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Poirier B, Pasquier O, Chenede X, Corbier A, Prigent P, Azam A, Bernard C, Guillotel M, Gillot F, Riva L, Briand V, Ingenito R, Gauzy-Lazo L, Duclos O, Philippo C, Maillere B, Bianchi E, Mallart S, Janiak P, Illiano S. R2R01: A long-acting single-chain peptide agonist of RXFP1 for renal and cardiovascular diseases. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:1993-2011. [PMID: 38450758 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The therapeutic potential of relaxin for heart failure and renal disease in clinical trials is hampered by the short half-life of serelaxin. Optimization of fatty acid-acetylated single-chain peptide analogues of relaxin culminated in the design and synthesis of R2R01, a potent and selective RXFP1 agonist with subcutaneous bioavailability and extended half-life. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Cellular assays and pharmacological models of RXFP1 activation were used to validate the potency and selectivity of R2R01. Increased renal blood flow was used as a translational marker of R2R01 activity. Human mastocytes (LAD2 cells) were used to study potential pseudo-allergic reactions and CD4+ T-cells to study immunogenicity. The pharmacokinetics of R2R01 were characterized in rats and minipigs. KEY RESULTS In vitro, R2R01 had comparable potency and efficacy to relaxin as an agonist for human RXFP1. In vivo, subcutaneous administration of R2R01 increased heart rate and renal blood flow in normotensive and hypertensive rat and did not show evidence of tachyphylaxis. R2R01 also increased nipple length in rats, used as a chronic model of RXFP1 engagement. Pharmacokinetic studies showed that R2R01 has a significantly extended terminal half-life. The in vitro assays with LAD2 cells and CD4+ T-cells showed that R2R01 had low potential for pseudo-allergic and immunogenic reactions, respectively. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS R2R01 is a potent RXFP1 agonist with an extended half-life that increases renal blood flow in various settings including normotensive and hypertensive conditions. The preclinical efficacy and safety data supported clinical development of R2R01 as a potential new therapy for renal and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Poirier
- Cardio-Vascular and metabolism, Sanofi R&D, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | | | - Xavier Chenede
- Cardio-Vascular and metabolism, Sanofi R&D, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Alain Corbier
- Cardio-Vascular and metabolism, Sanofi R&D, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Philippe Prigent
- Cardio-Vascular and metabolism, Sanofi R&D, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | | | - Carine Bernard
- Cardio-Vascular and metabolism, Sanofi R&D, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Michel Guillotel
- Cardio-Vascular and metabolism, Sanofi R&D, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Florence Gillot
- Cardio-Vascular and metabolism, Sanofi R&D, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Laurence Riva
- Cardio-Vascular and metabolism, Sanofi R&D, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Veronique Briand
- Cardio-Vascular and metabolism, Sanofi R&D, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Raffaele Ingenito
- Peptides and Small Molecules R&D Department, IRBM Spa, Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Laurence Gauzy-Lazo
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Université de Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Olivier Duclos
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Université de Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | | | - Elisabetta Bianchi
- Peptides and Small Molecules R&D Department, IRBM Spa, Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Mallart
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Université de Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Philip Janiak
- Cardio-Vascular and metabolism, Sanofi R&D, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Stephane Illiano
- Cardio-Vascular and metabolism, Sanofi R&D, Chilly Mazarin, France
- Investigative Toxicology, Sanofi R&D, Chilly Mazarin, France
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2
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Walsh RE, Nix A, Ackaert C, Mazy A, Schockaert J, Pattyn S, Malherbe L. Preclinical immunogenicity risk assessment of biotherapeutics using CD4 T cell assays. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1406040. [PMID: 38863708 PMCID: PMC11165089 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1406040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
T-cell dependent antibody responses to biotherapeutics remain a challenge to the optimal clinical application of biotherapeutics because of their capacity to impair drug efficacy and their potential to cause safety issues. To minimize this clinical immunogenicity risk, preclinical assays measuring the capacity of biotherapeutics to elicit CD4 T cell response in vitro are commonly used. However, there is considerable variability in assay formats and a general poor understanding of their respective predictive value. In this study, we evaluated the performance of three different CD4 T cell proliferation assays in their capacity to predict clinical immunogenicity: a CD8 T cell depleted peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) assay and two co-culture-based assays between dendritic cells (DCs) and autologous CD4 T cells with or without restimulation with monocytes. A panel of 10 antibodies with a wide range of clinical immunogenicity was selected. The CD8 T cell depleted PBMC assay predicted the clinical immunogenicity in four of the eight highly immunogenic antibodies included in the panel. Similarly, five antibodies with high clinical immunogenicity triggered a response in the DC: CD4 T cell assay but the responses were of lower magnitude than the ones observed in the PBMC assay. Remarkably, three antibodies with high clinical immunogenicity did not trigger any response in either platform. The addition of a monocyte restimulation step to the DC: CD4 T cell assay did not further improve its predictive value. Overall, these results indicate that there are no CD4 T cell assay formats that can predict the clinical immunogenicity of all biotherapeutics and reinforce the need to combine results from various preclinical assays assessing antigen uptake and presentation to fully mitigate the immunogenicity risk of biotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin E. Walsh
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Angela Nix
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Chloé Ackaert
- ImmunXperts SA| Rue August Piccard 48, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Aurélie Mazy
- ImmunXperts SA| Rue August Piccard 48, Gosselies, Belgium
| | | | - Sofie Pattyn
- ImmunXperts SA| Rue August Piccard 48, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Laurent Malherbe
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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3
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Porcheddu V, Lhomme G, Giraudet R, Correia E, Maillère B. The self-reactive FVIII T cell repertoire in healthy individuals relies on a short set of epitopes and public clonotypes. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1345195. [PMID: 38510258 PMCID: PMC10951066 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1345195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-mutated FVIII-specific CD4 T cell epitopes have been recently found to contribute to the development of inhibitors in patients with hemophilia A (HA), while auto-reactive CD4 T cells specific to FVIII circulate in the blood of healthy individuals at a frequency close to the foreign protein ovalbumin. Thus, although FVIII is a self-protein, the central tolerance raised against FVIII appears to be low. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the FVIII CD4 T cell repertoire in 29 healthy donors. Sequencing of the CDR3β TCR region from isolated FVIII-specific CD4 T cells revealed a limited usage and pairing of TRBV and TRBJ genes as well as a mostly hydrophobic composition of the CDR3β region according to their auto-reactivity. The FVIII repertoire is dominated by a few clonotypes, with only 13 clonotypes accounting for half of the FVIII response. Through a large-scale epitope mapping of the full-length FVIII sequence, we identified 18 immunodominant epitopes located in the A1, A3, C1, and C2 domains and covering half of the T cell response. These epitopes exhibited a broad specificity for HLA-DR or DP molecules or both. T cell priming with this reduced set of peptides revealed that highly expanded clonotypes specific to these epitopes were responsible individually for up to 32% of the total FVIII repertoire. These FVIII T cell epitopes and clonotypes were shared among HLA-unrelated donors tested and previously reported HA patients. Our study highlights the role of the auto-reactive T cell response against FVIII in HA and its similarity to the response observed in healthy individuals. Thus, it provides valuable insights for the development of new tolerance induction and deimmunization strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Porcheddu
- Université de Paris-Saclay, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Institut national de recherche pour l’agriculture, l’alimentation et l’environnement (INRAE), Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Service d’Ingénierie Moléculaire pour la Santé (SIMoS), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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4
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Harris CT, Cohen S. Reducing Immunogenicity by Design: Approaches to Minimize Immunogenicity of Monoclonal Antibodies. BioDrugs 2024; 38:205-226. [PMID: 38261155 PMCID: PMC10912315 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-023-00641-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have transformed therapeutic strategies for various diseases. Their high specificity to target antigens makes them ideal therapeutic agents for certain diseases. However, a challenge to their application in clinical practice is their potential risk to induce unwanted immune response, termed immunogenicity. This challenge drives the continued efforts to deimmunize these protein therapeutics while maintaining their pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy. Because mAbs hold a central position in therapeutic strategies against an array of diseases, the importance of conducting comprehensive immunogenicity risk assessment during the drug development process cannot be overstated. Such assessment necessitates the employment of in silico, in vitro, and in vivo strategies to evaluate the immunogenicity risk of mAbs. Understanding the intricacies of the mechanisms that drive mAb immunogenicity is crucial to improving their therapeutic efficacy and safety and developing the most effective strategies to determine and mitigate their immunogenic risk. This review highlights recent advances in immunogenicity prediction strategies, with a focus on protein engineering strategies used throughout development to reduce immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal T Harris
- Department of BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080-4990, USA
| | - Sivan Cohen
- Department of BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080-4990, USA.
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5
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Lteif M, Pallardy M, Turbica I. Antibodies internalization mechanisms by dendritic cells and their role in therapeutic antibody immunogenicity. Eur J Immunol 2024; 54:e2250340. [PMID: 37985174 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Internalization and processing by antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells (DCs) are critical steps for initiating a T-cell response to therapeutic antibodies. Consequences are the production of neutralizing antidrug antibodies altering the clinical response, the presence of immune complexes, and, in some rare cases, hypersensitivity reactions. In recent years, significant progress has been made in the knowledge of cellular uptake mechanisms of antibodies in DCs. The uptake of antibodies could be directly related to their immunogenicity by regulating the quantity of materials entering the DCs in relation to antibody structure. Here, we summarize the latest insights into cellular uptake mechanisms and pathways in DCs. We highlight the approaches to study endocytosis, the impact of endocytosis routes on T-cell response, and discuss the link between how DCs internalize therapeutic antibodies and the potential mechanisms that could give rise to immunogenicity. Understanding these processes could help in developing assays to evaluate the immunogenicity potential of biotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lteif
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, Orsay, France
| | - Marc Pallardy
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, Orsay, France
| | - Isabelle Turbica
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, Orsay, France
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6
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Wallace RP, Refvik KC, Antane JT, Brünggel K, Tremain AC, Raczy MR, Alpar AT, Nguyen M, Solanki A, Slezak AJ, Watkins EA, Lauterbach AL, Cao S, Wilson DS, Hubbell JA. Synthetically mannosylated antigens induce antigen-specific humoral tolerance and reduce anti-drug antibody responses to immunogenic biologics. Cell Rep Med 2024; 5:101345. [PMID: 38128533 PMCID: PMC10829756 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Immunogenic biologics trigger an anti-drug antibody (ADA) response in patients that reduces efficacy and increases adverse reactions. Our laboratory has shown that targeting protein antigen to the liver microenvironment can reduce antigen-specific T cell responses; herein, we present a strategy to increase delivery of otherwise immunogenic biologics to the liver via conjugation to a synthetic mannose polymer, p(Man). This delivery leads to reduced antigen-specific T follicular helper cell and B cell responses resulting in diminished ADA production, which is maintained throughout subsequent administrations of the native biologic. We find that p(Man)-antigen treatment impairs the ADA response against recombinant uricase, a highly immunogenic biologic, without a dependence on hapten immunodominance or control by T regulatory cells. We identify increased T cell receptor signaling and increased apoptosis and exhaustion in T cells as effects of p(Man)-antigen treatment via transcriptomic analyses. This modular platform may enhance tolerance to biologics, enabling long-term solutions for an ever-increasing healthcare problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel P Wallace
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Kirsten C Refvik
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jennifer T Antane
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Kym Brünggel
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Andrew C Tremain
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Michal R Raczy
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Aaron T Alpar
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Mindy Nguyen
- Animal Resources Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ani Solanki
- Animal Resources Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Anna J Slezak
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Elyse A Watkins
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Abigail L Lauterbach
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Shijie Cao
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - D Scott Wilson
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Biomedical Engineering Department, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21211, USA.
