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Kumar S, Basto AP, Ribeiro F, Almeida SCP, Campos P, Peres C, Pulvirenti N, Al-Khalidi S, Kilbey A, Tosello J, Piaggio E, Russo M, Gama-Carvalho M, Coffelt SB, Roberts EW, Geginat J, Florindo HF, Graca L. Specialized Tfh cell subsets driving type-1 and type-2 humoral responses in lymphoid tissue. Cell Discov 2024; 10:64. [PMID: 38834551 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-024-00681-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Effective antibody responses are essential to generate protective humoral immunity. Different inflammatory signals polarize T cells towards appropriate effector phenotypes during an infection or immunization. Th1 and Th2 cells have been associated with the polarization of humoral responses. However, T follicular helper cells (Tfh) have a unique ability to access the B cell follicle and support the germinal center (GC) responses by providing B cell help. We investigated the specialization of Tfh cells induced under type-1 and type-2 conditions. We first studied homogenous Tfh cell populations generated by adoptively transferred TCR-transgenic T cells in mice immunized with type-1 and type-2 adjuvants. Using a machine learning approach, we established a gene expression signature that discriminates Tfh cells polarized towards type-1 and type-2 response, defined as Tfh1 and Tfh2 cells. The distinct signatures of Tfh1 and Tfh2 cells were validated against datasets of Tfh cells induced following lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) or helminth infection. We generated single-cell and spatial transcriptomics datasets to dissect the heterogeneity of Tfh cells and their localization under the two immunizing conditions. Besides a distinct specialization of GC Tfh cells under the two immunizations and in different regions of the lymph nodes, we found a population of Gzmk+ Tfh cells specific for type-1 conditions. In human individuals, we could equally identify CMV-specific Tfh cells that expressed Gzmk. Our results show that Tfh cells acquire a specialized function under distinct types of immune responses and with particular properties within the B cell follicle and the GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Kumar
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Afonso P Basto
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
- CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Filipa Ribeiro
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Silvia C P Almeida
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Patricia Campos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carina Peres
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Sarwah Al-Khalidi
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Anna Kilbey
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jimena Tosello
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Eliane Piaggio
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Momtchilo Russo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Immunology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Margarida Gama-Carvalho
- BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Seth B Coffelt
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ed W Roberts
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jens Geginat
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare, Milano, Italy
- Università degli studi di Milano, DISCCO, Milano, Italy
| | - Helena F Florindo
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luis Graca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.
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Hahn WO, Parks KR, Shen M, Ozorowski G, Janes H, Ballweber-Fleming L, Woodward Davis AS, Duplessis C, Tomai M, Dey AK, Sagawa ZK, De Rosa SC, Seese A, Siddaramaiah LK, Stamatatos L, Lee WH, Sewall LM, Karlinsey D, Turner HL, Rubin V, Furth S, MacPhee K, Duff M, Corey L, Keefer MC, Edupuganti S, Frank I, Maenza J, Baden LR, Hyrien O, Sanders RW, Moore JP, Ward AB, Tomaras GD, Montefiori DC, Rouphael N, McElrath MJ. HIV BG505 SOSIP.664 trimer with 3M-052-AF/alum induces human autologous tier-2 neutralizing antibodies. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.05.08.24306957. [PMID: 38766048 PMCID: PMC11100857 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.08.24306957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Stabilized trimers preserving the native-like HIV envelope structure may be key components of a preventive HIV vaccine regimen to induce broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). We evaluated trimeric BG505 SOSIP.664 gp140, formulated with a novel TLR7/8 signaling adjuvant, 3M-052-AF/Alum, for safety, adjuvant dose-finding and immunogenicity in a first-in-healthy adult (n=17), randomized, placebo-controlled trial (HVTN 137A). The vaccine regimen appeared safe. Robust, trimer-specific antibody, B-cell and CD4+ T-cell responses emerged post-vaccination. Five vaccinees developed serum autologous tier-2 nAbs (ID50 titer, 1:28-1:8647) after 2-3 doses targeting C3/V5 and/or V1/V2/V3 Env regions by electron microscopy and mutated pseudovirus-based neutralization analyses. Trimer-specific, B-cell-derived monoclonal antibody activities confirmed these results and showed weak heterologous neutralization in the strongest responder. Our findings demonstrate the clinical utility of the 3M-052-AF/alum adjuvant and support further improvements of trimer-based Env immunogens to focus responses on multiple broad nAb epitopes. KEY TAKEAWAY/TAKE-HOME MESSAGES HIV BG505 SOSIP.664 trimer with novel 3M-052-AF/alum adjuvant in humans appears safe and induces serum neutralizing antibodies to matched clade A, tier 2 virus, that map to diverse Env epitopes with relatively high titers. The novel adjuvant may be an important mediator of vaccine response.
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White CL, Glover MA, Gandhapudi SK, Richards KA, Sant AJ. Flublok Quadrivalent Vaccine Adjuvanted with R-DOTAP Elicits a Robust and Multifunctional CD4 T Cell Response That Is of Greater Magnitude and Functional Diversity Than Conventional Adjuvant Systems. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:281. [PMID: 38543915 PMCID: PMC10975948 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12030281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
It is clear that new approaches are needed to promote broadly protective immunity to viral pathogens, particularly those that are prone to mutation and escape from antibody-mediated immunity. CD4+ T cells, known to target many viral proteins and highly conserved peptide epitopes, can contribute greatly to protective immunity through multiple mechanisms. Despite this potential, CD4+ T cells are often poorly recruited by current vaccine strategies. Here, we have analyzed a promising new adjuvant (R-DOTAP), as well as conventional adjuvant systems AddaVax with or without an added TLR9 agonist CpG, to promote CD4+ T cell responses to the licensed vaccine Flublok containing H1, H3, and HA-B proteins. Our studies, using a preclinical mouse model of vaccination, revealed that the addition of R-DOTAP to Flublok dramatically enhances the magnitude and functionality of CD4+ T cells specific for HA-derived CD4+ T cell epitopes, far outperforming conventional adjuvant systems based on cytokine EliSpot assays and multiparameter flow cytometry. The elicited CD4+ T cells specific for HA-derived epitopes produce IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-4/5, and granzyme B and have multifunctional potential. Hence, R-DOTAP, which has been verified safe by human studies, can offer exciting opportunities as an immune stimulant for next-generation prophylactic recombinant protein-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantelle L. White
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (C.L.W.); (M.A.G.); (K.A.R.)
| | - Maryah A. Glover
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (C.L.W.); (M.A.G.); (K.A.R.)
| | - Siva K. Gandhapudi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40508, USA;
| | - Katherine A. Richards
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (C.L.W.); (M.A.G.); (K.A.R.)
| | - Andrea J. Sant
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (C.L.W.); (M.A.G.); (K.A.R.)
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4
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Pastore G, Polvere J, Fiorino F, Lucchesi S, Montesi G, Rancan I, Zirpoli S, Lippi A, Durante M, Fabbiani M, Tumbarello M, Montagnani F, Medaglini D, Ciabattini A. Homologous or heterologous administration of mRNA or adenovirus-vectored vaccines show comparable immunogenicity and effectiveness against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant. Expert Rev Vaccines 2024; 23:432-444. [PMID: 38517153 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2333952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heterologous prime-boost schedules have been employed in SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, yet additional data on immunogenicity and effectiveness are still needed. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Here, we measured the immunogenicity and effectiveness in the real-world setting of the mRNA booster dose in 181 subjects who had completed primary vaccination with ChAdOx1, BNT162b2, or mRNA1273 vaccines (IMMUNO_COV study; protocol code 18,869). The spike-specific antibody and B cell responses were analyzed up to 6 months after boosting. RESULTS After an initial slower antibody response, the heterologous ChAdOx1/mRNA prime-boost formulation elicited spike-specific IgG titers comparable to homologous approaches, while spike-specific B cells showed a higher percentage of CD21-CD27- atypical cells compared to homologous mRNA vaccination. Mixed combinations of BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 elicited an immune response comparable with homologous strategies. Non-significant differences in the Relative Risk of infection, calculated over a period of 18 months after boosting, were reported among homologous or heterologous vaccination groups, indicating a comparable relative vaccine effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS Our data endorse the heterologous booster vaccination with mRNA as a valuable alternative to homologous schedules. This approach can serve as a solution in instances of formulation shortages and contribute to enhancing vaccine strategies for potential epidemics or pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabiria Pastore
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Jacopo Polvere
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Fabio Fiorino
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, LUM University "Giuseppe Degennaro"; Casamassima, Bari, Italy
| | - Simone Lucchesi
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Giorgio Montesi
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Ilaria Rancan
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, University Hospital of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Sara Zirpoli
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Arianna Lippi
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, University Hospital of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Miriam Durante
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Mario Tumbarello
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, University Hospital of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Montagnani
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, University Hospital of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Donata Medaglini
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Annalisa Ciabattini
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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Corripio-Miyar Y, MacLeod CL, Mair I, Mellanby RJ, Moore BD, McNeilly TN. Self-Adjuvanting Calcium-Phosphate-Coated Microcrystal-Based Vaccines Induce Pyroptosis in Human and Livestock Immune Cells. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1229. [PMID: 37515044 PMCID: PMC10385459 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Successful vaccines require adjuvants able to activate the innate immune system, eliciting antigen-specific immune responses and B-cell-mediated antibody production. However, unwanted secondary effects and the lack of effectiveness of traditional adjuvants has prompted investigation into novel adjuvants in recent years. Protein-coated microcrystals modified with calcium phosphate (CaP-PCMCs) in which vaccine antigens are co-immobilised within amino acid crystals represent one of these promising self-adjuvanting vaccine delivery systems. CaP-PCMCs has been shown to enhance antigen-specific IgG responses in mouse models; however, the exact mechanism of action of these microcrystals is currently unclear. Here, we set out to investigate this mechanism by studying the interaction between CaP-PCMCs and mammalian immune cells in an in vitro system. Incubation of cells with CaP-PCMCs induced rapid pyroptosis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and monocyte-derived dendritic cells from cattle, sheep and humans, which was accompanied by the release of interleukin-1β and the activation of Caspase-1. We show that this pyroptotic event was cell-CaP-PCMCs contact dependent, and neither soluble calcium nor microcrystals without CaP (soluble PCMCs) induced pyroptosis. Our results corroborate CaP-PCMCs as a promising delivery system for vaccine antigens, showing great potential for subunit vaccines where the enhancement or find tuning of adaptive immunity is required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clair Lyle MacLeod
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK
| | - Iris Mair
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Richard J Mellanby
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Barry D Moore
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK
| | - Tom N McNeilly
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK
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6
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Enhancing the Effect of Nucleic Acid Vaccines in the Treatment of HPV-Related Cancers: An Overview of Delivery Systems. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121444. [PMID: 36558778 PMCID: PMC9781236 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Prophylactic vaccines against human papillomavirus (HPV) have proven efficacy in those who have not been infected by the virus. However, they do not benefit patients with established tumors. Therefore, the development of therapeutic options for HPV-related malignancies is critical. Third-generation vaccines based on nucleic acids are fast and simple approaches to eliciting adaptive immune responses. However, techniques to boost immunogenicity, reduce degradation, and facilitate their capture by immune cells are frequently required. One option to overcome this constraint is to employ delivery systems that allow selective antigen absorption and help modulate the immune response. This review aimed to discuss the influence of these different systems on the response generated by nucleic acid vaccines. The results indicate that delivery systems based on lipids, polymers, and microorganisms such as yeasts can be used to ensure the stability and transport of nucleic acid vaccines to their respective protein synthesis compartments. Thus, in view of the limitations of nucleic acid-based vaccines, it is important to consider the type of delivery system to be used-due to its impact on the immune response and desired final effect.
