1
|
Wu Z, Zhao Z, Li Y, Wang C, Cheng C, Li H, Zhao M, Li J, Law Wen Xin E, Zhang N, Zhao Y, Yang X. Identification of key genes and immune infiltration in peripheral blood biomarker analysis of delayed cerebral ischemia: Valproic acid as a potential therapeutic drug. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 137:112408. [PMID: 38897129 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) is a common and serious complication of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Its pathogenesis is not fully understood. Here, we developed a predictive model based on peripheral blood biomarkers and validated the model using several bioinformatic multi-analysis methods. METHODS Six datasets were obtained from the GEO database. Characteristic genes were screened using weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) and differentially expressed genes. Three machine learning algorithms, elastic networks-LASSO, support vector machines (SVM-RFE) and random forests (RF), were also used to construct diagnostic prediction models for key genes. To further evaluate the performance and predictive value of the diagnostic models, nomogram model were constructed, and the clinical value of the models was assessed using Decision Curve Analysis (DCA), Area Under the Check Curve (AUC), Clinical Impact Curve (CIC), and validated in the mouse single-cell RNA-seq dataset. Mendelian randomization(MR) analysis explored the causal relationship between SAH and stroke, and the intermediate influencing factors. We validated this by retrospectively analyzing the qPCR levels of the most relevant genes in SAH and SAH-DCI patients. This experiment demonstrated a statistically significant difference between SAH and SAH-DCI and normal group controls. Finally, potential small molecule compounds interacting with the selected features were screened from the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD). RESULTS The fGSEA results showed that activation of Toll-like receptor signaling and leukocyte transendothelial cell migration pathways were positively correlated with the DCI phenotype, whereas cytokine signaling pathways and natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity were negatively correlated. Consensus feature selection of DEG genes using WGCNA and three machine learning algorithms resulted in the identification of six genes (SPOCK2, TRRAP, CIB1, BCL11B, PDZD8 and LAT), which were used to predict DCI diagnosis with high accuracy. Three external datasets and the mouse single-cell dataset showed high accuracy of the diagnostic model, in addition to high performance and predictive value of the diagnostic model in DCA and CIC. MR analysis looked at stroke after SAH independent of SAH, but associated with multiple intermediate factors including Hypertensive diseases, Total triglycerides levels in medium HDL and Platelet count. qPCR confirmed that significant differences in DCI signature genes were observed between the SAH and SAH-DCI groups. Finally, valproic acid became a potential therapeutic agent for DCI based on the results of target prediction and molecular docking of the characterized genes. CONCLUSION This diagnostic model can identify SAH patients at high risk for DCI and may provide potential mechanisms and therapeutic targets for DCI. Valproic acid may be an important future drug for the treatment of DCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuolin Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zilin Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Cong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunchao Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongwen Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Mingyu Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jia Li
- Neurosurgery Third Department, Baoding NO.1 Central Hospital, 320 Changcheng North Street, Baoding City, Hebei Province, China
| | - Elethea Law Wen Xin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Nai Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hu Q, Luo Y, He H, Chen H, Liao D. Comprehensive analysis of shared risk genes and immunity-metabolisms between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and atherosclerosis via bulk and single-cell transcriptome analyses. Heliyon 2024; 10:e35453. [PMID: 39165965 PMCID: PMC11334902 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective and design: Considering the clinical link between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and atherosclerosis (AS), we performed bioinformatics analysis to uncover their pathogenic interrelationship. Methods and results Data from the U.S. National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2018 were included. Among 4851 participants in NHANES, NAFLD was significantly associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk (ASCVD risk) (OR = 2.32, 95%CI: 2.04-2.65, P < 0.0001). We conducted WGCNA analysis for NAFLD (GSE130970) and AS (GSE28829) and identified three modules positively related to NAFLD severity and two modules accelerating atherosclerosis plaque progression. 198 key-modules genes were obtained via overlapping these modules. Next, we mined the disease-controlled differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from NAFLD (GSE89632) and AS (GSE100927), respectively. The final common risk genes (ACP5, TP53I3, RPS6KA1, TYMS, TREM2, CA12, and IFI27) were defined by intersecting the upregulated DEGs with 198 genes and validated in new datasets (GSE48452 and GSE43292). Importantly, they showed good diagnostic ability for NAFLD and AS. Immune infiltration analysis showed both illnesses have dysregulated immunity. Analysis of single-cell sequencing datasets NAFLD (GSE179886) and AS (GSE159677) uncovered different abnormal expressions of seven common genes in different immune cells while highlighting metabolic disturbances including upregulation of fatty acid biosynthesis, downregulation of fatty acid degradation and elongation. Conclusion We found 7 shared hub genes with good diagnostic ability and depicted the landscapes of immune and metabolism involved in NAFLD and AS. Our results provided a comprehensive association between them and may contribute to developing potential intervention strategies for targeting both disorders based on these risk factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Hu
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yunfang Luo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hao He
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hua Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First people's Hospital of Changde City, Changde, Hunan, China
| | - Di Liao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Qiu Y, Ouyang Z, Zhong J, Jin L, Qin Y, Zeng Y. Syndecan-1 as a predictor of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1415788. [PMID: 39175877 PMCID: PMC11338802 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1415788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Aims Cardiovascular disease remains a major global health concern, with atherosclerosis (AS) being a significant contributor. Vulnerable plaques play a critical role in acute cardiovascular events. Syndecan-1 (SDC-1), a vital membrane proteoglycan in the vascular endothelial glycocalyx, is believed to be associated with plaque progression. However, its precise relationship with severity and vulnerability of atherosclerotic plaque remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate SDC-1 expression and its potential correlation with plaque vulnerability in ApoE-/- atherosclerosis mouse model. Methods and results Eight-week-old mice were induced into the AS model using a high-fat diet (HFD) and/or partial ligation of the left common carotid artery (PLCA), with a chow diet (CD) control group. After 16 weeks, plaques in the aortic root showed the following order: HFD + PLCA group > HFD group > CD + PLCA group > CD group. Immunohistochemistry revealed heightened accumulation of lipid/foam cells and CD68-labeled macrophages in the plaques, elevated vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in the HFD + PLCA group's plaques, along with reduced collagen and α-SMA-labeled smooth muscle cells, resulting in the highest vulnerability index value. Immunohistofluorescence analysis of frozen plaque sections showed significantly higher SDC-1 expression in the AS mice group compared to the CD group, both positively correlated with plaque vulnerability. Serum analysis demonstrated elevated levels of SDC1, sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), and VEGF-A in the AS mice, all positively correlated with plaque vulnerability. Multivariate analysis identified SDC1 as an independent predictor of plaque vulnerability. Conclusion This study enhances our understanding of plaque vulnerability mechanisms and presents SDC1 as a potential biomarker for atherosclerosis. These findings underscore the importance of addressing modifiable risk factors, such as diet and hemodynamics and suggest the utility of serum SDC1 as a valuable clinical marker. Ultimately, these insights may lead to more effective strategies in combating cardiovascular diseases and improving patient outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qiu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fuwai Yunnan Cardiovascular Hospital, Kunming, China
| | - Zhi Ouyang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Zhong
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linlu Jin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yixue Qin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ye Zeng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Malik JA, Affan Khan M, Lamba T, Adeel Zafar M, Nanda S, Owais M, Agrewala JN. Immunosuppressive effects of morphine on macrophage polarization and function. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 975:176637. [PMID: 38729416 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Macrophages play a pivotal role in safeguarding against a broad spectrum of infections, from viral, bacterial, fungal to parasitic threats and contributing to the immune defense against cancer. While morphine's immunosuppressive effects on immune cells are extensively documented, a significant knowledge gap exists regarding its influence on macrophage polarization and differentiation. Hence, we conducted a study that unveils that prior exposure to morphine significantly impedes the differentiation of bone marrow cells into macrophages. Furthermore, the polarization of macrophages toward the M1 phenotype under M1-inducing conditions experiences substantial impairment, as evidenced by the diminished expression of CD80, CD86, CD40, iNOS, and MHCII. This correlates with reduced expression of M1 phenotypical markers such as iNOS, IL-1β, and IL-6, accompanied by noticeable morphological, size, and phagocytic alterations. Further, we also observed that morphine affected M2 macrophages. These findings emphasize the necessity for a more comprehensive understanding of the impact of morphine on compromising macrophage function and its potential ramifications for therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonaid Ahmad Malik
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, 140001, India
| | - Mohammad Affan Khan
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, 140001, India
| | - Taruna Lamba
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, 140001, India
| | - Mohammad Adeel Zafar
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, 140001, India
| | - Sidhanta Nanda
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, 140001, India
| | - Mohammad Owais
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Javed N Agrewala
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, 140001, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sahebi K, Foroozand H, Amirsoleymani M, Eslamzadeh S, Negahdaripour M, Tajbakhsh A, Rahimi Jaberi A, Savardashtaki A. Advancing stroke recovery: unlocking the potential of cellular dynamics in stroke recovery. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:321. [PMID: 38992073 PMCID: PMC11239950 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-02049-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Stroke stands as a predominant cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, and there is a pressing need for effective therapies to improve outcomes and enhance the quality of life for stroke survivors. In this line, effective efferocytosis, the clearance of apoptotic cells, plays a crucial role in neuroprotection and immunoregulation. This process involves specialized phagocytes known as "professional phagocytes" and consists of four steps: "Find-Me," "Eat-Me," engulfment/digestion, and anti-inflammatory responses. Impaired efferocytosis can lead to secondary necrosis and inflammation, resulting in adverse outcomes following brain pathologies. Enhancing efferocytosis presents a potential avenue for improving post-stroke recovery. Several therapeutic targets have been identified, including osteopontin, cysteinyl leukotriene 2 receptor, the µ opioid receptor antagonist β-funaltrexamine, and PPARγ and RXR agonists. Ferroptosis, defined as iron-dependent cell death, is now emerging as a novel target to attenuate post-stroke tissue damage and neuronal loss. Additionally, several biomarkers, most importantly CD163, may serve as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for acute ischemic stroke, aiding in stroke diagnosis and prognosis. Non-pharmacological approaches involve physical rehabilitation, hypoxia, and hypothermia. Mitochondrial dysfunction is now recognized as a major contributor to the poor outcomes of brain stroke, and medications targeting mitochondria may exhibit beneficial effects. These strategies aim to polarize efferocytes toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype, limit the ingestion of distressed but viable neurons, and stimulate efferocytosis in the late phase of stroke to enhance post-stroke recovery. These findings highlight promising directions for future research and development of effective stroke recovery therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keivan Sahebi
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hassan Foroozand
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Saghi Eslamzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Manica Negahdaripour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Tajbakhsh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Abbas Rahimi Jaberi
- Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Amir Savardashtaki
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- Infertility Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Peiu SN, Iosep DG, Danciu M, Scripcaru V, Ianole V, Mocanu V. Ghrelin Expression in Atherosclerotic Plaques and Perivascular Adipose Tissue: Implications for Vascular Inflammation in Peripheral Artery Disease. J Clin Med 2024; 13:3737. [PMID: 38999303 PMCID: PMC11242600 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13133737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a leading cause of peripheral artery disease (PAD), is driven by lipid accumulation and chronic inflammation within arterial walls. Objectives: This study investigates the expression of ghrelin, an anti-inflammatory peptide hormone, in plaque morphology and inflammation in patients with PAD, highlighting its potential role in age-related vascular diseases and metabolic syndrome. Methods: The analysis specifically focused on the immunohistochemical expression of ghrelin in atherosclerotic plaques and perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) from 28 PAD patients. Detailed immunohistochemical staining was performed to identify ghrelin within these tissues, comparing its presence in various plaque types and assessing its association with markers of inflammation and macrophage polarization. Results: Significant results showed a higher prevalence of calcification in fibro-lipid plaques (63.1%) compared to fibrous plaques, with a notable difference in inflammatory infiltration between the two plaque types (p = 0.027). Complicated plaques exhibited increased ghrelin expression, suggesting a modulatory effect on inflammatory processes, although this did not reach statistical significance. The correlation between ghrelin levels and macrophage presence, especially the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype, indicates ghrelin's involvement in the inflammatory dynamics of atherosclerosis. Conclusions: The findings propose that ghrelin may influence plaque stability and vascular inflammation, pointing to its therapeutic potential in managing atherosclerosis. The study underlines the necessity for further research to clarify ghrelin's impact on vascular health, particularly in the context of metabolic syndrome and age-related vascular alterations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sorin Nicolae Peiu
- Vascular Surgery Department, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Morpho-Functional Sciences II (Physiopathology) Department, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Diana Gabriela Iosep
- Pathology Department, "Sf. Spiridon" Emergency Clinical Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
- Morpho-Functional Department-Morphopathology, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Mihai Danciu
- Pathology Department, "Sf. Spiridon" Emergency Clinical Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
- Morpho-Functional Department-Morphopathology, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Veronica Scripcaru
- Morpho-Functional Department-Morphopathology, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Victor Ianole
- Morpho-Functional Department-Morphopathology, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Veronica Mocanu