| | - Jeffrey A Hubbell
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Committee on Cancer Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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7
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Di Ianni A, Fraone T, Balestra P, Cowan K, Riccardi Sirtori F, Barbero L. Assessing MAPPs assay as a tool to predict the immunogenicity potential of protein therapeutics. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302095. [PMID: 37833075 PMCID: PMC10576005 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
MHC-II-associated peptide proteomics (MAPPs) is a mass spectrometry-based (MS) method to identify naturally presented MHC-II-associated peptides that could elicit CD4+T cell activation. MAPPs assay is considered one of the assays that better characterize the safety of biotherapeutics by driving the selection of the best candidates concerning their immunogenicity risk. However, there is little knowledge about the impact of bead material on the recovery of MHC-II MS-eluted ligands in MAPPs assays. Here, we firstly describe a robust MAPPs protocol by implementing streptavidin magnetic beads for the isolation of these peptides instead of commonly used NHS-activated beads. Moreover, we assessed the impact of the cell medium used for cell cultures on the morphology and recovery of the in vitro-generated APCs, and its potential implications in the amount of MHC-II isolated peptides. We also described an example of a MAPPs assay application to investigate drug-induced immunogenicity of two bispecific antibodies and compared them with monospecific trastuzumab IgG1 control. This work highlighted the importance of MAPPs in the preclinical in vitro strategy to mitigate the immunogenicity risk of biotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Di Ianni
- https://ror.org/048tbm396 Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- NBE-DMPK Innovative BioAnalytics, Merck Serono RBM S.p.A., An Affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Tiziana Fraone
- NBE-DMPK Innovative BioAnalytics, Merck Serono RBM S.p.A., An Affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Piercesare Balestra
- NBE-DMPK Innovative BioAnalytics, Merck Serono RBM S.p.A., An Affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Kyra Cowan
- New Biological Entities, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (NBE-DMPK), Research and Development, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Federico Riccardi Sirtori
- NBE-DMPK Innovative BioAnalytics, Merck Serono RBM S.p.A., An Affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Luca Barbero
- NBE-DMPK Innovative BioAnalytics, Merck Serono RBM S.p.A., An Affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
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8
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Sun R, Qian MG, Zhang X. T and B cell epitope analysis for the immunogenicity evaluation and mitigation of antibody-based therapeutics. MAbs 2024; 16:2324836. [PMID: 38512798 PMCID: PMC10962608 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2024.2324836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The surge in the clinical use of therapeutic antibodies has reshaped the landscape of pharmaceutical therapy for many diseases, including rare and challenging conditions. However, the administration of exogenous biologics could potentially trigger unwanted immune responses such as generation of anti-drug antibodies (ADAs). Real-world experiences have illuminated the clear correlation between the ADA occurrence and unsatisfactory therapeutic outcomes as well as immune-related adverse events. By retrospectively examining research involving immunogenicity analysis, we noticed the growing emphasis on elucidating the immunogenic epitope profiles of antibody-based therapeutics aiming for mechanistic understanding the immunogenicity generation and, ideally, mitigating the risks. As such, we have comprehensively summarized here the progress in both experimental and computational methodologies for the characterization of T and B cell epitopes of therapeutics. Furthermore, the successful practice of epitope-driven deimmunization of biotherapeutics is exceptionally highlighted in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoxuan Sun
- Global Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics & Modeling, Preclinical & Translational Sciences, Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc. (TDCA), Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mark G. Qian
- Global Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics & Modeling, Preclinical & Translational Sciences, Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc. (TDCA), Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xiaobin Zhang
- Global Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics & Modeling, Preclinical & Translational Sciences, Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc. (TDCA), Cambridge, MA, USA
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9
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Nabhan M, Meunier S, Le-Minh V, Robin B, de Bourayne M, Smadja C, Maillère B, Pallardy M, Turbica I. Infliximab aggregates produced in severe and mild elevated temperature stress conditions induce an extended specific CD4 T-cell response. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 192:106670. [PMID: 38070782 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Aggregation has been widely described as a factor contributing to therapeutic antibody immunogenicity. Although production of high-affinity anti-drug antibodies depends on the activation of CD4 T lymphocytes, little is known about the T-cell response induced by antibody aggregates, especially for aggregates produced in mild conditions resulting from minor handling errors of vials. Large insoluble infliximab (IFX) aggregates produced in severe elevated temperature stress conditions have been previously shown to induce human monocyte-derived dendritic cell (moDC) maturation. We here showed that large IFX aggregates recruit in vitro a significantly higher number of CD4 T-cells compared to native IFX. Moreover, a larger array of T-cell epitopes encompassing the entire variable regions was evidenced compared to the native antibody. We then compared the responses of moDCs to different types of aggregates generated by submitting IFX to mild conditions of various times of incubation at an elevated temperature. Decreasing stress duration reduced aggregate size and quantity, and subsequently altered moDC activation. Of importance, IFX aggregates generated in mild conditions and not altering moDC phenotype generated an in vitro T-cell response with a higher frequency of CD4 T cells compared to native IFX. Moreover, cross-reactivity studies of aggregate-specific T cells showed that some T cells could recognize both native and aggregated IFX, while others responded only to IFX aggregates. Taken together, our results suggest that aggregation of antibodies in mild elevated temperature stress conditions is sufficient to alter moDC phenotype in a dose-dependent manner and to increase T-cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Nabhan
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 91 400 Orsay, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire d'Excellence en Recherche sur le Médicament et l'Innovation Thérapeutique (LABEX LERMIT), 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Sylvain Meunier
- Université de Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, SIMoS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire d'Excellence en Recherche sur le Médicament et l'Innovation Thérapeutique (LABEX LERMIT), 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Victor Le-Minh
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, 91 400 Orsay, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire d'Excellence en Recherche sur le Médicament et l'Innovation Thérapeutique (LABEX LERMIT), 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Baptiste Robin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, 91 400 Orsay, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire d'Excellence en Recherche sur le Médicament et l'Innovation Thérapeutique (LABEX LERMIT), 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Marie de Bourayne
- Université de Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, SIMoS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire d'Excellence en Recherche sur le Médicament et l'Innovation Thérapeutique (LABEX LERMIT), 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Claire Smadja
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, 91 400 Orsay, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire d'Excellence en Recherche sur le Médicament et l'Innovation Thérapeutique (LABEX LERMIT), 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Bernard Maillère
- Université de Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, SIMoS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire d'Excellence en Recherche sur le Médicament et l'Innovation Thérapeutique (LABEX LERMIT), 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Marc Pallardy
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 91 400 Orsay, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire d'Excellence en Recherche sur le Médicament et l'Innovation Thérapeutique (LABEX LERMIT), 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Isabelle Turbica
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 91 400 Orsay, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire d'Excellence en Recherche sur le Médicament et l'Innovation Thérapeutique (LABEX LERMIT), 91400 Orsay, France.
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10
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Penny HL, Hainline K, Theoharis N, Wu B, Brandl C, Webhofer C, McComb M, Wittemer-Rump S, Koca G, Stienen S, Bargou RC, Hummel HD, Loidl W, Grüllich C, Eggert T, Tran B, Mytych DT. Characterization and root cause analysis of immunogenicity to pasotuxizumab (AMG 212), a prostate-specific membrane antigen-targeting bispecific T-cell engager therapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1261070. [PMID: 37942314 PMCID: PMC10628759 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1261070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In oncology, anti-drug antibody (ADA) development that significantly curtails response durability has not historically risen to a level of concern. The relevance and attention ascribed to ADAs in oncology clinical studies have therefore been limited, and the extant literature on this subject scarce. In recent years, T cell engagers have gained preeminence within the prolific field of cancer immunotherapy. These drugs whose mode of action is expected to potently stimulate anti-tumor immunity, may potentially induce ADAs as an unintended corollary due to an overall augmentation of the immune response. ADA formation is therefore emerging as an important determinant in the successful clinical development of such biologics. Methods Here we describe the immunogenicity and its impact observed to pasotuxizumab (AMG 212), a prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeting bispecific T cell engager (BiTE®) molecule in NCT01723475, a first-in-human (FIH), multicenter, dose-escalation study in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). To explain the disparity in ADA incidence observed between the SC and CIV arms of the study, we interrogated other patient and product-specific factors that may have explained the difference beyond the route of administration. Results Treatment-emergent ADAs (TE-ADA) developed in all subjects treated with at least 1 cycle of AMG 212 in the subcutaneous (SC) arm. These ADAs were neutralizing and resulted in profound exposure loss that was associated with contemporaneous reversal of initial Prostate Surface Antigen (PSA) responses, curtailing durability of PSA response in patients. Pivoting from SC to a continuous intravenous (CIV) administration route remarkably yielded no subjects developing ADA to AMG 212. Through a series of stepwise functional assays, our investigation revealed that alongside a more historically immunogenic route of administration, non-tolerant T cell epitopes within the AMG 212 amino acid sequence were likely driving the high-titer, sustained ADA response observed in the SC arm. Discussion These mechanistic insights into the AMG 212 ADA response underscore the importance of performing preclinical immunogenicity risk evaluation as well as advocate for continuous iteration to better our biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kelly Hainline
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA, United States
| | | | - Bin Wu
- Department of Biologics, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA, United States
| | - Christian Brandl
- Department of Translational Safety & Bioanalytical Sciences, Amgen Research (Munich) GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Webhofer
- Department of Process Development, Amgen Research (Munich) GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | - Mason McComb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Modeling & Simulation, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA, United States
| | - Sabine Wittemer-Rump
- Bayer AG, Research and Development Oncology (RED Onc), Pharmaceuticals, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gökben Koca
- Bayer AG, Research and Development Oncology (RED Onc), Pharmaceuticals, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Stienen
- Department of Early Development (Oncology), Amgen Research (Munich) GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | - Ralf C. Bargou
- Translational Oncology/Early Clinical Trial Unit (ECTU), Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Hospital Wurzburg, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Horst-Dieter Hummel
- Translational Oncology/Early Clinical Trial Unit (ECTU), Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Hospital Wurzburg, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Loidl
- Department of Urology, Ordensklinikum Linz GmbH, Linz, Austria
| | - Carsten Grüllich
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg University Medical Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Eggert
- Department of Early Development (Oncology), Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA, United States
| | - Ben Tran
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel T. Mytych
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA, United States
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11
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De Groot AS, Roberts BJ, Mattei A, Lelias S, Boyle C, Martin WD. Immunogenicity risk assessment of synthetic peptide drugs and their impurities. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103714. [PMID: 37467878 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Peptide drugs play an important part in medicine owing to their many therapeutic applications. Of the 80 peptide drugs approved for use in humans, at least five are now off-patent and are consequently being developed as generic alternatives to the originator products. To accelerate access to generic products, the FDA has proposed new regulatory pathways that do not require direct comparisons of generics to originators in clinical trials. The 'Abbreviated New Drug Application' (ANDA) pathway recommends that sponsors provide information on any new impurities in the generic drug, compared with the originator product, because the impurities can have potential to elicit unwanted immune responses owing to the introduction of T-cell epitopes. This review describes how peptide drug impurities can elicit unexpected immunogenicity and describes a framework for performing immunogenicity risk assessment of all types of bioactive peptide products. Although this report primarily focuses on generic peptides and their impurities, the approach might also be of interest for developers of novel peptide drugs who are preparing their products for an initial regulatory review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne S De Groot
- EpiVax, 188 Valley Street, Suite 424, Providence, RI, USA; University of Georgia, Center for Vaccines and Immunology, Athens, GA USA.
| | | | - Aimee Mattei
- EpiVax, 188 Valley Street, Suite 424, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Sandra Lelias
- EpiVax, 188 Valley Street, Suite 424, Providence, RI, USA
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12
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Hartman K, Steiner G, Siegel M, Looney CM, Hickling TP, Bray-French K, Springer S, Marban-Doran C, Ducret A. Expanding the MAPPs Assay to Accommodate MHC-II Pan Receptors for Improved Predictability of Potential T Cell Epitopes. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1265. [PMID: 37759665 PMCID: PMC10525474 DOI: 10.3390/biology12091265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
A critical step in the immunogenicity cascade is attributed to human leukocyte antigen (HLA) II presentation triggering T cell immune responses. The liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II-associated peptide proteomics (MAPPs) assay is implemented during preclinical risk assessments to identify biotherapeutic-derived T cell epitopes. Although studies indicate that HLA-DP and HLA-DQ alleles are linked to immunogenicity, most MAPPs studies are restricted to using HLA-DR as the dominant HLA II genotype due to the lack of well-characterized immunoprecipitating antibodies. Here, we address this issue by testing various commercially available clones of MHC-II pan (CR3/43, WR18, and Tü39), HLA-DP (B7/21), and HLA-DQ (SPV-L3 and 1a3) antibodies in the MAPPs assay, and characterizing identified peptides according to binding specificity. Our results reveal that HLA II receptor-precipitating reagents with similar reported specificities differ based on clonality and that MHC-II pan antibodies do not entirely exhibit pan-specific tendencies. Since no individual antibody clone is able to recover the complete HLA II peptide repertoire, we recommend a mixed strategy of clones L243, WR18, and SPV-L3 in a single immunoprecipitation step for more robust compound-specific peptide detection. Ultimately, our optimized MAPPs strategy improves the predictability and additional identification of T cell epitopes in immunogenicity risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Hartman
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland (C.M.L.)
| | - Guido Steiner
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland (C.M.L.)
| | - Michel Siegel
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland (C.M.L.)
| | - Cary M. Looney
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland (C.M.L.)
| | - Timothy P. Hickling
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland (C.M.L.)
| | - Katharine Bray-French
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland (C.M.L.)
| | - Sebastian Springer
- School of Science, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Constructor University, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Céline Marban-Doran
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland (C.M.L.)
| | - Axel Ducret
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland (C.M.L.)