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DnaJ, a promising vaccine candidate against Ureaplasma urealyticum infection. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:7643-7659. [PMID: 36269329 PMCID: PMC9589543 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12230-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Ureaplasma urealyticum (U. urealyticum, Uu) is a common sexually transmitted pathogen that is responsible for diseases such as non-gonococcal urethritis, chorioamnionitis, and neonatal respiratory diseases. The rapid emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria threatens the effective treatment of Uu infections. Considering this, vaccination could be an efficacious medical intervention to prevent Uu infection and disease. As a highly conserved molecular chaperone, DnaJ is expressed and upregulated by pathogens soon after infection. Here, we assessed the vaccine potential of recombinant Uu-DnaJ in a mouse model and dendritic cells. Results showed that intramuscular administration of DnaJ induced robust humoral- and T helper (Th) 1 cell-mediated immune responses and protected against genital tract infection, inflammation, and the pathologic sequelae after Uu infection. Importantly, the DnaJ protein also induced the maturation of mouse bone marrow–derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), ultimately promoting naïve T cell differentiation toward the Th1 phenotype. In addition, adoptive immunization of DnaJ-pulsed BMDCs elicited antigen-specific Immunoglobulin G2 (IgG2) antibodies as well as a Th1-biased cellular response in mice. These results support DnaJ as a promising vaccine candidate to control Uu infections. Key points • A novel recombinant vaccine was constructed against U. urealyticum infection. • Antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses after DnaJ vaccination. • Dendritic cells are activated by Uu-DnaJ, which results in a Th1-biased immune response. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00253-022-12230-4.
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Preclinical study of a DNA vaccine targeting SARS-CoV-2. Curr Res Transl Med 2022; 70:103348. [PMID: 35489099 PMCID: PMC9020527 DOI: 10.1016/j.retram.2022.103348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
To fight against the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic, the development of an effective and safe vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 is required. As potential pandemic vaccines, DNA/RNA vaccines, viral vector vaccines and protein-based vaccines have been rapidly developed to prevent pandemic spread worldwide. In this study, we designed plasmid DNA vaccine targeting the SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein (S protein) as pandemic vaccine, and the humoral, cellular, and functional immune responses were characterized to support proceeding to initial human clinical trials. After intramuscular injection of DNA vaccine encoding S protein with alum adjuvant (three times at 2-week intervals), the humoral immunoreaction, as assessed by anti-S protein or anti-receptor-binding domain (RBD) antibody titers, and the cellular immunoreaction, as assessed by antigen-induced IFNγ expression, were up-regulated. In IgG subclass analysis, IgG2b was induced as the main subclass. Based on these analyses, DNA vaccine with alum adjuvant preferentially induced Th1-type T cell polarization. We confirmed the neutralizing action of DNA vaccine-induced antibodies by a binding assay of RBD recombinant protein with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a receptor of SARS-CoV-2, and neutralization assays using pseudo-virus, and live SARS-CoV-2. Further B cell epitope mapping analysis using a peptide array showed that most vaccine-induced antibodies recognized the S2 and RBD subunits. Finally, DNA vaccine protected hamsters from SARS-CoV-2 infection. In conclusion, DNA vaccine targeting the spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 might be an effective and safe approach to combat the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Sriwidodo, Umar AK, Wathoni N, Zothantluanga JH, Das S, Luckanagul JA. Liposome-polymer complex for drug delivery system and vaccine stabilization. Heliyon 2022; 8:e08934. [PMID: 35243059 PMCID: PMC8861389 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Liposomes have been used extensively as micro- and nanocarriers for hydrophobic or hydrophilic molecules. However, conventional liposomes are biodegradable and quickly eliminated, making it difficult to be used for delivery in specific routes, such as the oral and systemic routes. One way to overcome this problem is through complexation with polymers, which is referred to as a liposome complex. The use of polymers can increase the stability of liposome with regard to pH, chemicals, enzymes, and the immune system. In some cases, specific polymers can condition the properties of liposomes to be explicitly used in drug delivery, such as targeted delivery and controlled release. These properties are influenced by the type of polymer, crosslinker, interaction, and bond in the complexation process. Therefore, it is crucial to study and review these parameters for the development of more optimal forms and properties of the liposome complex. This article discusses the use of natural and synthetic polymers, ways of interaction between polymers and liposomes (on the surface, incorporation in lamellar chains, and within liposomes), types of bonds, evaluation standards, and their effects on the stability and pharmacokinetic profile of the liposome complex, drugs, and vaccines. This article concludes that both natural and synthetic polymers can be used in modifying the structure and physicochemical properties of liposomes to specify their use in targeted delivery, controlled release, and stabilizing drugs and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriwidodo
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor 45363, Indonesia
| | - Abd. Kakhar Umar
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor 45363, Indonesia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Nasrul Wathoni
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor 45363, Indonesia
| | - James H. Zothantluanga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh 786004, Assam, India
| | - Sanjoy Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh 786004, Assam, India
| | - Jittima Amie Luckanagul
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Safar HA, Mustafa AS, Amoudy HA, El-Hashim A. The Effect of Delivery Systems on the Induction of T Helper 1 Cell Response to an ESAT6-Like Protein Rv3619c and Identification of Its Immunodominant Peptides. Med Princ Pract 2022; 31:359-367. [PMID: 35584661 PMCID: PMC9485963 DOI: 10.1159/000525136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study determined the effects of chemical adjuvants, incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) and aluminum hydroxide (Alum), mycobacteria, and a DNA plasmid as delivery systems on the induction of protective Th1 (interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)) and nonprotective Th2 (IL-5) and Treg (IL-10) cytokine responses to Rv3619c and its peptides. Rv3619c is an immunodominant Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific antigen and belongs to the early-secreted antigenic target of 6 kDa-family of proteins. Delivery systems are needed to deliver such antigens in animal models and induce protective immune responses. METHODS The rv3619c gene was amplified from the genomic DNA of M. tuberculosis and cloned into appropriate vectors for expression in Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium smegmatis, and eukaryotic cells. Spleen cells from mice immunized with rv3619c using different delivery systems were stimulated in vitro with synthetic peptides (P1 to P6) of Rv3619c, and secreted cytokines were estimated by ELISA. RESULTS The recombinant M. smegmatis and DNA plasmid induced the secretion of the protective cytokine IFN-γ in response to peptide-pool of Rv3619c and all the individual peptides, whereas rv3619c/IFA induced the secretion of IFN-γ in response to the peptide pool, and the peptides P5 and P6. However, the secretions of the nonprotective cytokines IL-5 and IL-10 were induced to none of the peptides with the delivery systems used. CONCLUSION Rv3619c is a major antigen of M. tuberculosis with multiple immunogenic epitopes; however, immune responses to individual epitopes can vary based on delivery systems used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussain A. Safar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Abu Salim Mustafa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
- *Abu Salim Mustafa,
| | - Hanady A. Amoudy
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Ahmed El-Hashim
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
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11
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Shibuya M, Tamiya S, Kawai A, Hirai T, Cragg MS, Yoshioka Y. Synergistic effect of non-neutralizing antibodies and interferon-γ for cross-protection against influenza. iScience 2021; 24:103131. [PMID: 34622175 PMCID: PMC8482522 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Current influenza vaccines do not typically confer cross-protection against antigenically mismatched strains. To develop vaccines conferring broader cross-protection, recent evidence indicates the crucial role of both cross-reactive antibodies and viral-specific CD4+ T cells; however, the precise mechanism of cross-protection is unclear. Furthermore, adjuvants that can efficiently induce cross-protective CD4+ T cells have not been identified. Here we show that CpG oligodeoxynucleotides combined with aluminum salts work as adjuvants for influenza vaccine and confer strong cross-protection in mice. Both cross-reactive antibodies and viral-specific CD4+ T cells contributed to cross-protection synergistically, with each individually ineffective. Furthermore, we found that downregulated expression of Fcγ receptor IIb on alveolar macrophages due to IFN-γ secreted by viral-specific CD4+ T cells improves the activity of cross-reactive antibodies. Our findings inform the development of optimal adjuvants for vaccines and how influenza vaccines confer broader cross-protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meito Shibuya
- Laboratory of Nano-design for Innovative Drug Development, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Vaccine Creation Group, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Vaccine Creation Group, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Tamiya
- Laboratory of Nano-design for Innovative Drug Development, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Vaccine Creation Group, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Vaccine Creation Group, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kawai
- Laboratory of Nano-design for Innovative Drug Development, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Vaccine Creation Group, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Vaccine Creation Group, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshiro Hirai
- Laboratory of Nano-design for Innovative Drug Development, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Vaccine Creation Group, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Vaccine Creation Group, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mark S. Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Yasuo Yoshioka
- Laboratory of Nano-design for Innovative Drug Development, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Vaccine Creation Group, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Vaccine Creation Group, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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12
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Qu Y, Zhang B, Wang Y, Yin S, Sun Y, Middelberg A, Bi J. Immunogenicity and Vaccine Efficacy Boosted by Engineering Human Heavy Chain Ferritin and Chimeric Hepatitis B Virus Core Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:7147-7156. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Qu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Bingyang Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Yingli Wang
- Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China
| | - Shuang Yin
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Anton Middelberg
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Jingxiu Bi
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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13
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Yokomizo S, Katagiri W, Maki Y, Sano T, Inoue K, Fukushi M, Atochin DN, Kushibiki T, Kawana A, Kimizuka Y, Kashiwagi S. Brief exposure of skin to near-infrared laser augments early vaccine responses. NANOPHOTONICS 2021; 10:3187-3197. [PMID: 34868804 PMCID: PMC8635068 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2021-0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Rapid establishment of herd immunity with vaccination is effective to combat emerging infectious diseases. Although the incorporation of adjuvant and intradermal (ID) injection could augment early responses to the vaccine, the current chemical or biological adjuvants are inappropriate for this purpose with their side effects and high reactogenicity in the skin. Recently, a near-infrared (NIR) laser has been shown to augment the immune response to ID vaccination and could be alternatively used for mass vaccination programs. Here, we determined the effect of NIR laser as well as licensed chemical adjuvants on the immunogenicity 1, 2, and 4 weeks after ID influenza vaccination in mice. The NIR laser adjuvant augmented early antibody responses, while the widely used alum adjuvant induced significantly delayed responses. In addition, the oil-in-water and alum adjuvants, but not the NIR laser, elicited escalated TH2 responses with allergenic immunoglobulin E (IgE) responses. The effect of the NIR laser was significantly suppressed in the basic leucine zipper transcription factor ATF-like 3 (Batf3) knockout mice, suggesting a critical role of the cluster of differentiation 103+ (CD103)+ dendritic cells. The current preliminary study suggests that NIR laser adjuvant is an alternative strategy to chemical and biological agents to timely combat emerging infectious diseases. Moreover, its immunomodulatory property could be used to enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy for allergy and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Yokomizo
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown 02129, MA, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 7-2-10 Higashi-Ogu, Arakawa 116-8551, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Katagiri
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown 02129, MA, USA
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yohei Maki
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
| | - Tomoya Sano
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Inoue
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 7-2-10 Higashi-Ogu, Arakawa 116-8551, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Fukushi
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 7-2-10 Higashi-Ogu, Arakawa 116-8551, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Dmitriy N. Atochin
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown 02129, MA, USA
| | - Toshihiro Kushibiki
- Department of Medical Engineering, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kawana
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
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14