- Morpho-Functional Sciences II (Physiopathology) Department, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shen L, Li Y, Zhao H. Fibroblast growth factor signaling in macrophage polarization: impact on health and diseases. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1390453. [PMID: 38962005 PMCID: PMC11219802 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1390453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are a versatile family of peptide growth factors that are involved in various biological functions, including cell growth and differentiation, embryonic development, angiogenesis, and metabolism. Abnormal FGF/FGF receptor (FGFR) signaling has been implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple diseases such as cancer, metabolic diseases, and inflammatory diseases. It is worth noting that macrophage polarization, which involves distinct functional phenotypes, plays a crucial role in tissue repair, homeostasis maintenance, and immune responses. Recent evidence suggests that FGF/FGFR signaling closely participates in the polarization of macrophages, indicating that they could be potential targets for therapeutic manipulation of diseases associated with dysfunctional macrophages. In this article, we provide an overview of the structure, function, and downstream regulatory pathways of FGFs, as well as crosstalk between FGF signaling and macrophage polarization. Additionally, we summarize the potential application of harnessing FGF signaling to modulate macrophage polarization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Shen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children’s Hospital/The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yongsheng Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children’s Hospital/The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Huakan Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jansen I, Cahalane R, Hengst R, Akyildiz A, Farrell E, Gijsen F, Aikawa E, van der Heiden K, Wissing T. The interplay of collagen, macrophages, and microcalcification in atherosclerotic plaque cap rupture mechanics. Basic Res Cardiol 2024; 119:193-213. [PMID: 38329498 PMCID: PMC11008085 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-024-01033-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque cap overlying a lipid pool and/or necrotic core can lead to thrombotic cardiovascular events. In essence, the rupture of the plaque cap is a mechanical event, which occurs when the local stress exceeds the local tissue strength. However, due to inter- and intra-cap heterogeneity, the resulting ultimate cap strength varies, causing proper assessment of the plaque at risk of rupture to be lacking. Important players involved in tissue strength include the load-bearing collagenous matrix, macrophages, as major promoters of extracellular matrix degradation, and microcalcifications, deposits that can exacerbate local stress, increasing tissue propensity for rupture. This review summarizes the role of these components individually in tissue mechanics, along with the interplay between them. We argue that to be able to improve risk assessment, a better understanding of the effect of these individual components, as well as their reciprocal relationships on cap mechanics, is required. Finally, we discuss potential future steps, including a holistic multidisciplinary approach, multifactorial 3D in vitro model systems, and advancements in imaging techniques. The obtained knowledge will ultimately serve as input to help diagnose, prevent, and treat atherosclerotic cap rupture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Imke Jansen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thorax Center Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rachel Cahalane
- Mechanobiology and Medical Device Research Group (MMDRG), Biomedical Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ranmadusha Hengst
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thorax Center Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ali Akyildiz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thorax Center Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Biomechanical Engineering, Technical University Delft, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Farrell
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Gijsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thorax Center Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Biomechanical Engineering, Technical University Delft, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kim van der Heiden
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thorax Center Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tamar Wissing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thorax Center Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yuan Y, Wang P, Zhang H, Liu Y. Identification of M2 Macrophage-Related Key Genes in Advanced Atherosclerotic Plaques by Network-Based Analysis. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2024; 83:276-288. [PMID: 38194604 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Atherosclerotic plaque accounts for major adverse cardiovascular events because of its vulnerability. The classically activated macrophage (M1) and alternatively activated macrophage (M2) are implicated in the progression and regression of plaque, respectively. However, the therapeutic targets related to M2 macrophages still remain largely elusive. In this study, cell-type identification by estimating relative subsets of RNA transcripts and weighted gene coexpression network analysis algorithms were used to establish a weighted gene coexpression network for identifying M2 macrophage-related hub genes using GSE43292 data set. The results showed that genes were classified into 7 modules, with the blue module (Cor = 0.67, P = 3e-05) being the one that was most related to M2 macrophage infiltration in advanced plaques, and then 99 hub genes were identified from blue module. Meanwhile, 1289 differentially expressed genes were produced in GSE43292 data set. Subsequently, the intersection genes of hub genes and differentially expressed genes, including AKTIP , ASPN , FAM26E , RAB23 , PLS3 , and PLSCR4 , were obtained by Venn diagrams and named as key genes. Further validation using data sets GSE100927 and GSE41571 showed that 6 key genes all downregulated in advanced and vulnerable plaques compared with early and stable plaque samples (|Log2 (fold change)| > 0.5, P < 0.05 or 0.001), respectively. Receiver operator characteristic curve analysis indicated that the 6 key genes might have potential diagnostic value. The validation of key genes in the model in vitro and in vivo also demonstrated decreased mRNA expressions of AKTIP , ASPN , FAM26E , RAB23 , PLS3 , and PLSCR4 ( P < 0.05 or 0.001). Collectively, we identified AKTIP, ASPN, FAM26E, RAB23, PLS3, and PLSCR4 as M2 macrophage-related key genes during atherosclerotic progression, proposing potential intervention targets for advanced atherosclerotic plaques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University (Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gianopoulos I, Daskalopoulou SS. Macrophage profiling in atherosclerosis: understanding the unstable plaque. Basic Res Cardiol 2024; 119:35-56. [PMID: 38244055 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-023-01023-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
The development and rupture of atherosclerotic plaques is a major contributor to myocardial infarctions and ischemic strokes. The dynamic evolution of the plaque is largely attributed to monocyte/macrophage functions, which respond to various stimuli in the plaque microenvironment. To this end, macrophages play a central role in atherosclerotic lesions through the uptake of oxidized low-density lipoprotein that gets trapped in the artery wall, and the induction of an inflammatory response that can differentially affect the stability of the plaque in men and women. In this environment, macrophages can polarize towards pro-inflammatory M1 or anti-inflammatory M2 phenotypes, which represent the extremes of the polarization spectrum that include Mhem, M(Hb), Mox, and M4 populations. However, this traditional macrophage model paradigm has been redefined to include numerous immune and nonimmune cell clusters based on in-depth unbiased single-cell approaches. The goal of this review is to highlight (1) the phenotypic and functional properties of monocyte subsets in the circulation, and macrophage populations in atherosclerotic plaques, as well as their contribution towards stable or unstable phenotypes in men and women, and (2) single-cell RNA sequencing studies that have advanced our knowledge of immune, particularly macrophage signatures present in the atherosclerotic niche. We discuss the importance of performing high-dimensional approaches to facilitate the development of novel sex-specific immunotherapies that aim to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Gianopoulos
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Stella S Daskalopoulou
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, EM1.2210, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 3J1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rastegari B, Ghamar Talepoor A, Khosropanah S, Doroudchi M. In Vitro Targeted Delivery of Simvastatin and Niacin to Macrophages Using Mannan-Grafted Magnetite Nanoparticles. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:658-674. [PMID: 38222576 PMCID: PMC10785661 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a leading cause of mortality worldwide, involves various subsets of macrophages that contribute to its initiation and progression. Current treatment approaches focus on systemic, long-term administration of cholesterol-lowering antioxidants such as statins and certain vitamins, which unfortunately come with prolonged side effects. To overcome these drawbacks, a mannose-containing magnetic nanoparticle (NP) is introduced as a drug delivery system to specifically target macrophages in vitro using simvastatin or niacin and a combinational therapy approach that reduces local inflammation while avoiding unwanted side effects. The synthesized NPs exhibited superparamagnetic behavior, neutrally charged thin coating with a hydrodynamic size of 77.23 ± 13.90 nm, and a metallic core ranging from 15 to 25 nm. Efficient loading of niacin (87.21%) and simvastatin (75.36%) on the NPs was achieved at respective weights of 20.13 and 5.03 (w/w). In the presence of a mannan hydrolyzing enzyme, 79.51% of simvastatin and 67.23% of niacin were released from the NPs within 90 min, with a leakage rate below 19.22%. Additionally, the coated NPs showed no destructive effect on J774A macrophages up to a concentration of 200 μg/mL. Simvastatin-loaded NPs exhibited a minimal increase in IL-6 expression. The low dosage of simvastatin decreased both IL-6 and ARG1 expressions, while niacin and combined simvastatin/niacin increased the level of ARG1 expression significantly. Toxicity evaluations on human umbilical vein endothelial cells and murine liver cells revealed that free simvastatin administration caused significant toxicity, whereas the encapsulated forms of simvastatin, niacin, and a combination of simvastatin/niacin at equivalent concentrations exhibited no significant toxicity. Hence, the controlled release of the encapsulated form of simvastatin and niacin resulted in the effective modulation of macrophage polarization. The delivery system showed suitability for targeting macrophages to atherosclerotic plaque.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Banafsheh Rastegari
- Diagnostic
Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical
Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71439-14693, Iran
- Department
of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz
University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-45794, Iran
| | - Atefe Ghamar Talepoor
- Department
of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz
University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-45794, Iran
- Immunology
Center for Excellence, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-45794, Iran
| | - Shahdad Khosropanah
- Department
of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Shiraz
University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-45794, Iran
| | - Mehrnoosh Doroudchi
- Department
of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz
University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-45794, Iran
- Immunology
Center for Excellence, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-45794, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Scott TE, Lewis CV, Zhu M, Wang C, Samuel CS, Drummond GR, Kemp-Harper BK. IL-4 and IL-13 induce equivalent expression of traditional M2 markers and modulation of reactive oxygen species in human macrophages. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19589. [PMID: 37949903 PMCID: PMC10638413 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46237-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In cardiovascular disease, pathological and protective roles are reported for the Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13, respectively. We hypothesised that differential effects on macrophage function are responsible. Type I and II receptor subunit (IL-2Rγ, IL-4Rα and IL-13Rα1) and M2 marker (MRC-1, CCL18, CCL22) expression was assessed via RT-qPCR in IL-4- and IL-13-treated human primary macrophages. Downstream signalling was evaluated via STAT1, STAT3 and STAT6 inhibitors, and IL-4- and IL-13-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation assessed. IL-4 and IL-13 exhibited equivalent potency and efficacy for M2 marker induction, which was attenuated by STAT3 inhibition. Both cytokines enhanced PDBu-stimulated superoxide generation however this effect was 17% greater with IL-4 treatment. Type I IL-4 receptor expression was increased on M1-like macrophages but did not lead to a differing ability of these cytokines to modulate M1-like macrophage superoxide production. Overall, this study did not identify major differences in the ability of IL-4 and IL-13 to modulate macrophage function, suggesting that the opposing roles of these cytokines in cardiovascular disease are likely to be via actions on other cell types. Future studies should directly compare IL-4 and IL-13 in vivo to more thoroughly investigate the therapeutic validity of selective targeting of these cytokines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tara E Scott
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Caitlin V Lewis
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Mingyu Zhu
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Chao Wang
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Chrishan S Samuel
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Grant R Drummond
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Barbara K Kemp-Harper
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang H, Yu H, Huang T, Wang B, Xiang L. Hippo-YAP/TAZ signaling in osteogenesis and macrophage polarization: Therapeutic implications in bone defect repair. Genes Dis 2023; 10:2528-2539. [PMID: 37554194 PMCID: PMC10404961 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2022.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone defects caused by diseases or surgery are a common clinical problem. Researchers are devoted to finding biological mechanisms that accelerate bone defect repair, which is a complex and continuous process controlled by many factors. As members of transcriptional costimulatory molecules, Yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) play an important regulatory role in osteogenesis, and they affect cell function by regulating the expression of osteogenic genes in osteogenesis-related cells. Macrophages are an important group of cells whose function is regulated by YAP/TAZ. Currently, the relationship between YAP/TAZ and macrophage polarization has attracted increasing attention. In bone tissue, YAP/TAZ can realize diverse osteogenic regulation by mediating macrophage polarization. Macrophages polarize into M1 and M2 phenotypes under different stimuli. M1 macrophages dominate the inflammatory response by releasing a number of inflammatory mediators in the early phase of bone defect repair, while massive aggregation of M2 macrophages is beneficial for inflammation resolution and tissue repair, as they secrete many anti-inflammatory and osteogenesis-related cytokines. The mechanism of YAP/TAZ-mediated macrophage polarization during osteogenesis warrants further study and it is likely to be a promising strategy for bone defect repair. In this article, we review the effect of Hippo-YAP/TAZ signaling and macrophage polarization on bone defect repair, and highlight the regulation of macrophage polarization by YAP/TAZ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haochen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Hui Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Tianyu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Lin Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
de Castro Leão M, di Piazza I, Caria SJ, Broering MF, Farsky SHP, Uchiyama MK, Araki K, Bonjour K, Cogliati B, Pohlmann AR, Guterres SS, Castro IA. Effect of nanocapsules containing docosahexaenoic acid in mice with chronic inflammation. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115474. [PMID: 37741249 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Omega 3 fatty acids, such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have been widely consumed as supplements to control chronic inflammation. Nanocapsules containing DHA (MLNC-DHA-a1) were developed and showed excellent stability. Thus, our objective was to evaluate the effect of MLNC-DHA-a1 nanocapsules on biomarkers of chronic inflammation. METHODS Cells viability was determined by flow cytometry. The uptake of MLNC-DHA-a1 nanocapsules by macrophages and their polarization were determined. In vivo, LDLr(-,-) mice were fed a Western diet to promote chronic inflammation and were treated with MLNC-DHA-a1 nanocapsules, intravenously injected via the caudal vein once a week for 8 weeks. RESULTS MLNC-DHA-a1 nanocapsules decreased the concentration of TNFα (p = 0.02) in RAW 264.7 cells compared to the non-treated group (NT), with no changes in IL-10 (p = 0.29). The nanocapsules also exhibited an increase in the M2 (F4/80+ CD206) phenotype (p < 0.01) in BMDM cells. In vivo, no difference in body weight was observed among the groups, suggesting that the intervention was well tolerated. However, compared to the CONT group, MLNC-DHA-a1 nanocapsules led to an increase in IL-6 (90.45 ×13.31 pg/mL), IL-1β (2.76 ×1.34 pg/mL) and IL-10 (149.88 ×2.51 pg/mL) levels in plasma. CONCLUSION MLNC-DHA-a1 nanocapsules showed the potential to promote in vitro macrophage polarization and were well-tolerated in vivo. However, they also increased systemic pro-inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, considering that this immune response presents a limitation for clinical trials, further studies are needed to identify the specific compound in MLNC-DHA-a1 that triggered the immune response. Addressing this issue is essential, as MLNC-DHA-a1 tissue target nanocapsules could contribute to reducing chronic inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matheus de Castro Leão