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13
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Di Ianni A, Barbero L, Fraone T, Cowan K, Sirtori FR. Preclinical risk assessment strategy to mitigate the T-cell dependent immunogenicity of protein biotherapeutics: State of the art, challenges and future perspectives. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 234:115500. [PMID: 37311374 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Protein therapeutics hold a prominent role and have brought significant diversity in efficacious medicinal products. Not just monoclonal antibodies and different antibody formats (pegylated antigen-binding fragments, bispecifics, antibody-drug conjugates, single chain variable fragments, nanobodies, dia-, tria- and tetrabodies), but also purified blood products, growth factors, recombinant cytokines, enzyme replacement factors, fusion proteins are all good instances of therapeutic proteins that have been developed in the past decades and approved for their value in oncology, immune-oncology, and autoimmune diseases discovery programs. Although there was an ingrained belief that fully humanized proteins were expected to have limited immunogenicity, adverse effects associated with immune responses to biological therapies raised some concern in biotech companies. Consequently, drug developers are designing strategies to assess potential immune responses to protein therapeutics during both the preclinical and clinical phases of development. Despite the many factors that can contribute to protein immunogenicity, T cell- (thymus-) dependent (Td) immunogenicity seems to play a crucial role in the development of anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) to biologics. A broad range of methodologies to predict and rationally assess Td immune responses to protein drugs has been developed. This review aims to briefly summarize the preclinical immunogenicity risk assessment strategy to mitigate the risk of potential immunogenic candidates coming towards clinical phases, discussing the advantages and limitations of these technologies, and suggesting a rational approach for assessing and mitigating Td immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Di Ianni
- University of Turin, Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; NBE-DMPK Innovative BioAnalytics, Merck Serono RBM S.p.A., an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, Via Ribes 1, 10010 Colleretto Giacosa (TO), Italy
| | - Luca Barbero
- NBE-DMPK Innovative BioAnalytics, Merck Serono RBM S.p.A., an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, Via Ribes 1, 10010 Colleretto Giacosa (TO), Italy
| | - Tiziana Fraone
- NBE-DMPK Innovative BioAnalytics, Merck Serono RBM S.p.A., an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, Via Ribes 1, 10010 Colleretto Giacosa (TO), Italy
| | - Kyra Cowan
- New Biological Entities, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (NBE-DMPK), Research and Development, Merck KGaA, Frankfurterstrasse 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Federico Riccardi Sirtori
- NBE-DMPK Innovative BioAnalytics, Merck Serono RBM S.p.A., an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, Via Ribes 1, 10010 Colleretto Giacosa (TO), Italy.
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14
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Wallace RP, Refvik KC, Antane JT, Brünggel K, Tremain AC, Raczy MR, Alpar AT, Nguyen M, Solanki A, Slezak AJ, Watkins EA, Lauterbach AL, Cao S, Wilson DS, Hubbell JA. Synthetically mannosylated antigens induce antigen-specific humoral tolerance and reduce anti-drug antibody responses to immunogenic biologics. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.07.534593. [PMID: 37066302 PMCID: PMC10104138 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.07.534593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Immunogenic biologics trigger an anti-drug antibody (ADA) response in patients, which reduces efficacy and increases adverse reactions. Our laboratory has previously shown that targeting protein antigen to the liver microenvironment can reduce antigen-specific T cell responses; herein, we present a strategy to increase delivery of otherwise immunogenic biologics to the liver via conjugation to a synthetic mannose polymer (p(Man)). This delivery leads to reduced antigen-specific T follicular helper cell and B cell responses resulting in diminished ADA production, which is maintained throughout subsequent administrations of the native biologic. We found that p(Man)-antigen treatment impairs the ADA response against recombinant uricase, a highly immunogenic biologic, without a dependence on hapten immunodominance or control by Tregs. We identify increased TCR signaling and increased apoptosis and exhaustion in T cells as effects of p(Man)-antigen treatment via transcriptomic analyses. This modular platform may enhance tolerance to biologics, enabling long-term solutions for an ever-increasing healthcare problem.
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15
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Sivelle C, Sierocki R, Lesparre Y, Lomet A, Quintilio W, Dubois S, Correia E, Moro AM, Maillère B, Nozach H. Combining deep mutational scanning to heatmap of HLA class II binding of immunogenic sequences to preserve functionality and mitigate predicted immunogenicity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1197919. [PMID: 37575221 PMCID: PMC10416631 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1197919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Removal of CD4 T cell epitopes from therapeutic antibody sequences is expected to mitigate their potential immunogenicity, but its application is complicated by the location of their T cell epitopes, which mainly overlap with complementarity-determining regions. We therefore evaluated the flexibility of antibody sequences to reduce the predicted affinity of corresponding peptides for HLA II molecules and to maintain antibody binding to its target in order to guide antibody engineering for mitigation of predicted immunogenicity. Permissive substitutions to reduce affinity of peptides for HLA II molecules were identified by establishing a heatmap of HLA class II binding using T-cell epitope prediction tools, while permissive substitutions preserving binding to the target were identified by means of deep mutational scanning and yeast surface display. Combinatorial libraries were then designed to identify active clones. Applied to adalimumab, an anti-TNFα human antibody, this approach identified 200 mutants with a lower HLA binding score than adalimumab. Three mutants were produced as full-length antibodies and showed a higher affinity for TNFα and neutralization ability than adalimumab. This study also sheds light on the permissiveness of antibody sequences with regard to functionality and predicted T cell epitope content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coline Sivelle
- Université de Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, SIMoS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Raphael Sierocki
- Université de Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, SIMoS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Deeptope SAS, Orsay, France
| | | | - Aurore Lomet
- CEA List, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | - Wagner Quintilio
- Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Steven Dubois
- Université de Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, SIMoS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Evelyne Correia
- Université de Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, SIMoS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Ana Maria Moro
- Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bernard Maillère
- Université de Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, SIMoS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hervé Nozach
- Université de Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, SIMoS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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16
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Gokemeijer J, Wen Y, Jawa V, Mitra-Kaushik S, Chung S, Goggins A, Kumar S, Lamberth K, Liao K, Lill J, Phung Q, Walsh R, Roberts BJ, Swanson M, Singh I, Tourdot S, Kroenke MA, Rup B, Goletz TJ, Gupta S, Malherbe L, Pattijn S. Survey Outcome on Immunogenicity Risk Assessment Tools for Biotherapeutics: an Insight into Consensus on Methods, Application, and Utility in Drug Development. AAPS J 2023; 25:55. [PMID: 37266912 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-023-00820-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A survey conducted by the Therapeutic Product Immunogenicity (TPI) community within the American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists (AAPS) posed questions to the participants on their immunogenicity risk assessment strategies prior to clinical development. The survey was conducted in 2 phases spanning 5 years, and queried information about in silico algorithms and in vitro assay formats for immunogenicity risk assessments and how the data were used to inform early developability effort in discovery, chemistry, manufacturing and control (CMC), and non-clinical stages of development. The key findings representing the trends from a majority of the participants included the use of high throughput in silico algorithms, human immune cell-based assays, and proteomics based outputs, as well as specialized assays when therapeutic mechanism of action could impact risk assessment. Additional insights into the CMC-related risks could also be gathered with the same tools to inform future process development and de-risk critical quality attributes with uncertain and unknown risks. The use of the outputs beyond supporting early development activities was also noted with participants utilizing the risk assessments to drive their clinical strategy and streamline bioanalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochem Gokemeijer
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 100 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02143, USA.