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P M, Ahmad J, Samal J, Sheikh JA, Arora SK, Khubaib M, Aggarwal H, Kumari I, Luthra K, Rahman SA, Hasnain SE, Ehtesham NZ. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Specific Protein Rv1509 Evokes Efficient Innate and Adaptive Immune Response Indicative of Protective Th1 Immune Signature. Front Immunol 2021; 12:706081. [PMID: 34386011 PMCID: PMC8354026 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.706081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dissecting the function(s) of proteins present exclusively in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) will provide important clues regarding the role of these proteins in mycobacterial pathogenesis. Using extensive computational approaches, we shortlisted ORFs/proteins unique to M.tb among 13 different species of mycobacteria and identified a hypothetical protein Rv1509 as a ‘signature protein’ of M.tb. This unique protein was found to be present only in M.tb and absent in all other mycobacterial species, including BCG. In silico analysis identified numerous putative T cell and B cell epitopes in Rv1509. Initial in vitro experiments using innate immune cells demonstrated Rv1509 to be immunogenic with potential to modulate innate immune responses. Macrophages treated with Rv1509 exhibited higher activation status along with substantial release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Besides, Rv1509 protein boosts dendritic cell maturation by increasing the expression of activation markers such as CD80, HLA-DR and decreasing DC-SIGN expression and this interaction was mediated by innate immune receptor TLR2. Further, in vivo experiments in mice demonstrated that Rv1509 protein promotes the expansion of multifunctional CD4+ and CD8+T cells and induces effector memory response along with evoking a canonical Th1 type of immune response. Rv1509 also induces substantial B cell response as revealed by increased IgG reactivity in sera of immunized animals. This allowed us to demonstrate the diagnostic efficacy of this protein in sera of human TB patients compared to the healthy controls. Taken together, our results reveal that Rv1509 signature protein has immunomodulatory functions evoking immunological memory response with possible implications in serodiagnosis and TB vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjunath P
- Inflammation Biology and Cell Signaling Laboratory, National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Javeed Ahmad
- Inflammation Biology and Cell Signaling Laboratory, National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India.,Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Jasmine Samal
- Inflammation Biology and Cell Signaling Laboratory, National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Simran Kaur Arora
- Inflammation Biology and Cell Signaling Laboratory, National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd Khubaib
- Inflammation Biology and Cell Signaling Laboratory, National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Heena Aggarwal
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Indu Kumari
- Inflammation Biology and Cell Signaling Laboratory, National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India
| | - Kalpana Luthra
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Seyed E Hasnain
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India.,Department of Life Science, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Nasreen Z Ehtesham
- Inflammation Biology and Cell Signaling Laboratory, National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India
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15
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Andrianov AK, Fuerst TR. Immunopotentiating and Delivery Systems for HCV Vaccines. Viruses 2021; 13:v13060981. [PMID: 34070543 PMCID: PMC8227888 DOI: 10.3390/v13060981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of preventive vaccines against hepatitis C virus (HCV) remains one of the main strategies in achieving global elimination of the disease. The effort is focused on the quest for vaccines capable of inducing protective cross-neutralizing humoral and cellular immune responses, which in turn dictate the need for rationally designed cross-genotype vaccine antigens and potent immunoadjuvants systems. This review provides an assessment of the current state of knowledge on immunopotentiating compounds and vaccine delivery systems capable of enhancing HCV antigen-specific immune responses, while focusing on the synergy and interplay of two modalities. Structural, physico-chemical, and biophysical features of these systems are discussed in conjunction with the analysis of their in vivo performance. Extreme genetic diversity of HCV-a well-known hurdle in the development of an HCV vaccine, may also present a challenge in a search for an effective immunoadjuvant, as the effort necessitates systematic and comparative screening of rationally designed antigenic constructs. The progress may be accelerated if the preference is given to well-defined molecular immunoadjuvants with greater formulation flexibility and adaptability, including those capable of spontaneous self-assembly behavior, while maintaining their robust immunopotentiating and delivery capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander K. Andrianov
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Thomas R. Fuerst
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA;
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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16
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Influence of adjuvants on the amount, specificity and functional activity of antibody response to human influenza vaccine in mice. Mol Immunol 2021; 135:398-407. [PMID: 34022515 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
It's been almost a century since immunologists started using adjuvants as tools to develop more effective vaccines. Despite the rising number of adjuvanted vaccines in the last decades, we still lack knowledge of the adjuvants' effects on antibody response. This study was aimed to test the effect of immunizing mice with the human Inactivated Influenza vaccine (IIV), either alone or combined with different widely used adjuvants on the specific antibody response induced. Differential levels of IgM and IgG subclasses were found with the different adjuvants tested. Higher levels of antibodies did not always correspond with a higher efficacy to interfere with the virus infectivity. Differences in neutralization properties are possibly mediated by the specificity of the repertoire of antibodies induced. The repertoire was studied using a phage display 7-mer peptide library to screen for epitopes/mimotopes recognized by serum pools from vaccinated mice. The selected phage clones included peptides that corresponded to conformational mimotopes since they have no homology with lineal sequences of the Influenza strains' proteins. Five peptides were identified as recognized by sera from mice immunized with the IIV vaccine alone, including peptides from the hemagglutinin stalk domain, and by sera from mice immunized with the vaccine plus the different adjuvants employed. Adjuvants elicited a more diverse repertoire of epitope-recognizing antibodies that recognized epitopes of the HA recombinant globular head. Mimotopes were theoretically located at the neutralizing antigenic sites of the globular head of Influenza A H1N1pdm09, Influenza A H3N2, and Influenza B hemagglutinin. This study illustrates how different adjuvants can modify the extent and quality of humoral immunity against the IIV vaccine and the effectiveness of vaccination.
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17
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Wang TT, Xia YY, Gao JQ, Xu DH, Han M. Recent Progress in the Design and Medical Application of In Situ Self-Assembled Polypeptide Materials. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:753. [PMID: 34069645 PMCID: PMC8160760 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inspired by molecular self-assembly, which is ubiquitous in natural environments and biological systems, self-assembled peptides have become a research hotspot in the biomedical field due to their inherent biocompatibility and biodegradability, properties that are afforded by the amide linkages forming the peptide backbone. This review summarizes the biological advantages, principles, and design strategies of self-assembled polypeptide systems. We then focus on the latest advances in in situ self-assembly of polypeptides in medical applications, such as oncotherapy, materials science, regenerative medicine, and drug delivery, and then briefly discuss their potential challenges in clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Tian Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Yi-Yi Xia
- Institution of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.-Y.X.); (J.-Q.G.)
| | - Jian-Qing Gao
- Institution of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.-Y.X.); (J.-Q.G.)
| | - Dong-Hang Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Min Han
- Institution of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.-Y.X.); (J.-Q.G.)
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18
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Chand DJ, Magiri RB, Wilson HL, Mutwiri GK. Polyphosphazenes as Adjuvants for Animal Vaccines and Other Medical Applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:625482. [PMID: 33763409 PMCID: PMC7982900 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.625482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphosphazenes are a class of experimental adjuvants that have shown great versatility as vaccine adjuvants in many animal species ranging from laboratory rodents to large animal species. Their adjuvant activity has shown promising results with numerous viral and bacterial antigens, as well as with crude and purified antigens. Vaccines adjuvanted with polyphosphazenes can be delivered via systemic and mucosal administration including respiratory, oral, rectal, and intravaginal routes. Polyphosphazenes can be used in combination with other adjuvants, further enhancing immune responses to antigens. The mechanisms of action of polyphosphazenes have not fully been defined, but several systematic studies have suggested that they act primarily by activating innate immunity. In the present review, we will highlight progress in the development of polyphosphazenes as adjuvants in animals and their other medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan J Chand
- Vaccinology & Immunotherapeutic Program, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Royford B Magiri
- Vaccinology & Immunotherapeutic Program, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,College of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Fiji National University, Nausori, Fiji
| | - Heather L Wilson
- Vaccinology & Immunotherapeutic Program, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - George K Mutwiri
- Vaccinology & Immunotherapeutic Program, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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19
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Pettini E, Pastore G, Fiorino F, Medaglini D, Ciabattini A. Short or Long Interval between Priming and Boosting: Does It Impact on the Vaccine Immunogenicity? Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9030289. [PMID: 33804604 PMCID: PMC8003773 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Characterizing the impact of the vaccination schedule on the induction of B and T cell immune responses is critical for improving vaccine immunogenicity. Here we compare the effect of a short (4 weeks) or a long (18 weeks) interval between priming and boosting in mice, using a model vaccine formulation based on the chimeric tuberculosis vaccine antigen H56 combined with alum. While no significant difference was observed in serum antigen-specific IgG response and the induction of antigen-specific T follicular helper cells into draining lymph nodes after the two immunization schedules, a longer interval between priming and boosting elicited a higher number of germinal center-B cells and H56-specific antibody-secreting cells and modulated the effector function of reactivated CD4+ T cells. These data show that the scheduling of the booster immunization could affect the immune response elicited by vaccination modulating and improving the immunogenicity of the vaccine.
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20
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Lampe AT, Farris EJ, Brown DM, Pannier AK. High- and low-molecular-weight chitosan act as adjuvants during single-dose influenza A virus protein vaccination through distinct mechanisms. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 118:1224-1243. [PMID: 33289090 PMCID: PMC7897297 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The investigation of new adjuvants is essential for the development of efficacious vaccines. Chitosan (CS), a derivative of chitin, has been shown to act as an adjuvant, improving vaccine-induced immune responses. However, the effect of CS molecular weight (MW) on this adjuvanticity has not been investigated, despite MW having been shown to impact CS biological properties. Here, two MW variants of CS were investigated for their ability to enhance vaccine-elicited immune responses in vitro and in vivo, using a single-dose influenza A virus (IAV) protein vaccine model. Both low-molecular-weight (LMW) and high-molecular-weight (HMW) CS-induced interferon regulatory factor pathway signaling, antigen-presenting cell activation, and cytokine messenger RNA (mRNA) production, with LMW inducing higher mRNA levels at 24 h and HMW elevating mRNA responses at 48 h. LMW and HMW CS also induced adaptive immune responses after vaccination, indicated by enhanced immunoglobulin G production in mice receiving LMW CS and increased CD4 interleukin 4 (IL-4) and IL-2 production in mice receiving HMW CS. Importantly, both LMW and HMW CS adjuvantation reduced morbidity following homologous IAV challenge. Taken together, these results support that LMW and HMW CS can act as adjuvants, although this protection may be mediated through distinct mechanisms based on CS MW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna T Lampe
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA.,Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Eric J Farris
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Deborah M Brown
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA.,Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA.,Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, NY, USA
| | - Angela K Pannier
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
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21
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Ginseng Stem-Leaf Saponins in Combination with Selenium Promote the Immune Response in Neonatal Mice with Maternal Antibody. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040755. [PMID: 33322647 PMCID: PMC7768402 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonates acquire from their mothers maternal antibody (MatAb) which results in poor immune response to vaccination. We previously demonstrated that ginseng stem-leaf saponins in combination with selenium (GSe) had adjuvant effect on the immune response to an attenuated pseudorabies virus (aPrV) vaccine. The present study was to evaluate GSe for its effect on the immune response to aPrV vaccine in neonatal mice with MatAb. Results showed that GSe had adjuvant effect on the immune response to aPrV vaccine in neonates. When GSe was co-administered with aPrV vaccine (aP-GSe), specific gB antibody, Th1 cytokines (IL-2, IL-12 and IFN-γ) and Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10) responses were significantly increased in association with enhanced protection of vaccinated neonates against the lethal PrV challenge even though MatAb existed when compared to the neonates immunized with aPrV vaccine alone. GSe-enhanced immune response depended on its use in the primary immunization. The mechanisms underlying the adjuvant effect of GSe may be due to more innate immune related pathways activated by GSe. Transcriptome analysis of splenocytes from neonates immunized with aP-GSe, aPrV or saline solution showed that there were 3976 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in aP-GSe group while 5959 DEGs in aPrV group when compared to the control. Gene ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathways analysis showed that innate immune responses and cytokine productions related terms or pathways were predominantly enriched in aP-GSe group, such as “NOD-like receptor signaling pathway”, “Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity”, “NF-κB signaling pathway”, “cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction”, and “Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation”. Considering the potent adjuvant effect of GSe on aPrV vaccine in neonatal mice with MatAb, it deserves further investigation in piglets.