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabella di Piazza
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sarah Jorge Caria
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Milena Fronza Broering
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra Helena Poliselli Farsky
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mayara Klimuk Uchiyama
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Koiti Araki
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kennedy Bonjour
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Cogliati
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana Raffin Pohlmann
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Silvia Stanisçuaski Guterres
- Department of Production and Drugs Control, Pharmaceutical Faculty, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Inar Alves Castro
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Guo J, Wang H, Li Y, Zhu S, Hu H, Gu Z. Nanotechnology in coronary heart disease. Acta Biomater 2023; 171:37-67. [PMID: 37714246 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is one of the major causes of death and disability worldwide, especially in low- and middle-income countries and among older populations. Conventional diagnostic and therapeutic approaches have limitations such as low sensitivity, high cost and side effects. Nanotechnology offers promising alternative strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of CHD by exploiting the unique properties of nanomaterials. In this review, we use bibliometric analysis to identify research hotspots in the application of nanotechnology in CHD and provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of the art. Nanomaterials with enhanced imaging and biosensing capabilities can improve the early detection of CHD through advanced contrast agents and high-resolution imaging techniques. Moreover, nanomaterials can facilitate targeted drug delivery, tissue engineering and modulation of inflammation and oxidative stress, thus addressing multiple aspects of CHD pathophysiology. We discuss the application of nanotechnology in CHD diagnosis (imaging and sensors) and treatment (regulation of macrophages, cardiac repair, anti-oxidative stress), and provide insights into future research directions and clinical translation. This review serves as a valuable resource for researchers and clinicians seeking to harness the potential of nanotechnology in the management of CHD. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the one of leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Nanotechnology offers new strategies for diagnosing and treating CHD by exploiting the unique properties of nanomaterials. This review uses bibliometric analysis to uncover research trends in the use of nanotechnology for CHD. We discuss the potential of nanomaterials for early CHD detection through advanced imaging and biosensing, targeted drug delivery, tissue engineering, and modulation of inflammation and oxidative stress. We also offer insights into future research directions and potential clinical applications. This work aims to guide researchers and clinicians in leveraging nanotechnology to improve CHD patient outcomes and quality of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junsong Guo
- Academician Workstation, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China; Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Academician Workstation, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China; Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China
| | - Ying Li
- Academician Workstation, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China; Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China
| | - Shuang Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nano-safety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing 100049, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Houxiang Hu
- Academician Workstation, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China; Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China.
| | - Zhanjun Gu
- Academician Workstation, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China; CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nano-safety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing 100049, China; Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Xiao Z, Li Y, Xiong L, Liao J, Gao Y, Luo Y, Wang Y, Chen T, Yu D, Wang T, Zhang C, Chen Z. Recent Advances in Anti-Atherosclerosis and Potential Therapeutic Targets for Nanomaterial-Derived Drug Formulations. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2302918. [PMID: 37698552 PMCID: PMC10582432 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202302918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the leading cause of death worldwide, is responsible for ≈17.6 million deaths globally each year. Most therapeutic drugs for atherosclerosis have low delivery efficiencies and significant side effects, and this has hampered the development of effective treatment strategies. Diversified nanomaterials can improve drug properties and are considered to be key for the development of improved treatment strategies for atherosclerosis. The pathological mechanisms underlying atherosclerosis is summarized, rationally designed nanoparticle-mediated therapeutic strategies, and potential future therapeutic targets for nanodelivery. The content of this study reveals the potential and challenges of nanoparticle use for the treatment of atherosclerosis and highlights new effective design ideas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Xiao
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ RepairSchool of MedicineShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
| | - Yi Li
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ RepairSchool of MedicineShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
| | - Liyan Xiong
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ RepairSchool of MedicineShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
| | - Jun Liao
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ RepairSchool of MedicineShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
| | - Yijun Gao
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ RepairSchool of MedicineShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
| | - Yunchun Luo
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ RepairSchool of MedicineShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
| | - Yun Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ RepairSchool of MedicineShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
| | - Ting Chen
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ RepairSchool of MedicineShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
| | - Dahai Yu
- Weihai Medical Area970 Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLAWeihai264200China
| | - Tingfang Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ RepairSchool of MedicineShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
| | - Chuan Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ RepairSchool of MedicineShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
| | - Zhe‐Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesCollege of Pharmacy and Health SciencesSt. John's UniversityNew York11439USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yang XF, Shang DJ. The role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ in lipid metabolism and inflammation in atherosclerosis. Cell Biol Int 2023; 47:1469-1487. [PMID: 37369936 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease events are the result of functional and structural abnormalities in the arteries and heart. Atherosclerosis is the main cause and pathological basis of cardiovascular diseases. Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial disease associated with dyslipidemia, inflammation, and oxidative stress, among which dyslipidemia and chronic inflammation occur in all processes. Under the influence of lipoproteins, the arterial intima causes inflammation, necrosis, fibrosis, and calcification, leading to plaque formation in specific parts of the artery, which further develops into plaque rupture and secondary thrombosis. Foam cell formation from macrophages is an early event in the development of atherosclerosis. Lipid uptake causes a vascular inflammatory response, and persistent inflammatory infiltration in the lesion area further promotes the development of the disease. Inhibition of macrophage differentiation into foam cell and reduction of the level of proinflammatory factors in macrophages can effectively alleviate the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a ligand-activated nuclear receptor that plays an important antiatherosclerotic role by regulating triglyceride metabolism, lipid uptake, cholesterol efflux, macrophage polarity, and inhibiting inflammatory signaling pathways. In addition, PPARγ shifts its binding to ligands and co-activators or co-repressors of transcription of target genes through posttranslational modification, thereby affecting the regulation of its downstream target genes. Many ligand agonists have also been developed targeting PPARγ. In this review, we summarized the role of PPARγ in lipid metabolism and inflammation in development of atherosclerosis, the posttranslational regulatory mechanism of PPARγ, and further discusses the value of PPARγ as an antiatherosclerosis target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Feng Yang
- School of Life Science, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - De-Jing Shang
- School of Life Science, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chong SY, Wang X, van Bloois L, Huang C, Syeda NS, Zhang S, Ting HJ, Nair V, Lin Y, Lou CKL, Benetti AA, Yu X, Lim NJY, Tan MS, Lim HY, Lim SY, Thiam CH, Looi WD, Zharkova O, Chew NWS, Ng CH, Bonney GK, Muthiah M, Chen X, Pastorin G, Richards AM, Angeli V, Storm G, Wang JW. Injectable liposomal docosahexaenoic acid alleviates atherosclerosis progression and enhances plaque stability. J Control Release 2023; 360:344-364. [PMID: 37406819 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory vascular disease that is characterized by the accumulation of lipids and immune cells in plaques built up inside artery walls. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), which exerts anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, has long been purported to be of therapeutic benefit to atherosclerosis patients. However, large clinical trials have yielded inconsistent data, likely due to variations in the formulation, dosage, and bioavailability of DHA following oral intake. To fully exploit its potential therapeutic effects, we have developed an injectable liposomal DHA formulation intended for intravenous administration as a plaque-targeted nanomedicine. The liposomal formulation protects DHA against chemical degradation and increases its local concentration within atherosclerotic lesions. Mechanistically, DHA liposomes are readily phagocytosed by activated macrophages, exert potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, and inhibit foam cell formation. Upon intravenous administration, DHA liposomes accumulate preferentially in atherosclerotic lesional macrophages and promote polarization of macrophages towards an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype, resulting in attenuation of atherosclerosis progression in both ApoE-/- and Ldlr-/- experimental models. Plaque composition analysis demonstrates that liposomal DHA inhibits macrophage infiltration, reduces lipid deposition, and increases collagen content, thus improving the stability of atherosclerotic plaques against rupture. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) further reveals that DHA liposomes can partly restore the complex lipid profile of the plaques to that of early-stage plaques. In conclusion, DHA liposomes offer a promising approach for applying DHA to stabilize atherosclerotic plaques and attenuate atherosclerosis progression, thereby preventing atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suet Yen Chong
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore, Singapore; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117599 Singapore, Singapore; Nanomedicine Translational Research Programme, Centre for NanoMedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117609 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiaoyuan Wang
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore, Singapore; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117599 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Louis van Bloois
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Chenyuan Huang
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore, Singapore; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117599 Singapore, Singapore; Nanomedicine Translational Research Programme, Centre for NanoMedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117609 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nilofer Sayed Syeda
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore, Singapore; Nanomedicine Translational Research Programme, Centre for NanoMedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117609 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sitong Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore, Singapore; Nanomedicine Translational Research Programme, Centre for NanoMedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117609 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hui Jun Ting
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore, Singapore; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117599 Singapore, Singapore; Nanomedicine Translational Research Programme, Centre for NanoMedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117609 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vaarsha Nair
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore, Singapore; Nanomedicine Translational Research Programme, Centre for NanoMedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117609 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yuanzhe Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117583 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Charles Kang Liang Lou
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore, Singapore; Nanomedicine Translational Research Programme, Centre for NanoMedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117609 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ayca Altay Benetti
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 117543 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiaodong Yu
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore, Singapore; Nanomedicine Translational Research Programme, Centre for NanoMedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117609 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nicole Jia Ying Lim
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117599 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michelle Siying Tan
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore, Singapore; Nanomedicine Translational Research Programme, Centre for NanoMedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117609 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hwee Ying Lim
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117456 Singapore, Singapore; Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, 117456 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sheau Yng Lim
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117456 Singapore, Singapore; Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, 117456 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chung Hwee Thiam
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117456 Singapore, Singapore; Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, 117456 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wen Donq Looi
- Bruker Daltonics, Bruker Singapore Pte. Ltd., 138671 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Olga Zharkova
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore, Singapore; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117599 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nicholas W S Chew
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117599 Singapore, Singapore; Department of Cardiology, National University Heart Centre, National University Hospital, 119074 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cheng Han Ng
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117599 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Glenn Kunnath Bonney
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore, Singapore; Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, National University Hospital, 119074 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mark Muthiah
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117599 Singapore, Singapore; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, 119074 Singapore, Singapore; National University Centre for Organ Transplantation, National University Health System, 119074 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore, Singapore; Nanomedicine Translational Research Programme, Centre for NanoMedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117609 Singapore, Singapore; Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119074 Singapore, Singapore; Departments of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117575 Singapore, Singapore; Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Centre for Translational Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117599 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Giorgia Pastorin
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 117543 Singapore, Singapore
| | - A Mark Richards
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117599 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Veronique Angeli
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117456 Singapore, Singapore; Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, 117456 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gert Storm
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore, Singapore; Nanomedicine Translational Research Programme, Centre for NanoMedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117609 Singapore, Singapore; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Biomaterials, Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, the Netherlands.