| | - Yi Wen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285, USA
| | - Vibha Jawa
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, New Jersey, 08540, USA
| | | | - Shan Chung
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Alan Goggins
- Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Seema Kumar
- EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, (A Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Billerica, Massachusetts, 01826, USA
| | | | - Karen Liao
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, 19486, USA
| | - Jennie Lill
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Qui Phung
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Robin Walsh
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285, USA
| | | | - Michael Swanson
- Janssen R&D LLC., 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania, 19477, USA
| | | | - Sophie Tourdot
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Andover, Massachusetts, 01810, USA
| | - Mark A Kroenke
- Clinical Immunology, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, California, 91320, USA
| | - Bonita Rup
- Bonnie Rup Consulting, LLC, 42 Commonwealth Ave, Boston, Massachusetts, 02116, USA
| | | | | | - Laurent Malherbe
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285, USA
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17
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Brun MK, Bjørlykke KH, Viken MK, Stenvik GE, Klaasen RA, Gehin JE, Warren DJ, Sexton J, Sandanger Ø, Kvien TK, Mørk C, Haavardsholm EA, Jahnsen J, Goll GL, Lie BA, Bolstad N, Jørgensen KK, Syversen SW. HLA-DQ2 is associated with anti-drug antibody formation to infliximab in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. J Intern Med 2023; 293:648-655. [PMID: 36843323 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunogenicity to tumour necrosis factor inhibitors is a significant clinical problem leading to treatment failure and adverse events. The study aimed to assess human leukocyte antigen (HLA) associations with anti-drug antibody (ADAb) formation to infliximab. METHODS Immune-mediated inflammatory disease patients on infliximab therapy (n = 612) were included. Neutralising ADAb were assessed with a drug-sensitive assay. Next generation sequencing-based HLA typing was performed. RESULTS Overall, 147 (24%) patients developed ADAb. Conditional analyses indicated HLA-DQB1 (p = 1.4 × 10-6 ) as a primary risk locus. Highest risk of ADAb was seen when carrying at least one of the HLA-DQ2 haplotypes; DQB1*02:01-DQA1*05:01 or DQB1*02:02-DQA1*02:01 (OR 3.18, 95% CI 2.15-4.69 and p = 5.9 × 10-9 ). Results were consistent across diseases and when adjusting for concomitant immunomodulator. Computational predictions indicated that these HLA-DQ2 haplotypes bind to peptide motifs from infliximab light chain. CONCLUSION A genome-wide significant association between two HLA-DQ2 haplotypes and the risk of ADAb formation to infliximab was identified, suggesting that HLA-DQ2 testing may facilitate personalised treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marthe Kirkesaether Brun
- Center for treatment of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases (REMEDY), Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristin Hammersbøen Bjørlykke
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Gastroenterology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Marte K Viken
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Grethe-Elisabeth Stenvik
- Center for treatment of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases (REMEDY), Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rolf A Klaasen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Johanna E Gehin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - David John Warren
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Joseph Sexton
- Center for treatment of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases (REMEDY), Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Tore K Kvien
- Center for treatment of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases (REMEDY), Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Cato Mørk
- Akershus Dermatology Center, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Espen A Haavardsholm
- Center for treatment of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases (REMEDY), Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jørgen Jahnsen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Gastroenterology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Guro Løvik Goll
- Center for treatment of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases (REMEDY), Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Benedicte A Lie
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nils Bolstad
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Silje Watterdal Syversen
- Center for treatment of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases (REMEDY), Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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18
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Casasola-LaMacchia A, Seward RJ, Tourdot S, Willetts M, Kruppa G, Agostino MJ, Bergeron G, Ahyi-Amendah N, Ciarla A, Lu Z, Kim HY, Hickling TP, Neubert H. HLAII peptide presentation of infliximab increases when complexed with TNF. Front Immunol 2022; 13:932252. [PMID: 36177046 PMCID: PMC9513746 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.932252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T-cell activation through recognition of Human Leukocyte Antigen II (HLAII)-presented peptides is a key step in the development of unwanted immune response against biotherapeutics, such as the generation of anti-drug antibodies (ADA). Therefore, the identification of HLAII-presented peptides derived from biotherapeutics is a crucial part of immunogenicity risk assessment and mitigation strategies during drug development. To date, numerous CD4+ T-cell epitopes have been identified by HLAII immunopeptidomics in antibody-based biotherapeutics using either their native or aggregated form. Antibody-target immune complexes have been detected in patients with ADA and are thought to play a role in ADA development by enhancing the presentation of CD4+ T-cell epitopes at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APCs). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of biotherapeutic antibody-target immune complexes on the HLAII peptide presentation of biotherapeutics in human primary monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs). The trimeric tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and its biotherapeutic antagonists infliximab (INFL), adalimumab (ADAL), and a single armed Fab’ were used as a model system. The HLAII immunopeptidome of DCs loaded with antagonists or their immune complexes with TNF was analyzed by trapped ion mobility time-of-flight mass spectrometry (timsTOF MS) leading to the identification of ~ 12,000 unique HLAII-associated peptides per preparation. Anti-TNF sequences were detected at a median of 0.3% of the total immunopeptidome, against a majority background of peptides from endogenous and media-derived proteins. TNF antagonist presentation spanned the variable and constant regions in a widespread manner in both light and heavy chains, consistent with previously discovered HLAII peptides. This investigation extends the collection of observed HLAII peptides from anti-TNF biotherapeutics to include sequences that at least partially span the complementary determining regions (CDRs), such as the LCDR1 for both INFL and ADAL. Although antagonist presentation varied significantly across donors, peptides from both bivalent antagonists INFL and ADAL were more highly presented relative to the Fab’. While TNF immune complexes did not alter overall HLAII presentation, a moderate increase in presentation of a subset of peptide clusters was observed in the case of INFL-TNF, which included HCDR2, HCDR3 and LCDR2 sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Casasola-LaMacchia
- BioMedicine Design, Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc., Andover, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Andrea Casasola-LaMacchia,
| | - Robert Joseph Seward
- BioMedicine Design, Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc., Andover, MA, United States
| | - Sophie Tourdot
- BioMedicine Design, Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc., Andover, MA, United States
| | | | - Gary Kruppa
- Bruker Daltonics, Billerica, MA, United States
| | | | - Gabrielle Bergeron
- BioMedicine Design, Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc., Andover, MA, United States
| | - Nathalie Ahyi-Amendah
- BioMedicine Design, Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc., Andover, MA, United States
| | - Andrew Ciarla
- BioMedicine Design, Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc., Andover, MA, United States
| | - Zhaojiang Lu
- Analytical Research and Development, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Andover, MA, United States
| | - Hai-Young Kim
- Analytical Research and Development, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Andover, MA, United States
| | - Timothy P. Hickling
- BioMedicine Design, Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc., Andover, MA, United States
| | - Hendrik Neubert
- BioMedicine Design, Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc., Andover, MA, United States
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Colangelo GS, Di Ianni A, Cowan K, Riccardi Sirtori F, Barbero LM. Development of a Liquid Chromatography and High-Resolution and -Accuracy Mass Spectrometry Method to Evaluate New Biotherapeutic Entity Processing in Human Liver Lysosomes. Immunohorizons 2022; 7:467-479. [PMID: 37327020 PMCID: PMC10580112 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2300035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Biotherapeutic immunogenicity remains a great challenge for researchers because multiple factors trigger immune responses. Predicting and assessing the potential human immune response against biological drugs could represent an impressive breakthrough toward generating potentially safer and more efficacious therapeutic proteins. This article describes an in vitro assay that can contribute to evaluating the potential immunogenicity of biotherapeutics by focusing on lysosomal proteolysis. We selected human liver lysosomes (hLLs) from four different donors as a surrogate in vitro model instead of APC lysosomes because they are a ready-to-use lysosomal source. To assess the biological comparability of this surrogate to APC lysosomal extract, we compared the proteome content of hLLs with literature data of lysosomal fractions extracted from murine bone marrow and human blood-derived dendritic cells. Then we tested infliximab (IFX; Remicade) under different proteolytic conditions using liquid chromatography and high-resolution and -accuracy mass spectrometry to better define the degradation kinetics inside the lysosomes. hLLs revealed similar enzymatic content compared with human and murine dendritic cell lysosomes. Degradation assays demonstrated that our liquid chromatography and high-resolution and -accuracy mass spectrometry method could identify both the intact protein and the peptides resulting from proteolysis with high specificity and resolution. The rapid and easy assay described in this article can be extremely useful for evaluating the immunogenic risk associated with therapeutic proteins. In addition, this method can complement information from MHC class II-associated peptide proteomics assays and other in vitro and in silico techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Sergio Colangelo
- University of Turin, Molecular Biotechnology Center, Turin, Italy
- NBE-DMPK Innovative BioAnalytics, RBM Merck S.p.A., an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, Colleretto Giacosa, Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Di Ianni
- University of Turin, Molecular Biotechnology Center, Turin, Italy
- NBE-DMPK Innovative BioAnalytics, RBM Merck S.p.A., an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, Colleretto Giacosa, Torino, Italy
| | - Kyra Cowan
- New Biological Entities, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Development, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Federico Riccardi Sirtori
- NBE-DMPK Innovative BioAnalytics, RBM Merck S.p.A., an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, Colleretto Giacosa, Torino, Italy
| | - Luca Maria Barbero
- NBE-DMPK Innovative BioAnalytics, RBM Merck S.p.A., an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, Colleretto Giacosa, Torino, Italy
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20
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Wolf B, Piksa M, Beley I, Patoux A, Besson T, Cordier V, Voedisch B, Schindler P, Stöllner D, Perrot L, von Gunten S, Brees D, Kammüller M. Therapeutic antibody glycosylation impacts antigen recognition and immunogenicity. Immunology 2022; 166:380-407. [PMID: 35416297 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we show that glycosylation is relevant for immune recognition of therapeutic antibodies, and that defined glycan structures can modulate immunogenicity. Concerns regarding immunogenicity arise from the high heterogeneity in glycosylation that is difficult to control and can deviate from human glycosylation if produced in non-human cell lines. While non-human glycosylation is thought to cause hypersensitivity reactions and immunogenicity, less is known about effects of Fc-associated glycan structures on immune cell responses. We postulated that glycosylation influences antigen recognition and subsequently humoral responses to therapeutic antibodies by modulating 1) recognition and uptake by dendritic cells (DCs), and 2) antigen routing, processing and presentation. Here, we compared different glycosylation variants of the antibody rituximab (RTX) in in vitro assays using human DCs and T cells as well as in in vivo studies. We found that human DCs bind and internalize unmodified RTX stronger compared to its aglycosylated form suggesting that glycosylation mediates uptake after recognition by glycan-specific receptors. Furthermore, we show that DC-uptake of RTX increases or decreases if glycosylation is selectively modified to recognize activating (by mannosylation) or inhibitory lectin receptors (by sialylation). Moreover, glycosylation seems to influence antigen presentation by DCs because specific glycovariants tend to induce either stronger or weaker T cell activation. Finally, we demonstrate that antibody glycosylation impacts anti-drug antibody (ADA) responses to RTX in vivo. Hence, defined glycan structures can modulate immune recognition and alter ADA responses. Glyco-engineering may help to decrease clinical immunogenicity and ADA-associated adverse events such as hypersensitivity reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babette Wolf
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mateusz Piksa
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Beley
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Agnes Patoux
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Besson
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Valerie Cordier
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Voedisch
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Ludovic Perrot
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Dominique Brees
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
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21
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Genome-wide pharmacogenetics of anti-drug antibody response to bococizumab highlights key residues in HLA DRB1 and DQB1. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4266. [PMID: 35277540 PMCID: PMC8917227 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07997-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this largest to-date genetic analysis of anti-drug antibody (ADA) response to a therapeutic monoclonal antibody (MAb), genome-wide association was performed for five measures of ADA status among 8844 individuals randomized to bococizumab, which targets PCSK9 for LDL-C lowering and cardiovascular protection. Index associations prioritized specific amino acid substitutions at the DRB1 and DQB1 MHC class II genes rather than canonical haplotypes. Two clusters of missense variants at DRB1 were associated with general ADA measures (residues 9, 11, 13; and 96, 112, 120, 180) and a third cluster of missense variants in DQB1 was associated with ADA measures including neutralizing antibody (NAb) titers (residues 66, 67, 71, 74, 75). The structural disposition of the missense substitutions implicates peptide antigen binding and CD4 effector function, mechanisms that are potentially generalizable to other therapeutic mAbs. Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01968954, NCT01968967, NCT01968980, NCT01975376, NCT01975389, NCT02100514.
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22
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de Bourayne M, Meunier S, Bitoun S, Correia E, Mariette X, Nozach H, Maillère B. Pegylation Reduces the Uptake of Certolizumab Pegol by Dendritic Cells and Epitope Presentation to T-Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:808606. [PMID: 35185895 PMCID: PMC8854214 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.808606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pegylation of biopharmaceuticals is the most common strategy to increase their half-life in the blood and is associated with a reduced immunogenicity. As antigen presentation is a primary event in the activation of CD4 T-cells and initiation of Anti-Drug Antibody (ADA) response, we investigated the role of the PEG molecule on the T-cell reactivity of certolizumab pegol (CZP), a pegylated anti-TNFα Fab. We generated T-cell lines raised against CZP and its non-pegylated form (CZNP) and demonstrated CZP primed few T-cells in comparison to CZNP. CZP-primed lines from 3 donors responded to a total of 5 epitopes, while CZNP-primed lines from 3 donors responded to a total of 7 epitopes, 4 epitopes were recognized by both CZP- and CZNP-primed lines. In line with this difference of T-cell reactivity, CZP is less internalized by the dendritic cells than CZNP. In vitro digestion assay of CZP by Cathepsin B showed a rapid removal of the PEG moiety, suggesting a limited influence of PEG on CZP proteolysis. We therefore demonstrate that pegylation diminishes antigen capture by dendritic cells, peptide presentation to T-cells and T-cell priming. This mechanism might reduce immunogenicity and contribute to the long half-life of CZP and possibly of other pegylated molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie de Bourayne
- Université de Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, SIMoS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sylvain Meunier
- Université de Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, SIMoS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Samuel Bitoun
- Université Paris-Saclay, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Department of Rheumatology, INSERM UMR1184, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Evelyne Correia
- Université de Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, SIMoS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Xavier Mariette
- Université Paris-Saclay, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Department of Rheumatology, INSERM UMR1184, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Hervé Nozach
- Université de Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, SIMoS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Bernard Maillère
- Université de Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, SIMoS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- *Correspondence: Bernard Maillère,
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23
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Jawa V, Maamary J, Swanson M, Zhang S, Montgomery D. Implementing a Clinical Immunogenicity Strategy using Preclinical Risk Assessment Outputs. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:960-969. [PMID: 35122828 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Immunogenicity to biologics is often observed following dosing in human subjects during clinical trials. Both product and host specific factors may be implicated in contributing to a potential immune response. However, even if such risk factors are identified and eliminated as part of the rational quality by design approaches, the outcome in clinic can be uncertain and challenging to predict. Several tools have been employed to identify these risk factors and consequent mitigation approaches implemented prior to dosing in humans. However, the complexity of the immune system with an interplay of network of immune cells involved in driving a long- term immune response as well as patient characteristics, can make it challenging to predict the outcome in clinic. This perspective will provide an insight into recent advances in the risk assessment approaches that are utilized during preclinical stage of development of a biologic. The outputs from such tools can help to rank order and select the most optimal candidate with the least likelihood of an immune response and can further drive the development of a clinical bioanalytical and immunogenicity monitoring strategy. Such a strategy can be proactively shared with the regulators along with the proposal to streamline clinical immunogenicity and personalizing the outcome based on pharmacogenomics and other patient-related factors. This paper provides a roadmap on performing risk assessments through a systematic identification of risks and their mitigations wherever possible. Recommendations on incorporating the key components of such risk assessments as part of the new regulatory submissions are also provided. Shorter abstract Immunogenicity to biologics is common during clinical trials. Both product and host specific factors have been implicated. Several risk assessment tools can be used to identify and mitigate the risk factors responsible for immunogenicity. An insight into recent advances in the risk assessment approaches will be presented. The outputs can define a risk score and guide the clinical bioanalytical and immunogenicity monitoring strategy. A roadmap on performing risk assessments through a systematic identification of risks and their mitigations wherever possible is provided. Best practices for a risk assessment strategy and recommendations on the content for IND and the Integrated summary of Immunogenicity are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibha Jawa
- Nonclinical Disposition and Bioanalysis, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08648, USA.