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22
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Lu L, Fong CHY, Zhang AJ, Wu WL, Li IC, Lee ACY, Dissanayake TK, Chen L, Hung IFN, Chan KH, Chu H, Kok KH, Yuen KY, To KKW. Repurposing of Miltefosine as an Adjuvant for Influenza Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040754. [PMID: 33322574 PMCID: PMC7768360 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that topical imiquimod can improve the immunogenicity of the influenza vaccine. This study investigated another FDA-approved drug, miltefosine (MTF), as a vaccine adjuvant. Mice immunized with an influenza vaccine with or without MTF adjuvant were challenged by a lethal dose of influenza virus 3 or 7 days after vaccination. Survival, body weight, antibody response, histopathological changes, viral loads, cytokine levels, and T cell frequencies were compared. The MTF-adjuvanted vaccine (MTF-VAC) group had a significantly better survival rate than the vaccine-only (VAC) group, when administered 3 days (80% vs. 26.7%, p = 0.0063) or 7 days (96% vs. 65%, p = 0.0041) before influenza virus challenge. Lung damage was significantly ameliorated in the MTF-VAC group. Antibody response was significantly augmented in the MTF-VAC group against both homologous and heterologous influenza strains. There was a greater T follicular helper cell (TFH) response and an enhanced germinal center (GC) reaction in the MTF-VAC group. MTF-VAC also induced both TH1 and TH2 antigen-specific cytokine responses. MTF improved the efficacy of the influenza vaccine against homologous and heterologous viruses by improving the TFH and antibody responses. Miltefosine may also be used for other vaccines, including the upcoming vaccines for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; (L.L.); (C.H.-Y.F.); (A.J.Z.); (W.-L.W.); (I.C.L.); (A.C.-Y.L.); (T.K.D.); (L.C.); (K.-H.C.); (H.C.); (K.-H.K.); (K.-Y.Y.)
| | - Carol Ho-Yan Fong
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; (L.L.); (C.H.-Y.F.); (A.J.Z.); (W.-L.W.); (I.C.L.); (A.C.-Y.L.); (T.K.D.); (L.C.); (K.-H.C.); (H.C.); (K.-H.K.); (K.-Y.Y.)
| | - Anna Jinxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; (L.L.); (C.H.-Y.F.); (A.J.Z.); (W.-L.W.); (I.C.L.); (A.C.-Y.L.); (T.K.D.); (L.C.); (K.-H.C.); (H.C.); (K.-H.K.); (K.-Y.Y.)
| | - Wai-Lan Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; (L.L.); (C.H.-Y.F.); (A.J.Z.); (W.-L.W.); (I.C.L.); (A.C.-Y.L.); (T.K.D.); (L.C.); (K.-H.C.); (H.C.); (K.-H.K.); (K.-Y.Y.)
| | - Iris Can Li
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; (L.L.); (C.H.-Y.F.); (A.J.Z.); (W.-L.W.); (I.C.L.); (A.C.-Y.L.); (T.K.D.); (L.C.); (K.-H.C.); (H.C.); (K.-H.K.); (K.-Y.Y.)
| | - Andrew Chak-Yiu Lee
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; (L.L.); (C.H.-Y.F.); (A.J.Z.); (W.-L.W.); (I.C.L.); (A.C.-Y.L.); (T.K.D.); (L.C.); (K.-H.C.); (H.C.); (K.-H.K.); (K.-Y.Y.)
| | - Thrimendra Kaushika Dissanayake
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; (L.L.); (C.H.-Y.F.); (A.J.Z.); (W.-L.W.); (I.C.L.); (A.C.-Y.L.); (T.K.D.); (L.C.); (K.-H.C.); (H.C.); (K.-H.K.); (K.-Y.Y.)
| | - Linlei Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; (L.L.); (C.H.-Y.F.); (A.J.Z.); (W.-L.W.); (I.C.L.); (A.C.-Y.L.); (T.K.D.); (L.C.); (K.-H.C.); (H.C.); (K.-H.K.); (K.-Y.Y.)
| | - Ivan Fan-Ngai Hung
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Kwok-Hung Chan
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; (L.L.); (C.H.-Y.F.); (A.J.Z.); (W.-L.W.); (I.C.L.); (A.C.-Y.L.); (T.K.D.); (L.C.); (K.-H.C.); (H.C.); (K.-H.K.); (K.-Y.Y.)
| | - Hin Chu
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; (L.L.); (C.H.-Y.F.); (A.J.Z.); (W.-L.W.); (I.C.L.); (A.C.-Y.L.); (T.K.D.); (L.C.); (K.-H.C.); (H.C.); (K.-H.K.); (K.-Y.Y.)
| | - Kin-Hang Kok
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; (L.L.); (C.H.-Y.F.); (A.J.Z.); (W.-L.W.); (I.C.L.); (A.C.-Y.L.); (T.K.D.); (L.C.); (K.-H.C.); (H.C.); (K.-H.K.); (K.-Y.Y.)
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; (L.L.); (C.H.-Y.F.); (A.J.Z.); (W.-L.W.); (I.C.L.); (A.C.-Y.L.); (T.K.D.); (L.C.); (K.-H.C.); (H.C.); (K.-H.K.); (K.-Y.Y.)
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Kelvin Kai-Wang To
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; (L.L.); (C.H.-Y.F.); (A.J.Z.); (W.-L.W.); (I.C.L.); (A.C.-Y.L.); (T.K.D.); (L.C.); (K.-H.C.); (H.C.); (K.-H.K.); (K.-Y.Y.)
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China;
- Correspondence:
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23
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Kurashova SS, Ishmukhametov AA, Dzagurova TK, Egorova MS, Balovneva MV, Nikitin NA, Evtushenko EA, Karpova OV, Markina AA, Aparin PG, Tkachenko PE, L Vov VL, Tkachenko EA. Various Adjuvants Effect on Immunogenicity of Puumala Virus Vaccine. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:545371. [PMID: 33194793 PMCID: PMC7649337 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.545371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Various adjuvant effects on the immunogenicity of the candidate inactivated Puumala virus vaccine were detected in BALB/c mice. Adjuvants under study were: aluminum hydroxide, spherical particles of Tobacco mosaic virus coat protein, B subunit of heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli, and low endotoxic lipopolysaccharide of Shigella sonnei. Aluminum hydroxide (1 mg/ml) did not affect neutralizing antibodies’ induction and vaccine stability during storage compared to immunization with the vaccine without adjuvant. B subunit of heat-labile enterotoxin (0.2 µg/ml), low endotoxic lipopolysaccharide (50 µg/ml), and plant virus-based spherical particles (300 µg/ml) significantly enhance the humoral immune response of vaccine (p < 0.0001). Pronounced stimulation of IL-12 and IFN-ɣ was observed when mice were immunized with vaccines both with adjuvants (except of aluminum hydroxide) and without adjuvants. It has been shown that low endotoxic lipopolysaccharide contributes not only to enhance the immune response but also to stabilize vaccine immunogenicity during at least 1 year storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana S Kurashova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aidar A Ishmukhametov
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Institute for Translatonal Medicine and Bionechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tamara K Dzagurova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria S Egorova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria V Balovneva
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolai A Nikitin
- Department of Virology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Olga V Karpova
- Department of Virology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna A Markina
- National Research Center - Institute of Immunology Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Peter G Aparin
- National Research Center - Institute of Immunology Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Petr E Tkachenko
- Department of Internal Medicine Propaedeutics, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vyatcheslav L L Vov
- National Research Center - Institute of Immunology Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeniy A Tkachenko
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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24
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Arora SK, Naqvi N, Alam A, Ahmad J, Alsati BS, Sheikh JA, Kumar P, Mitra DK, Rahman SA, Hasnain SE, Ehtesham NZ. Mycobacterium smegmatis Bacteria Expressing Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Specific Rv1954A Induce Macrophage Activation and Modulate the Immune Response. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:564565. [PMID: 33163415 PMCID: PMC7583720 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.564565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), the intracellular pathogen causing tuberculosis, has developed mechanisms that endow infectivity and allow it to modulate host immune response for its survival. Genomic and proteomic analyses of non-pathogenic and pathogenic mycobacteria showed presence of genes and proteins that are specific to M. tb. In silico studies predicted that M.tb Rv1954A is a hypothetical secretory protein that exhibits intrinsically disordered regions and possess B cell/T cell epitopes. Treatment of macrophages with Rv1954A led to TLR4-mediated activation with concomitant increase in secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-12 and TNF-α. In vitro studies showed that rRv1954A protein or Rv1954A knock-in M. smegmatis (Ms_Rv1954A) activates macrophages by enhancing the expression of CD80 and CD86. An upregulation in the expression of CD40 and MHC I/II was noted in the presence of Rv1954A, pointing to its role in enhancing the association of APCs with T cells and in the modulation of antigen presentation, respectively. Ms_Rv1954A showed increased infectivity, induction of ROS and RNS, and apoptosis in RAW264.7 macrophage cells. Rv1954A imparted protection against oxidative and nitrosative stress, thereby enhancing the survival of Ms_Rv1954A inside macrophages. Mice immunized with Ms_Rv1954A showed that splenomegaly and primed splenocytes restimulated with Rv1954A elicited a Th1 response. Infection of Ms_Rv1954A in mice through intratracheal instillation leads to enhanced infiltration of lymphocytes in the lungs without formation of granuloma. While Rv1954A is immunogenic, it did not cause adverse pathology. Purified Rv1954A or Rv1954A knock-in M. smegmatis (Ms_Rv1954A) elicited a nearly two-fold higher titer of IgG response in mice, and PTB patients possess a higher IgG titer against Rv1954A, also pointing to its utility as a diagnostic marker for TB. The observed modulation of innate and adaptive immunity renders Rv1954A a vital protein in the pathophysiology of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simran Kaur Arora
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Nilofer Naqvi
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Anwar Alam
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Javeed Ahmad
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Basma Saud Alsati
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Prabin Kumar
- Department of Transplant Immunology and Immunogenetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Dipendra Kumar Mitra
- Department of Transplant Immunology and Immunogenetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Seyed Ehtesham Hasnain
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India.,Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, India
| | - Nasreen Zafar Ehtesham
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
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25
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Pedersen GK, Wørzner K, Andersen P, Christensen D. Vaccine Adjuvants Differentially Affect Kinetics of Antibody and Germinal Center Responses. Front Immunol 2020; 11:579761. [PMID: 33072125 PMCID: PMC7538648 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.579761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aluminum salts and squalene based oil-in-water emulsions (SE) are widely used adjuvants in licensed vaccines, yet their mechanisms are not fully known. Here we report that induction of antibody responses displays different kinetics dependent on the adjuvant used. SE facilitated a rapid antibody response in contrast to aluminum hydroxide (AH) and the depot-forming cationic liposome-based adjuvant (CAF01). Antigen given with the SE adjuvant rapidly reached follicular B cells in the draining lymph node, whereas antigen formulated in AH or CAF01 remained at the site of injection as a depot. Removal of the injection site early after immunization abrogated antibody responses only when antigen was given in the depot-forming adjuvants. Despite initial delays in B cell activation and germinal center (GC) formation when antigen was given in depot-forming adjuvants, the antibody levels reached higher magnitudes than when the antigen was formulated in SE. This study demonstrates that the kinetic aspect of antibody responses is critical in adjuvant benchmarking and suggests that the optimal vaccination regime depends on the adjuvant used.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katharina Wørzner
- Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Andersen
- Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dennis Christensen
- Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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26