| | - Jiong-Wei Wang
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore, Singapore; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117599 Singapore, Singapore; Nanomedicine Translational Research Programme, Centre for NanoMedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117609 Singapore, Singapore; Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, 117593 Singapore, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Song X, Song Y, Ma Q, Fang K, Chang X. M1-Type Macrophages Secrete TNF-α to Stimulate Vascular Calcification by Upregulating CA1 and CA2 Expression in VSMCs. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:3019-3032. [PMID: 37489150 PMCID: PMC10363393 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s413358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Vascular calcification is a hallmark of atherosclerosis (AS). We and others confirmed that carbonic anhydrase I (CA1) and CA2 increased expression and catalyzed calcium deposition in atherosclerotic aortas. Macrophages have been demonstrated to be strongly related to AS. This study aimed to clarify how and which macrophage subtypes regulate CA1 and CA2 expression to stimulate aortic calcification. Methods and Results THP-1 cells were induced to form M0, M1 and M2 macrophage subtypes. These cells and their culture supernatants were separately incubated with human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Calcification was strongly increased in VSMCs treated with β-GP, a chemical inducer of cellular calcification, following incubation with M1 macrophages or their culture supernatants, and was much higher than that in VSMCs treated with β-GP alone. Meanwhile, the expression of CA1 and CA2, as well as calcification marker genes, including Runx2, BMP-2 and ALP, was increased in VSMCs during this process. TNF-α levels were also increased in the culture medium of M1 macrophages. M0 and M2 macrophages or their supernatants did not significantly stimulate calcification in VSMCs. Following transfection with anti-CA1 or CA2 siRNAs, β-GP-induced VSMCs showed decreased calcification, but the calcification level was partially increased when those VSMCs were incubated with the supernatants of M1 macrophages, while CA1 and CA2 expression as well as TNF-α levels were also elevated. When VSMCs were treated with TNF-α without β-GP induction, calcification and the expression of CA1 and CA2 were also significantly increased. Conclusion The results of this study suggest that M1 macrophages can increase CA1 and CA2 expression to promote atherosclerotic calcification in VSMCs by secreting TNF-α.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianqin Song
- Medical Research Center of the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Song
- Medical Research Center of the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Quanping Ma
- Clinical Laboratory, The fourth People’s Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kehua Fang
- Clinical Laboratory of the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaotian Chang
- Medical Research Center of the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Guo C, Zhao X, Ma R, Zhu L, Chen Y, Yang Z, Cai Z, Sun Z, Li Y. Silica nanoparticles promoted pro-inflammatory macrophage and foam cell transformation via ROS/PPARγ/NF-κB signaling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 881:163430. [PMID: 37059130 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Experimental evidence has pointed out silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) possessing a proatherogenic capability. However, the interplay between SiNPs and macrophages in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis was poorly understood. Here, we demonstrated SiNPs could promote macrophage adhesion to endothelial cells, accompanied by elevated Vcam1 and Mcp1. Upon SiNPs stimuli, macrophages manifested enhanced phagocytic activity and a pro-inflammatory phenotype, as reflected by the transcriptional determination of M1/M2-related biomarkers. In particular, our data certified the increased macrophage M1 subset facilitated more lipid accumulation and resultant foam cell transformation in comparison to the M2 phenotype. More importantly, the mechanistic investigations revealed ROS-mediated PPARγ/NF-κB signaling was a key contributor to the above phenomena. That was, SiNPs caused ROS accumulation in macrophages, resulting in the deactivation of PPARγ, nuclear translocation of NF-κB, ultimately contributing to macrophage phenotype shift toward M1 and foam cell transformation. Collectively, we first revealed SiNPs facilitated pro-inflammatory macrophage and foam cell transformation via ROS/PPARγ/NF-κB signaling. These data would provide new insight into the atherogenic property of SiNPs in a macrophage model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Guo
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xinying Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Ru Ma
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Lingnan Zhu
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yueyue Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yanbo Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Medrano-Bosch M, Simón-Codina B, Jiménez W, Edelman ER, Melgar-Lesmes P. Monocyte-endothelial cell interactions in vascular and tissue remodeling. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1196033. [PMID: 37483594 PMCID: PMC10360188 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1196033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocytes are circulating leukocytes of innate immunity derived from the bone marrow that interact with endothelial cells under physiological or pathophysiological conditions to orchestrate inflammation, angiogenesis, or tissue remodeling. Monocytes are attracted by chemokines and specific receptors to precise areas in vessels or tissues and transdifferentiate into macrophages with tissue damage or infection. Adherent monocytes and infiltrated monocyte-derived macrophages locally release a myriad of cytokines, vasoactive agents, matrix metalloproteinases, and growth factors to induce vascular and tissue remodeling or for propagation of inflammatory responses. Infiltrated macrophages cooperate with tissue-resident macrophages during all the phases of tissue injury, repair, and regeneration. Substances released by infiltrated and resident macrophages serve not only to coordinate vessel and tissue growth but cellular interactions as well by attracting more circulating monocytes (e.g. MCP-1) and stimulating nearby endothelial cells (e.g. TNF-α) to expose monocyte adhesion molecules. Prolonged tissue accumulation and activation of infiltrated monocytes may result in alterations in extracellular matrix turnover, tissue functions, and vascular leakage. In this review, we highlight the link between interactions of infiltrating monocytes and endothelial cells to regulate vascular and tissue remodeling with a special focus on how these interactions contribute to pathophysiological conditions such as cardiovascular and chronic liver diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Medrano-Bosch
- Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Blanca Simón-Codina
- Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wladimiro Jiménez
- Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Service, Hospital Clínic Universitari, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elazer R. Edelman
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Pedro Melgar-Lesmes
- Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Service, Hospital Clínic Universitari, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Rocha VZ, Rached FH, Miname MH. Insights into the Role of Inflammation in the Management of Atherosclerosis. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:2223-2239. [PMID: 37250107 PMCID: PMC10225146 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s276982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the biological basis of ischemic heart disease and ischemic stroke, the leading causes of death in the world. After decades of studies, the understanding of atherosclerosis has evolved dramatically, and inflammation has been recognized as one of the most relevant pillars in all phases of atherosclerotic disease. Nevertheless, only recently, the trial CANTOS, and subsequent outcome studies with colchicine, finally provided proof-of-concept evidence that anti-inflammatory therapies were able to reduce cardiovascular events with no influence on lipid levels. These landmark studies inaugurated an era of clinical and pre-clinical studies of immunomodulatory strategies focused on reduction of cardiovascular risk. Although there are promising results in the field, selection of the most appropriate immunomodulatory therapy and identification of patients who could benefit the most, are still enormous challenges. Further research is imperative before we can finally advance towards regular use of anti-inflammatory agents to reduce atherosclerotic events in our clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Zorzanelli Rocha
- Cardiopneumology Department at the Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School Hospital (FMUSP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Fleury Medicina e Saúde, Grupo Fleury, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Hanna Rached
- Cardiopneumology Department at the Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School Hospital (FMUSP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcio Hiroshi Miname
- Cardiopneumology Department at the Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School Hospital (FMUSP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Razi S, Yaghmoorian Khojini J, Kargarijam F, Panahi S, Tahershamsi Z, Tajbakhsh A, Gheibihayat SM. Macrophage efferocytosis in health and disease. Cell Biochem Funct 2023; 41:152-165. [PMID: 36794573 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Creating cellular homeostasis within a defined tissue typically relates to the processes of apoptosis and efferocytosis. A great example here is cell debris that must be removed to prevent unwanted inflammatory responses and then reduce autoimmunity. In view of that, defective efferocytosis is often assumed to be responsible for the improper clearance of apoptotic cells (ACs). This predicament triggers off inflammation and even results in disease development. Any disruption of phagocytic receptors, molecules as bridging groups, or signaling routes can also inhibit macrophage efferocytosis and lead to the impaired clearance of the apoptotic body. In this line, macrophages as professional phagocytic cells take the lead in the efferocytosis process. As well, insufficiency in macrophage efferocytosis facilitates the spread of a wide variety of diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, kidney problems, types of cancer, asthma, and the like. Establishing the functions of macrophages in this respect can be thus useful in the treatment of many diseases. Against this background, this review aimed to recapitulate the knowledge about the mechanisms related to macrophage polarization under physiological or pathological conditions, and shed light on its interaction with efferocytosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shokufeh Razi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Yaghmoorian Khojini
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Fateme Kargarijam
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences and Advanced Technology in Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
| | - Susan Panahi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Zahra Tahershamsi
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Tajbakhsh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Gheibihayat
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Millar B, de Gaetano M. Posing the rationale for synthetic lipoxin mimetics as an adjuvant treatment to gold standard atherosclerosis therapies. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1125858. [PMID: 36865918 PMCID: PMC9971729 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1125858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a progressive, multifactorial inflammatory, and dyslipidaemic disease, responsible for the majority of cardiovascular diseases globally. The chronic inflammation is the main driver of the initiation and progression of such disease, as a result of an imbalanced lipid metabolism and an ineffective immune response to attenuate the inflammatory component. The importance of inflammation resolution is being increasingly recognised in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. It has a complex mechanism consisting of multiple stages, including restoring an effective removal of apoptotic bodies (efferocytosis) and their degradation (effero-metabolism), a macrophage phenotype switching towards resolving phenotypes, and the promotion of tissue healing and regeneration. The low-grade inflammation associated with atherosclerosis development is a driving force in disease exacerbation, and hence inflammation resolution is a key area of research. In this review, we explore the complex disease pathogenesis and its many contributing factors to gain a greater understanding of the disease and identify the current and potential therapeutic targets. First-line treatments and their efficacy will also be discussed in detail, to highlight the emerging field of resolution pharmacology. Despite the great efforts made by current gold-standard treatments, such as lipid-lowering and glucose-lowering drugs, they remain ineffective at tackling residual inflammatory risk and residual cholesterol risk. Resolution pharmacology represents a new era of atherosclerosis therapy, as endogenous ligands associated with inflammation resolution are exploited for their pharmacological benefits in a more potent and longer-acting manner. Novel FPR2-agonists, such as synthetic lipoxin analogues, provide an exciting new approach to enhance the pro-resolving response of the immune system and subsequently end the pro-inflammatory response to allow for an anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving environment for tissue healing, regeneration, and return to homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Braden Millar