| | - Jad Maamary
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism (PPDM), Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033 USA
| | - Michael Swanson
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism (PPDM), Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033 USA
| | - Shuli Zhang
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism (PPDM), Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033 USA
| | - Diana Montgomery
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism (PPDM), Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033 USA
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24
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Ducret A, Ackaert C, Bessa J, Bunce C, Hickling T, Jawa V, Kroenke MA, Lamberth K, Manin A, Penny HL, Smith N, Terszowski G, Tourdot S, Spindeldreher S. Assay format diversity in pre-clinical immunogenicity risk assessment: Toward a possible harmonization of antigenicity assays. MAbs 2021; 14:1993522. [PMID: 34923896 PMCID: PMC8726688 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1993522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A major impediment to successful use of therapeutic protein drugs is their ability to induce anti-drug antibodies (ADA) that can alter treatment efficacy and safety in a significant number of patients. To this aim, in silico, in vitro, and in vivo tools have been developed to assess sequence and other liabilities contributing to ADA development at different stages of the immune response. However, variability exists between similar assays developed by different investigators due to the complexity of assays, a degree of uncertainty about the underlying science, and their intended use. The impact of protocol variations on the outcome of the assays, i.e., on the immunogenicity risk assigned to a given drug candidate, cannot always be precisely assessed. Here, the Non-Clinical Immunogenicity Risk Assessment working group of the European Immunogenicity Platform (EIP) reviews currently used assays and protocols and discusses feasibility and next steps toward harmonization and standardization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Ducret
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Chloé Ackaert
- ImmunXperts SA (A Nexelis Group Company), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Juliana Bessa
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Timothy Hickling
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vibha Jawa
- Biotherapeutics and Bioanalysis Non-Clinical Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Mark A Kroenke
- Clinical Immunology-Translational Medicine, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Kasper Lamberth
- Analysis & Characterisation, Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Anaïs Manin
- Abzena, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hweixian L Penny
- Clinical Immunology-Translational Medicine, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Noel Smith
- Lonza Biologics, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, UK
| | - Grzegorz Terszowski
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
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25
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Faustini F, Dunn N, Kharlamova N, Ryner M, Bruchfeld A, Malmström V, Fogdell-Hahn A, Gunnarsson I. First exposure to rituximab is associated to high rate of anti-drug antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus but not in ANCA-associated vasculitis. Arthritis Res Ther 2021; 23:211. [PMID: 34389040 PMCID: PMC8361739 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-021-02589-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) can impact on the efficacy and safety of biologicals, today used to treat several chronic inflammatory conditions. Specific patient groups may be more prone to develop ADAs. Rituximab is routinely used for ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) and as off-label therapy for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but data on occurrence and predisposing factors to ADAs in these diseases is limited. Objectives To elucidate the rate of occurrence, and risk factors for ADAs against rituximab in SLE and AAV. Methods ADAs were detected using a bridging electrochemiluminescent (ECL) immunoassay in sera from rituximab-naïve (AAV; n = 41 and SLE; n = 62) and rituximab-treated (AAV; n = 22 and SLE; n = 66) patients. Clinical data was retrieved from medical records. Disease activity was estimated by the SLE Disease Activity Index-2000 (SLEDAI-2 K) and the Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score (BVAS). Results After first rituximab cycle, no AAV patients were ADA-positive compared to 37.8% of the SLE patients. Samples were obtained at a median (IQR) time of 5.5 (3.7–7.0) months (AAV), and 6.0 (5.0–7.0) months (SLE). ADA-positive SLE individuals were younger (34.0 (25.9–40.8) vs 44.3 (32.7–56.3) years, p = 0.002) and with more active disease (SLEDAI-2 K 14.0 (10.0–18.5) vs. 8.0 (6.0–14), p = 0.0017) and shorter disease duration (4.14 (1.18–10.08) vs 9.19 (5.71–16.93), p = 0.0097) compared to ADA-negative SLE. ADAs primarily occurred in nephritis patients, were associated with anti-dsDNA positivity but were not influenced by concomitant use of corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide or previous treatments. Despite overall reduction of SLEDAI-2 K (12.0 (7.0–16) to 4.0 (2.0–6.7), p < 0.0001), ADA-positive individuals still had higher SLEDAI-2 K (6.0 (4.0–9.0) vs 4.0 (2.0–6.0), p = 0.004) and their B cell count at 6 months follow-up was higher (CD19 + % 4.0 (0.5–10.0) vs 0.5 (0.4–1.0), p = 0.002). At retreatment, two ADA-positive SLE patients developed serum sickness (16.7%), and three had infusion reactions (25%) in contrast with one (5.2%) serum sickness in the ADA-negative group. Conclusions In contrast to AAV, ADAs were highly prevalent among rituximab-treated SLE patients already after the first course of treatment and were found to effect on both clinical and immunological responses. The high frequency in SLE may warrant implementations of ADA screening before retreatment and survey of immediate and late-onset infusion reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Faustini
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Rheumatology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Unit of Rheumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Nicky Dunn
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nastya Kharlamova
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Malin Ryner
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annette Bruchfeld
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,University Hospital and Department of Renal Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and CLINTEC Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vivianne Malmström
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Rheumatology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Fogdell-Hahn
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Iva Gunnarsson
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Rheumatology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Unit of Rheumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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26
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Bray-French K, Hartman K, Steiner G, Marban-Doran C, Bessa J, Campbell N, Martin-Facklam M, Stubenrauch KG, Solier C, Singer T, Ducret A. Managing the Impact of Immunogenicity in an Era of Immunotherapy: From Bench to Bedside. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:2575-2584. [PMID: 33812888 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Biotherapeutics have revolutionized our ability to treat life-threatening diseases. Despite clinical success, the use of biotherapeutics has sometimes been limited by the immune response mounted against them in the form of anti-drug antibodies (ADAs). The multifactorial nature of immunogenicity has prevented a standardized approach for assessing this and each of the assessment methods developed so far does not exhibit high enough reliability to be used alone, due to limited predictiveness. This prompted the Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED) Immunogenicity Working Group to establish an internal preclinical immunogenicity toolbox of in vitro/in vivo approaches and accompanying guidelines for a harmonized assessment and management of immunogenicity in early development. In this article, the complex factors influencing immunogenicity and their associated clinical ramifications are discussed to highlight the importance of an end-to-end approach conducted from lead optimization to clinical candidate selection. We then examine the impact of the resulting lead candidate categorization on the design and implementation of a multi-tiered ADA/immunogenicity assay strategy prior to phase I (entry into human) through early clinical development. Ultimately, the Immunogenicity Toolbox ensures that Roche pRED teams are equipped to address immunogenicity in a standardized manner, paving the way for lifesaving products with improved safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine Bray-French
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Hartman
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Guido Steiner
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Céline Marban-Doran
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Juliana Bessa
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Neil Campbell
- Global Product Strategy, Pharma Division, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Meret Martin-Facklam
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kay-Gunnar Stubenrauch
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Corinne Solier
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Singer
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Axel Ducret
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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27
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Azam A, Mallart S, Illiano S, Duclos O, Prades C, Maillère B. Introduction of Non-natural Amino Acids Into T-Cell Epitopes to Mitigate Peptide-Specific T-Cell Responses. Front Immunol 2021; 12:637963. [PMID: 33777029 PMCID: PMC7991740 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.637963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-natural modifications are widely introduced into peptides to improve their therapeutic efficacy, but their impact on immunogenicity remains largely unknown. As the CD4 T-cell response is a key factor in triggering immunogenicity, we investigated the effect of introducing D-amino acids (Daa), amino isobutyric acid (Aib), N-methylation, Cα-methylation, reduced amide, and peptoid bonds into an immunoprevalent T-cell epitope on binding to a set of HLA-DR molecules, recognition, and priming of human T cells. Modifications are differentially accepted at multiple positions, but are all tolerated in the flanking regions. Introduction of Aib and Daa in the binding core had the most deleterious effect on binding to HLA-DR molecules and T-cell activation. Their introduction at the positions close to the P1 anchor residue abolished T-cell priming, suggesting they might be sufficient to dampen peptide immunogenicity. Other modifications led to variable effects on binding to HLA-DR molecules and T-cell reactivity, but none exhibited an increased ability to stimulate T cells. Altogether, non-natural modifications appear generally to diminish binding to HLA-DR molecules and hence T-cell stimulation. These data might guide the design of therapeutic peptides to make them less immunogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Azam
- Sanofi, Biologics Research, Vitry-sur-Seine, France.,Université de Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, SIMoS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sergio Mallart
- Sanofi R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Stephane Illiano
- Sanofi R&D, Cardiovascular Diseases & Metabolism, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Olivier Duclos
- Sanofi R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | | | - Bernard Maillère
- Université de Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, SIMoS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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28
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Pollastro S, de Bourayne M, Balzaretti G, Jongejan A, van Schaik BDC, Niewold ITG, van Kampen AHC, Maillère B, de Vries N. Characterization and Monitoring of Antigen-Responsive T Cell Clones Using T Cell Receptor Gene Expression Analysis. Front Immunol 2021; 11:609624. [PMID: 33679697 PMCID: PMC7932994 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.609624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput T-cell receptor repertoire sequencing constitutes a powerful tool to study T cell responses at the clonal level. However, it does not give information on the functional phenotype of the responding clones and lacks a statistical framework for quantitative evaluation. To overcome this, we combined datasets from different experiments, all starting from the same blood samples. We used a novel, sensitive, UMI-based protocol to perform repertoire analysis on experimental replicates. Applying established bioinformatic routines for transcriptomic expression analysis we explored the dynamics of antigen-induced clonal expansion after in vitro stimulation, identified antigen-responsive clones, and confirmed their activation status using the expression of activation markers upon antigen re-challenge. We demonstrate that the addition of IL-4 after antigen stimulation drives the expansion of T cell clones encoding unique receptor sequences. We show that our approach represents a scalable, high-throughput immunological tool, which can be used to identify and characterize antigen-responsive T cells at clonal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Pollastro
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Centre (ARC), Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AIII), Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marie de Bourayne
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, SIMoS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Giulia Balzaretti
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Centre (ARC), Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AIII), Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Aldo Jongejan
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AIII), Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Barbera D C van Schaik
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AIII), Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ilse T G Niewold
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Centre (ARC), Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Antoine H C van Kampen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AIII), Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bernard Maillère
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, SIMoS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Niek de Vries
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Centre (ARC), Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AIII), Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Spindeldreher S, Karle A, Correia E, Tenon M, Gottlieb S, Huber T, Maillere B, Kolbinger F. T cell epitope mapping of secukinumab and ixekizumab in healthy donors. MAbs 2021; 12:1707418. [PMID: 31924123 PMCID: PMC8648323 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1707418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Secukinumab, a human monoclonal antibody that selectively neutralizes IL-17A, has consistently shown low anti-drug antibody responses in patients with psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis. Secukinumab has also shown lower in vitro immunogenicity potential compared with other monoclonal antibodies used to treat psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis, and a significantly lower in vitro T cell precursor frequency compared with ixekizumab, which targets the same antigen. Here, secukinumab and ixekizumab were further examined regarding their specific T cell epitopes. Secukinumab- or ixekizumab-specific CD4 T cell lines were generated from 31 healthy, treatment-naïve donors via 28-day co-culture with mature monocyte-derived dendritic cells exposed to either antibody. Consistent with previous data, the frequency of preexisting T cells to secukinumab was significantly lower as compared with ixekizumab. Only two T cell lines from two different donors could be derived for secukinumab, but no specific T cell epitope was identified. In contrast, 32 T cell lines from eight donors were obtained for ixekizumab. For 11 of these T cell lines, the specific T cell epitopes could be identified and confirmed by major histocompatibility complex–associated peptide proteomics as being naturally presented peptides. All identified T cell epitopes cluster in four main regions that are overlapping with the complementarity-determining regions HCDR3, LCDR1, LCDR2 and LCDR3. Interestingly, ixekizumab CDRs contain amino acids that are not found in any of the germline family members. These amino acids may be associated with the higher number of T cell epitopes identified for ixekizumab light chain and may contribute to the increased in vitro immunogenicity potential observed for ixekizumab vs. secukinumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Spindeldreher
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland.,Integrated Biologix GmbH, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anette Karle
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Evelyne Correia
- CEA-Saclay, Institut Frédéric Joliot, SIMOPRO, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Maxime Tenon
- CEA-Saclay, Institut Frédéric Joliot, SIMOPRO, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sascha Gottlieb
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Huber
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernard Maillere
- CEA-Saclay, Institut Frédéric Joliot, SIMOPRO, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Frank Kolbinger
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
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30
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Human leukocyte antigen class II quantification by targeted mass spectrometry in dendritic-like cell lines and monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1028. [PMID: 33441579 PMCID: PMC7807004 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77024-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex II (HLA-II) facilitates the presentation of antigen-derived peptides to CD4+ T-cells. Antigen presentation is not only affected by peptide processing and intracellular trafficking, but also by mechanisms that govern HLA-II abundance such as gene expression, biosynthesis and degradation. Herein we describe a mass spectrometry (MS) based HLA-II-protein quantification method, applied to dendritic-like cells (KG-1 and MUTZ-3) and human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs). This method monitors the proteotypic peptides VEHWGLDKPLLK, VEHWGLDQPLLK and VEHWGLDEPLLK, mapping to the α-chains HLA-DQA1, -DPA1 and -DRA1/DQA2, respectively. Total HLA-II was detected at 176 and 248 fmol per million unstimulated KG-1 and MUTZ-3 cells, respectively. In contrast, TNF- and LPS-induced MUTZ-3 cells showed a 50- and 200-fold increase, respectively, of total α-chain as measured by MS. HLA-II protein levels in unstimulated DCs varied significantly between donors ranging from ~ 4 to ~ 50 pmol per million DCs. Cell surface HLA-DR levels detected by flow cytometry increased 2- to 3-fold after DC activation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), in contrast to a decrease or no change in total HLA α-chain as determined by MS. HLA-DRA1 was detected as the predominant variant, representing > 90% of total α-chain, followed by DPA1 and DQA1 at 3-7% and ≤ 1%, respectively.
