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Silva TF, Detoni MB, Concato-Lopes VM, Tomiotto-Pellissier F, Miranda-Sapla MM, Bortoleti BTDS, Gonçalves MD, Rodrigues ACJ, Sanfelice RA, Cruz EMS, Silva MSDS, Carloto ACM, Bidoia DL, Costa IN, Pavanelli WR, Conchon-Costa I. Leishmania amazonensis infection regulates oxidate stress in hyperglycemia and diabetes impairing macrophage's function and immune response. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167078. [PMID: 38364941 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a group of infectious diseases caused by protozoa of the Leishmania genus and its immunopathogenesis results from an unbalanced immune response during the infection. Diabetes is a chronic disease resulting from dysfunction of the body's production of insulin or the ability to use it properly, leading to hyperglycemia causing tissue damage and impairing the immune system. AIMS The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of hyperglycemia and diabetes during Leishmania amazonensis infection and how these conditions alter the immune response to the parasite. METHODS An in vitro hyperglycemic stimulus model using THP-1-derived macrophages and an in vivo experimental diabetes with streptozotocin (STZ) in C57BL/6 mice was employed to investigate the impact of diabetes and hyperglicemia in Leishmania amazonensis infection. RESULTS We observed that hyperglycemia impair the leishmanicidal capacity of macrophages derived from THP-1 cells and reverse the resistance profile that C57BL/6 mice have against infection by L. amazonensis, inducing more exacerbated lesions compared to non-diabetic animals. In addition, the hyperglycemic stimulus favored the increase of markers related to the phenotype of M2 macrophages. The induction of experimental diabetes in C57BL/6 mice resulted in a failure in the production of nitric oxide (NO) in the face of infection and macrophages from diabetic animals failed to process and present Leishmania antigens, being unable to activate and induce proliferation of antigen-specific lymphocytes. CONCLUSION Together, these data demonstrate that diabetes and hyperglycemia can impair the cellular immune response, mainly of macrophages, against infection by parasites of the genus Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylon Felipe Silva
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer (LIDNC), State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
| | - Mariana Barbosa Detoni
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer (LIDNC), State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Virgínia Márcia Concato-Lopes
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer (LIDNC), State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Tomiotto-Pellissier
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer (LIDNC), State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil; Department of Medical Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Milena Menegazzo Miranda-Sapla
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer (LIDNC), State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vale do Itajaí, Itajaí, SC, Brazil
| | - Bruna Taciane da Silva Bortoleti
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer (LIDNC), State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, United States
| | - Manoela Daiele Gonçalves
- Biotransformation and Phytochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Jacob Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer (LIDNC), State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil; Biosciences and Biotechnology Graduate Program, Carlos Chagas Institute (ICC), Fiocruz, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Raquel Arruda Sanfelice
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer (LIDNC), State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Ellen Mayara Souza Cruz
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer (LIDNC), State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Maria Stacy Dos Santos Silva
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer (LIDNC), State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Amanda Cristina Machado Carloto
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer (LIDNC), State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Danielle Lazarin Bidoia
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer (LIDNC), State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Idessania Nazareth Costa
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer (LIDNC), State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Wander Rogério Pavanelli
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer (LIDNC), State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Ivete Conchon-Costa
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer (LIDNC), State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
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Bonhomme D, Santecchia I, Escoll P, Papadopoulos S, Vernel-Pauillac F, Boneca IG, Werts C. Leptospiral lipopolysaccharide dampens inflammation through upregulation of autophagy adaptor p62 and NRF2 signaling in macrophages. Microbes Infect 2024; 26:105274. [PMID: 38081475 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2023.105274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Leptospira interrogans are pathogenic bacteria responsible for leptospirosis, a worldwide zoonosis. All vertebrates can be infected, and some species like humans are susceptible to the disease whereas rodents such as mice are resistant and become asymptomatic renal carriers. Leptospires are stealth bacteria that are known to escape several immune recognition pathways and resist killing mechanisms. We recently published that leptospires may survive intracellularly in and exit macrophages, avoiding xenophagy, a pathogen-targeting form of autophagy. Interestingly, the latter is one of the antimicrobial mechanisms often highjacked by bacteria to evade the host immune response. In this study we explored whether leptospires subvert the key molecular players of autophagy to facilitate infection. We showed in macrophages that leptospires triggered a specific accumulation of autophagy-adaptor p62 in puncta-like structures, without altering autophagic flux. We demonstrated that Leptospira-induced p62 accumulation is a passive mechanism depending on the leptospiral virulence factor LPS signaling via TLR4/TLR2. p62 is a central pleiotropic protein, also mediating cell stress and death, via the translocation of transcription factors. We demonstrated that Leptospira-driven accumulation of p62 induced the translocation of transcription factor NRF2, a key player in the anti-oxidant response. However, NRF2 translocation upon Leptospira infection did not result as expected in antioxydant response, but dampened the production of inflammatory mediators such as iNOS/NO, TNF and IL6. Overall, these findings highlight a novel passive bacterial mechanism linked to LPS and p62/NRF2 signaling that decreases inflammation and contributes to the stealthiness of leptospires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Bonhomme
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, INSERM U1306, Unité de Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France
| | - Ignacio Santecchia
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, INSERM U1306, Unité de Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France
| | - Pedro Escoll
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, Unité Biologie des Bactéries Intracellulaires, Paris, France
| | - Stylianos Papadopoulos
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, INSERM U1306, Unité de Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France
| | - Frédérique Vernel-Pauillac
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, INSERM U1306, Unité de Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France
| | - Ivo G Boneca
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, INSERM U1306, Unité de Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Werts
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, INSERM U1306, Unité de Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France.
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de Araújo SA, Silva CMP, Costa CS, Ferreira CSC, Ribeiro HS, da Silva Lima A, Quintino da Rocha C, Calabrese KDS, Abreu-Silva AL, Almeida-Souza F. Leishmanicidal and immunomodulatory activity of Terminalia catappa in Leishmania amazonensisin vitro infection. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24622. [PMID: 38312642 PMCID: PMC10835263 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniases are infectious-parasitic diseases that impact public health around the world. Antileishmanial drugs presented toxicity and increase in parasitic resistance. Studies with natural products show an alternative to this effect, and several metabolites have demonstrated potential in the treatment of various diseases. Terminalia catappa is a plant species with promising pharmaceutical properties. The objective of this work was to evaluate the therapeutic potential of extracts and fractions of T. catappa on Leishmania amazonensis and investigate the immunomodulatory mechanisms associated with its action. In anti-Leishmania assays, the ethyl acetate fraction exhibited activity against promastigotes (IC50 86.07 ± 1.09 μg/mL) and low cytotoxicity (CC50 517.70 ± 1.68 μg/mL). The ethyl acetate fraction also inhibited the intracellular parasite (IC50 25.74 ± 1.08 μg/mL) with a selectivity index of 20.11. Treatment with T. catappa ethyl acetate fraction did not alter nitrite production by peritoneal macrophages stimulated with L. amazonensis, although there was a decrease in unstimulated macrophages treated at 50 μg/mL (p = 0.0048). The T. catappa ethyl acetate fraction at 100 μg/mL increased TNF-α levels (p = 0.0238) and downregulated HO-1 (p = 0.0030) and ferritin (p = 0.0002) gene expression in L. amazonensis-stimulated macrophages. Additionally, the total flavonoid and ellagic acid content for ethyl acetate fraction was 13.41 ± 1.86 mg QE/g and 79.25 mg/g, respectively. In conclusion, the T. catappa ethyl acetate fraction showed leishmanicidal activity against different forms of L. amazonensis and displayed immunomodulatory mechanisms, including TNF-α production and expression of pro and antioxidant genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Alves de Araújo
- Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, 65080-805, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Aldilene da Silva Lima
- Laboratório de Química dos Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 65080-805, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Quintino da Rocha
- Laboratório de Química dos Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 65080-805, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Kátia da Silva Calabrese
- Laboratório de Protozoologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, 21041-250, Brazil
| | - Ana Lucia Abreu-Silva
- Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, 65080-805, Brazil
- Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, São Luís, 65055-310, Brazil
- Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, São Luís, 65055-310, Brazil
| | - Fernando Almeida-Souza
- Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, São Luís, 65055-310, Brazil
- Laboratório de Protozoologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, 21041-250, Brazil
- Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, São Luís, 65055-310, Brazil
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dos Santos JV, Medina JM, Dias Teixeira KL, Agostinho DMJ, Chorev M, Diotallevi A, Galluzzi L, Aktas BH, Gazos Lopes U. Activity of the Di-Substituted Urea-Derived Compound I-17 in Leishmania In Vitro Infections. Pathogens 2024; 13:104. [PMID: 38392842 PMCID: PMC10893125 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13020104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein synthesis has been a very rich target for developing drugs to control prokaryotic and eukaryotic pathogens. Despite the development of new drug formulations, treating human cutaneous and visceral Leishmaniasis still needs significant improvements due to the considerable side effects and low adherence associated with the current treatment regimen. In this work, we show that the di-substituted urea-derived compounds I-17 and 3m are effective in inhibiting the promastigote growth of different Leishmania species and reducing the macrophage intracellular load of amastigotes of the Leishmania (L.) amazonensis and L. major species, in addition to exhibiting low macrophage cytotoxicity. We also show a potential immunomodulatory effect of I-17 and 3m in infected macrophages, which exhibited increased expression of inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS2) and production of Nitric Oxide (NO). Our data indicate that I-17, 3m, and their analogs may be helpful in developing new drugs for treating leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Vitorino dos Santos
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (J.V.d.S.); (J.M.M.); (D.M.J.A.)