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Sasaki E, Asanuma H, Momose H, Furuhata K, Mizukami T, Hamaguchi I. Immunogenicity and Toxicity of Different Adjuvants Can Be Characterized by Profiling Lung Biomarker Genes After Nasal Immunization. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2171. [PMID: 33013912 PMCID: PMC7516075 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of vaccine adjuvants depends on their ability to appropriately enhance the immunogenicity of vaccine antigens, which is often insufficient in non-adjuvanted vaccines. Genomic analyses of immune responses elicited by vaccine adjuvants provide information that is critical for the rational design of adjuvant vaccination strategies. In this study, biomarker genes from the genomic analyses of lungs after priming were used to predict the efficacy and toxicity of vaccine adjuvants. Based on the results, it was verified whether the efficacy and toxicity of the tested adjuvants could be predicted based on the biomarker gene profiles after priming. Various commercially available adjuvants were assessed by combining them with the split influenza vaccine and were subsequently administered in mice through nasal inoculation. The expression levels of lung biomarker genes within 24 h after priming were analyzed. Furthermore, we analyzed the antibody titer, cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) induction, IgG1/IgG2a ratio, leukopenic toxicity, and cytotoxicity in mice vaccinated at similar doses. The association between the phenotypes and the changes in the expression levels of biomarker genes were analyzed. The ability of the adjuvants to induce the production of antigen-specific IgA could be assessed based on the levels of Timp1 expression. Furthermore, the expression of this gene partially correlated with the levels of other damage-associated molecular patterns in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Additionally, the changes in the expression of proteasome- and transporter-related genes involved in major histocompatibility complex class 1 antigen presentation could be monitored to effectively assess the expansion of CTL by adjuvants. The monitoring of certain genes is necessary for the assessment of leukopenic toxicity and cytotoxicity of the tested adjuvant. These results indicate that the efficacy and toxicity of various adjuvants can be characterized by profiling lung biomarker genes after the first instance of immunization. This approach could make a significant contribution to the development of optimal selection and exploratory screening strategies for novel adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eita Sasaki
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Asanuma
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruka Momose
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Furuhata
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuo Mizukami
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Isao Hamaguchi
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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27
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Arora SK, Alam A, Naqvi N, Ahmad J, Sheikh JA, Rahman SA, Hasnain SE, Ehtesham NZ. Immunodominant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Protein Rv1507A Elicits Th1 Response and Modulates Host Macrophage Effector Functions. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1199. [PMID: 32793184 PMCID: PMC7385400 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) persists as latent infection in nearly a quarter of the global population and remains the leading cause of death among infectious diseases. While BCG is the only vaccine for TB, its inability to provide complete protection makes it imperative to engineer BCG such that it expresses immunodominant antigens that can enhance its protective potential. In-silico comparative genomic analysis of Mycobacterium species identified M. tb Rv1507A as a “signature protein” found exclusively in M. tb. In-vitro (cell lines) and in-vivo experiments carried out in mice, using purified recombinant Rv1507A revealed it to be a pro-inflammatory molecule, eliciting significantly high levels of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-12. There was increased expression of activation markers CD69, CD80, CD86, antigen presentation molecules (MHC I/MHCII), and associated Th1 type of immune response. Rv1507A knocked-in M. smegmatis also induced significantly higher pro-inflammatory Th1 response and higher survivability under stress conditions, both in-vitro (macrophage RAW264.7 cells) and in-vivo (mice). Sera derived from human TB patients showed significantly enhanced B-cell response against M. tb Rv1507A. The ability of M. tb Rv1507A to induce immuno-modulatory effect, B cell response, and significant memory response, renders it a putative vaccine candidate that demands further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simran Kaur Arora
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India.,ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India
| | - Anwar Alam
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India
| | - Nilofer Naqvi
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India
| | - Javeed Ahmad
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Seyed Ehtesham Hasnain
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India.,Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, Hyderabad, India
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28
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Wu Y, Kelly SH, Sanchez-Perez L, Sampson JH, Collier JH. Comparative study of α-helical and β-sheet self-assembled peptide nanofiber vaccine platforms: influence of integrated T-cell epitopes. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:3522-3535. [PMID: 32452474 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm00521e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Several different self-assembling peptide systems that form nanofibers have been investigated as vaccine platforms, but design principles for adjusting the character of the immune responses they raise have yet to be well articulated. Here we compared the immune responses raised by two structurally dissimilar peptide nanofibers, one a β-sheet fibrillar system (Q11), and one an α-helical nanofiber system (Coil29), hypothesizing that integrated T-cell epitopes within the latter would promote T follicular helper (Tfh) cell engagement and lead to improved antibody titers and quality. Despite significantly different internal structures, nanofibers of the two peptides exhibited surprisingly similar nanoscale morphologies, and both were capable of raising strong antibody responses to conjugated peptide epitopes in mice without adjuvant. Both were minimally inflammatory, but as hypothesized Coil29 nanofibers elicited antibody responses with higher titers and avidities against a conjugated model epitope (OVA323-339) and a candidate peptide epitope for vaccination against S. aureus. Subsequent investigation indicated that Coil29 nanofibers possessed internal CD4+ T cell epitopes: whereas Q11 nanofibers required co-assembly of additional CD4+ T cell epitopes to be immunogenic, Coil29 nanofibers did not. Coil29 nanofibers also raised stronger germinal center B cell responses and follicular helper T cell (Tfh) responses relative to Q11 nanofibers, likely facilitating the improvement of the antibody response. These findings illustrate design strategies for improving humoral responses raised by self-assembled peptide nanofibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoying Wu
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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29
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Sisteré-Oró M, Pedersen GK, Córdoba L, López-Serrano S, Christensen D, Darji A. Influenza NG-34 T cell conserved epitope adjuvanted with CAF01 as a possible influenza vaccine candidate. Vet Res 2020; 51:57. [PMID: 32312317 PMCID: PMC7168942 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00770-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Conserved epitopes are targets commonly researched to be part of universal vaccine candidates against influenza viruses (IV). These conserved epitopes need to be cross-protecting against distinct IV subtypes and to have a strong immunogenic potential. Nevertheless, subunit vaccines generally require a strong adjuvant to enhance their immunological effects. Herewith, we compare four different adjuvants differing in their immunological signatures that may enhance efficacy of a conserved hemagglutinin (HA)-epitope from IV, the NG-34, to define the most efficient combination of antigen/adjuvant to combat IV infections. Soluble NG-34 was mixed with adjuvants like aluminium hydroxide (AH) and AddaVax, known to induce Th2 and humoral responses; CAF01 which displays a biased Th1/Th17 profile and Diluvac Forte which augments the humoral response. Combinations were tested in different groups of mice which were subjected to immunological analyses. CAF01 + NG-34 induced a complete immune response with the highest IgG1, IgG2c titers and percentages of activated CD4 T cell promoting IFN-γ, IL-2 and TNF-α producing cells. Furthermore, in NG-34 stimulated mice splenocytes, cytokine levels of IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17 and TNF-α were also the highest in the CAF01 + NG-34 mouse group. This complete induced immune response covering the humoral and the cellular arms of the adaptive immunity promoted by CAF01 + NG-34 group suggests that CAF01 could be a good candidate as an adjuvant to combine with NG-34 for an efficacious vaccine against IV. However, more studies performed in IV hosts as well as studies with a challenge model are further required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sisteré-Oró
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gabriel K Pedersen
- Virus Research and Development Laboratory, Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Lorena Córdoba
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi López-Serrano
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dennis Christensen
- Virus Research and Development Laboratory, Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Ayub Darji
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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30
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Lucchesi S, Furini S, Medaglini D, Ciabattini A. From Bivariate to Multivariate Analysis of Cytometric Data: Overview of Computational Methods and Their Application in Vaccination Studies. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E138. [PMID: 32244919 PMCID: PMC7157606 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Flow and mass cytometry are used to quantify the expression of multiple extracellular or intracellular molecules on single cells, allowing the phenotypic and functional characterization of complex cell populations. Multiparametric flow cytometry is particularly suitable for deep analysis of immune responses after vaccination, as it allows to measure the frequency, the phenotype, and the functional features of antigen-specific cells. When many parameters are investigated simultaneously, it is not feasible to analyze all the possible bi-dimensional combinations of marker expression with classical manual analysis and the adoption of advanced automated tools to process and analyze high-dimensional data sets becomes necessary. In recent years, the development of many tools for the automated analysis of multiparametric cytometry data has been reported, with an increasing record of publications starting from 2014. However, the use of these tools has been preferentially restricted to bioinformaticians, while few of them are routinely employed by the biomedical community. Filling the gap between algorithms developers and final users is fundamental for exploiting the advantages of computational tools in the analysis of cytometry data. The potentialities of automated analyses range from the improvement of the data quality in the pre-processing steps up to the unbiased, data-driven examination of complex datasets using a variety of algorithms based on different approaches. In this review, an overview of the automated analysis pipeline is provided, spanning from the pre-processing phase to the automated population analysis. Analysis based on computational tools might overcame both the subjectivity of manual gating and the operator-biased exploration of expected populations. Examples of applications of automated tools that have successfully improved the characterization of different cell populations in vaccination studies are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Lucchesi
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology (LA.M.M.B.), Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (S.L.); (D.M.)
| | - Simone Furini
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Donata Medaglini
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology (LA.M.M.B.), Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (S.L.); (D.M.)
| | - Annalisa Ciabattini
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology (LA.M.M.B.), Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (S.L.); (D.M.)