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31
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Kissner T, Blaich G, Baumann A, Kronenberg S, Hey A, Kiessling A, Schmitt PM, Driessen W, Carrez C, Kramer D, Fretland J, Richter WF, Paehler T, Hopfer U, Rattel B. Challenges of non-clinical safety testing for biologics: A Report of the 9th BioSafe European Annual General Membership Meeting. MAbs 2021; 13:1938796. [PMID: 34241561 PMCID: PMC8274438 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1938796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
New challenges and other topics in non-clinical safety testing of biotherapeutics were presented and discussed at the nineth European BioSafe Annual General Membership meeting in November 2019. The session topics were selected by European BioSafe organization committee members based on recent company achievements, agency interactions and new data obtained in the non-clinical safety testing of biotherapeutics, for which data sharing would be of interest and considered as valuable information. The presented session topics ranged from strategies of in vitro testing, immunogenicity prediction, bioimaging, and developmental and reproductive toxicology (DART) assessments to first-in-human (FIH) dose prediction and bioanalytical challenges, reflecting the entire space of different areas of expertise and different molecular modalities. During the 9th meeting of the European BioSafe members, the following topics were presented and discussed in 6 main sessions (with 3 or 4 presentations per session) and in three small group breakout sessions: 1) DART assessment with biotherapeutics: what did we learn and where to go?; 2) Non-animal testing strategies; 3) Seeing is believing: new frontiers in imaging; 4) Predicting immunogenicity during early drug development: hope or despair?; 5) Challenges in FIH dose projections; and 6) Non-canonical biologics formats: challenges in bioanalytics, PKPD and biotransformation for complex biologics formats. Small group breakout sessions were organized for team discussion about 3 specific topics: 1) Testing of cellular immune function in vitro and in vivo; 2) MABEL approach (toxicology and pharmacokinetic perspective); and 3) mRNA treatments. This workshop report presents the sessions and discussions at the meeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kissner
- Preclinical Safety, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Guenter Blaich
- Preclinical Safety, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Andreas Baumann
- R&D Pharmaceuticals, Translational Sciences, Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Kronenberg
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Adam Hey
- Oncology Safety, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Petra M. Schmitt
- Preclinical Safety, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Wouter Driessen
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Chantal Carrez
- Sanofi R&D, Translational In Vivo Models, Sanofi S.A, Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Daniel Kramer
- Sanofi R&D, Translational Medicine & Early Development, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang F. Richter
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Paehler
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ulrike Hopfer
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Benno Rattel
- Translational Safety & Bioanalytical Sciences, Amgen Research (Munich) GmbH, Munich, Germany
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32
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Strand V, Goncalves J, Isaacs JD. Immunogenicity of biologic agents in rheumatology. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2020; 17:81-97. [PMID: 33318665 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-020-00540-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biologic agents have become a core component of therapeutic strategies for many inflammatory rheumatic diseases. However, perhaps reflecting the specificity and generally high affinity of biologic agents, these therapeutics have been used by rheumatologists with less consideration of their pharmacokinetics than that of conventional synthetic DMARDs. Immunogenicity was recognized as a potential limitation to the use of biologic agents at an early stage in their development, although regulatory guidance was relatively limited and assays to measure immunogenicity were less sophisticated than today. The advent of biosimilars has sparked a renewed interest in immunogenicity that has resulted in the development of increasingly sensitive assays, an enhanced appreciation of the pharmacokinetic consequences of immunogenicity and the development of comprehensive and specific guidance from regulatory authorities. As a result, rheumatologists have a greatly improved understanding of the field in general, including the factors responsible for immunogenicity, its potential clinical consequences and the implications for everyday treatment. In some specialties, immunogenicity testing is becoming a part of routine clinical management, but definitive evidence of its cost-effectiveness in rheumatology is awaited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibeke Strand
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
| | - Joao Goncalves
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - John D Isaacs
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Musculoskeletal Unit, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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33
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The Impact of Product and Process Related Critical Quality Attributes on Immunogenicity and Adverse Immunological Effects of Biotherapeutics. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:1025-1041. [PMID: 33316242 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The pharmaceutical industry has experienced great successes with protein therapeutics in the last two decades and with novel modalities, including cell therapies and gene therapies, more recently. Biotherapeutics are complex in structure and present challenges for discovery, development, regulatory, and life cycle management. Biotherapeutics can interact with the immune system that may lead to undesired immunological responses, including immunogenicity, hypersensitivity reactions (HSR), injection site reactions (ISR), and others. Many product and process related critical quality attributes (CQAs) have the potential to trigger or augment such immunological responses to the product. Tremendous efforts, both clinically and preclinically, have been invested to understand the impact of product and process related CQAs on adverse immunological effects. The information and knowledge are critical for the implementation of Quality by Design (QbD), which requires risk assessment and establishment of specifications and control strategies for CQAs. A quality target product profile (QTPP) that identifies the key CQAs through process development can help assign severity scores based on safety, immunogenicity, pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of the molecule. Gaps and future directions related to biotherapeutics and emerging novel modalities are presented.
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34
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Knierman MD, Lannan MB, Spindler LJ, McMillian CL, Konrad RJ, Siegel RW. The Human Leukocyte Antigen Class II Immunopeptidome of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108454. [PMID: 33220791 PMCID: PMC7664343 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise elucidation of the antigen sequences for T cell immunosurveillance greatly enhances our ability to understand and modulate humoral responses to viral infection or active immunization. Mass spectrometry is used to identify 526 unique sequences from the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike glycoprotein extracellular domain in a complex with human leukocyte antigen class II molecules on antigen-presenting cells from a panel of healthy donors selected to represent a majority of allele usage from this highly polymorphic molecule. The identified sequences span the entire spike protein, and several sequences are isolated from a majority of the sampled donors, indicating promiscuous binding. Importantly, many peptides derived from the receptor binding domain used for cell entry are identified. This work represents a precise and comprehensive immunopeptidomic investigation with the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein and allows detailed analysis of features that may aid vaccine development to end the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Knierman
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Megan B Lannan
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Laura J Spindler
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Carl L McMillian
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Robert J Konrad
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Robert W Siegel
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
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35
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Steiner G, Marban-Doran C, Langer J, Pimenova T, Duran-Pacheco G, Sauter D, Langenkamp A, Solier C, Singer T, Bray-French K, Ducret A. Enabling Routine MHC-II-Associated Peptide Proteomics for Risk Assessment of Drug-Induced Immunogenicity. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:3792-3806. [PMID: 32786679 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex-II (MHC-II)-Associated Peptide Proteomics (MAPPs) is a mass spectrometry-based approach to identify and relatively quantitate naturally processed and presented MHC-II-associated peptides that can potentially activate T cells and contribute to the immunogenicity of a drug. Acceptance of the MAPPs technology as an appropriate preclinical (and potentially clinical) immunogenicity risk assessment tool depends not only on its technical stability and robustness but also on the ability to compare results across experiments and donors. To this end, we developed a specialized MAPPs data processing pipeline, dataMAPPs, which presents complex mass spectrometric data sets in the form of heat maps (heatMAPPs), enabling rapid and convenient comparison between conditions and donors. A customized normalization procedure based on identified endogenous peptides standardizes signal intensities within and between donors and enables cross-experimental comparison. We evaluated the technical reproducibility of the MAPPs platform using tool compounds with respect to the most prominent experimental factors and found that the systematic biological differences across donors by far outweighed any technical source of variation. We illustrate the capability of the MAPPs platform to generate data that may be used for preclinical risk assessment of drug-induced immunogenicity and discuss its applicability in the clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Steiner
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Innovation Center Basel, Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Céline Marban-Doran
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Innovation Center Basel, Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Jessica Langer
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Innovation Center Basel, Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Tatiana Pimenova
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Innovation Center Basel, Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Gonzalo Duran-Pacheco
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Innovation Center Basel, Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Denise Sauter
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Innovation Center Basel, Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Anja Langenkamp
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Innovation Center Basel, Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Corinne Solier
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Innovation Center Basel, Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Singer
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Innovation Center Basel, Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Katharine Bray-French
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Innovation Center Basel, Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Axel Ducret
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Innovation Center Basel, Basel 4070, Switzerland
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36
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Vaisman-Mentesh A, Gutierrez-Gonzalez M, DeKosky BJ, Wine Y. The Molecular Mechanisms That Underlie the Immune Biology of Anti-drug Antibody Formation Following Treatment With Monoclonal Antibodies. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1951. [PMID: 33013848 PMCID: PMC7461797 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are a crucial asset for human health and modern medicine, however, the repeated administration of mAbs can be highly immunogenic. Drug immunogenicity manifests in the generation of anti-drug antibodies (ADAs), and some mAbs show immunogenicity in up to 70% of patients. ADAs can alter a drug's pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, reducing drug efficacy. In more severe cases, ADAs can neutralize the drug's therapeutic effects or cause severe adverse events to the patient. While some contributing factors to ADA formation are known, the molecular mechanisms of how therapeutic mAbs elicit ADAs are not completely clear. Accurate ADA detection is necessary to provide clinicians with sufficient information for patient monitoring and clinical intervention. However, ADA assays present unique challenges because both the analyte and antigen are antibodies, so most assays are cumbersome, costly, time consuming, and lack standardization. This review will discuss aspects related to ADA formation following mAb drug administration. First, we will provide an overview of the prevalence of ADA formation and the available diagnostic tools for their detection. Next, we will review studies that support possible molecular mechanisms causing the formation of ADA. Finally, we will summarize recent approaches used to decrease the propensity of mAbs to induce ADAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vaisman-Mentesh