| | - Jorge Mansur Medina
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (J.V.d.S.); (J.M.M.); (D.M.J.A.)
| | | | - Daniel Marcos Julio Agostinho
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (J.V.d.S.); (J.M.M.); (D.M.J.A.)
| | - Michael Chorev
- Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Aurora Diotallevi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy; (A.D.)
| | - Luca Galluzzi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy; (A.D.)
| | - Bertal Huseyin Aktas
- Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Ulisses Gazos Lopes
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (J.V.d.S.); (J.M.M.); (D.M.J.A.)
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Kot K, Kupnicka P, Tarnowski M, Tomasiak P, Kosik-Bogacka D, Łanocha-Arendarczyk N. The role of apoptosis and oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of Acanthamoeba spp. infection in the kidneys of hosts with different immunological status. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:445. [PMID: 38041167 PMCID: PMC10693070 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-06052-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acanthamoeba spp. are opportunistic pathogens that cause inflammation, mostly in the brain, lungs and cornea. Recent reports indicate kidney dysfunction in hosts with systemic acanthamoebiasis. The aim of the study was to analyze the gene expression and protein concentration of NADPH oxidase 2 and 4 (NOX2 and NOX4, respectively) and nuclear erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) in the kidneys of hosts with systemic acanthamoebiasis. We also aimed to determine the protein and gene expressions of Bcl2, Bax, caspases 3 and 9. METHODS Mice were divided into four groups based on their immunological status and Acanthamoeba sp. infection: A, immunocompetent Acanthamoeba sp.-infected mice; AS, immunosuppressed Acanthamoeba sp.- infected mice; C, immunocompetent uninfected mice; CS, immunosuppressed uninfected mice. NOX2, NOX4 and Nrf2 were analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) and ELISA methods, while pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins (Bax and Bcl-2, respectively), Cas9, Cas3 were analyzed by qRT-PCR and western blot methods. RESULTS: Increased gene expression and/or protein concentration of NOX2 and NOX4 were found in both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed mice infected with Acanthamoeba sp. (groups A and AS, respectively). Gene expression and/or protein concentration of Nrf2 were higher in group A than in control animals. Compared to control mice, in the AS group the expression of the Nrf2 gene was upregulated while the concentration of Nrf2 protein was decreased. Additionally in A group, higher gene and protein expression of Bcl-2, and lower gene as well as protein expression of Bax, caspases 3 and 9 were noted. In contrast, the AS group showed lower gene and protein expression of Bcl-2, and higher gene as well as protein expression of Bax, caspases 3 and 9. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to address the mechanisms occurring in the kidneys of hosts infected with Acanthamoeba sp. The contact of Acanthamoeba sp. with the host cell surface and/or the oxidative burst caused by elevated levels of NOXs lead to an antioxidant response enhanced by the Nrf2 pathway. Acanthamoeba sp. have various strategies concerning apoptosis. In immunocompetent hosts, amoebae inhibit the apoptosis of kidney cells, and in immunosuppressed hosts, they lead to increased apoptosis by the intrinsic pathway and thus to a more severe course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Kot
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Patrycja Kupnicka
- Department of Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Maciej Tarnowski
- Department of Physiology in Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Patrycja Tomasiak
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Danuta Kosik-Bogacka
- Independent Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Botany, Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
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Challapa-Mamani MR, Tomás-Alvarado E, Espinoza-Baigorria A, León-Figueroa DA, Sah R, Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Barboza JJ. Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulations in Related to Leishmania donovani: An Update and Literature Review. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:457. [PMID: 37888585 PMCID: PMC10610989 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8100457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis, a disease caused by Leishmania parasites and transmitted via sandflies, presents in two main forms: cutaneous and visceral, the latter being more severe. With 0.7 to 1 million new cases each year, primarily in Brazil, diagnosing remains challenging due to diverse disease manifestations. Traditionally, the identification of Leishmania species is inferred from clinical and epidemiological data. Advances in disease management depend on technological progress and the improvement of parasite identification programs. Current treatments, despite the high incidence, show limited efficacy due to factors like cost, toxicity, and lengthy regimens causing poor adherence and resistance development. Diagnostic techniques have improved but a significant gap remains between scientific progress and application in endemic areas. Complete genomic sequence knowledge of Leishmania allows for the identification of therapeutic targets. With the aid of computational tools, testing, searching, and detecting affinity in molecular docking are optimized, and strategies that assess advantages among different options are developed. The review focuses on the use of molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation for drug development. It also discusses the limitations and advancements of current treatments, emphasizing the importance of new techniques in improving disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabel R. Challapa-Mamani
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Cesar Vallejo, Trujillo 13007, Peru;
- Sociedad Científica de Estudiantes de Medicina de la Universidad César Vallejo, Trujillo 13007, Peru
| | - Eduardo Tomás-Alvarado
- Hospital General Regional 17, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Cancún 75533, Mexico;
| | | | | | - Ranjit Sah
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal;
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune 411018, Maharashtra, India
| | - Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima 150152, Peru;
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut 350000, Lebanon
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7
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de Moraes L, Santos LA, Arruda LB, da Silva MDPP, Silva MDO, Silva JAG, Ramos A, dos Santos MB, Torres FG, Orge C, Teixeira AMDS, Vieira TS, Ramírez L, Soto M, Grassi MFR, de Siqueira IC, Costa DL, Costa CHN, Andrade BDB, Akrami K, de Oliveira CI, Boaventura VS, Barral-Netto M, Barral A, Vandamme AM, Van Weyenbergh J, Khouri R. High seroprevalence of Leishmania infantum is linked to immune activation in people with HIV: a two-stage cross-sectional study in Bahia, Brazil. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1221682. [PMID: 37601355 PMCID: PMC10436095 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1221682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is an opportunistic disease in HIV-1 infected individuals, unrecognized as a determining factor for AIDS diagnosis. The growing geographical overlap of HIV-1 and Leishmania infections is an emerging challenge worldwide, as co-infection increases morbidity and mortality for both infections. Here, we determined the prevalence of people living with HIV (PWH) with a previous or ongoing infection by Leishmania infantum and investigated the virological and immunological factors associated with co-infection. We adopted a two-stage cross-sectional cohort (CSC) design (CSC-I, n = 5,346 and CSC-II, n = 317) of treatment-naïve HIV-1-infected individuals in Bahia, Brazil. In CSC-I, samples collected between 1998 and 2013 were used for serological screening for leishmaniasis by an in-house Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) with SLA (Soluble Leishmania infantum Antigen), resulting in a prevalence of previous or ongoing infection of 16.27%. Next, 317 PWH were prospectively recruited from July 2014 to December 2015 with the collection of sociodemographic and clinical data. Serological validation by two different immunoassays confirmed a prevalence of 15.46 and 8.20% by anti-SLA, and anti-HSP70 serology, respectively, whereas 4.73% were double-positive (DP). Stratification of these 317 individuals in DP and double-negative (DN) revealed a significant reduction of CD4+ counts and CD4+/CD8+ ratios and a tendency of increased viral load in the DP group, as compared to DN. No statistical differences in HIV-1 subtype distribution were observed between the two groups. However, we found a significant increase of CXCL10 (p = 0.0076) and a tendency of increased CXCL9 (p = 0.061) in individuals with DP serology, demonstrating intensified immune activation in this group. These findings were corroborated at the transcriptome level in independent Leishmania- and HIV-1-infected cohorts (Swiss HIV Cohort and Piaui Northeast Brazil Cohort), indicating that CXCL10 transcripts are shared by the IFN-dominated immune activation gene signatures of both pathogens and positively correlated to viral load in untreated PWH. This study demonstrated a high prevalence of PWH with L. infantum seropositivity in Bahia, Brazil, linked to IFN-mediated immune activation and a significant decrease in CD4+ levels. Our results highlight the urgent need to increase awareness and define public health strategies for the management and prevention of HIV-1 and L. infantum co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laise de Moraes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Luciane Amorim Santos
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
- Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Liã Bárbara Arruda
- Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Márcio de Oliveira Silva
- Centro Estadual Especializado em Diagnóstico, Assistência e Pesquisa, Secretaria de Saúde do Estado da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - José Adriano Góes Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
- Centro Estadual Especializado em Diagnóstico, Assistência e Pesquisa, Secretaria de Saúde do Estado da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - André Ramos
- Centro Estadual Especializado em Diagnóstico, Assistência e Pesquisa, Secretaria de Saúde do Estado da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | | | - Cibele Orge
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | | | - Laura Ramírez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Soto
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Fernanda Rios Grassi
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
- Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Dorcas Lamounier Costa