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute & School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Cynn E, Li D, O’Reilly ME, Wang Y, Bashore AC, Jha A, Foulkes A, Zhang H, Winter H, Maegdefessel L, Yan H, Li M, Ross L, Xue C, Reilly MP. Human Macrophage Long Intergenic Noncoding RNA, SIMALR, Suppresses Inflammatory Macrophage Apoptosis via NTN1 (Netrin-1). Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2023; 43:286-299. [PMID: 36546321 PMCID: PMC10162399 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.122.318353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as novel regulators of macrophage biology and inflammatory cardiovascular diseases. However, studies focused on lncRNAs in human macrophage subtypes, particularly human lncRNAs that are not conserved in rodents, are limited. METHODS Through RNA-sequencing of human monocyte-derived macrophages, we identified suppressor of inflammatory macrophage apoptosis lncRNA (SIMALR). Lipopolysaccharide/IFNγ (interferon γ) stimulated human macrophages were treated with SIMALR antisense oligonucleotides and subjected to RNA-sequencing to investigate the function of SIMALR. Western blots, luciferase assay, and RNA immunoprecipitation were performed to validate function and potential mechanism of SIMALR. RNAscope was performed to identify SIMALR expression in human carotid atherosclerotic plaques. RESULTS RNA-sequencing of human monocyte-derived macrophages identified SIMALR, a human macrophage-specific long intergenic noncoding RNA that is highly induced in lipopolysaccharide/IFNγ-stimulated macrophages. SIMALR knockdown in lipopolysaccharide/IFNγ stimulated THP1 human macrophages induced apoptosis of inflammatory macrophages, as shown by increased protein expression of cleaved PARP (poly[ADP-ribose] polymerase), caspase 9, caspase 3, and Annexin V+. RNA-sequencing of control versus SIMALR knockdown in lipopolysaccharide/IFNγ-stimulated macrophages showed Netrin-1 (NTN1) to be significantly decreased upon SIMALR knockdown. We confirmed that NTN1 knockdown in lipopolysaccharide/IFNγ-stimulated macrophages induced apoptosis. The SIMALR knockdown-induced apoptotic phenotype was rescued by adding recombinant NTN1. NTN1 promoter-luciferase reporter activity was increased in HEK293T (human embryonic kidney 293) cells treated with lentiviral overexpression of SIMALR. NTN1 promoter activity is known to require HIF1α (hypoxia-inducible factor 1 subunit alpha), and our studies suggest that SIMALR may interact with HIF1α to regulate NTN1 transcription, thereby regulating macrophages apoptosis. SIMALR was found to be expressed in macrophages in human carotid atherosclerotic plaques of symptomatic patients. CONCLUSIONS SIMALR is a nonconserved, human macrophage lncRNA expressed in atherosclerosis that suppresses macrophage apoptosis. SIMALR partners with HIF1α (hypoxia-inducible factor 1 subunit alpha) to regulate NTN1, which is a known macrophage survival factor. This work illustrates the importance of interrogating the functions of human lncRNAs and exploring their translational and therapeutic potential in human atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther Cynn
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Daniel Li
- Mission Bio, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Marcella E. O’Reilly
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Ying Wang
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Alexander C. Bashore
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Anjali Jha
- Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Andrea Foulkes
- Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Hanrui Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Hanna Winter
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Technical University Munich, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance
| | - Lars Maegdefessel
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Technical University Munich, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance
- Karolinksa Institute, Department of Medicine
| | - Hanying Yan
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Mingyao Li
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Leila Ross
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Chenyi Xue
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Muredach P. Reilly
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
- Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Pedersen LN, Blanks AM, Bohmke NJ, Mihalick VL, Franco RL. Acute, but not chronic, aerobic exercise alters the impact of ex vivo LDL and fatty acid stimulation on monocytes and macrophages from healthy, young adults. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:975-988. [PMID: 36607416 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05131-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglyceride concentrations are associated with future cardiovascular risk in young adults. Conversely, chronic physical activity is generally accepted to reduce CVD risk. Atherosclerosis is a major underlying cause of CVD, and atherogenesis is mediated by peripheral monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages. The study aimed to determine if an individual's physical activity level impacts the phenotype of monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages when stimulated with LDL and fatty acid ex vivo. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained from healthy, young adults of differing physical activity levels before and after a single bout of moderate intensity exercise (25 min at 60% of VO2peak). PBMCs were stimulated with LDL and palmitate ex vivo prior to differentiation into macrophages. Monocyte subset percentages and monocyte-derived macrophage expression of phenotypic (CD86, CD206) and functional (CCR2, ERK 1/2) markers were evaluated by flow cytometry. RESULTS Compared to baseline, ex vivo LDL and palmitate stimulation decreased (p = 0.038) non-classical monocyte percentage from 24.7 ± 3.2 to 21.5 ± 2.6% in all participants. When ex vivo lipid stimulation was preceded by acute exercise, non-classical monocyte percentage was similar to baseline levels (p = 0.670, 25.8 ± 2.15%). Macrophage CD86/CD206 was increased from 1.30 ± 0.14 to 1.68 ± 0.19 when preceded by acute exercise in all participants. No differences were observed between participants of differing physical activity levels. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that acute exercise modulates monocyte phenotype after LDL and palmitate stimulation in a protective manner, however, chronic physical activity does not alter monocyte/macrophage responses to any experimental condition in this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren N Pedersen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Anson M Blanks
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, College of Humanities and Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1020 West Grace Street, Room 113, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
| | - Natalie J Bohmke
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, College of Humanities and Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1020 West Grace Street, Room 113, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
| | - Virginia L Mihalick
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, VCU Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - R Lee Franco
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, College of Humanities and Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1020 West Grace Street, Room 113, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
The impact of the PCSK-9/VLDL-Receptor axis on inflammatory cell polarization. Cytokine 2023; 161:156077. [PMID: 36356495 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.156077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have shown that lipoproteins, such as LDL and VLDL, as well as its major protein component ApoE2 impact on macrophage polarization important in atherosclerosis. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 (PCSK9) is a key regulator of lipoprotein receptor expression. The present study investigated the effect of the VLDL/VLDL-receptor (VLDL-R) axis on mononuclear cell polarization, as well as the role of PCSK9 and PCSK9 inhibitors (PCSK9i) within this network. METHODS Human monocytic THP-1 cells and human monocyte-derived macrophages isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were treated with either LPS/IFN-γ to induce a pro-inflammatory phenotype, or with IL-4/IL-13 to induce an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Cells were then subjected to further treatments by lipoproteins, PCSK9, PCSK9i and lipoprotein receptor blockers. RESULTS LPS/IFN-γ treatment promoted a pro-inflammatory state with an increased expression of pro-inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α, CD80 and IL-1β. VLDL co-treatment induced a switch of this pro-inflammatory phenotype to an anti-inflammatory phenotype. In pro-inflammatory cells, VLDL significantly decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory markers e.g., TNF-α, CD80, and IL-1β. These effects were eliminated by PCSK9 and restored by co-incubation with a specific anti-PCSK9 monoclonal antibody (PCSK9i). Migration assays demonstrated that pro-inflammatory cells displayed a significantly higher invasive capacity when compared to untreated cells or anti-inflammatory cells. Moreover, pro-inflammatory cell chemotaxis was significantly decreased by VLDL-mediated acquisition of the anti-inflammatory phenotype. PCSK9 significantly lessened this VLDL-mediated migration inhibition, which was reversed by the PCSK9i. CONCLUSION VLDL promotes mononuclear cell differentiation towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype. PCSK9, via its capacity to inhibit VLDL-R expression, reverses the VLDL-mediated anti-inflammatory action, thereby promoting a pro-inflammatory phenotype. Thus, PCSK9 targeting therapies may exert anti-inflammatory properties within the vessel wall.
Collapse
|
28
|
Ma J, Zhang H, Chen Y, Liu X, Tian J, Shen W. The Role of Macrophage Iron Overload and Ferroptosis in Atherosclerosis. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1702. [PMID: 36421722 PMCID: PMC9688033 DOI: 10.3390/biom12111702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a new type of cell death caused by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. In recent years, it has been found that ferroptosis can promote the progression of atherosclerosis (AS). Macrophages have been proven to play multiple roles in the occurrence and development of AS. Iron is a necessary mineral that participates in different functions of macrophages under physiological conditions. But iron overload and ferroptosis in macrophages may promote the progression of AS. Herein, we summarize the role of iron overload and ferroptosis in macrophages in AS from the perspective of iron metabolism, and iron overload and ferroptosis are significant contributors to AS development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiedong Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Hongqi Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yufei Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Xiaojin Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Jiamin Tian
- Department of Cardiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Wei Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Paunel-Görgülü A, Conforti A, Mierau N, Zierden M, Xiong X, Wahlers T. Peptidylarginine deiminase 4 deficiency in bone marrow cells prevents plaque progression without decreasing atherogenic inflammation in apolipoprotein E-knockout mice. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:1046273. [PMID: 36465436 PMCID: PMC9709396 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1046273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite multiple studies in the past, the role of peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) in atherosclerosis is currently insufficiently understood. In this regard, PAD4 deletion or inhibition of enzymatic activity was previously reported to ameliorate disease progression and inflammation. Besides, strong influence of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) on atherosclerosis burden has been proposed. Here, we studied the role of PAD4 for atherogenesis and plaque progression in a mouse model of atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Lethally irradiated ApoE -/- mice were reconstituted with ApoE -/-/Pad4 -/- bone marrow cells and fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 4 and 10 weeks, respectively. PAD4 deficiency did not prevent the development of atherosclerotic lesions after 4 weeks of HFD. However, after 10 weeks of HFD, mice with bone marrow cells-restricted PAD4 deficiency displayed significantly reduced lesion size, impaired lipid incorporation, decreased necrotic core area and less collagen when compared to ApoE -/- bone marrow-transplanted mice as demonstrated by histological staining. Moreover, flow cytometric analysis and quantitative real-time PCR revealed different macrophage subsets in atherosclerotic lesions and higher inflammatory response in these mice, as reflected by increased content of M1-like macrophages and upregulated aortic expression of the pro-inflammatory genes CCL2 and iNOS. Notably, diminished oxLDL uptake by in vitro-polarized M1-like macrophages was evidenced when compared to M2-like cells. CONCLUSION These results suggest that pharmacological inhibition of PAD4 may impede lipid accumulation and lesion progression despite no beneficial effects on vascular inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adnana Paunel-Görgülü
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Conforti
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Natalia Mierau
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mario Zierden
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Xiaolin Xiong
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thorsten Wahlers
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Tissue Levels of CD80, CD163 and CD206 and Their Ratios in Periodontal and Peri-Implant Health and Disease. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:4704-4713. [PMID: 36286036 PMCID: PMC9600944 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44100321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare tissue levels of CD80 (pro-inflammatory macrophage-related surface marker), CD163, and CD206 (anti-inflammatory macrophage-related surface markers), and their ratios in periodontal and peri-implant health and disease. Altogether, 36 tissue samples were obtained from 36 participants with clinically healthy gingiva (n = 10), healthy peri-implant mucosa (n = 8), periodontitis lesions (n = 9), and peri-implantitis lesions (n = 9). CD80, CD163, and CD206 levels were assessed with immunoblotting. CD163 levels were found to be decreased (p = 0.004), and the CD80/CD163 ratio was found to be elevated (p = 0.002) in periodontitis lesions compared to healthy gingiva. Peri-implantitis lesions showed a tendency towards a higher CD80/CD163 ratio than in healthy peri-implant mucosa with a borderline difference (p = 0.054). No statistically significant difference was detected in CD80, CD163, and CD206 levels of periodontitis lesions when compared to peri-implantitis, and in healthy gingiva when compared to healthy peri-implant mucosa. A disruption in CD80/CD163 balance seems to be related to the pathogenesis of periodontitis and peri-implantitis, being less prominent in the latter. The reason behind this phenomenon may be either suppressed CD163 expression or reduced CD163+ anti-inflammatory macrophage abundance.