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31
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Sharma P, Levy O, Dowling DJ. The TLR5 Agonist Flagellin Shapes Phenotypical and Functional Activation of Lung Mucosal Antigen Presenting Cells in Neonatal Mice. Front Immunol 2020; 11:171. [PMID: 32132997 PMCID: PMC7039933 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Intranasal mucosal vaccines are an attractive approach to induce protective mucosal immune responses. Activation of lung antigen presenting cells (APCs), a phenotypically and functionally heterogeneous cell population located at distinct mucosal sites, may be key to the immunogenicity of such vaccines. Understanding responsiveness of newborn lung APCs to adjuvants may the inform design of efficacious intranasal vaccines for early life, when most infections occur. Here, we characterized and phenotyped APCs from neonatal (7 days of life) and adult (6-8 weeks of age) mice. Neonatal mice demonstrated a relatively high abundance of alveolar macrophages (AMs), with lower percentages of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), CD103+ (cDC1), and CD11b+ (cDC2) DCs. Furthermore, neonatal CD103+ and CD11b+ DC subsets demonstrated a significantly lower expression of maturation markers (CD40, CD80, and CD86) as compared to adult mice. Upon stimulation of lung APC subsets with a panel of pattern recognition receptor (PRR) agonists, including those engaging TLRs or STING, CD11c+ enriched cells from neonatal and adult mice lungs demonstrated distinct maturation profiles. Of the agonists tested, the TLR5 ligand, flagellin, was most effective at activating neonatal lung APCs, inducing significantly higher expression of maturation markers on CD103+ (cDC1) and CD11b+ (cDC2) subsets. Intranasal administration of flagellin induced a distinct migration of CD103+ and CD11b+ DC subsets to the mediastinal lymph nodes (mLNs) of neonatal mice. Overall, these findings highlight age-specific differences in the maturation and responsiveness of lung APC subsets to different PRR agonists. The unique efficacy of flagellin in enhancing lung APC activity suggests that it may serve as an effective adjuvant for early life mucosal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Sharma
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ofer Levy
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - David J. Dowling
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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32
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Safar HA, Mustafa AS, Amoudy HA, El-Hashim A. The effect of adjuvants and delivery systems on Th1, Th2, Th17 and Treg cytokine responses in mice immunized with Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific proteins. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228381. [PMID: 32027660 PMCID: PMC7004338 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major health problem of global concern. The control of this disease requires appropriate preventive measures, including vaccines. In TB, T helper (Th)1 cytokines provide protection whereas Th2 and T regulatory (Treg) cytokines contribute to the pathogenesis and Th17 cytokines play a role in both protection and pathogenesis. Previous studies with Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific proteins have identified seven low molecular weight proteins, PE35, ESXA, ESXB, Rv2346c, Rv2347c, Rv3619c, and Rv3620c, as immunodominant antigens inducing Th1-cell responses in humans following natural infection with M. tuberculosis. The aim of this study was to characterize the cytokine responses induced in mice immunized with these proteins, using various adjuvants and delivery systems, i.e. chemical adjuvants (Alum and IFA), non-pathogenic mycobacteria (M. smegmatis and M. vaccae) and a DNA vaccine plasmid (pUMVC6). The immune responses were monitored by quantifying the marker cytokines secreted by Th1 (IFN-ɣ), Th2 (IL-5), Treg (IL-10), and Th17 (IL-17A) cells. DNA corresponding to pe35, esxa, esxb, rv2346c, rv2347c, rv3619c, and rv3620c genes were cloned into the expression vectors pGES-TH-1, pDE22 and pUMVC6 for expression in Escherichia coli, mycobacteria and eukaryotic cells, respectively. Mice were immunized with the recombinants using different adjuvants and delivery systems, and spleen cells were stimulated in vitro with peptides of immunizing proteins to investigate antigen-specific secretion of Th1 (IFN-ɣ), Th2 (IL-5), Treg (IL-10), and Th17 (IL-17A) cytokines. The results showed that spleen cells, from mice immunized with all antigens, secreted the protective Th1 cytokine IFN-ɣ, except ESXB, with one or more adjuvants and delivery systems. However, only Rv3619c consistently induced Th1-biased responses, without the secretion of significant concentrations of Th2, Th17 and Treg cytokines, with all adjuvants and delivery systems. Rv3619c also induced antigen-specific IgG antibodies in immunized mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussain A. Safar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Abu Salim Mustafa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
- * E-mail:
| | - Hanady A. Amoudy
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Ahmed El-Hashim
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait City, Kuwait
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33
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Gilkes AP, Albin TJ, Manna S, Supnet M, Ruiz S, Tom J, Badten AJ, Jain A, Nakajima R, Felgner J, Davies DH, Stetkevich SA, Zlotnik A, Pearlman E, Nalca A, Felgner PL, Esser-Kahn AP, Burkhardt AM. Tuning Subunit Vaccines with Novel TLR Triagonist Adjuvants to Generate Protective Immune Responses against Coxiella burnetii. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 204:611-621. [PMID: 31871024 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii is an obligate intracellular bacterium and the causative agent of Q fever. C. burnetii is considered a potential bioterrorism agent because of its low infectious dose; resistance to heat, drying, and common disinfectants; and lack of prophylactic therapies. Q-Vax, a formalin-inactivated whole-bacteria vaccine, is currently the only prophylactic measure that is protective against C. burnetii infections but is not U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved. To overcome the safety concerns associated with the whole-bacteria vaccine, we sought to generate and evaluate recombinant protein subunit vaccines against C. burnetii To accomplish this, we formulated C. burnetii Ags with a novel TLR triagonist adjuvant platform, which used combinatorial chemistry to link three different TLR agonists together to form one adjuvanting complex. We evaluated the immunomodulatory activity of a panel of TLR triagonist adjuvants and found that they elicited unique Ag-specific immune responses both in vitro and in vivo. We evaluated our top candidates in a live C. burnetii aerosol challenge model in C56BL/6 mice and found that several of our novel vaccine formulations conferred varying levels of protection to the challenged animals compared with sham immunized mice, although none of our candidates were as protective as the commercial vaccine across all protection criteria that were analyzed. Our findings characterize a novel adjuvant platform and offer an alternative approach to generating protective and effective vaccines against C. burnetii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne P Gilkes
- Vaccine Research and Design Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697.,Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Tyler J Albin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Saikat Manna
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697.,The Institute for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637; and
| | - Medalyn Supnet
- Vaccine Research and Design Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697.,Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Sara Ruiz
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Janine Tom
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Alexander J Badten
- Vaccine Research and Design Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697.,Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Aarti Jain
- Vaccine Research and Design Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697.,Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Rie Nakajima
- Vaccine Research and Design Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697.,Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Jiin Felgner
- Vaccine Research and Design Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697.,Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - D Huw Davies
- Vaccine Research and Design Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697.,Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | | | - Albert Zlotnik
- Vaccine Research and Design Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697.,Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Eric Pearlman
- Vaccine Research and Design Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697.,Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Aysegul Nalca
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Philip L Felgner
- Vaccine Research and Design Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697.,Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Aaron P Esser-Kahn
- Vaccine Research and Design Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697; .,The Institute for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637; and
| | - Amanda M Burkhardt
- Vaccine Research and Design Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697; .,Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
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34
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Jawinski K, Hartmann M, Singh C, Kinnear E, Busse DC, Ciabattini A, Fiorino F, Medaglini D, Trombetta CM, Montomoli E, Contreras V, Le Grand R, Coiffier C, Primard C, Verrier B, Tregoning JS. Recombinant Haemagglutinin Derived From the Ciliated Protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila Is Protective Against Influenza Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2661. [PMID: 31798589 PMCID: PMC6863932 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Current influenza vaccines manufactured using eggs have considerable limitations, both in terms of scale up production and the potential impact passaging through eggs can have on the antigenicity of the vaccine virus strains. Alternative methods of manufacture are required, particularly in the context of an emerging pandemic strain. Here we explore the production of recombinant influenza haemagglutinin using the ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila. For the first time we were able to produce haemagglutinin from both seasonal influenza A and B strains. This ciliate derived material was immunogenic, inducing an antibody response in both mice and non-human primates. Mice immunized with ciliate derived haemagglutinin were protected against challenge with homologous influenza A or B viruses. The antigen could also be combined with submicron particles containing a Nod2 ligand, significantly boosting the immune response and reducing the dose of antigen required. Thus, we show that Tetrahymena can be used as a manufacturing platform for viral vaccine antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Charanjit Singh
- Department of Infectious Disease, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ekaterina Kinnear
- Department of Infectious Disease, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David C Busse
- Department of Infectious Disease, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Annalisa Ciabattini
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Fabio Fiorino
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Donata Medaglini
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Emanuele Montomoli
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,VisMederi s.r.l., Siena, Italy
| | - Vanessa Contreras
- CEA-Université Paris Sud 11-INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- CEA-Université Paris Sud 11-INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Celine Coiffier
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et d'Ingénierie Thérapeutique, UMR 5305, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, IBCP, Lyon, France
| | | | | | - John S Tregoning
- Department of Infectious Disease, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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35
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Lucchesi S, Nolfi E, Pettini E, Pastore G, Fiorino F, Pozzi G, Medaglini D, Ciabattini A. Computational Analysis of Multiparametric Flow Cytometric Data to Dissect B Cell Subsets in Vaccine Studies. Cytometry A 2019; 97:259-267. [PMID: 31710181 PMCID: PMC7079172 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The generation of the B cell response upon vaccination is characterized by the induction of different functional and phenotypic subpopulations and is strongly dependent on the vaccine formulation, including the adjuvant used. Here, we have profiled the different B cell subsets elicited upon vaccination, using machine learning methods for interpreting high‐dimensional flow cytometry data sets. The B cell response elicited by an adjuvanted vaccine formulation, compared to the antigen alone, was characterized using two automated methods based on clustering (FlowSOM) and dimensional reduction (t‐SNE) approaches. The clustering method identified, based on multiple marker expression, different B cell populations, including plasmablasts, plasma cells, germinal center B cells and their subsets, while this profiling was more difficult with t‐SNE analysis. When undefined phenotypes were detected, their characterization could be improved by integrating the t‐SNE spatial visualization of cells with the FlowSOM clusters. The frequency of some cellular subsets, in particular plasma cells, was significantly higher in lymph nodes of mice primed with the adjuvanted formulation compared to antigen alone. Thanks to this automatic data analysis it was possible to identify, in an unbiased way, different B cell populations and also intermediate stages of cell differentiation elicited by immunization, thus providing a signature of B cell recall response that can be hardly obtained with the classical bidimensional gating analysis. © 2019 The Authors. Cytometry Part A published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Lucchesi
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology (LA.M.M.B.), Department of Medical BiotechnologiesUniversity of SienaSienaItaly
| | - Emanuele Nolfi
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology (LA.M.M.B.), Department of Medical BiotechnologiesUniversity of SienaSienaItaly
| | - Elena Pettini
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology (LA.M.M.B.), Department of Medical BiotechnologiesUniversity of SienaSienaItaly
| | - Gabiria Pastore
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology (LA.M.M.B.), Department of Medical BiotechnologiesUniversity of SienaSienaItaly
| | - Fabio Fiorino
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology (LA.M.M.B.), Department of Medical BiotechnologiesUniversity of SienaSienaItaly
| | - Gianni Pozzi
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology (LA.M.M.B.), Department of Medical BiotechnologiesUniversity of SienaSienaItaly
| | - Donata Medaglini
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology (LA.M.M.B.), Department of Medical BiotechnologiesUniversity of SienaSienaItaly
| | - Annalisa Ciabattini
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology (LA.M.M.B.), Department of Medical BiotechnologiesUniversity of SienaSienaItaly
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36
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Pastore G, Carraro M, Pettini E, Nolfi E, Medaglini D, Ciabattini A. Optimized Protocol for the Detection of Multifunctional Epitope-Specific CD4 + T Cells Combining MHC-II Tetramer and Intracellular Cytokine Staining Technologies. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2304. [PMID: 31649661 PMCID: PMC6794358 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of multifunctional CD4+ T cells is fundamental for characterizing the immune responses to vaccination or infection. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)/peptide tetramers represent a powerful technology for the detection of antigen-specific T cells by specific binding to their T-cell receptor, and their combination with functional assays is fundamental for characterizing the antigen-specific immune response. Here we optimized a protocol for the detection of multiple intracellular cytokines within epitope-specific CD4+ T cells identified by the MHC class II tetramer technology. The optimal procedure for assessing the functional activity of tetramer-binding CD4+ T cells was based on the simultaneous intracellular staining with both MHC tetramers and cytokine-specific antibodies upon in vitro restimulation of cells with the vaccine antigen. The protocol was selected among procedures that differently combine the steps of cellular restimulation and tetramer staining with intracellular cytokine labeling. This method can be applied to better understand the complex functional profile of CD4+ T-cell responses upon vaccination or infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Annalisa Ciabattini
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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37
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Buckley PR, Alden K, Coccia M, Chalon A, Collignon C, Temmerman ST, Didierlaurent AM, van der Most R, Timmis J, Andersen CA, Coles MC. Application of Modeling Approaches to Explore Vaccine Adjuvant Mode-of-Action. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2150. [PMID: 31572370 PMCID: PMC6751289 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel adjuvant technologies have a key role in the development of next-generation vaccines, due to their capacity to modulate the duration, strength and quality of the immune response. The AS01 adjuvant is used in the malaria vaccine RTS,S/AS01 and in the licensed herpes-zoster vaccine (Shingrix) where the vaccine has proven its ability to generate protective responses with both robust humoral and T-cell responses. For many years, animal models have provided insights into adjuvant mode-of-action (MoA), generally through investigating individual genes or proteins. Furthermore, modeling and simulation techniques can be utilized to integrate a variety of different data types; ranging from serum biomarkers to large scale “omics” datasets. In this perspective we present a framework to create a holistic integration of pre-clinical datasets and immunological literature in order to develop an evidence-based hypothesis of AS01 adjuvant MoA, creating a unified view of multiple experiments. Furthermore, we highlight how holistic systems-knowledge can serve as a basis for the construction of models and simulations supporting exploration of key questions surrounding adjuvant MoA. Using the Systems-Biology-Graphical-Notation, a tool for graphical representation of biological processes, we have captured high-level cellular behaviors and interactions, and cytokine dynamics during the early immune response, which are substantiated by a series of diagrams detailing cellular dynamics. Through explicitly describing AS01 MoA we have built a consensus of understanding across multiple experiments, and so we present a framework to integrate modeling approaches into exploring adjuvant MoA, in order to guide experimental design, interpret results and inform rational design of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Buckley
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Department of Electronic Engineering, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Kieran Alden
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jon Timmis
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of York, York, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Technology, University of Sunderland, Sunderland, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mark C Coles
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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38
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Ciabattini A, Olivieri R, Lazzeri E, Medaglini D. Role of the Microbiota in the Modulation of Vaccine Immune Responses. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1305. [PMID: 31333592 PMCID: PMC6616116 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immune system and the microbiota co-evolve, and their balanced relationship is based on crosstalk between the two systems through the course of life. This tight association and the overall composition and richness of the microbiota play an important role in the modulation of host immunity and may impact the immune response to vaccination. The availability of innovative technologies, such as next-generation sequencing (NGS) and correlated bioinformatics tools, allows a deeper investigation of the crosstalk between the microbiota and human immune responses. This review discusses the current knowledge on the influence of the microbiota on the immune response to vaccination and novel tools to deeply analyze the impact of the microbiome on vaccine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Ciabattini
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Raffaela Olivieri
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Elisa Lazzeri
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Donata Medaglini
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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39
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Ciabattini A, Nardini C, Santoro F, Garagnani P, Franceschi C, Medaglini D. Vaccination in the elderly: The challenge of immune changes with aging. Semin Immunol 2019; 40:83-94. [PMID: 30501873 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The unprecedented increase of life expectancy challenges society to protect the elderly from morbidity and mortality making vaccination a crucial mean to safeguard this population. Indeed, infectious diseases, such as influenza and pneumonia, are among the top killers of elderly people in the world. Elderly individuals are more prone to severe infections and less responsive to vaccination prevention, due to immunosenescence combined with the progressive increase of a proinflammatory status characteristic of the aging process (inflammaging). These factors are responsible for most age-related diseases and correlate with poor response to vaccination. Therefore, it is of utmost interest to deepen the knowledge regarding the role of inflammaging in vaccination responsiveness to support the development of effective vaccination strategies designed for elderly. In this review we analyse the impact of age-associated factors such as inflammaging, immunosenescence and immunobiography on immune response to vaccination in the elderly, and we consider systems biology approaches as a mean for integrating a multitude of data in order to rationally design vaccination approaches specifically tailored for the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Ciabattini
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 16, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Christine Nardini
- Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Huddinge University Hospital, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden; Personal Genomics S.r.l., Via Roveggia, 43B, 37134, Verona, Italy; CNR IAC "Mauro Picone", Via dei Taurini, 19, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Francesco Santoro
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 16, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Paolo Garagnani
- Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Huddinge University Hospital, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden; Interdepartmental Centre 'L. Galvani' (CIG), University of Bologna, Via G. Petroni 26, 40139, Bologna, Italy; Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES) - University of Bologna,40139, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- IRCCS, Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Via Altura 3, 40139, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Donata Medaglini
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 16, 53100, Siena, Italy.