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Instituto de Doenças Tropicais Natan Portella, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique Nery Costa
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Instituto de Doenças Tropicais Natan Portella, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Bruno de Bezerril Andrade
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
- Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Kevan Akrami
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Camila Indiani de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
- Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Viviane Sampaio Boaventura
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
- Hospital Santa Izabel, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Manoel Barral-Netto
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Aldina Barral
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Anne-Mieke Vandamme
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Johan Van Weyenbergh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ricardo Khouri
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium
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8
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Panzer B, Kopp CW, Neumayer C, Koppensteiner R, Jozkowicz A, Poledniczek M, Gremmel T, Jilma B, Wadowski PP. Toll-like Receptors as Pro-Thrombotic Drivers in Viral Infections: A Narrative Review. Cells 2023; 12:1865. [PMID: 37508529 PMCID: PMC10377790 DOI: 10.3390/cells12141865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have a critical role in the pathogenesis and disease course of viral infections. The induced pro-inflammatory responses result in the disturbance of the endovascular surface layer and impair vascular homeostasis. The injury of the vessel wall further promotes pro-thrombotic and pro-coagulatory processes, eventually leading to micro-vessel plugging and tissue necrosis. Moreover, TLRs have a direct role in the sensing of viruses and platelet activation. TLR-mediated upregulation of von Willebrand factor release and neutrophil, as well as macrophage extra-cellular trap formation, further contribute to (micro-) thrombotic processes during inflammation. The following review focuses on TLR signaling pathways of TLRs expressed in humans provoking pro-thrombotic responses, which determine patient outcome during viral infections, especially in those with cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Panzer
- Department of Cardiology, Wilhelminenspital, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph W Kopp
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Neumayer
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Koppensteiner
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alicja Jozkowicz
- Faculty of Biophysics, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Michael Poledniczek
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Gremmel
- Institute of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy and Interventional Cardiology, Karl Landsteiner Society, 3100 St. Pölten, Austria
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Landesklinikum Mistelbach-Gänserndorf, 2130 Mistelbach, Austria
| | - Bernd Jilma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Patricia P Wadowski
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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9
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Hammad M, Raftari M, Cesário R, Salma R, Godoy P, Emami SN, Haghdoost S. Roles of Oxidative Stress and Nrf2 Signaling in Pathogenic and Non-Pathogenic Cells: A Possible General Mechanism of Resistance to Therapy. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1371. [PMID: 37507911 PMCID: PMC10376708 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The coordinating role of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in cellular function is undeniable. Evidence indicates that this transcription factor exerts massive regulatory functions in multiple signaling pathways concerning redox homeostasis and xenobiotics, macromolecules, and iron metabolism. Being the master regulator of antioxidant system, Nrf2 controls cellular fate, influencing cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, resistance to therapy, and senescence processes, as well as infection disease success. Because Nrf2 is the key coordinator of cell defence mechanisms, dysregulation of its signaling has been associated with carcinogenic phenomena and infectious and age-related diseases. Deregulation of this cytoprotective system may also interfere with immune response. Oxidative burst, one of the main microbicidal mechanisms, could be impaired during the initial phagocytosis of pathogens, which could lead to the successful establishment of infection and promote susceptibility to infectious diseases. There is still a knowledge gap to fill regarding the molecular mechanisms by which Nrf2 orchestrates such complex networks involving multiple pathways. This review describes the role of Nrf2 in non-pathogenic and pathogenic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Hammad
- University of Caen Normandy, UMR6252 CIMAP/ARIA, GANIL, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Mohammad Raftari
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rute Cesário
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rima Salma
- University of Caen Normandy, UMR6252 CIMAP/ARIA, GANIL, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Paulo Godoy
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Noushin Emami
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, London ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Siamak Haghdoost
- University of Caen Normandy, UMR6252 CIMAP/ARIA, GANIL, 14000 Caen, France
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- Advanced Resource Center for HADrontherapy in Europe (ARCHADE), 14000 Caen, France
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10
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Leary E, Anderson ET, Keyes JK, Huskie TR, Blake DJ, Miller KA. Improved synthesis of deoxyalpinoid B and quantification of antileishmanial activity of deoxyalpinoid B and sulforaphane. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 78:117136. [PMID: 36565668 PMCID: PMC9903332 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.117136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The total synthesis and antileishmanial activity of deoxyalpinoid B is reported via a cationic gold-catalyzed Meyer-Schuster rearrangement. The activity of deoxyalpinoid B and a known inducer of oxidative stress, sulforaphane, against Leishmania donovani and Leishmania infantatum are both reported for the first time. Both compounds exhibit potent antileishmanial activity against both species. We hypothesize that the activation of intracellular oxidative stress is a key molecular response for the inhibition of Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Leary
- Department of Biology, Fort Lewis College, 1000 Rim Drive, Durango, CO 81301, United States
| | - Ethan T Anderson
- Department of Biology, Fort Lewis College, 1000 Rim Drive, Durango, CO 81301, United States
| | - Jasmine K Keyes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fort Lewis College, 1000 Rim Drive, Durango, CO 81301, United States
| | - Tristan R Huskie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fort Lewis College, 1000 Rim Drive, Durango, CO 81301, United States
| | - David J Blake
- Department of Biology, Fort Lewis College, 1000 Rim Drive, Durango, CO 81301, United States
| | - Kenneth A Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fort Lewis College, 1000 Rim Drive, Durango, CO 81301, United States.
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11
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Toll-Like Receptor 3 (TLR3) Is Engaged in the Intracellular Survival of the Protozoan Parasite Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0032422. [PMID: 35993771 PMCID: PMC9476911 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00324-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Leishmania (L.) amazonensis infects and replicates inside host macrophages due to subversion of the innate host cell response. In the present study, we demonstrate that TLR3 is required for the intracellular growth of L. (L.) amazonensis. We observed restricted intracellular infection of TLR3-/- mouse macrophages, reduced levels of IFN1β and IL-10, and increased levels of IL-12 upon L. (L.) amazonensis infection, compared with their wild-type counterparts. Accordingly, in vivo infection of TLR3-/- mice with L. (L.) amazonensis displayed a significant reduction in lesion size. Leishmania (L.) amazonensis infection induced TLR3 proteolytic cleavage, which is a process required for TLR3 signaling. The chemical inhibition of TLR3 cleavage or infection by CPB-deficient mutant L. (L.) mexicana resulted in reduced parasite load and restricted the expression of IFN1β and IL-10. Furthermore, we show that the dsRNA sensor molecule PKR (dsRNA-activated protein kinase) cooperates with TLR3 signaling to potentiate the expression of IL-10 and IFN1β and parasite survival. Altogether, our results show that TLR3 signaling is engaged during L. (L.) amazonensis infection and this component of innate immunity modulates the host cell response.
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12
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Endoplasmic Stress Affects the Coinfection of Leishmania Amazonensis and the Phlebovirus (Bunyaviridae) Icoaraci. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091948. [PMID: 36146755 PMCID: PMC9503334 DOI: 10.3390/v14091948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral coinfections can modulate the severity of parasitic diseases, such as human cutaneous leishmaniasis. Leishmania parasites infect thousands of people worldwide and cause from single cutaneous self-healing lesions to massive mucosal destructive lesions. The transmission to vertebrates requires the bite of Phlebotomine sandflies, which can also transmit Phlebovirus. We have demonstrated that Leishmania infection requires and triggers the Endoplasmic stress (ER stress) response in infected macrophages. In the present paper, we tested the hypothesis that ER stress is increased and required for the aggravation of Leishmania infection due to coinfection with Phlebovirus. We demonstrated that Phlebovirus Icoaraci induces the ER stress program in macrophages mediated by the branches IRE/XBP1 and PERK/ATF4. The coinfection with L. amazonensis potentiates and sustains the ER stress, and the inhibition of IRE1α or PERK results in poor viral replication and decreased parasite load in macrophages. Importantly, we observed an increase in viral replication during the coinfection with Leishmania. Our results demonstrated the role of ER stress branches IRE1/XBP1 and PERK/ATF4 in the synergic effect on the Leishmania increased load during Phlebovirus coinfection and suggests that Leishmania infection can also increase the replication of Phlebovirus in macrophages.