Collapse
|
31
|
Gharavi AT, Hanjani NA, Movahed E, Doroudian M. The role of macrophage subtypes and exosomes in immunomodulation. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2022; 27:83. [PMID: 36192691 PMCID: PMC9528143 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-022-00384-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are influential members of the innate immune system that can be reversibly polarized by different microenvironment signals. Cell polarization leads to a wide range of features, involving the migration, development, and organization of the cells. There is mounting evidence that macrophage polarization plays a key role in the initiation and development of a wide range of diseases. This study aims to give an overview of macrophage polarization, their different subtypes, and the importance of alternatively activated M2 macrophage and classically activated M1 macrophage in immune responses and pathological conditions. This review provides insight on the role of exosomes in M1/M2-like macrophage polarization and their potential as a promising therapeutic candidate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulwahab Teflischi Gharavi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, 14911-15719, Iran
| | - Niloofar Asadi Hanjani
- Department of Cell and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, 14911-15719, Iran
| | - Elaheh Movahed
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New Year, USA
| | - Mohammad Doroudian
- Department of Cell and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, 14911-15719, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Miyazaki T. Pinocytotic engulfment of lipoproteins by macrophages. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:957897. [PMID: 36105534 PMCID: PMC9464914 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.957897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a major cause of acute coronary syndrome and stroke. Foam cell formation in macrophages is involved in controlling plaque stability and the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Accordingly, many studies have examined the processes of lipid incorporation, such as scavenger receptor-mediated uptake of oxidized low-density lipoprotein, in cells. In addition to receptor-mediated machinery, growing evidence has suggested that pinocytosis, which is a receptor-independent endocytic pathway, is associated with foam cell formation when a sufficient number of lipoproteins is accumulated around cells. Pinocytotic engulfment of nanoparticles is initiated by plasma membrane ruffling in a phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase-dependent manner. Subsequent to pinosome closure, the majority of pinosomes are internalized through endocytic processes, and they can be recycled into the plasma membrane. These pinocytotic processes are modulated by small GTPases and their cytoskeletal rearrangement. Moreover, pinocytotic abilities may vary between immunological subsets in cells. Accordingly, macrophages may show diverse pinocytotic abilities depending on the surrounding microenvironment. This review summarizes the current understanding of pinocytotic engulfment of lipoprotein in macrophages, and discusses how this endocytic process is governed under hypercholesterolemic conditions.
Collapse
|
33
|
Macrophages take up VLDL-sized emulsion particles through caveolae-mediated endocytosis and excrete part of the internalized triglycerides as fatty acids. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001516. [PMID: 36026438 PMCID: PMC9455861 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Triglycerides are carried in the bloodstream as part of very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) and chylomicrons, which represent the triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and their remnants contribute to atherosclerosis, possibly by carrying remnant cholesterol and/or by exerting a proinflammatory effect on macrophages. Nevertheless, little is known about how macrophages process triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Here, using VLDL-sized triglyceride-rich emulsion particles, we aimed to study the mechanism by which VLDL triglycerides are taken up, processed, and stored in macrophages. Our results show that macrophage uptake of VLDL-sized emulsion particles is dependent on lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and requires the lipoprotein-binding C-terminal domain but not the catalytic N-terminal domain of LPL. Subsequent internalization of VLDL-sized emulsion particles by macrophages is carried out by caveolae-mediated endocytosis, followed by triglyceride hydrolysis catalyzed by lysosomal acid lipase. It is shown that STARD3 is required for the transfer of lysosomal fatty acids to the ER for subsequent storage as triglycerides, while NPC1 likely is involved in promoting the extracellular efflux of fatty acids from lysosomes. Our data provide novel insights into how macrophages process VLDL triglycerides and suggest that macrophages have the remarkable capacity to excrete part of the internalized triglycerides as fatty acids. How do macrophages take up and process very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) particles? This study reveals that endocytic uptake of VLDLs depends on lipoprotein lipase and caveolae; internalized VLDLs are then processed by lysosomes, and the lipids are hydrolyzed and translocated to the ER for storage as triglycerides.
Collapse
|
34
|
Biological Sensing of Nitric Oxide in Macrophages and Atherosclerosis Using a Ruthenium-Based Sensor. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081807. [PMID: 36009353 PMCID: PMC9405170 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage-derived nitric oxide (NO) plays a critical role in atherosclerosis and presents as a potential biomarker. We assessed the uptake, distribution, and NO detection capacity of an irreversible, ruthenium-based, fluorescent NO sensor (Ru-NO) in macrophages, plasma, and atherosclerotic plaques. In vitro, incubation of Ru-NO with human THP1 monocytes and THP1-PMA macrophages caused robust uptake, detected by Ru-NO fluorescence using mass-cytometry, confocal microscopy, and flow cytometry. THP1-PMA macrophages had higher Ru-NO uptake (+13%, p < 0.05) than THP1 monocytes with increased Ru-NO fluorescence following lipopolysaccharide stimulation (+14%, p < 0.05). In mice, intraperitoneal infusion of Ru-NO found Ru-NO uptake was greater in peritoneal CD11b+F4/80+ macrophages (+61%, p < 0.01) than CD11b+F4/80− monocytes. Infusion of Ru-NO into Apoe−/− mice fed high-cholesterol diet (HCD) revealed Ru-NO fluorescence co-localised with atherosclerotic plaque macrophages. When Ru-NO was added ex vivo to aortic cell suspensions from Apoe−/− mice, macrophage-specific uptake of Ru-NO was demonstrated. Ru-NO was added ex vivo to tail-vein blood samples collected monthly from Apoe−/− mice on HCD or chow. The plasma Ru-NO fluorescence signal was higher in HCD than chow-fed mice after 12 weeks (37.9%, p < 0.05). Finally, Ru-NO was added to plasma from patients (N = 50) following clinically-indicated angiograms. There was lower Ru-NO fluorescence from plasma from patients with myocardial infarction (−30.7%, p < 0.01) than those with stable coronary atherosclerosis. In conclusion, Ru-NO is internalised by macrophages in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo, can be detected in atherosclerotic plaques, and generates measurable changes in fluorescence in murine and human plasma. Ru-NO displays promising utility as a sensor of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
|
35
|
Zhang L, Chen X, Cai P, Sun H, Shen S, Guo B, Jiang Q. Reprogramming Mitochondrial Metabolism in Synovial Macrophages of Early Osteoarthritis by a Camouflaged Meta-Defensome. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2202715. [PMID: 35671349 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202202715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a low-grade inflammatory and progressive joint disease, and its progression is closely associated with an imbalance in M1/M2 synovial macrophages. Repolarizing pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages into the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype is emerging as a strategy to alleviate OA progression but is compromised by unsatisfactory efficiency. In this study, the reprogramming of mitochondrial dysfunction is pioneered with a camouflaged meta-Defensome, which can transform M1 synovial macrophages into the M2 phenotype with a high efficiency of 82.3%. The meta-Defensome recognizes activated macrophages via receptor-ligand interactions and accumulates in the mitochondria through electrostatic attractions. These meta-Defensomes are macrophage-membrane-coated polymeric nanoparticles decorated with dual ligands and co-loaded with S-methylisothiourea and MnO2 . Meta-Defensomes are demonstrated to successfully reprogram the mitochondrial metabolism of M1 macrophages by scavenging mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and inhibiting mitochondrial NO synthase, thereby increasing mitochondrial transcription factor A expression and restoring aerobic respiration. Furthermore, meta-Defensomes are intravenously injected into collagenase-induced osteoarthritis mice and effectively suppress synovial inflammation and progression of early OA, as evident from the Osteoarthritis Research Society International score. Therefore, reprogramming the mitochondrial metabolism can serve as a novel and practical approach to repolarize M1 synovial macrophages. The camouflaged meta-Defensomes are a promising therapeutic agent for impeding OA progression in tclinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, P. R. China
| | - Pingqiang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, P. R. China
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Han Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, P. R. China
| | - Siyu Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, P. R. China
| | - Baosheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, P. R. China
| | - Qing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Yakupova EI, Maleev GV, Krivtsov AV, Plotnikov EY. Macrophage polarization in hypoxia and ischemia/reperfusion: Insights into the role of energetic metabolism. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2022; 247:958-971. [PMID: 35220781 PMCID: PMC9189569 DOI: 10.1177/15353702221080130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages, the key cells of innate immunity, possess wide phenotypical and functional heterogeneity. In vitro studies showed that microenvironment signals could induce the so-called polarization of macrophages into two phenotypes: classically activated macrophages (M1) or alternatively activated macrophages (M2). Functionally, they are considered as proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory/pro-regenerative, respectively. However, in vivo studies into macrophage states revealed a continuum of phenotypes from M1 to M2 state instead of the clearly distinguished extreme phenotypes. An important role in determining the type of polarization of macrophages is played by energy metabolism, including the activity of oxidative phosphorylation. In this regard, hypoxia and ischemia that affect cellular energetics can modulate macrophage polarization. Here, we overview the data on macrophage polarization during metabolic shift-associated pathologies including ischemia and ischemia/reperfusion in various organs and discuss the role of energy metabolism potentially triggering the macrophage polarization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elmira I Yakupova
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Russia
| | - Grigoriy V Maleev
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia
| | - Andrei V Krivtsov
- Center for Pediatric Cancer Therapeutics, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Egor Y Plotnikov
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Moscow 117997, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Sorto P, Mäyränpää MI, Saksi J, Nuotio K, Ijäs P, Tuimala J, Vikatmaa P, Soinne L, Kovanen PT, Lindsberg PJ. Glutamine synthetase in human carotid plaque macrophages associates with features of plaque vulnerability: An immunohistological study. Atherosclerosis 2022; 352:18-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2022.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
38
|
Kotlyarov S, Kotlyarova A. Molecular Pharmacology of Inflammation Resolution in Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094808. [PMID: 35563200 PMCID: PMC9104781 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is one of the most important problems of modern medicine as it is the leading cause of hospitalizations, disability, and mortality. The key role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis is the imbalance between the activation of inflammation in the vascular wall and the mechanisms of its control. The resolution of inflammation is the most important physiological mechanism that is impaired in atherosclerosis. The resolution of inflammation has complex, not fully known mechanisms, in which lipid mediators derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) play an important role. Specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) represent a group of substances that carry out inflammation resolution and may play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. SPMs include lipoxins, resolvins, maresins, and protectins, which are formed from PUFAs and regulate many processes related to the active resolution of inflammation. Given the physiological importance of these substances, studies examining the possibility of pharmacological effects on inflammation resolution are of interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Kotlyarov
- Department of Nursing, Ryazan State Medical University, 390026 Ryazan, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna Kotlyarova
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Ryazan State Medical University, 390026 Ryazan, Russia;
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Eshghjoo S, Kim DM, Jayaraman A, Sun Y, Alaniz RC. Macrophage Polarization in Atherosclerosis. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13050756. [PMID: 35627141 PMCID: PMC9142092 DOI: 10.3390/genes13050756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The implication of the heterogeneous spectrum of pro- and anti-inflammatory macrophages (Macs) has been an important area of investigation over the last decade. The polarization of Macs alters their functional phenotype in response to their surrounding microenvironment. Macs are the major immune cells implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. A hallmark pathology of atherosclerosis is the accumulation of pro-inflammatory M1-like macrophages in coronary arteries induced by pro-atherogenic stimuli; these M1-like pro-inflammatory macrophages are incapable of digesting lipids, thus resulting in foam cell formation in the atherosclerotic plaques. Recent findings suggest that the progression and stability of atherosclerotic plaques are dependent on the quantity of infiltrated Macs, the polarization state of the Macs, and the ratios of different types of Mac populations. The polarization of Macs is defined by signature markers on the cell surface, as well as by factors in intracellular and intranuclear compartments. At the same time, pro- and anti-inflammatory polarized Macs also exhibit different gene expression patterns, with differential cellular characteristics in oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis. Macs are reflective of different metabolic states and various types of diseases. In this review, we discuss the major differences between M1-like Macs and M2-like Macs, their associated metabolic pathways, and their roles in atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Eshghjoo
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Da Mi Kim
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Arul Jayaraman
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Yuxiang Sun
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
- Correspondence: (Y.S.); (R.C.A.); Tel.: +1-(979)-862-9143 (Y.S.); +1-(206)-818-9450 (R.C.A.)
