 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The intestinal microbiota is increasingly linked to the pathogenesis of chronic enteropathies (CE) in dogs. While imbalances in duodenal and fecal microbial communities have been associated with mucosal inflammation, relatively little is known about alterations in mucosal bacteria seen with CE involving the ileum and colon. Aim To investigate the composition and spatial organization of mucosal microbiota in dogs with CE and controls. Methods Tissue sections from endoscopic biopsies of the ileum and colon from 19 dogs with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), 6 dogs with granulomatous colitis (GC), 12 dogs with intestinal neoplasia, and 15 controls were studied by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on a quantifiable basis. Results The ileal and colonic mucosa of healthy dogs and dogs with CE is predominantly colonized by bacteria localized to free and adherent mucus compartments. CE dogs harbored more (P < 0.05) mucosal bacteria belonging to the Clostridium-coccoides/Eubacterium rectale group, Bacteroides, Enterobacteriaceae, and Escherichia coli versus controls. Within the CE group, IBD dogs had increased (P < 0.05) Enterobacteriaceae and E. coli bacteria attached onto surface epithelia or invading within the intestinal mucosa. Bacterial invasion with E. coli was observed in the ileal and colonic mucosa of dogs with GC (P < 0.05). Dogs with intestinal neoplasia had increased (P < 0.05) adherent (total bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, E. coli) and invasive (Enterobacteriaceae, E. coli, and Bacteroides) bacteria in biopsy specimens. Increased numbers of total bacteria adherent to the colonic mucosa were associated with clinical disease severity in IBD dogs (P < 0.05). Conclusion Pathogenic events in canine CE are associated with different populations of the ileal and colonic mucosal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Cassmann
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Robin White
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | | | - Chong Wang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Yaxuan Sun
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Samir Khoda
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Curtis Mosher
- Department of Genetics, Development & Cell Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Mark Ackermann
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Albert Jergens
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hiemstra PS. Parallel activities and interactions between antimicrobial peptides and complement in host defense at the airway epithelial surface. Mol Immunol 2015; 68:28-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Stover CM. Editorial: Antimicrobial Peptides and Complement - Maximising the Inflammatory Response. Front Immunol 2015; 6:491. [PMID: 26441995 PMCID: PMC4585229 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cordula M Stover
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, University of Leicester , Leicester , UK
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