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13
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Reverte M, Snäkä T, Fasel N. The Dangerous Liaisons in the Oxidative Stress Response to Leishmania Infection. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11040409. [PMID: 35456085 PMCID: PMC9029764 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11040409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania parasites preferentially invade macrophages, the professional phagocytic cells, at the site of infection. Macrophages play conflicting roles in Leishmania infection either by the destruction of internalized parasites or by providing a safe shelter for parasite replication. In response to invading pathogens, however, macrophages induce an oxidative burst as a mechanism of defense to promote pathogen removal and contribute to signaling pathways involving inflammation and the immune response. Thus, oxidative stress plays a dual role in infection whereby free radicals protect against invading pathogens but can also cause inflammation resulting in tissue damage. The induced oxidative stress in parasitic infections triggers the activation in the host of the antioxidant response to counteract the damaging oxidative burst. Consequently, macrophages are crucial for disease progression or control. The ultimate outcome depends on dangerous liaisons between the infecting Leishmania spp. and the type and strength of the host immune response.
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14
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Plasmodium berghei-Mediated NRF2 Activation in Infected Hepatocytes Enhances Parasite Survival. Cell Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/7647976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Plasmodium, causative agent of malaria, initially invades and develops in hepatocytes where it resides in a parasitophorous vacuole (PV). A single invaded parasite develops into thousands of daughter parasites. Survival of the host cell is crucial for successful completion of liver stage development. Nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is a transcription factor known to induce transcription of cytoprotective genes when activated. Here we show that NRF2 is activated in Plasmodium berghei-infected hepatocytes. We observed that this NRF2 activation depends on PV membrane resident p62 recruiting KEAP1, the negative regulator of NRF2. Disrupting the NRF2 gene results in reduced parasite survival, indicating that NRF2 signaling is an important event for parasite development in hepatocytes. Together, our observations uncovered a novel mechanism of how Plasmodium parasites ensure host cell survival during liver stage development.
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15
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Dias BT, Goundry A, Vivarini AC, Costa TFR, Mottram JC, Lopes UG, Lima APCA. Toll-Like Receptor- and Protein Kinase R-Induced Type I Interferon Sustains Infection of Leishmania donovani in Macrophages. Front Immunol 2022; 13:801182. [PMID: 35154115 PMCID: PMC8831251 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.801182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania donovani is a protozoan parasite that causes visceral leishmaniasis, provoking liver and spleen tissue destruction that is lethal unless treated. The parasite replicates in macrophages and modulates host microbicidal responses. We have previously reported that neutrophil elastase (NE) is required to sustain L. donovani intracellular growth in macrophages through the induction of interferon beta (IFN-β). Here, we show that the gene expression of IFN-β by infected macrophages was reduced by half when TLR4 was blocked by pre-treatment with neutralizing antibodies or in macrophages from tlr2-/- mice, while the levels in macrophages from myd88-/- mice were comparable to those from wild-type C57BL/6 mice. The neutralization of TLR4 in tlr2-/- macrophages completely abolished induction of IFN-β gene expression upon parasite infection, indicating an additive role for both TLRs. Induction of type I interferon (IFN-I), OASL2, SOD1, and IL10 gene expression by L. donovani was completely abolished in macrophages from NE knock-out mice (ela2-/-) or from protein kinase R (PKR) knock-out mice (pkr-/-), and in C57BL/6 macrophages infected with transgenic L. donovani expressing the inhibitor of serine peptidase 2 (ISP2). Parasite intracellular growth was impaired in pkr-/- macrophages but was fully restored by the addition of exogenous IFN-β, and parasite burdens were reduced in the spleen of pkr-/- mice at 7 days, as compared to the 129Sv/Ev background mice. Furthermore, parasites were unable to grow in macrophages lacking TLR3, which correlated with lack of IFN-I gene expression. Thus, L. donovani engages innate responses in infected macrophages via TLR2, TLR4, and TLR3, via downstream PKR, to induce the expression of pro-survival genes in the host cell, and guarantee parasite intracellular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna T. Dias
- Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Amy Goundry
- Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Aislan C. Vivarini
- Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tatiana F. R. Costa
- Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jeremy C. Mottram
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Ulisses G. Lopes
- Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula C. A. Lima
- Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Ana Paula C. A. Lima,
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16
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Bichiou H, Rabhi S, Ben Hamda C, Bouabid C, Belghith M, Piquemal D, Trentin B, Rabhi I, Guizani-Tabbane L. Leishmania Parasites Differently Regulate Antioxidant Genes in Macrophages Derived From Resistant and Susceptible Mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:748738. [PMID: 34722338 PMCID: PMC8554229 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.748738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage-Leishmania interactions are central to parasite growth and disease outcome. Macrophages have developed various strategies to fight invaders, including oxidative burst. While some microorganisms seem to survive and even thrive in an oxidative environment, others are susceptible and get killed. To counter oxidative stress, macrophages switch the expressions of cytoprotective and detoxifying enzymes, which are downstream targets of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), to enhance cell survival. We have explored the transcription of NRF2 and of its target genes and compared the effect of the parasite on their transcription in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMdMs) from Leishmania-resistant and Leishmania-susceptible mice. While heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) transcription is independent of the genetic background, the transcription of glutathione reductase (Gsr) and of cysteine/glutamate exchange transporter (Slc7a11), involved in glutathione accumulation, was differentially regulated in BMdMs from both mouse strains. We also show that, except for HO-1, known to favor the survival of the parasite, the transcription of the selected genes, including Gsr, CD36, and catalase (CAT), was actively repressed, if not at all time points at least at the later ones, by the parasite, especially in Balb/c BMdMs. Consistent with these results, we found that the silencing of NRF2 in this study increases the survival and multiplication of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifa Bichiou
- Laboratory of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology and Biomolecules, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis-Belvedere, Tunisia.,Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sameh Rabhi
- Laboratory of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology and Biomolecules, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis-Belvedere, Tunisia
| | - Cherif Ben Hamda
- Laboratory of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology and Biomolecules, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis-Belvedere, Tunisia
| | - Cyrine Bouabid
- Laboratory of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology and Biomolecules, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis-Belvedere, Tunisia.,Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Meriam Belghith
- Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University Tunis El-Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | | | - Imen Rabhi
- Laboratory of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology and Biomolecules, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis-Belvedere, Tunisia.,Higher Institute of Biotechnology at Sidi-Thabet, Biotechpole Sidi-Thabet, University of Manouba, Sidi-Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Lamia Guizani-Tabbane
- Laboratory of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology and Biomolecules, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis-Belvedere, Tunisia
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17
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Hepatocyte-Specific Deficiency of BAP31 Amplified Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatotoxicity via Attenuating Nrf2 Signaling Activation in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910788. [PMID: 34639126 PMCID: PMC8509202 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver-specific deficiency of B-cell receptor-associated protein 31 knockout mice (BAP31-LKO) and the littermates were injected with acetaminophen (APAP), markers of liver injury, and the potential molecular mechanisms were determined. In response to APAP overdose, serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels were increased in BAP31-LKO mice than in wild-type controls, accompanied by enhanced liver necrosis. APAP-induced apoptosis and mortality were increased. Hepatic glutathione was decreased (1.60 ± 0.31 μmol/g tissue in WT mice vs. 0.85 ± 0.14 μmol/g tissue in BAP31-LKO mice at 6 h, p < 0.05), along with reduced glutathione reductase activity and superoxide dismutase; while malondialdehyde was significantly induced (0.41 ± 0.03 nmol/mg tissue in WT mice vs. 0.50 ± 0.05 nmol/mg tissue in BAP31-LKO mice for 6 h, p < 0.05). JNK signaling activation and APAP-induced hepatic inflammation were increased in BAP31-LKO mice. The mechanism research revealed that BAP31-deficiency decreased Nrf2 mRNA stability (half-life of Nrf2 mRNA decreased from ~1.3 h to ~40 min) and miR-223 expression, led to reduced nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling activation and antioxidant genes induction. BAP31-deficiency decreased mitochondrial membrane potentials, reduced mitochondria-related genes expression, and resulted in mitochondrial dysfunction in the liver. Conclusions: BAP31-deficiency reduced the antioxidant response and Nrf2 signaling activation via reducing Nrf2 mRNA stabilization, enhanced JNK signaling activation, hepatic inflammation, and apoptosis, amplified APAP-induced hepatotoxicity in mice.