| | - Robert C. Alaniz
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
- Correspondence: (Y.S.); (R.C.A.); Tel.: +1-(979)-862-9143 (Y.S.); +1-(206)-818-9450 (R.C.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Bazzi S, Frangie C, Azar E, Daher J. The effect of myeloperoxidase-oxidized LDL on THP-1 macrophage polarization and repolarization. Innate Immun 2022; 28:91-103. [PMID: 35404154 PMCID: PMC9058374 DOI: 10.1177/17534259221090679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages (Mφs) play a crucial role in the development of atherosclerosis by engulfing modified LDL particles and forming foam cells, the hallmark of atherosclerosis. Many studies suggest that myeloperoxidase-oxidized LDL (Mox-LDL) is an important pathophysiological model for LDL modification in vivo. Classically (M1) and alternatively activated (M2) Mφs are both implicated in the process of atherogenesis. Mφs are highly plastic cells whereby they undergo repolarization from M1 to M2 and vice versa. Since little is known about the effects of Mox-LDL on Mφ polarization and repolarization, our study aimed at evaluating the in vitro effects of Mox-LDL at this level through making use of the well-established model of human THP-1-derived Mφs. Resting M0-Mφs were polarized toward M1- and M2-Mφs, then M0-, M1- and M2-Mφs were all treated with physiological concentrations of Mox-LDL to assess the effect of Mox-LDL treatment on Mφ polarization and repolarization. Treatment of M0-Mφs with a physiological concentration of Mox-LDL had no significant effects at the level of their polarization. However, treatment of M1-Mφs with Mox-LDL resulted in a significant reduction in their IL-10 cytokine secretion. Our results point to a potential role of Mox-LDL in increasing the pro-inflammatory state in Mφs through reducing the release of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samer Bazzi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, 54686University of Balamand, El-Koura, Lebanon
| | - Christian Frangie
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, 54686University of Balamand, El-Koura, Lebanon
| | - Eliana Azar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, 54686University of Balamand, El-Koura, Lebanon
| | - Jalil Daher
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, 54686University of Balamand, El-Koura, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Wen S, Jiang Y, Liang S, Cheng Z, Zhu X, Guo Q. Opioids Regulate the Immune System: Focusing on Macrophages and Their Organelles. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:814241. [PMID: 35095529 PMCID: PMC8790028 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.814241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Opioids are the most widely used analgesics and therefore have often been the focus of pharmacological research. Macrophages are the most plastic cells in the hematopoietic system. They show great functional diversity in various organism tissues and are an important consideration for the study of phagocytosis, cellular immunity, and molecular immunology. The expression of opioid receptors in macrophages indicates that opioid drugs act on macrophages and regulate their functions. This article reviewed the collection of research on effects of opioids on macrophage function. Studies show that opioids, both endogenous and exogenous, can affect the function of macrophages, effecting their proliferation, chemotaxis, transport, phagocytosis, expression of cytokines and chemokine receptors, synthesis and secretion of cytokines, polarization, and apoptosis. Many of these effects are closely associated with mitochondrial function and functions of other organelles in macrophages. Therefore, in depth research into effects of opioids on macrophage organelles may lead to some interesting new discoveries. In view of the important role of macrophages in HIV infection and tumor progression, this review also discusses effects of opioids on macrophages in these two pathological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Wen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuan Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuang Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhigang Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qulian Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kawtharany L, Bessueille L, Issa H, Hamade E, Zibara K, Magne D. Inflammation and Microcalcification: A Never-Ending Vicious Cycle in Atherosclerosis? J Vasc Res 2022; 59:137-150. [PMID: 35038712 DOI: 10.1159/000521161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory cells and cytokines are known for long to worsen the development of atherosclerotic plaques in mice, and intense efforts are today devoted to develop anti-inflammatory therapeutic strategies to slow down plaque development. Increasing data indicate that plaque inflammation is intimately associated with microcalcifications, which exert harmful effects eventually culminating with plaque rupture. In this review article, we will first introduce microcalcification location, detection, and effects in atherosclerotic plaques. Then, we will present the numerous data suggesting that inflammatory cells and molecules are responsible for the formation of microcalcifications and the articles showing that microcalcifications stimulate macrophages and smooth muscle cells to produce more pro-inflammatory cytokines. Finally, we will discuss the possibility that microcalcifications might stimulate smooth muscle cells to produce larger and more stable calcifications to stabilize plaques, to exit the vicious cycle associating inflammation and microcalcification in atherosclerotic plaques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Kawtharany
- ICBMS UMR CNRS 5246, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | | | - Hawraa Issa
- College of Public Health, Phoenicia University, Zahrani, Lebanon
| | - Eva Hamade
- PRASE and Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences-I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Kazem Zibara
- PRASE and Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences-I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - David Magne
- ICBMS UMR CNRS 5246, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Lee YY, Kim SD, Park SC, Rhee MH. Panax ginseng: Inflammation, platelet aggregation, thrombus formation, and atherosclerosis crosstalk. J Ginseng Res 2022; 46:54-61. [PMID: 35058727 PMCID: PMC8753522 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng has been widely studied due to its various therapeutic properties on various diseases such as cardiovascular disease (CVD). Cardiovascular disease has been canonically known to be caused by high levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) in the bloodstream, in addition to the impaired vasodilatory effects of cholesterol. However, current research on CVD has revealed a cascade of mechanisms involving a series of events that contribute to the progression of CVD. Although this has been elucidated and summarized in previous studies the detailed correlation between platelet aggregation and innate immunity that plays an important role in CVD progression has not been thoroughly summarized. Furthermore, immune cell subtypes also contribute to the progression of plaque formation in the subendothelial layer. Thrombus formation and the coagulation cascade also have a vital role in the progression of atherosclerosis. Hence, in this mini review we aim to elucidate, summarize, and propose the potent therapeutic effect of ginseng on CVD, mainly on platelet aggregation, plaque formation, and thrombus formation.
Collapse
|
44
|
Niyonzima N, Rahman J, Kunz N, West EE, Freiwald T, Desai JV, Merle NS, Gidon A, Sporsheim B, Lionakis MS, Evensen K, Lindberg B, Skagen K, Skjelland M, Singh P, Haug M, Ruseva MM, Kolev M, Bibby J, Marshall O, O’Brien B, Deeks N, Afzali B, Clark RJ, Woodruff TM, Pryor M, Yang ZH, Remaley AT, Mollnes TE, Hewitt SM, Yan B, Kazemian M, Kiss MG, Binder CJ, Halvorsen B, Espevik T, Kemper C. Mitochondrial C5aR1 activity in macrophages controls IL-1β production underlying sterile inflammation. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:eabf2489. [PMID: 34932384 PMCID: PMC8902698 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abf2489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
While serum-circulating complement destroys invading pathogens, intracellularly active complement, termed the “complosome,” functions as a vital orchestrator of cell-metabolic events underlying T cell effector responses. Whether intracellular complement is also nonredundant for the activity of myeloid immune cells is currently unknown. Here, we show that monocytes and macrophages constitutively express complement component (C) 5 and generate autocrine C5a via formation of an intracellular C5 convertase. Cholesterol crystal sensing by macrophages induced C5aR1 signaling on mitochondrial membranes, which shifted ATP production via reverse electron chain flux toward reactive oxygen species generation and anaerobic glycolysis to favor IL-1β production, both at the transcriptional level and processing of pro–IL-1β. Consequently, atherosclerosis-prone mice lacking macrophage-specific C5ar1 had ameliorated cardiovascular disease on a high-cholesterol diet. Conversely, inflammatory gene signatures and IL-1β produced by cells in unstable atherosclerotic plaques of patients were normalized by a specific cell-permeable C5aR1 antagonist. Deficiency of the macrophage cell-autonomous C5 system also protected mice from crystal nephropathy mediated by folic acid. These data demonstrate the unexpected intracellular formation of a C5 convertase and identify C5aR1 as a direct modulator of mitochondrial function and inflammatory output from myeloid cells. Together, these findings suggest that the complosome is a contributor to the biologic processes underlying sterile inflammation and indicate that targeting this system could be beneficial in macrophage-dependent diseases, such as atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Niyonzima
- Center of Molecular Inflammation Research (CEMIR), Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jubayer Rahman
- Complement and Inflammation Research Section (CIRS), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Natalia Kunz
- Complement and Inflammation Research Section (CIRS), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Erin E. West
- Complement and Inflammation Research Section (CIRS), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tilo Freiwald
- Immunoregulation Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jigar V. Desai
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nicolas S. Merle
- Complement and Inflammation Research Section (CIRS), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alexandre Gidon
- Center of Molecular Inflammation Research (CEMIR), Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjørnar Sporsheim
- Center of Molecular Inflammation Research (CEMIR), Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Central Administration, St. Olavs Hospital, University Hospital in Trondheim, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Michail S. Lionakis
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kristin Evensen
- Department of Neurology, Vestre Viken, Drammen Hospital, Drammen, Norway
| | - Beate Lindberg
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Karolina Skagen
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mona Skjelland
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Parul Singh
- Complement and Inflammation Research Section (CIRS), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Markus Haug
- Center of Molecular Inflammation Research (CEMIR), Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Central Norway Regional Health Authority, St. Olavs Hospital HF, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Marieta M. Ruseva
- BG2, Adaptive Immunity Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
| | - Martin Kolev
- BG2, Adaptive Immunity Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
| | - Jack Bibby
- Complement and Inflammation Research Section (CIRS), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Olivia Marshall
- Discovery DMPK Bioanalysis Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
| | - Brett O’Brien
- Discovery DMPK Bioanalysis Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
| | - Nigel Deeks
- Discovery DMPK Bioanalysis Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
| | - Behdad Afzali
- Immunoregulation Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Richard J. Clark
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Trent M. Woodruff
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Milton Pryor
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardiopulmonary Branch, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zhi-Hong Yang
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardiopulmonary Branch, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alan T. Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardiopulmonary Branch, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tom E. Mollnes
- Center of Molecular Inflammation Research (CEMIR), Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, Bodø, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen TREC, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Stephen M. Hewitt
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bingyu Yan
- Departments of Biochemistry and Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Majid Kazemian
- Departments of Biochemistry and Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Máté G. Kiss
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph J. Binder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bente Halvorsen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Terje Espevik
- Center of Molecular Inflammation Research (CEMIR), Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Central Norway Regional Health Authority, St. Olavs Hospital HF, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Claudia Kemper
- Complement and Inflammation Research Section (CIRS), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Bonaterra GA, Struck N, Zuegel S, Schwarz A, Mey L, Schwarzbach H, Strelau J, Kinscherf R. Characterization of atherosclerotic plaques in blood vessels with low oxygenated blood and blood pressure (Pulmonary trunk): role of growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15). BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2021; 21:601. [PMID: 34920697 PMCID: PMC8684150 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-021-02420-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth differentiation factor (GDF)-15 is linked to inflammation, cancer, and atherosclerosis. GDF-15 is expressed in most tissues but is extremely induced under pathological conditions. Elevated serum levels are suggested as a risk factor and a marker for cardiovascular diseases. However, the cellular sources and the effects of GDF-15 on the cardiovascular system have not been completely elucidated including progression, and morphology of atherosclerotic plaques. Thus, this work aimed to characterize the influence of GDF-15 deficiency on the morphology of atherosclerotic plaques in blood vessels with low-oxygen blood and low blood pressure as the pulmonary trunk (PT), in hypercholesterolemic ApoE-/- mice. METHODS GDF-15-/- ApoE-/- mice were generated by crossbreeding of ApoE-/-- and GDF-15-/- mice. After feeding a cholesterol-enriched diet (CED) for 20 weeks, samples of the brachiocephalic trunk (BT) and PT were dissected and lumen stenosis (LS) was measured. Furthermore, changes in the cellularity of the PT, amounts of apoptosis-, autophagy-, inflammation- and proliferation-relevant proteins were immunohisto-morphometrically analyzed. Additionally, we examined an atherosclerotic plaque in a human post mortem sample of the pulmonary artery. RESULTS After CED the body weight of GDF-15-/-ApoE-/- was 22.9% higher than ApoE-/-. Double knockout mice showed also an 35.3% increase of plasma triglyceride levels, whereas plasma cholesterol was similar in both genotypes. LS in the BT and PT of GDF-15-/-ApoE-/- mice was significantly reduced by 19.0% and by 6.7% compared to ApoE-/-. Comparing LS in PT and BT of the same genotype revealed a significant 38.8% (ApoE-/-) or 26.4% (GDF-15-/-ApoE-/-) lower LS in the PT. Immunohistomorphometry of atherosclerotic lesions in PT of GDF-15-/-ApoE-/- revealed significantly increased levels (39.8% and 7.3%) of CD68 + macrophages (MΦ) and α-actin + smooth muscle cells than in ApoE-/-. The density of TUNEL + , apoptotic cells was significantly (32.9%) higher in plaques of PT of GDF-15-/-ApoE-/- than in ApoE-/-. Analysis of atherosclerotic lesion of a human pulmonary artery showed sm-α-actin, CD68+, TUNEL+, Ki67+, and APG5L/ATG+ cells as observed in PT. COX-2+ and IL-6+ immunoreactivities were predominantly located in endothelial cells and subendothelial space. In BT and PT of GDF15-/-ApoE-/- mice the necrotic area was 10% and 6.5% lower than in ApoE-/-. In BT and PT of GDF15-/-ApoE-/- we found 40% and 57% less unstable plaques than ApoE-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS Atherosclerotic lesions occur in both, BT and PT, however, the size is smaller in PT, possibly due to the effect of the low-oxygen blood and/or lower blood pressure. GDF-15 is involved in atherosclerotic processes in BT and PT, although different mechanisms (e.g. apoptosis) in these two vessels seem to exist.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G A Bonaterra
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany.