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Urbanowicz RA, Wang R, Schiel JE, Keck ZY, Kerzic MC, Lau P, Rangarajan S, Garagusi KJ, Tan L, Guest JD, Ball JK, Pierce BG, Mariuzza RA, Foung SKH, Fuerst TR. Antigenicity and Immunogenicity of Differentially Glycosylated Hepatitis C Virus E2 Envelope Proteins Expressed in Mammalian and Insect Cells. J Virol 2019; 93:e01403-18. [PMID: 30651366 PMCID: PMC6430559 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01403-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of a prophylactic vaccine for hepatitis C virus (HCV) remains a global health challenge. Cumulative evidence supports the importance of antibodies targeting the HCV E2 envelope glycoprotein to facilitate viral clearance. However, a significant challenge for a B cell-based vaccine is focusing the immune response on conserved E2 epitopes capable of eliciting neutralizing antibodies not associated with viral escape. We hypothesized that glycosylation might influence the antigenicity and immunogenicity of E2. Accordingly, we performed head-to-head molecular, antigenic, and immunogenic comparisons of soluble E2 (sE2) produced in (i) mammalian (HEK293) cells, which confer mostly complex- and high-mannose-type glycans; and (ii) insect (Sf9) cells, which impart mainly paucimannose-type glycans. Mass spectrometry demonstrated that all 11 predicted N-glycosylation sites were utilized in both HEK293- and Sf9-derived sE2, but that N-glycans in insect sE2 were on average smaller and less complex. Both proteins bound CD81 and were recognized by conformation-dependent antibodies. Mouse immunogenicity studies revealed that similar polyclonal antibody responses were generated against antigenic domains A to E of E2. Although neutralizing antibody titers showed that Sf9-derived sE2 induced moderately stronger responses than did HEK293-derived sE2 against the homologous HCV H77c isolate, the two proteins elicited comparable neutralization titers against heterologous isolates. Given that global alteration of HCV E2 glycosylation by expression in different hosts did not appreciably affect antigenicity or overall immunogenicity, a more productive approach to increasing the antibody response to neutralizing epitopes may be complete deletion, rather than just modification, of specific N-glycans proximal to these epitopes.IMPORTANCE The development of a vaccine for hepatitis C virus (HCV) remains a global health challenge. A major challenge for vaccine development is focusing the immune response on conserved regions of the HCV envelope protein, E2, capable of eliciting neutralizing antibodies. Modification of E2 by glycosylation might influence the immunogenicity of E2. Accordingly, we performed molecular and immunogenic comparisons of E2 produced in mammalian and insect cells. Mass spectrometry demonstrated that the predicted glycosylation sites were utilized in both mammalian and insect cell E2, although the glycan types in insect cell E2 were smaller and less complex. Mouse immunogenicity studies revealed similar polyclonal antibody responses. However, insect cell E2 induced stronger neutralizing antibody responses against the homologous isolate used in the vaccine, albeit the two proteins elicited comparable neutralization titers against heterologous isolates. A more productive approach for vaccine development may be complete deletion of specific glycans in the E2 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Urbanowicz
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ruixue Wang
- W. M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, Maryland, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - John E Schiel
- University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Zhen-Yong Keck
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Melissa C Kerzic
- W. M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, Maryland, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Patrick Lau
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Sneha Rangarajan
- W. M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, Maryland, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Kyle J Garagusi
- W. M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, Maryland, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Lei Tan
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Johnathan D Guest
- W. M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, Maryland, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan K Ball
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Brian G Pierce
- W. M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, Maryland, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Roy A Mariuzza
- W. M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, Maryland, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven K H Foung
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Thomas R Fuerst
- W. M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, Maryland, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
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Sun W, Singh AK. Plague vaccine: recent progress and prospects. NPJ Vaccines 2019; 4:11. [PMID: 30792905 PMCID: PMC6379378 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-019-0105-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Three great plague pandemics, resulting in nearly 200 million deaths in human history and usage as a biowarfare agent, have made Yersinia pestis as one of the most virulent human pathogens. In late 2017, a large plague outbreak raged in Madagascar attracted extensive attention and caused regional panics. The evolution of local outbreaks into a pandemic is a concern of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in plague endemic regions. Until now, no licensed plague vaccine is available. Prophylactic vaccination counteracting this disease is certainly a primary choice for its long-term prevention. In this review, we summarize the latest advances in research and development of plague vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208 USA
| | - Amit K. Singh
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208 USA
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42
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Oreskovic Z, Nechvatalova K, Krejci J, Kummer V, Faldyna M. Aspects of intradermal immunization with different adjuvants: The role of dendritic cells and Th1/Th2 response. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211896. [PMID: 30742635 PMCID: PMC6370205 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intradermal (i.d.) application of vaccine is promising way how to induce specific immune response against particular pathogens. Adjuvants, substances added into vaccination dose with the aim to increase immunogenicity, play important role in activation of dendritic cells with subsequent activation of lymphocytes. They can, however, induce unwanted local reactions. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of i.d. administration of model antigen keyhole limped hemocyanine alone or with different adjuvants-aluminium hydroxide and oil-based adjuvants-on local histopathological reaction as well as dendritic cell activation at the site of administration and local cytokine and chemokine response. This was assessed at 4 and 24 hours after application. Selection of the adjuvants was based on the fact, that they differently enhance antibody or cell-mediated immunity. The results showed activation of dendritic cells and both Th1 and Th2 response stimulated by oil-based adjuvants. It was associated with higher expression of set of genes, incl. chemokine receptor CCR7 or Th1-associated chemokine CXCL10 and cytokine IFNγ. Application of the antigen with aluminium hydroxide induced higher expression of Th2-associated IL4 or IL13. On the other hand, both complete and incomplete Freund´s adjuvants provoked strong local reaction associated with influx of neutrophils. This was accompanied with high expression of proinflammatory IL1 or neutrophil chemoattractant CXCL8. Surprisingly, similarly strong local reaction was detected also after application of aluminium hydroxide-based adjuvant. The best balanced local reaction with sufficient activation of immune cells was detected after application of oil-based adjuvants Montanide and Emulsigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zrinka Oreskovic
- Department of Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Josef Krejci
- Department of Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Kummer
- Department of Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Faldyna
- Department of Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
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Abstract
Although vaccines have been successfully developed against several pathogens, designing an effective vaccine to protect against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has remained an intractable challenge. To address this, the research community has looked to human and non-human primate studies to understand the correlates of protective immunity, based on which a targeted vaccine strategy may be designed. Two distinct approaches, focused on different immune correlates of protection, have emerged. The first focuses on structure-based design of HIV envelope immunogens that are able to induce antibodies that neutralize the virus. The second focuses on strategies aimed at driving non-neutralizing polyclonal and polyfunctional antibodies that engage other arms of immunity to clear the virus. Here we review these two different vaccine design strategies and posit that ultimately the convergence of these two efforts will likely be necessary for the development of a globally protective HIV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Dan Barouch
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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44
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Yuan L, Chen WJ, Wang JY, Li Y, Tian D, Wang MX, Yu HT, Xu YC, Li D, Zhuang M, Ling H. Divergent Primary Immune Responses Induced by Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 gp120 and Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Determine Antibody Recall Responses. Virol Sin 2018; 33:502-514. [PMID: 30569292 PMCID: PMC6335216 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-018-0074-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of a vaccine based on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (Env) that elicits potent protective antibodies against infection has been challenging. Recently, we compared the antibody production patterns of HIV-1 Env gp120 and hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) to provide insights into how we may improve the protective efficacy of Env-based immunogens. Our previous study showed that HIV Env and HBsAg display different mechanisms of antibody elicitation and that T cells facilitate the responses to repeated immunizations. Here, to elucidate the detailed roles of primary immunization in immune memory response formation and antibody production, we immunized C57BL/6 mice with each antigen and evaluated the development of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, germinal centers, and the memory responses involved in prime and boost immunizations. We found that after prime immunization, compared with HBsAg, gp120 induced higher frequencies of Tfh cells and programmed death (PD)-1+ T cells, greater major histocompatibility complex II expression on B cells, comparable activated B cells, but weaker germinal center (GC) reactions and memory B cell responses in the draining lymph nodes, accompanied by slower antibody recall responses and poor immune memory responses. The above results suggested that more PD-1+ T cells arising in primary immunization may serve as major contributors to the slow antibody recall response elicited by HIV-1 Env.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yuan
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Wen-Jiang Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Jia-Ye Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Harbin, 150081, China.,Wu Lien-Teh Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Harbin, 150081, China.,Wu Lien-Teh Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Dan Tian
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Ming-Xia Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Hao-Tong Yu
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Ying-Chu Xu
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Di Li
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Harbin, 150081, China.,Wu Lien-Teh Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Min Zhuang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Harbin, 150081, China.,Wu Lien-Teh Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Hong Ling
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China. .,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Harbin, 150081, China. .,Wu Lien-Teh Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China. .,Department of Immunology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
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45
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Lee J, Arun Kumar S, Jhan YY, Bishop CJ. Engineering DNA vaccines against infectious diseases. Acta Biomater 2018; 80:31-47. [PMID: 30172933 PMCID: PMC7105045 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Engineering vaccine-based therapeutics for infectious diseases is highly challenging, as trial formulations are often found to be nonspecific, ineffective, thermally or hydrolytically unstable, and/or toxic. Vaccines have greatly improved the therapeutic landscape for treating infectious diseases and have significantly reduced the threat by therapeutic and preventative approaches. Furthermore, the advent of recombinant technologies has greatly facilitated growth within the vaccine realm by mitigating risks such as virulence reversion despite making the production processes more cumbersome. In addition, seroconversion can also be enhanced by recombinant technology through kinetic and nonkinetic approaches, which are discussed herein. Recombinant technologies have greatly improved both amino acid-based vaccines and DNA-based vaccines. A plateau of interest has been reached between 2001 and 2010 for the scientific community with regard to DNA vaccine endeavors. The decrease in interest may likely be attributed to difficulties in improving immunogenic properties associated with DNA vaccines, although there has been research demonstrating improvement and optimization to this end. Despite improvement, to the extent of our knowledge, there are currently no regulatory body-approved DNA vaccines for human use (four vaccines approved for animal use). This article discusses engineering DNA vaccines against infectious diseases while discussing advantages and disadvantages of each, with an emphasis on applications of these DNA vaccines. Statement of Significance This review paper summarizes the state of the engineered/recombinant DNA vaccine field, with a scope entailing “Engineering DNA vaccines against infectious diseases”. We endeavor to emphasize recent advances, recapitulating the current state of the field. In addition to discussing DNA therapeutics that have already been clinically translated, this review also examines current research developments, and the challenges thwarting further progression. Our review covers: recombinant DNA-based subunit vaccines; internalization and processing; enhancing immune protection via adjuvants; manufacturing and engineering DNA; the safety, stability and delivery of DNA vaccines or plasmids; controlling gene expression using plasmid engineering and gene circuits; overcoming immunogenic issues; and commercial successes. We hope that this review will inspire further research in DNA vaccine development.