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18
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Resveratrol as an Adjunctive Therapy for Excessive Oxidative Stress in Aging COVID-19 Patients. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10091440. [PMID: 34573071 PMCID: PMC8471532 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10091440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to burden healthcare systems worldwide. COVID-19 symptoms are highly heterogeneous, and the patient may be asymptomatic or may present with mild to severe or fatal symptoms. Factors, such as age, sex, and comorbidities, are key determinants of illness severity and progression. Aging is accompanied by multiple deficiencies in interferon production by dendritic cells or macrophages in response to viral infections, resulting in dysregulation of inflammatory immune responses and excess oxidative stress. Age-related dysregulation of immune function may cause a more obvious pathophysiological response to SARS-CoV-2 infection in elderly patients and may accelerate the risk of biological aging, even after recovery. For more favorable treatment outcomes, inhibiting viral replication and dampening inflammatory and oxidative responses before induction of an overt cytokine storm is crucial. Resveratrol is a potent antioxidant with antiviral activity. Herein, we describe the reasons for impaired interferon production, owing to aging, and the impact of aging on innate and adaptive immune responses to infection, which leads to inflammation distress and immunosuppression, thereby causing fulminant disease. Additionally, the molecular mechanism by which resveratrol could reverse a state of excessive basal inflammatory and oxidative stress and low antiviral immunity is discussed.
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19
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Emanuele S, Celesia A, D’Anneo A, Lauricella M, Carlisi D, De Blasio A, Giuliano M. The Good and Bad of Nrf2: An Update in Cancer and New Perspectives in COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7963. [PMID: 34360732 PMCID: PMC8348506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a well-known transcription factor best recognised as one of the main regulators of the oxidative stress response. Beyond playing a crucial role in cell defence by transactivating cytoprotective genes encoding antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes, Nrf2 is also implicated in a wide network regulating anti-inflammatory response and metabolic reprogramming. Such a broad spectrum of actions renders the factor a key regulator of cell fate and a strategic player in the control of cell transformation and response to viral infections. The Nrf2 protective roles in normal cells account for its anti-tumour and anti-viral functions. However, Nrf2 overstimulation often occurs in tumour cells and a complex correlation of Nrf2 with cancer initiation and progression has been widely described. Therefore, if on one hand, Nrf2 has a dual role in cancer, on the other hand, the factor seems to display a univocal function in preventing inflammation and cytokine storm that occur under viral infections, specifically in coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). In such a variegate context, the present review aims to dissect the roles of Nrf2 in both cancer and COVID-19, two widespread diseases that represent a cause of major concern today. In particular, the review describes the molecular aspects of Nrf2 signalling in both pathological situations and the most recent findings about the advantages of Nrf2 inhibition or activation as possible strategies for cancer and COVID-19 treatment respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Emanuele
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (A.C.); (M.L.); (D.C.)
| | - Adriana Celesia
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (A.C.); (M.L.); (D.C.)
| | - Antonella D’Anneo
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), Biochemistry Building, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (A.D.); (A.D.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Marianna Lauricella
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (A.C.); (M.L.); (D.C.)
| | - Daniela Carlisi
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (A.C.); (M.L.); (D.C.)
| | - Anna De Blasio
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), Biochemistry Building, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (A.D.); (A.D.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Michela Giuliano
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), Biochemistry Building, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (A.D.); (A.D.B.); (M.G.)
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Leishmania donovani Targets Host Transcription Factor NRF2 To Activate Antioxidant Enzyme HO-1 and Transcriptional Repressor ATF3 for Establishing Infection. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0076420. [PMID: 33820818 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00764-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We showed previously that antioxidant enzyme heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) is critical for Leishmania survival in visceral leishmaniasis. HO-1 inhibits host oxidative burst and inflammatory cytokine production, leading to parasite persistence. In the present study, screening of reported HO-1 transcription factors revealed that infection upregulated (4.1-fold compared to control [P < 0.001]) nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NFE2)-related factor 2 (NRF2). Silencing of NRF2 reduced both HO-1 expression and parasite survival. Investigation revealed that infection-induced transient reactive oxygen species (ROS) production dissociated NRF2 from its inhibitor KEAP1 and enabled phosphorylation-dependent nuclear translocation. Both NRF2 and HO-1 silencing in infection increased production of proinflammatory cytokines. But the level was greater in NRF2-silenced cells than in HO-1-silenced ones, suggesting the presence of other targets of NRF2. Another stress responsive transcription factor ATF3 is also induced (4.6-fold compared to control [P < 0.001]) by NRF2 during infection. Silencing of ATF3 reduced parasite survival (59.3% decrease compared to control [P < 0.001]) and increased proinflammatory cytokines. Infection-induced ATF3 recruited HDAC1 into the promoter sites of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 12b (IL-12b) genes. Resulting deacetylated histones prevented NF-κB promoter binding, thereby reducing transcription of inflammatory cytokines. Administering the NRF2 inhibitor trigonelline hydrochloride to infected BALB/c mice resulted in reduced HO-1 and ATF3 expression, decreased spleen and liver parasite burdens, and increased proinflammatory cytokine levels. These results suggest that Leishmania upregulates NRF2 to activate both HO-1 and ATF3 for disease progression.
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21
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Liang H, Ji K, Ge X, Xi B, Ren M, Zhang L, Chen X. Tributyrin Plays an Important Role in Regulating the Growth and Health Status of Juvenile Blunt Snout Bream ( Megalobrama amblycephala), as Evidenced by Pathological Examination. Front Immunol 2021; 12:652294. [PMID: 33912175 PMCID: PMC8072268 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.652294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to assess the role of tributyrin (TB) in regulating the growth and health status of juvenile blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) through an 8-week feeding experiment. Six groups were fed experimental diets with added TB percentages of 0% (control group), 0.03%, 0.06%, 0.09%, 0.12% and 0.15%. The present results showed that TB supplementation in feed had some positive impacts on FW, WG, FCR and SGR, and the best results were found in the 0.06% TB group (P<0.05). However, TB supplementation in feed had no significant effects on SR, CF, VSI or whole-body composition (P>0.05). TB supplementation in feed increased antioxidant capacity and immunological capacity and attenuated the inflammatory response by increasing the activity of T-SOD, GPx, CAT and the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-β) and decreasing the levels of MDA and anti-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α) (P<0.05). Furthermore, TB supplementation improved immunity by increasing the levels of immunoglobulins (IgM and IgG), C3 and IFN-γ (P<0.05). Surprisingly, 0.06%-0.12% TB supplementation significantly increased the content of IL-1β (P<0.05). However, TB supplementation in feed had no significant effects on the plasma content of GSH, HSP70, IL-8 and the activity of T-AOC (P>0.05). The possible mechanism was that TB activated PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 and inhibits the NF-κB signaling pathway, further regulating the mRNA levels of key genes with antioxidant capacity and the inflammatory response; for example, it increased the mRNA levels of Nrf2, Cu/Zn-SOD, HO-1, CAT, Akt, PI3K, GPx, IL-10, and TGF-β and decreased the mRNA levels of NF-κB and TNF-α (P<0.05). In addition, 0.06%-0.15% TB supplementation significantly increased the mRNA levels of IL-1β (P<0.05). TB supplementation in feed had no significant effects on the mRNA levels of HSP70, Mn-SOD and IL-8 (P>0.05). Evidence was presented that TB supplementation decreased the mortality rate caused by Aeromonas hydrophila challenge. In pathological examination, TB supplementation prevented hepatic and intestinal damage. Generally, TB supplementation improved the growth performance of juvenile blunt snout bream. Furthermore, TB supplementation activated PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 and inhibited the NF-κB signaling pathway, regulating health status and preventing hepatic and intestinal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualiang Liang
- Key Laboratory for Genetic Breeding of Aquatic Animals and Aquaculture Biology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center (FFRC), Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Wuxi, China
| | - Ke Ji
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xianping Ge
- Key Laboratory for Genetic Breeding of Aquatic Animals and Aquaculture Biology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center (FFRC), Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Wuxi, China.,Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, China
| | - Bingwen Xi
- Key Laboratory for Genetic Breeding of Aquatic Animals and Aquaculture Biology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center (FFRC), Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Wuxi, China.,Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, China
| | - Mingchun Ren
- Key Laboratory for Genetic Breeding of Aquatic Animals and Aquaculture Biology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center (FFRC), Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Wuxi, China.,Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Tongwei Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China.,Healthy Aquaculture Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoru Chen
- Tongwei Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China.,Healthy Aquaculture Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
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22
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Freeborn RA, Rockwell CE. The role of Nrf2 in autoimmunity and infectious disease: Therapeutic possibilities. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2021; 91:61-110. [PMID: 34099113 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Nrf2 is a cytoprotective transcription factor which is involved in ameliorating oxidative stress and toxic insults. Recently, an immunomodulatory role for Nrf2 has gained appreciation as it has been shown to protect cells and hosts alike in a variety of immune and inflammatory disorders. However, Nrf2 utilizes numerous distinct pathways to elicit its immunomodulatory effects. In this review, we summarize the literature discussing the roles of Nrf2 in autoimmunity and infectious diseases with a goal of understanding the potential to therapeutically target Nrf2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Freeborn
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Cheryl E Rockwell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.