- George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Brandon J. DeKosky
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Yariv Wine
- George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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37
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Meunier S, de Bourayne M, Hamze M, Azam A, Correia E, Menier C, Maillère B. Specificity of the T Cell Response to Protein Biopharmaceuticals. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1550. [PMID: 32793213 PMCID: PMC7387651 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-drug antibody (ADA) response is an undesired humoral response raised against protein biopharmaceuticals (BPs) which can dramatically disturb their therapeutic properties. One particularity of the ADA response resides in the nature of the immunogens, which are usually human(ized) proteins and are therefore expected to be tolerated. CD4 T cells initiate, maintain and regulate the ADA response and are therefore key players of this immune response. Over the last decade, advances have been made in characterizing the T cell responses developed by patients treated with BPs. Epitope specificity and phenotypes of BP-specific T cells have been reported and highlight the effector and regulatory roles of T cells in the ADA response. BP-specific T cell responses are assessed in healthy subjects to anticipate the immunogenicity of BP prior to their testing in clinical trials. Immunogenicity prediction, also called preclinical immunogenicity assessment, aims at identifying immunogenic BPs and immunogenic BP sequences before any BP injection in humans. All of the approaches that have been developed to date rely on the detection of BP-specific T cells in donors who have never been exposed to BPs. The number of BP-specific T cells circulating in the blood of these donors is therefore limited. T cell assays using cells collected from healthy donors might reveal the weak tolerance induced by BPs, whose endogenous form is expressed at a low level. These BPs have a complete human sequence, but the level of their endogenous form appears insufficient to promote the negative selection of autoreactive T cell clones. Multiple T cell epitopes have also been identified in therapeutic antibodies and some other BPs. The pattern of identified T cell epitopes differs across the antibodies, notwithstanding their humanized, human or chimeric nature. However, in all antibodies, the non-germline amino acid sequences mainly found in the CDRs appear to be the main driver of immunogenicity, provided they can be presented by HLA class II molecules. Considering the fact that the BP field is expanding to include new formats and gene and cell therapies, we face new challenges in understanding and mastering the immunogenicity of new biological products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Meunier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, SIMoS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marie de Bourayne
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, SIMoS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Moustafa Hamze
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, SIMoS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Aurélien Azam
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, SIMoS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Evelyne Correia
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, SIMoS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Catherine Menier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, SIMoS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Bernard Maillère
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, SIMoS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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38
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Jawa V, Terry F, Gokemeijer J, Mitra-Kaushik S, Roberts BJ, Tourdot S, De Groot AS. T-Cell Dependent Immunogenicity of Protein Therapeutics Pre-clinical Assessment and Mitigation-Updated Consensus and Review 2020. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1301. [PMID: 32695107 PMCID: PMC7338774 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune responses to protein and peptide drugs can alter or reduce their efficacy and may be associated with adverse effects. While anti-drug antibodies (ADA) are a standard clinical measure of protein therapeutic immunogenicity, T cell epitopes in the primary sequences of these drugs are the key drivers or modulators of ADA response, depending on the type of T cell response that is stimulated (e.g., T helper or Regulatory T cells, respectively). In a previous publication on T cell-dependent immunogenicity of biotherapeutics, we addressed mitigation efforts such as identifying and reducing the presence of T cell epitopes or T cell response to protein therapeutics prior to further development of the protein therapeutic for clinical use. Over the past 5 years, greater insight into the role of regulatory T cell epitopes and the conservation of T cell epitopes with self (beyond germline) has improved the preclinical assessment of immunogenic potential. In addition, impurities contained in therapeutic drug formulations such as host cell proteins have also attracted attention and become the focus of novel risk assessment methods. Target effects have come into focus, given the emergence of protein and peptide drugs that target immune receptors in immuno-oncology applications. Lastly, new modalities are entering the clinic, leading to the need to revise certain aspects of the preclinical immunogenicity assessment pathway. In addition to drugs that have multiple antibody-derived domains or non-antibody scaffolds, therapeutic drugs may now be introduced via viral vectors, cell-based constructs, or nucleic acid based therapeutics that may, in addition to delivering drug, also prime the immune system, driving immune response to the delivery vehicle as well as the encoded therapeutic, adding to the complexity of assessing immunogenicity risk. While it is challenging to keep pace with emerging methods for the preclinical assessment of protein therapeutics and new biologic therapeutic modalities, this collective compendium provides a guide to current best practices and new concepts in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibha Jawa
- Predictive and Clinical Immunogenicity, PPDM, Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ, United States
| | | | - Jochem Gokemeijer
- Discovery Biotherapeutics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | | | - Sophie Tourdot
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Andover, MA, United States
| | - Anne S De Groot
- EpiVax, Inc., Providence, RI, United States.,Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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39
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Barra C, Ackaert C, Reynisson B, Schockaert J, Jessen LE, Watson M, Jang A, Comtois-Marotte S, Goulet JP, Pattijn S, Paramithiotis E, Nielsen M. Immunopeptidomic Data Integration to Artificial Neural Networks Enhances Protein-Drug Immunogenicity Prediction. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1304. [PMID: 32655572 PMCID: PMC7325480 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant DNA technology has, in the last decades, contributed to a vast expansion of the use of protein drugs as pharmaceutical agents. However, such biological drugs can lead to the formation of anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) that may result in adverse effects, including allergic reactions and compromised therapeutic efficacy. Production of ADAs is most often associated with activation of CD4 T cell responses resulting from proteolysis of the biotherapeutic and loading of drug-specific peptides into major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II on professional antigen-presenting cells. Recently, readouts from MHC-associated peptide proteomics (MAPPs) assays have been shown to correlate with the presence of CD4 T cell epitopes. However, the limited sensitivity of MAPPs challenges its use as an immunogenicity biomarker. In this work, MAPPs data was used to construct an artificial neural network (ANN) model for MHC class II antigen presentation. Using Infliximab and Rituximab as showcase stories, the model demonstrated an unprecedented performance for predicting MAPPs and CD4 T cell epitopes in the context of protein-drug immunogenicity, complementing results from MAPPs assays and outperforming conventional prediction models trained on binding affinity data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Barra
- Immunoinformatics and Machine Learning, DTU Health Technology, Danish Technical University, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Birkir Reynisson
- Immunoinformatics and Machine Learning, DTU Health Technology, Danish Technical University, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Leon Eyrich Jessen
- Immunoinformatics and Machine Learning, DTU Health Technology, Danish Technical University, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Anne Jang
- Caprion Biosciences, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Morten Nielsen
- Immunoinformatics and Machine Learning, DTU Health Technology, Danish Technical University, Lyngby, Denmark
- IIBIO-UNSAM, Universidad Nacional de San Martin, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Walsh RE, Lannan M, Wen Y, Wang X, Moreland CA, Willency J, Knierman MD, Spindler L, Liu L, Zeng W, Rocha GV, Obungu V, Lu J, Kaliyaperumal A, Ferrante A, Siegel R, Malherbe LP. Post-hoc assessment of the immunogenicity of three antibodies reveals distinct immune stimulatory mechanisms. MAbs 2020; 12:1764829. [PMID: 32370596 PMCID: PMC8648324 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1764829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robin E. Walsh
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Megan Lannan
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Yi Wen
- Lilly Biotechnology Center, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Lilly Biotechnology Center, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Jill Willency
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Michael D. Knierman
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Laura Spindler
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ling Liu
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Wei Zeng
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Guilherme V. Rocha
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Victor Obungu
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jirong Lu
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Arunan Kaliyaperumal
- Lilly Biotechnology Center, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Andrea Ferrante
- Lilly Biotechnology Center, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Robert Siegel
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Laurent P. Malherbe
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Peptides identified on monocyte-derived dendritic cells: a marker for clinical immunogenicity to FVIII products. Blood Adv 2020; 3:1429-1440. [PMID: 31053570 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018030452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunogenicity of protein therapeutics is an important safety and efficacy concern during drug development and regulation. Strategies to identify individuals and subpopulations at risk for an undesirable immune response represent an important unmet need. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-associated peptide proteomics (MAPPs) assay directly identifies the presence of peptides derived from a specific protein therapeutic on a donor's MHC class II (MHC-II) proteins. We applied this technique to address several questions related to the use of factor VIII (FVIII) replacement therapy in the treatment of hemophilia A (HA). Although >12 FVIII therapeutics are marketed, most fall into 3 categories: (i) human plasma-derived FVIII (pdFVIII), (ii) full-length (FL)-recombinant FVIII (rFVIII; FL-rFVIII), and (iii) B-domain-deleted rFVIII. Here, we investigated whether there are differences between the FVIII peptides found on the MHC-II proteins of the same individual when incubated with these 3 classes. Based on several observational studies and a prospective, randomized, clinical trial showing that the originally approved rFVIII products may be more immunogenic than the pdFVIII products containing von Willebrand factor (VWF) in molar excess, it has been hypothesized that the pdFVIII molecules yield/present fewer peptides (ie, potential T-cell epitopes). We have experimentally tested this hypothesis and found that dendritic cells from HA patients and healthy donors present fewer FVIII peptides when administered pdFVIII vs FL-rFVIII, despite both containing the same molar VWF excess. Our results support the hypothesis that synthesis of pdFVIII under physiological conditions could result in reduced heterogeneity and/or subtle differences in structure/conformation which, in turn, may result in reduced FVIII proteolytic processing relative to FL-rFVIII.