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46
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Magiri R, Mutwiri G, Wilson HL. Recent advances in experimental polyphosphazene adjuvants and their mechanisms of action. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 374:465-471. [PMID: 30294754 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2929-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination continues to be a very important public health intervention to control infectious diseases in the world. Subunit vaccines are generally poorly immunogenic and require the addition of adjuvants to induce protective immune responses. Despite their critical role in vaccines, adjuvant mechanism of action remains poorly understood, which is a barrier to the development of new, safe and effective vaccines. In the present review, we focus on recent progress in understanding the mechanisms of action of the experimental adjuvants poly[di(carboxylatophenoxy)phosphazene] (PCPP) and poly[di(sodiumcarboxylatoethyl-phenoxy)phosphazene] (PCEP) (in this review, adjuvants PCPP and PCEP are collectively referred to as PZ denoting polyphosphazenes). PZs are high molecular weight, water-soluble, synthetic polymers that have been shown to regulate innate immune response genes, induce cytokines and chemokines secretion at the site of injection and, also, induce immune cell recruitment to the site of injection to create a local immune-competent environment. There is an evidence that as well as its role as an immunoadjuvant (that activate innate immune responses), PZ can also act as a vaccine carrier. The mechanism of action that explains how PZ leads to these effects is not known and is a barrier to the development of designer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Royford Magiri
- Vaccinology & Immunotherapeutics Program, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - George Mutwiri
- Vaccinology & Immunotherapeutics Program, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Heather L Wilson
- Vaccinology & Immunotherapeutics Program, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
- VIDO-InterVac, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Canada.
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47
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Yan LM, Li OTW, Poh CM, Perera RAPM, Valkenburg SA, Peiris M, Poon LLM. Combined use of live-attenuated and inactivated influenza vaccines to enhance heterosubtypic protection. Virology 2018; 525:73-82. [PMID: 30248524 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The limited protection of current commerical vaccines necessitates the investigation of novel vaccine strategies for unpredictable outbreaks. To investigate the feasibility of using vaccines derived from Group 1 influenza A virus to induce broadly cross-reactive immune responses against multiple influenza subtypes, we tested a panel of sequential 4-dose immunization regimens in mice. Mice were treated with inactivated (seasonal H1N1, pandemic H1N1 and H5N1) and vaccinia virus-based H5N1 live-attenuated vaccines in different combinations. Mice were then challenged by viruses of either Group 1 (H1N1) or Group 2 (H3N2, H7N7) influenza virus. All studied sequential 4-dose vaccinations could induce some degrees of heterosubtypic protection in mice. Amongst all these regimens, the combined use of inactivated and live-attenuated vaccines could achieve the best heterologous protection. These results highlight the synergistic effect of combining different vaccine platforms to enhance heterosubtypic protection against influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Meng Yan
- Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Olive T W Li
- Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chek M Poh
- Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ranawaka A P M Perera
- Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sophie A Valkenburg
- Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Malik Peiris
- Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Leo L M Poon
- Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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48
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Santoro F, Pettini E, Kazmin D, Ciabattini A, Fiorino F, Gilfillan GD, Evenroed IM, Andersen P, Pozzi G, Medaglini D. Transcriptomics of the Vaccine Immune Response: Priming With Adjuvant Modulates Recall Innate Responses After Boosting. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1248. [PMID: 29922291 PMCID: PMC5996052 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptomic profiling of the immune response induced by vaccine adjuvants is of critical importance for the rational design of vaccination strategies. In this study, transcriptomics was employed to profile the effect of the vaccine adjuvant used for priming on the immune response following re-exposure to the vaccine antigen alone. Mice were primed with the chimeric vaccine antigen H56 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis administered alone or with the CAF01 adjuvant and boosted with the antigen alone. mRNA sequencing was performed on blood samples collected 1, 2, and 7 days after priming and after boosting. Gene expression analysis at day 2 after priming showed that the CAF01 adjuvanted vaccine induced a stronger upregulation of the innate immunity modules compared with the unadjuvanted formulation. The immunostimulant effect of the CAF01 adjuvant, used in the primary immunization, was clearly seen after a booster immunization with a low dose of antigen alone. One day after boost, we observed a strong upregulation of multiple genes in blood of mice primed with H56 + CAF01 compared with mice primed with the H56 alone. In particular, blood transcription modules related to innate immune response, such as monocyte and neutrophil recruitment, activation of antigen-presenting cells, and interferon response were activated. Seven days after boost, differential expression of innate response genes faded while a moderate differential expression of T cell activation modules was appreciable. Indeed, immunological analysis showed a higher frequency of H56-specific CD4+ T cells and germinal center B cells in draining lymph nodes, a strong H56-specific humoral response and a higher frequency of antibody-secreting cells in spleen of mice primed with H56 + CAF01. Taken together, these data indicate that the adjuvant used for priming strongly reprograms the immune response that, upon boosting, results in a stronger recall innate response essential for shaping the downstream adaptive response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Santoro
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Molecolare e Biotecnologia (LA.M.M.B.), Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Elena Pettini
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Molecolare e Biotecnologia (LA.M.M.B.), Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Dmitri Kazmin
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Annalisa Ciabattini
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Molecolare e Biotecnologia (LA.M.M.B.), Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Fabio Fiorino
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Molecolare e Biotecnologia (LA.M.M.B.), Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Gregor D Gilfillan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ida M Evenroed
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Peter Andersen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gianni Pozzi
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Molecolare e Biotecnologia (LA.M.M.B.), Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Donata Medaglini
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Molecolare e Biotecnologia (LA.M.M.B.), Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
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49
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Mansour AA, Banik S, Suresh RV, Kaur H, Malik M, McCormick AA, Bakshi CS. An Improved Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)-Conjugated Multiantigen Subunit Vaccine Against Respiratory Tularemia. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1195. [PMID: 29922267 PMCID: PMC5996085 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Francisella tularensis, the causative agent of the fatal human disease known as tularemia is classified as a Category A Select Agent by the Centers for Disease Control. No licensed vaccine is currently available for prevention of tularemia in the United States. Previously, we published that a tri-antigen tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) vaccine confers 50% protection in immunized mice against respiratory tularemia caused by F. tularensis. In this study, we refined the TMV-vaccine formulation to improve the level of protection in immunized C57BL/6 mice against respiratory tularemia. We developed a tetra-antigen vaccine by conjugating OmpA, DnaK, Tul4, and SucB proteins of Francisella to TMV. CpG was also included in the vaccine formulation as an adjuvant. Primary intranasal (i.n.) immunization followed by two booster immunizations with the tetra-antigen TMV vaccine protected 100% mice against i.n. 10LD100 challenges dose of F. tularensis live vaccine strain (LVS). Mice receiving three immunization doses of tetra-antigen TMV vaccine showed only transient body weight loss, cleared the infection rapidly, and showed minimal histopathological lesions in lungs, liver, and spleen following a lethal respiratory challenge with F. tularensis LVS. Mice immunized with the tetra-antigen TMV vaccine also induced strong ex vivo recall responses and were protected against a lethal challenge as late as 163 days post-primary immunization. Three immunization with the tetra-antigen TMV vaccine also induced a stronger humoral immune response predominated by IgG1, IgG2b, and IgG2c antibodies than mice receiving only a single or two immunizations. Remarkably, a single dose protected 40% of mice, while two doses protected 80% of mice from lethal pathogen challenge. Immunization of Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)-deficient mice with the tetra-antigen TMV vaccine demonstrated an absolute requirement of IFN-γ for the generation of protective immune response against a lethal respiratory challenge with F. tularensis LVS. Collectively, this study further demonstrates the feasibility of TMV as an efficient platform for the delivery of multiple F. tularensis antigens and that tetra-antigen TMV vaccine formulation provides complete protection, and induces long-lasting protective and memory immune responses against respiratory tularemia caused by F. tularensis LVS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahd A Mansour
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Sukalyani Banik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Ragavan V Suresh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Hardeep Kaur
- College of Pharmacy, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA, United States
| | - Meenakshi Malik
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Alison A McCormick
- College of Pharmacy, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA, United States
| | - Chandra S Bakshi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
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Oliveira TL, Schuch RA, Inda GR, Roloff BC, Neto ACPS, Amaral M, Dellagostin OA, Hartwig DD. LemA and Erp Y-like recombinant proteins from Leptospira interrogans protect hamsters from challenge using AddaVax™ as adjuvant. Vaccine 2018; 36:2574-2580. [PMID: 29625765 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.03.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recombinant subunit vaccines have been extensively evaluated as promising alternatives against leptospirosis. Here, we evaluated two proteins in formulations containing the adjuvant AddaVax™ as vaccine candidates for prevention and control of leptospirosis. METHODS Recombinant proteins rErp Y-like and rLemA were characterized by ELISA to assess their ability to bind extracellular matrix (ECM) components and fibrinogen. Groups of eight hamsters were immunized intramuscularly with rErp Y-like or rLemA mixed with a squalene-based adjuvant (AddaVax), and then vaccine efficacy was determined in terms of protection against a lethal challenge. The humoral immune response was determined by ELISA, and the evidence of sub-lethal infection was evaluated by histopathology and kidney culture. RESULTS rLemA protein binds laminin, fibrinogen, and collagen type IV, while rErp Y-like interacts with fibrinogen. Significant protection was achieved for rLemA and rErp Y-like vaccines, which showed 87.5% and 62.5% survivals, respectively. On day 28, the humoral immune response was significantly greater in the vaccine groups as compared to that in the control group, and the response was predominantly based on IgG2/3. The surviving animals showed negative results in culture isolation but presented with tissue lesions in the lungs and kidneys. CONCLUSION Cumulatively, our findings suggest that LemA and Erp Y-like proteins act as adhesins and are able to protect against mortality, but not against tissue lesions. Moreover, AddaVax is a novel adjuvant with potential for improving the immunogenicity of leptospiral vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Larré Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Andrade Schuch
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Roig Inda
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Couto Roloff
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Amilton Clair Pinto Seixas Neto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Marta Amaral
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Odir Antonio Dellagostin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Daiane Drawanz Hartwig
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
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