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23
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Bichiou H, Bouabid C, Rabhi I, Guizani-Tabbane L. Transcription Factors Interplay Orchestrates the Immune-Metabolic Response of Leishmania Infected Macrophages. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:660415. [PMID: 33898331 PMCID: PMC8058464 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.660415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a group of heterogenous diseases considered as an important public health problem in several countries. This neglected disease is caused by over 20 parasite species of the protozoa belonging to the Leishmania genus and is spread by the bite of a female phlebotomine sandfly. Depending on the parasite specie and the immune status of the patient, leishmaniasis can present a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations. As an obligate intracellular parasite, Leishmania colonize phagocytic cells, mainly the macrophages that orchestrate the host immune response and determine the fate of the infection. Once inside macrophages, Leishmania triggers different signaling pathways that regulate the immune and metabolic response of the host cells. Various transcription factors regulate such immune-metabolic responses and the associated leishmanicidal and inflammatory reaction against the invading parasite. In this review, we will highlight the most important transcription factors involved in these responses, their interactions and their impact on the establishment and the progression of the immune response along with their effect on the physiopathology of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifa Bichiou
- Laboratory of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology and Biomolecules (PMBB), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.,Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Cyrine Bouabid
- Laboratory of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology and Biomolecules (PMBB), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.,Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Imen Rabhi
- Laboratory of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology and Biomolecules (PMBB), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.,Biotechnology Department, Higher Institute of Biotechnology at Sidi-Thabet (ISBST), Biotechpole Sidi-Thabet- University of Manouba, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Lamia Guizani-Tabbane
- Laboratory of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology and Biomolecules (PMBB), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
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24
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Farias Amorim C, O. Novais F, Nguyen BT, Nascimento MT, Lago J, Lago AS, Carvalho LP, Beiting DP, Scott P. Localized skin inflammation during cutaneous leishmaniasis drives a chronic, systemic IFN-γ signature. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009321. [PMID: 33793565 PMCID: PMC8043375 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a localized infection controlled by CD4+ T cells that produce IFN-γ within lesions. Phagocytic cells recruited to lesions, such as monocytes, are then exposed to IFN-γ which triggers their ability to kill the intracellular parasites. Consistent with this, transcriptional analysis of patient lesions identified an interferon stimulated gene (ISG) signature. To determine whether localized L. braziliensis infection triggers a systemic immune response that may influence the disease, we performed RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) on the blood of L. braziliensis-infected patients and healthy controls. Functional enrichment analysis identified an ISG signature as the dominant transcriptional response in the blood of patients. This ISG signature was associated with an increase in monocyte- and macrophage-specific marker genes in the blood and elevated serum levels IFN-γ. A cytotoxicity signature, which is a dominant feature in the lesions, was also observed in the blood and correlated with an increased abundance of cytolytic cells. Thus, two transcriptional signatures present in lesions were found systemically, although with a substantially reduced number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Finally, we found that the number of DEGs and ISGs in leishmaniasis was similar to tuberculosis-another localized infection-but significantly less than observed in malaria. In contrast, the cytolytic signature and increased cytolytic cell abundance was not found in tuberculosis or malaria. Our results indicate that systemic signatures can reflect what is occurring in leishmanial lesions. Furthermore, the presence of an ISG signature in blood monocytes and macrophages suggests a mechanism to limit systemic spread of the parasite, as well as enhance parasite control by pre-activating cells prior to lesion entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Farias Amorim
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Fernanda O. Novais
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Ba T. Nguyen
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Mauricio T. Nascimento
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas do Instituto de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz–Fiocruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Jamile Lago
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas do Instituto de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz–Fiocruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Alexsandro S. Lago
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas do Instituto de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz–Fiocruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Lucas P. Carvalho
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas do Instituto de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz–Fiocruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Daniel P. Beiting
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Phillip Scott
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
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25
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Tomiotto-Pellissier F, Alves DR, Morais SMD, Bortoleti BTDS, Gonçalves MD, Silva TF, Tavares ER, Yamauchi LM, Costa IN, Marinho ES, Marinho MM, Conchon-Costa I, Miranda-Sapla MM, Pavanelli WR. Caryocar coriaceum Wittm. fruit extracts as Leishmania inhibitors: in-vitro and in-silico approaches. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 40:8040-8055. [PMID: 33769210 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1905557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a group of neglected diseases caused by parasites of the Leishmania genus. The treatment of Leishmaniasis represents a great challenge, because the available drugs present high toxicity and none of them is fully effective. Caryocar is a botanical genus rich in phenolic compounds, which leaves extracts have already been described by its antileishmanial action. Thus, we investigated the effect of pulp and peel extracts of the Caryocar coriaceum fruit on promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis. Both extracts had antipromastigote effect after 24, 48, and 72 h, and this effect was by apoptosis-like process induction, with reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, damage to the mitochondria and plasma membrane, and phosphatidylserine exposure. Knowing that the fruit extracts did not alter the viability of macrophages, we observed that the treatment reduced the infection of these cells. Thereafter, in the in vitro infection context, the extracts showed antioxidant proprieties, by reducing NO, ROS, and MDA levels. Besides, both peel and pulp extracts up-regulated Nrf2/HO-1/Ferritin expression and increase the total iron-bound in infected macrophages, which culminates in a depletion of available iron for L. amazonensis replication. In silico, the molecular modeling experiments showed that the three flavonoids presented in the C. coriaceum extracts can act as synergistic inhibitors of Leishmania proteins, and compete for the active site. Also, there is a preference for rutin at the active site due to its greater interaction binding strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Tomiotto-Pellissier
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Graduate Program, Carlos Chagas Institute (ICC), Fiocruz, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.,Department of Pathology Science, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Daniela Ribeiro Alves
- Department of Natural Sciences, Ceará State University, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.,Theoretical and Electrochemical Chemistry Group, Faculty of Philosophy Dom Aureliano Matos, State University of Ceará, Limoeiro do Norte, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Bruna Taciane da Silva Bortoleti
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Graduate Program, Carlos Chagas Institute (ICC), Fiocruz, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.,Department of Pathology Science, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Manoela Daiele Gonçalves
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Exact Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Taylon Felipe Silva
- Department of Pathology Science, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Eliandro Reis Tavares
- Department of Microbiology, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Lucy Megumi Yamauchi
- Department of Microbiology, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Idessania Nazareth Costa
- Department of Pathology Science, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Emmanuel Silva Marinho
- Theoretical and Electrochemical Chemistry Group, Faculty of Philosophy Dom Aureliano Matos, State University of Ceará, Limoeiro do Norte, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Marcia Machado Marinho
- Iguatu Faculty of Education, Science and Letters, State University of Ceará, Iguatu, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Ivete Conchon-Costa
- Department of Pathology Science, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Wander Rogério Pavanelli
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Graduate Program, Carlos Chagas Institute (ICC), Fiocruz, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.,Department of Pathology Science, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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26
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Reverte M, Eren RO, Jha B, Desponds C, Snäkä T, Prevel F, Isorce N, Lye LF, Owens KL, Gazos Lopes U, Beverley SM, Fasel N. The antioxidant response favors Leishmania parasites survival, limits inflammation and reprograms the host cell metabolism. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009422. [PMID: 33765083 PMCID: PMC7993605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The oxidative burst generated by the host immune system can restrict intracellular parasite entry and growth. While this burst leads to the induction of antioxidative enzymes, the molecular mechanisms and the consequences of this counter-response on the life of intracellular human parasites are largely unknown. The transcription factor NF-E2-related factor (NRF2) could be a key mediator of antioxidant signaling during infection due to the entry of parasites. Here, we showed that NRF2 was strongly upregulated in infection with the human Leishmania protozoan parasites, its activation was dependent on a NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) and SRC family of protein tyrosine kinases (SFKs) signaling pathway and it reprogrammed host cell metabolism. In inflammatory leishmaniasis caused by a viral endosymbiont inducing TNF-α in chronic leishmaniasis, NRF2 activation promoted parasite persistence but limited TNF-α production and tissue destruction. These data provided evidence of the dual role of NRF2 in protecting both the invading pathogen from reactive oxygen species and the host from an excess of the TNF-α destructive pro-inflammatory cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Reverte
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Remzi Onur Eren
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Baijayanti Jha
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Chantal Desponds
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Tiia Snäkä
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Florence Prevel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Isorce
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Lon-Fye Lye
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Katherine L. Owens
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ulisses Gazos Lopes
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Center of Health Science, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Stephen M. Beverley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Fasel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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27