| | - N Struck
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - S Zuegel
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - A Schwarz
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - L Mey
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - H Schwarzbach
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - J Strelau
- Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R Kinscherf
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Lipid Droplets, Phospholipase A 2, Arachidonic Acid, and Atherosclerosis. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121891. [PMID: 34944707 PMCID: PMC8699036 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets, classically regarded as static storage organelles, are currently considered as dynamic structures involved in key processes of lipid metabolism, cellular homeostasis and signaling. Studies on the inflammatory state of atherosclerotic plaques suggest that circulating monocytes interact with products released by endothelial cells and may acquire a foamy phenotype before crossing the endothelial barrier and differentiating into macrophages. One such compound released in significant amounts into the bloodstream is arachidonic acid, the common precursor of eicosanoids, and a potent inducer of neutral lipid synthesis and lipid droplet formation in circulating monocytes. Members of the family of phospholipase A2, which hydrolyze the fatty acid present at the sn-2 position of phospholipids, have recently emerged as key controllers of lipid droplet homeostasis, regulating their formation and the availability of fatty acids for lipid mediator production. In this paper we discuss recent findings related to lipid droplet dynamics in immune cells and the ways these organelles are involved in regulating arachidonic acid availability and metabolism in the context of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
|
47
|
van Ingen E, Foks AC, Woudenberg T, van der Bent ML, de Jong A, Hohensinner PJ, Wojta J, Bot I, Quax PHA, Nossent AY. Inhibition of microRNA-494-3p activates Wnt signaling and reduces proinflammatory macrophage polarization in atherosclerosis. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 26:1228-1239. [PMID: 34853722 PMCID: PMC8607137 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2021.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that treatment with third-generation antisense oligonucleotides against miR-494-3p (3GA-494) reduces atherosclerotic plaque progression and stabilizes lesions, both in early and established plaques, with reduced macrophage content in established plaques. Within the plaque, different subtypes of macrophages are present. Here, we aimed to investigate whether miR-494-3p directly influences macrophage polarization and activation. Human macrophages were polarized into either proinflammatory M1 or anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages and simultaneously treated with 3GA-494 or a control antisense (3GA-ctrl). We show that 3GA-494 treatment inhibited miR-494-3p in M1 macrophages and dampened M1 polarization, while in M2 macrophages miR-494-3p expression was induced and M2 polarization enhanced. The proinflammatory marker CCR2 was reduced in 3GA-494-treated atherosclerosis-prone mice. Pathway enrichment analysis predicted an overlap between miR-494-3p target genes in macrophage polarization and Wnt signaling. We demonstrate that miR-494-3p regulates expression levels of multiple Wnt signaling components, such as LRP6 and TBL1X. Wnt signaling appears activated upon treatment with 3GA-494, both in cultured M1 macrophages and in plaques of hypercholesterolemic mice. Taken together, 3GA-494 treatment dampened M1 polarization, at least in part via activated Wnt signaling, while M2 polarization was enhanced, which is both favorable in reducing atherosclerotic plaque formation and increasing plaque stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva van Ingen
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands.,Division of BioTherapeutics, LACDR, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Amanda C Foks
- Division of BioTherapeutics, LACDR, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tamar Woudenberg
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - M Leontien van der Bent
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Alwin de Jong
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Philipp J Hohensinner
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johann Wojta
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ilze Bot
- Division of BioTherapeutics, LACDR, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paul H A Quax
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Anne Yaël Nossent
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Conforti A, Wahlers T, Paunel-Görgülü A. Neutrophil extracellular traps modulate inflammatory markers and uptake of oxidized LDL by human and murine macrophages. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259894. [PMID: 34797846 PMCID: PMC8604363 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are web-like structures, which are released upon neutrophil activation. It has previously been demonstrated that NETs are present in atherosclerotic lesions of both humans and animal models thus playing a decisive role in atherosclerosis. Besides, macrophages have a crucial role in disease progression, whereby classically activated M1 macrophages sustain inflammation and alternatively activated M2 macrophages display anti-inflammatory effects. Although NETs and macrophages were found to colocalize in atherosclerotic lesions, the impact of NETs on macrophage function is not fully understood. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effect of NETs on human and murine macrophages in respect to the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and uptake of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) in vitro. Human THP-1 and murine bone marrow-derived macrophages were cultured under M1 (LPS + IFN-γ)- and M2a (IL-4)-polarizing culture conditions and treated with NETs. To mimic intraplaque regions, cells were additionally cultured under hypoxic conditions. NETs significantly increased the expression of IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 in THP-M1 macrophages under normoxia but suppressed their expression in murine M1 macrophages under hypoxic conditions. Notably, NETs increased the number of oxLDL-positive M1 and M2 human and murine macrophages under normoxia, but did not influence formation of murine foam cells under hypoxia. However, oxLDL uptake did not strongly correlate with the expression of the LDL receptor CD36. Besides, upregulated MMP-9 expression and secretion by macrophages was detected in the presence of NETs. Again, hypoxic culture conditions dampened NETs effects. These results suggest that NETs may favor foam cell formation and plaque vulnerability, but exert opposite effects in respect to the inflammatory response of human and murine M1 macrophages. Moreover, effects of NETs on macrophages’ phenotype are altered under hypoxia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Conforti
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Center of The University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thorsten Wahlers
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Center of The University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Adnana Paunel-Görgülü
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Center of The University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Classical Dichotomy of Macrophages and Alternative Activation Models Proposed with Technological Progress. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:9910596. [PMID: 34722776 PMCID: PMC8553456 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9910596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are important immune cells that participate in the regulation of inflammation in implant dentistry, and their activation/polarization state is considered to be the basis for their functions. The classic dichotomy activation model is commonly accepted, however, due to the discovery of macrophage heterogeneity and more functional and iconic exploration at different technologies; some studies have discovered the shortcomings of the dichotomy model and have put forward the concept of alternative activation models through the application of advanced technologies such as cytometry by time-of-flight (CyTOF), single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq), and hyperspectral image (HSI). These alternative models have great potential to help macrophages divide phenotypes and functional genes.
Collapse
|
50
|
Wedekind H, Walz K, Buchbender M, Rieckmann T, Strasser E, Grottker F, Fietkau R, Frey B, Gaipl US, Rückert M. Head and neck tumor cells treated with hypofractionated irradiation die via apoptosis and are better taken up by M1-like macrophages. Strahlenther Onkol 2021; 198:171-182. [PMID: 34665291 PMCID: PMC8789708 DOI: 10.1007/s00066-021-01856-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The incidence of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) is increasing worldwide, especially when triggered by the human papilloma virus (HPV). Radiotherapy has immune-modulatory properties, but the role of macrophages present in HNSCC and having contact with irradiated tumor cells remains unclear. The influence of irradiated (2 × 5Gy) HNSCC cells on the (re-)polarization and phagocytosis of human macrophages, either non-polarized or with a more M1 or M2 phenotype, was therefore investigated. Methods Human monocytes were differentiated with the hematopoietic growth factors M‑CSF (m) or GM-CSF (g) and additionally pre-polarized with either interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10 or interferon (IFN)-γ and lipopolysaccharides (LPS), respectively. Subsequently, they were added to previously irradiated (2 × 5Gy) and mock-treated HPV-positive (UD-SCC-2) and HPV-negative (Cal33) HNSCC cells including their supernatants. Results The HNSCC cells treated with hypofractionated irradiation died via apoptosis and were strongly phagocytosed by M0m and M2 macrophages. M0g and M1 macrophages phagocytosed the tumor cells to a lesser extent. Irradiated HNSCC cells were better phagocytosed by M1 macrophages compared to mock-treated controls. The polarization status of the macrophages was not significantly changed, except for the expression of CD206 on M2 macrophages, which was reduced after phagocytosis of irradiated HPV-negative cells. Further, a significant increase in the uptake of irradiated HPV-positive cells by M0g macrophages when compared to HPV-negative cells was observed. Conclusion HNSCC cells treated with hypofractionated irradiation foster phagocytosis by anti-tumorigenic M1 macrophages. The data provide the first evidence on the impact of the HPV status of HNSCC cells on the modulation of the macrophage response to irradiated tumor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Wedekind
- Translational Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kristina Walz
- Translational Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mayte Buchbender
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Rieckmann
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Erwin Strasser
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hemostaseology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Fridolin Grottker
- Translational Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rainer Fietkau
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Frey
- Translational Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Udo S Gaipl
- Translational Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Michael Rückert
- Translational Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|