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Nabhan M, Pallardy M, Turbica I. Immunogenicity of Bioproducts: Cellular Models to Evaluate the Impact of Therapeutic Antibody Aggregates. Front Immunol 2020; 11:725. [PMID: 32431697 PMCID: PMC7214678 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients treated with bioproducts (BPs) frequently develop anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) with potential neutralizing capacities leading to loss of clinical response or potential hypersensitivity reactions. Many factors can influence BP immunogenicity and could be related to the patient, the treatment, as well as to the product itself. Among these latter factors, it is now well accepted that BP aggregation is associated with an increased potential for immunogenicity, as aggregates seem to be correlated with ADA development. Moreover, the presence of high-affinity ADAs suggests a CD4 T-cell dependent adaptive immune response and therefore a pivotal role for antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as dendritic cells (DCs). In this review, we address the in vitro methods developed to evaluate how monoclonal antibodies could trigger the immunization process by focusing on the role of aggregated antibodies in the establishment of this response. In particular, we will present the different cell-based assays that have been used to assess the potential of antibodies and their aggregates to modulate cellular mechanisms leading to activation and the biological parameters (cellular activation markers, proliferation and secreted molecules) that can be measured to evaluate the different cell activation stages and their consequences in the propagation of the immune response. Indeed, the use of such strategies could help evaluate the risk of BP immunogenicity and their role in mitigating this risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Nabhan
- Inserm, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Marc Pallardy
- Inserm, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Isabelle Turbica
- Inserm, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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Karle AC. Applying MAPPs Assays to Assess Drug Immunogenicity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:698. [PMID: 32373128 PMCID: PMC7186346 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunogenicity against biotherapeutic proteins (BPs) and the potential outcome for the patient are difficult to predict. In vitro assays that can help to assess the immunogenic potential of BPs are not yet used routinely during drug development. MAPPs (MHC-associated peptide proteomics) is one of the assays best characterized regarding its value for immunogenicity potential assessment. This review is focusing on recent studies that have employed human HLA class II-MAPPs assays to rank biotherapeutic candidates, investigate clinical immunogenicity, and understand mechanistic root causes of immunogenicity. Advantages and challenges of the technology are discussed as well as the different areas of application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette C Karle
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
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Høglund RA, Bremel RD, Homan EJ, Torsetnes SB, Lossius A, Holmøy T. CD4 + T Cells in the Blood of MS Patients Respond to Predicted Epitopes From B cell Receptors Found in Spinal Fluid. Front Immunol 2020; 11:598. [PMID: 32328067 PMCID: PMC7160327 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
B cells are important pathogenic players in multiple sclerosis (MS), but their exact role is not known. We have previously demonstrated that B cells from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of MS patients can activate T cells that specifically recognize antigenic determinants (idiotopes) from their B cell receptors (BCRs). The aim of this study was to evaluate whether in silico prediction models could identify antigenic idiotopes of immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable (IGHV) transcriptomes in MS patients. We utilized a previously assembled dataset of CSF IGHV repertoires from MS patients. To guide selection of potential antigenic idiotopes, we used in silico predicted HLA-DR affinity, endosomal processing, as well as transcript frequency from nine MS patients. Idiotopes with predicted low affinity and low likelihood of cathepsins cleavage were inert controls. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from these patients were stimulated with the selected idiotope peptides in presence of anti-CD40 for 12 h. T cells were then labeled for activation status with anti-CD154 antibodies and CD3+CD4+ T cells phenotyped as memory (CD45RO+) or naïve (CD45RO-), with potential for brain migration (CXCR3 and/or CCR6 expression). Anti-CD14 and -CD8 were utilized to exclude monocytes and CD8+ T cells. Unstimulated cells or insulin peptides were negative controls, and EBNA-1 peptides or CD3/CD28 beads were positive controls. The mean proportion of responding memory CD4+ T cells from all nine MS patients was significantly higher for idiotope peptides with predicted high HLA-DR affinity and high likelihood of cathepsin cleavage, than toward predicted inert peptides. Responses were mainly observed toward peptides affiliated with the CDR3 region. Activated memory CD4+ T cells expressed the chemokine receptor CCR6, affiliated with a Th17 phenotype and allowing passage into the central nervous system (CNS). This in vitro study suggests that that antigenic properties of BCR idiotopes can be identified in silico using HLA affinity and endosomal processing predictions. It further indicates that MS patients have a memory T cell repertoire capable of recognizing frequent BCR idiotopes found in endogenous CSF, and that these T cells express chemokine receptors allowing them to reach the CSF B cells expressing these idiotopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune A. Høglund
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen), Medical Division, Akershus University Hospital and University of Oslo, Lørenskog, Norway
| | | | | | - Silje Bøen Torsetnes
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen), Medical Division, Akershus University Hospital and University of Oslo, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Andreas Lossius
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trygve Holmøy
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Hamrouni S, Bras-Gonçalves R, Kidar A, Aoun K, Chamakh-Ayari R, Petitdidier E, Messaoudi Y, Pagniez J, Lemesre JL, Meddeb-Garnaoui A. Design of multi-epitope peptides containing HLA class-I and class-II-restricted epitopes derived from immunogenic Leishmania proteins, and evaluation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses induced in cured cutaneous leishmaniasis subjects. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008093. [PMID: 32176691 PMCID: PMC7098648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human leishmaniasis is a public health problem worldwide for which the development of a vaccine remains a challenge. T cell-mediated immune responses are crucial for protection. Peptide vaccines based on the identification of immunodominant T cell epitopes able to induce T cell specific immune responses constitute a promising strategy. Here, we report the identification of human leukocyte antigen class-I (HLA-I) and -II (HLA-II)-restricted multi-epitope peptides from Leishmania proteins that we have previously described as vaccine candidates. Promastigote Surface Antigen (PSA), LmlRAB (L. major large RAB GTPase) and Histone (H2B) were screened, in silico, for T cell epitopes. 6 HLA-I and 5 HLA-II-restricted multi-epitope peptides, able to bind to the most frequent HLA molecules, were designed and used as pools to stimulate PBMCs from individuals with healed cutaneous leishmaniasis. IFN-γ, IL-10, TNF-α and granzyme B (GrB) production was evaluated by ELISA/CBA. The frequency of IFN-γ-producing T cells was quantified by ELISpot. T cells secreting cytokines and memory T cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. 16 of 25 peptide pools containing HLA-I, HLA-II or HLA-I and -II peptides were able to induce specific and significant IFN-γ levels. No IL-10 was detected. 6 peptide pools were selected among those inducing the highest IFN-γ levels for further characterization. 3/6 pools were able to induce a significant increase of the percentages of CD4+IFN-γ+, CD8+IFN-γ+ and CD4+GrB+ T cells. The same pools also induced a significant increase of the percentages of bifunctional IFN-γ+/TNF-α+CD4+ and/or central memory T cells. We identified highly promiscuous HLA-I and -II restricted epitope combinations from H2B, PSA and LmlRAB proteins that stimulate both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses in recovered individuals. These multi-epitope peptides could be used as potential components of a polytope vaccine for human leishmaniasis. The control of leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical disease of public health importance, caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania, mainly relies on chemotherapy, which is highly toxic. Currently, there is no vaccine against human leishmaniasis. Peptide-based vaccines consisting of T cell epitopes identified within proteins of interest by epitope predictive algorithms are a promising strategy for vaccine development. Here, we identified multi-epitope peptides composed of HLA-I and -II-restricted epitopes, using immunoinformatic tools, within Leishmania proteins previously described as potential vaccine candidates. We showed that multi-epitope peptides used as pools were able to activate IFN-γ producing CD4+ as well as CD8+ T cells, both required for parasite elimination. In addition, granzyme B-producing CD4+ T cells, bifunctional CD4+ IFN-γ+/TNF-α+ and/or TNF-α+/IL-2+ T cells as well as CD4+ and CD8+ central memory T cells, all involved in Leishmania infection control, were significantly increased in response to multi-epitope peptide stimulation. As far as we know, no study has described the detection of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell populations in response to stimulation by both HLA-I and II-restricted peptides in humans. The immunogenic HLA-I and -II-restricted multi-epitope peptides identified in this study could constitute potential vaccine candidates against human leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarra Hamrouni
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Médicale, Biotechnologie et Biomolécules, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisie
- Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, Tunis, Tunisie
- UMR INTERTRYP, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Karim Aoun
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Médicale, Biotechnologie et Biomolécules, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Rym Chamakh-Ayari
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Médicale, Biotechnologie et Biomolécules, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisie
- Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Elodie Petitdidier
- UMR INTERTRYP, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Yasmine Messaoudi
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Médicale, Biotechnologie et Biomolécules, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisie
- Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, Tunis, Tunisie
- UMR INTERTRYP, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Julie Pagniez
- UMR INTERTRYP, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Loup Lemesre
- UMR INTERTRYP, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Amel Meddeb-Garnaoui
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Médicale, Biotechnologie et Biomolécules, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisie
- * E-mail:
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Paul S, Grifoni A, Peters B, Sette A. Major Histocompatibility Complex Binding, Eluted Ligands, and Immunogenicity: Benchmark Testing and Predictions. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3151. [PMID: 32117208 PMCID: PMC7012937 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Antidrug antibody (ADA) responses impact drug safety, potency, and efficacy. It is generally assumed that ADA responses are associated with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II-restricted CD4+ T-cell reactivity. Although this review does not address ADA responses per se, the analysis presented here is relevant to the topic, because measuring or predicting CD4+ T-cell reactivity is a common strategy to address ADA and immunogenicity concerns. Because human CD4+ T-cell reactivity relies on the recognition of peptides bound to HLA class II, prediction, or measurement of the capacity of different peptides to bind or be natural ligands of HLA class II is used as a predictor of CD4+ T-cell reactivity and ADA development. Thus, three different interconnected variables are commonly utilized in predicting T-cell reactivity: major histocompatibility complex (MHC) binding, capacity to be generated as natural HLA ligands, and T-cell immunogenicity. To provide the scientific community with guidance in the relative merit of different approaches, it is necessary to clearly define what outcomes are being considered. Thus, the accuracy of HLA binding predictions varies as a function of what the outcome predicted is, whether it is binding itself, natural processing, or T-cell immunogenicity. Furthermore, it is necessary that the accuracy of prediction is based on rigorous benchmarking, grounded by fair, objective, transparent, and experimental criteria. In this review, we provide our perspective on how different variables and methodologies predict each of the various outcomes and point out knowledge gaps and areas to be addressed by further experimental work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinu Paul
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Bjoern Peters
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
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Stickler M, Reddy A, Xiong JM, Wong MH, Akamatsu Y, Hinton PR, Harding FA. Design, creation and in vitro testing of a reduced immunogenicity humanized anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody that retains functional activity. Protein Eng Des Sel 2019; 32:543-554. [PMID: 32725169 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzaa017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Humanized and fully human sequence-derived therapeutic antibodies retain the capacity to induce anti-drug antibodies. Daclizumab (humanized version of the murine anti-Tac antibody; E.HAT) was selected for a proof of concept application of engineering approaches to reduce potential immunogenicity due to its demonstrated immunogenicity in the clinic. Reduced immunogenicity variants of E.HAT were created by identifying and modifying a CD4+ T cell epitope region in the VH region. Variant epitope region peptides were selected for their reduced capacity to induce CD4+ T cell proliferative responses in vitro. Variant antibody molecules were created, and CD25 affinity and potency were similar to the unmodified parent antibody. Fab fragments from the variant antibodies induced a lower frequency and magnitude of responses in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells proliferation tests. By the empirical selection of two amino acid mutations, fully functional humanized E.HAT antibodies with reduced potential to induce immune responses in vitro were created.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul R Hinton
- Formerly of AbbVie, Redwood City, CA, USA.,IGM Biosciences, Mountain View, CA, USA
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48
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Current In Vitro Assays for Prediction of T Cell Mediated Immunogenicity of Biotherapeutics and Manufacturing Impurities. J Pharm Innov 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-019-09412-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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49
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Impact of human sequences in variable domains of therapeutic antibodies on the location of CD4 T-cell epitopes. Cell Mol Immunol 2019; 17:656-658. [PMID: 31659246 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0304-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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50
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Joh NH, Thomas L, Christian TR, Verlinsky A, Jiao N, Allotta N, Jawa V, Cao S, Narhi LO, Joubert MK. Silicone Oil Particles in Prefilled Syringes With Human Monoclonal Antibody, Representative of Real-World Drug Products, Did Not Increase Immunogenicity in In Vivo and In Vitro Model Systems. J Pharm Sci 2019; 109:845-853. [PMID: 31628922 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Silicone oil is a lubricant for prefilled syringes (PFS), a common primary container for biotherapeutics. Silicone oil particles (SiOP) shed from PFS are a concern for patients due to their potential for increased immunogenicity and therefore also of regulatory concern. To address the safety concern in a context of manufacturing and distribution of drug product (DP), SiOP was increased (up to ∼25,000 particles/mL) in PFS filled with mAb1, a fully human antibody drug, by simulated handling of DP mimicked by drop shock. These samples are characterized in a companion report (Jiao N et al. J Pharm Sci. 2020). The risk of immunogenicity was then assessed using in vitro and in vivo immune model systems. The impact of a common DP excipient, polysorbate 80, on both the formation and biological consequences of SiOP was also tested. SiOP was found associated with (1) minimal cytokine secretion from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, (2) no response in cell lines that report NF-κB/AP-1 signaling, and (3) no antidrug antibodies or significant cytokine production in transgenic Xeno-het mice, whether or not mAb1 or polysorbate 80 was present. These results suggest that SiOP in mAb1, representative of real-world DP in PFS, poses no increased risk of immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Nancy Jiao
- Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | | | - Vibha Jawa
- Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Shawn Cao
- Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320
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