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Masoudzadeh N, Mizbani A, Rafati S. Transcriptomic profiling in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis patients. Expert Rev Proteomics 2020; 17:533-541. [PMID: 32886890 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2020.1812390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), caused by different Leishmania parasite species, is associated with parasite-induced immune-mediated skin inflammation and ulceration. Whereas many CL studies focus on gene expression signatures in mouse models, the transcriptional response driving human patients in the field is less characterized. Human studies in CL disease provide the opportunity to directly investigate the host-pathogen interaction in the cutaneous lesion site. AREAS COVERED Advances in high-throughput sequencing technologies, particularly their application for evaluation of the global gene expression changes, have made transcriptomics as a powerful tool to understand the pathogen-host molecular interactions. EXPERT COMMENTARY In this review, we focus on the transcriptomics studies that have been performed so far on human blood or tissue-driven samples to investigate Leishmania parasites interplay with the CL patients. Further, we summarize microarray and RNA-seq studies associated with lesion biopsies of CL patients to discuss how current whole genome analysis along with systems biology approaches have developed novel CL biomarkers for further applications, not only for research, but also for accelerating vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Masoudzadeh
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Mizbani
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Sima Rafati
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran, Iran
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28
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Cuadrado A, Pajares M, Benito C, Jiménez-Villegas J, Escoll M, Fernández-Ginés R, Garcia Yagüe AJ, Lastra D, Manda G, Rojo AI, Dinkova-Kostova AT. Can Activation of NRF2 Be a Strategy against COVID-19? Trends Pharmacol Sci 2020; 41:598-610. [PMID: 32711925 PMCID: PMC7359808 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) caused by SARS-CoV-2 is largely the result of a dysregulated host response, followed by damage to alveolar cells and lung fibrosis. Exacerbated proinflammatory cytokines release (cytokine storm) and loss of T lymphocytes (leukopenia) characterize the most aggressive presentation. We propose that a multifaceted anti-inflammatory strategy based on pharmacological activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (NRF2) can be deployed against the virus. The strategy provides robust cytoprotection by restoring redox and protein homeostasis, promoting resolution of inflammation, and facilitating repair. NRF2 activators such as sulforaphane and bardoxolone methyl are already in clinical trials. The safety and efficacy information of these modulators in humans, together with their well-documented cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects in preclinical models, highlight the potential of this armamentarium for deployment to the battlefield against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Cuadrado
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria la Paz (idiPAZ), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), UAM, Madrid, Spain; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Marta Pajares
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria la Paz (idiPAZ), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Benito
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria la Paz (idiPAZ), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Jiménez-Villegas
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria la Paz (idiPAZ), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maribel Escoll
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria la Paz (idiPAZ), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Fernández-Ginés
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria la Paz (idiPAZ), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel J Garcia Yagüe
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria la Paz (idiPAZ), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Lastra
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria la Paz (idiPAZ), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gina Manda
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ana I Rojo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria la Paz (idiPAZ), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Albena T Dinkova-Kostova
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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29
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Translational profiling of macrophages infected with Leishmania donovani identifies mTOR- and eIF4A-sensitive immune-related transcripts. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008291. [PMID: 32479529 PMCID: PMC7310862 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani (L. donovani) causes visceral leishmaniasis, a chronic infection which is fatal when untreated. Herein, we investigated whether in addition to altering transcription, L. donovani modulates host mRNA translation to establish a successful infection. Polysome-profiling revealed that one third of protein-coding mRNAs expressed in primary mouse macrophages are differentially translated upon infection with L. donovani promastigotes or amastigotes. Gene ontology analysis identified key biological processes enriched for translationally regulated mRNAs and were predicted to be either activated (e.g. chromatin remodeling and RNA metabolism) or inhibited (e.g. intracellular trafficking and antigen presentation) upon infection. Mechanistic in silico and biochemical analyses showed selective activation mTOR- and eIF4A-dependent mRNA translation, including transcripts encoding central regulators of mRNA turnover and inflammation (i.e. PABPC1, EIF2AK2, and TGF-β). L. donovani survival within macrophages was favored under mTOR inhibition but was dampened by pharmacological blockade of eIF4A. Overall, this study uncovers a vast yet selective reprogramming of the host cell translational landscape early during L. donovani infection, and suggests that some of these changes are involved in host defense mechanisms while others are part of parasite-driven survival strategies. Further in vitro and in vivo investigation will shed light on the contribution of mTOR- and eIF4A-dependent translational programs to the outcome of visceral leishmaniasis.
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Vivarini ADC, Lopes UG. The Potential Role of Nrf2 Signaling in Leishmania Infection Outcomes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 9:453. [PMID: 31998662 PMCID: PMC6966304 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nrf2 [nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)] regulates the expression of a plethora of genes involved in the response to oxidative stress due to inflammation, aging, and tissue damage, among other pathological conditions. Deregulation of this cytoprotective system may also interfere with innate and adaptive immune responses. Oxidative burst, one of the main microbicidal mechanisms, could be impaired during initial phagocytosis of parasites, which could lead to the successful establishment of infection and promote susceptibility to diseases. A wide diversity of infections, mainly those caused by intracellular pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, and protozoan parasites, modulate the activation of Nrf2 by interfering with post-translational modifications, interactions between different protein complexes and the immune response. Nrf2 may be induced by pathogens via distinct pathways such as those involving the engagement of Toll-like receptors, the activation of PI3K/Akt, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Recent studies have revealed the importance of Nrf2 on leishmaniasis. This mini-review discusses relevant findings that reveal the connection between Leishmania-induced modifications of the host pathways and their relevance to the modulation of the Nrf2-dependent antioxidative response to the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aislan de Carvalho Vivarini
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Center of Health Science, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ulisses Gazos Lopes
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Center of Health Science, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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31
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de Menezes JPB, Khouri R, Oliveira CVS, Petersen ALDOA, de Almeida TF, Mendes FRL, Rebouças ADAD, Lorentz AL, Luz NF, Lima JB, Ramos PIP, Soares RP, Rugani JN, Buck GA, Krieger MA, Marchini FK, Vivarini ÁDC, Lopes UG, Borges VDM, Veras PST. Proteomic Analysis Reveals a Predominant NFE2L2 (NRF2) Signature in Canonical Pathway and Upstream Regulator Analysis of Leishmania-Infected Macrophages. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1362. [PMID: 31316499 PMCID: PMC6611007 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
CBA mice macrophages (MØ) control infection by Leishmania major and are susceptive to Leishmania amazonensis, suggesting that both parasite species induce distinct responses that play important roles in infection outcome. To evaluate the MØ responses to infection arising from these two Leishmania species, a proteomic study using a Multidimensional Protein Identification Technology (MudPIT) approach with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was carried out on CBA mice bone-marrow MØ (BMMØ). Following SEQUEST analysis, which revealed 2,838 proteins detected in BMMØ, data mining approach found six proteins significantly associated with the tested conditions. To investigate their biological significance, enrichment analysis was performed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). A three steps IPA approach revealed 4 Canonical Pathways (CP) and 7 Upstream Transcriptional Factors (UTFs) strongly associated with the infection process. NRF2 signatures were present in both CPs and UTFs pathways. Proteins involved in iron metabolism, such as heme oxigenase 1 (HO-1) and ferritin besides sequestosome (SQSMT1 or p62) were found in the NRF2 CPs and the NRF2 UTFs. Differences in the involvement of iron metabolism pathway in Leishmania infection was revealed by the presence of HO-1 and ferritin. Noteworty, HO-1 was strongly associated with L. amazonensis infection, while ferritin was regulated by both species. As expected, higher HO-1 and p62 expressions were validated in L. amazonensis-infected BMMØ, in addition to decreased expression of ferritin and nitric oxide production. Moreover, BMMØ incubated with L. amazonensis LPG also expressed higher levels of HO-1 in comparison to those stimulated with L. major LPG. In addition, L. amazonensis-induced uptake of holoTf was higher than that induced by L. major in BMMØ, and holoTf was also detected at higher levels in vacuoles induced by L. amazonensis. Taken together, these findings indicate that NRF2 pathway activation and increased HO-1 production, together with higher levels of holoTf uptake, may promote permissiveness to L. amazonensis infection. In this context, differences in protein signatures triggered in the host by L. amazonensis and L. major infection could drive the outcomes in distinct clinical forms of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ricardo Khouri
- Laboratory of Vector Born Infectious Diseases, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Salvador, Brazil.,Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | | | - Tais Fontoura de Almeida
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fiocruz-Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Laboratory of Physiopathology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, Brazil
| | - Flávia R L Mendes
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fiocruz-Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Amanda Lopes Lorentz
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fiocruz-Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Nívea Farias Luz
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Biomarkers, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Jonilson Berlink Lima
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Federal University of the Western of Bahia, Barreiras, Brazil
| | - Pablo Ivan Pereira Ramos
- Center for Data and Knowledge Integration for Health, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fiocruz-Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | | | - Gregory A Buck
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | | | | | - Áislan de Carvalho Vivarini
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Center of Health Science, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ulisses Gazos Lopes
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Center of Health Science, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Patricia Sampaio Tavares Veras
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fiocruz-Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology of Tropical Disease, Patos, Brazil
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32
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Miranda-Sapla MM, Tomiotto-Pellissier F, Assolini JP, Carloto ACM, Bortoleti BTDS, Gonçalves MD, Tavares ER, Rodrigues JHDS, Simão ANC, Yamauchi LM, Nakamura CV, Verri WA, Costa IN, Conchon-Costa I, Pavanelli WR. trans-Chalcone modulates Leishmania amazonensis infection in vitro by Nrf2 overexpression affecting iron availability. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 853:275-288. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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33
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Ashwin H, Seifert K, Forrester S, Brown N, MacDonald S, James S, Lagos D, Timmis J, Mottram JC, Croft SL, Kaye PM. Tissue and host species-specific transcriptional changes in models of experimental visceral leishmaniasis. Wellcome Open Res 2019; 3:135. [PMID: 30542664 PMCID: PMC6248268 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14867.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Human visceral leishmaniasis, caused by infection with Leishmania donovani or L. infantum, is a potentially fatal disease affecting 50,000-90,000 people yearly in 75 disease endemic countries, with more than 20,000 deaths reported. Experimental models of infection play a major role in understanding parasite biology, host-pathogen interaction, disease pathogenesis, and parasite transmission. In addition, they have an essential role in the identification and pre-clinical evaluation of new drugs and vaccines. However, our understanding of these models remains fragmentary. Although the immune response to Leishmania donovani infection in mice has been extensively characterized, transcriptomic analysis capturing the tissue-specific evolution of disease has yet to be reported. Methods: We provide an analysis of the transcriptome of spleen, liver and peripheral blood of BALB/c mice infected with L. donovani. Where possible, we compare our data in murine experimental visceral leishmaniasis with transcriptomic data in the public domain obtained from the study of L. donovani-infected hamsters and patients with human visceral leishmaniasis. Digitised whole slide images showing the histopathology in spleen and liver are made available via a dedicated website, www.leishpathnet.org. Results: Our analysis confirms marked tissue-specific alterations in the transcriptome of infected mice over time and identifies previously unrecognized parallels and differences between murine, hamster and human responses to infection. We show commonality of interferon-regulated genes whilst confirming a greater activation of type 2 immune pathways in infected hamsters compared to mice. Cytokine genes and genes encoding immune checkpoints were markedly tissue specific and dynamic in their expression, and pathways focused on non-immune cells reflected tissue specific immunopathology. Our data also addresses the value of measuring peripheral blood transcriptomics as a potential window into underlying systemic disease. Conclusions: Our transcriptomic data, coupled with histopathologic analysis of the tissue response, provide an additional resource to underpin future mechanistic studies and to guide clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Ashwin
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Karin Seifert
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Sarah Forrester
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Najmeeyah Brown
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Sandy MacDonald
- Bioscience Technology Facility, Deptartment of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Sally James
- Bioscience Technology Facility, Deptartment of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Dimitris Lagos
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Jon Timmis
- Dept of Electronic Engineering, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Jeremy C Mottram
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Simon L. Croft
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Paul M. Kaye
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
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34
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Luz NF, DeSouza-Vieira T, De Castro W, Vivarini AC, Pereira L, França RR, Silveira-Mattos PS, Costa DL, Teixeira C, Meneses C, Boaventura VS, de Oliveira CI, Lopes UG, Aronson N, Andrade BB, Brodskyn CI, Valenzuela JG, Kamhawi S, Borges VM. Lutzomyia longipalpis Saliva Induces Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression at Bite Sites. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2779. [PMID: 30546363 PMCID: PMC6279893 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sand flies bite mammalian hosts to obtain a blood meal, driving changes in the host inflammatory response that support the establishment of Leishmania infection. This effect is partially attributed to components of sand fly saliva, which are able to recruit and activate leukocytes. Our group has shown that heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) favors Leishmania survival in infected cells by reducing inflammatory responses. Here, we show that exposure to sand fly bites is associated with induction of HO-1 in vivo. Histopathological analyses of skin specimens from human volunteers experimentally exposed to sand fly bites revealed that HO-1 and Nrf2 are produced at bite sites in the skin. These results were recapitulated in mice ears injected with a salivary gland sonicate (SGS) or exposed to sand fly bites, indicating that vector saliva may be a key factor in triggering HO-1 expression. Resident skin macrophages were the main source HO-1 at 24–48 h after bites. Additionally, assays in vivo after bites and in vitro after stimulation with saliva both demonstrated that HO-1 production by macrophages was Nrf2-dependent. Collectively, our data demonstrates that vector saliva induces early HO-1 production at the bite sites, representing a major event associated with establishment of naturally-transmitted Leishmania infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivea F Luz
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Thiago DeSouza-Vieira
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Waldione De Castro
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Aislan Carvalho Vivarini
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Center of Health Science, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lais Pereira
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Riam Rocha França
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Paulo S Silveira-Mattos
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Diego L Costa
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | - Claudio Meneses
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Viviane S Boaventura
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Camila I de Oliveira
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Ulisses Gazos Lopes
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Center of Health Science, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Naomi Aronson
- Infectious Diseases Division, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Bruno B Andrade
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research Initiative, Fundação José Silveira, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Claudia I Brodskyn
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Jesus G Valenzuela
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Shaden Kamhawi
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Valeria M Borges
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
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35
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Ashwin H, Seifert K, Forrester S, Brown N, MacDonald S, James S, Lagos D, Timmis J, Mottram JC, Croft SL, Kaye PM. Tissue and host species-specific transcriptional changes in models of experimental visceral leishmaniasis. Wellcome Open Res 2018; 3:135. [PMID: 30542664 PMCID: PMC6248268 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14867.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Human visceral leishmaniasis, caused by infection with Leishmania donovani or L. infantum, is a potentially fatal disease affecting 50,000-90,000 people yearly in 75 disease endemic countries, with more than 20,000 deaths reported. Experimental models of infection play a major role in understanding parasite biology, host-pathogen interaction, disease pathogenesis, and parasite transmission. In addition, they have an essential role in the identification and pre-clinical evaluation of new drugs and vaccines. However, our understanding of these models remains fragmentary. Although the immune response to Leishmania donovani infection in mice has been extensively characterized, transcriptomic analysis capturing the tissue-specific evolution of disease has yet to be reported. Methods: We provide an analysis of the transcriptome of spleen, liver and peripheral blood of BALB/c mice infected with L. donovani. Where possible, we compare our data in murine experimental visceral leishmaniasis with transcriptomic data in the public domain obtained from the study of L. donovani-infected hamsters and patients with human visceral leishmaniasis. Digitised whole slide images showing the histopathology in spleen and liver are made available via a dedicated website, www.leishpathnet.org. Results: Our analysis confirms marked tissue-specific alterations in the transcriptome of infected mice over time and identifies previously unrecognized parallels and differences between murine, hamster and human responses to infection. We show commonality of interferon-regulated genes whilst confirming a greater activation of type 2 immune pathways in infected hamsters compared to mice. Cytokine genes and genes encoding immune checkpoints were markedly tissue specific and dynamic in their expression, and pathways focused on non-immune cells reflected tissue specific immunopathology. Our data also addresses the value of measuring peripheral blood transcriptomics as a potential window into underlying systemic disease. Conclusions: Our transcriptomic data, coupled with histopathologic analysis of the tissue response, provide an additional resource to underpin future mechanistic studies and to guide clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Ashwin
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Karin Seifert
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Sarah Forrester
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Najmeeyah Brown
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Sandy MacDonald
- Bioscience Technology Facility, Deptartment of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Sally James
- Bioscience Technology Facility, Deptartment of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Dimitris Lagos
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Jon Timmis
- Dept of Electronic Engineering, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Jeremy C Mottram
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Simon L. Croft
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Paul M. Kaye
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
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Emerging Role for the PERK/eIF2α/ATF4 in Human Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17074. [PMID: 29213084 PMCID: PMC5719050 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17252-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania parasites utilize adaptive evasion mechanisms in infected macrophages to overcome host defenses and proliferate. We report here that the PERK/eIF2α/ATF4 signaling branch of the integrated endoplasmic reticulum stress response (IERSR) is activated by Leishmania and this pathway is important for Leishmania amazonensis infection. Knocking down PERK or ATF4 expression or inhibiting PERK kinase activity diminished L. amazonensis infection. Knocking down ATF4 decreased NRF2 expression and its nuclear translocation, reduced HO-1 expression and increased nitric oxide production. Meanwhile, the increased expression of ATF4 and HO-1 mRNAs were observed in lesions derived from patients infected with the prevalent related species L.(V.) braziliensis. Our data demonstrates that Leishmania parasites activate the PERK/eIF2α/ATF-4 pathway in cultured macrophages and infected human tissue and that this pathway is important for parasite survival and progression of the infection.
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