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Ghosh S, Singha PS, Das LK, Ghosh D. Systematic Review on Major Antiviral Phytocompounds from Common Medicinal Plants against SARS-CoV-2. Med Chem 2024; 20:613-629. [PMID: 38317467 DOI: 10.2174/0115734064262843231120051452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral infections are rising around the globe and with evolving virus types and increasing varieties of viral invasions; the human body is developing antimicrobial resistance continuously. This is making the fight of mankind against viruses weak and unsecured. On the other hand, changing lifestyle, globalization and human activities adversely affecting the environment are opening up risks for new viral predominance on human race. In this context the world has witnessed the pandemic of the human Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) recently. The disease is caused by the Coronavirus namely Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV- 2). METHODS AND MATERIALS Developing potential and effective vaccine is also time consuming and challenging. The huge resource of plants around us has rich source of potent antiviral compounds. Some of these molecules may serve as tremendously potent lead molecules whose slight structural modifications may give us highly bioactive antiviral derivatives of phytocompounds. Every geographical region is rich in unique plant biodiversity and hence every corner of the world with rich plant biodiversity can serve as abode for potential magical phytocompounds most of which have not been extensively explored for development of antiviral drug formulations against various viruses like the HIV, HPV etc., and the Coronavirus, also known as SARS-CoV-2 which causes the disease COVID-19. RESULTS Several phytocompounds from various medicinal plants have already been screened using in silico tools and some of them have yielded promising results establishing themselves as potent lead molecules for development of drugs against the highly mutating SARS-CoV-2 virus and thus these phytocompounds may be beneficial in treating COVID-19 and help human to win the life threatening battle against the deadly virus. CONCLUSION The best advantage is that these phytocompounds being derived from nature in most of the cases, come with minimum or no side effects compared to that of chemically synthesized conventional bioactive compounds and are indigenously available hence are the source of cost effective drug formulations with strong therapeutic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvendu Ghosh
- Department of Physiology, Hooghly Mohsin College, Chinsura, Hooghly 712 101, West Bengal, India
| | - Partha Sarathi Singha
- Department of Chemistry, Government General Degree College, Kharagpur II, P.O Madpur, Dist, Paschim Medinipur, Pin: 721149, West Bengal, India
| | - Lakshmi Kanta Das
- Department of Chemistry, Government General Degree College, Kharagpur II, P.O Madpur, Dist, Paschim Medinipur, Pin: 721149, West Bengal, India
| | - Debosree Ghosh
- Department of Physiology, Government General Degree College, Kharagpur II, P.O Madpur, Dist, Paschim Medinipur, Pin: 721149, West Bengal, India
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Kwon EB, Kim SG, Kim YS, Kim B, Han SM, Lee HJ, Choi HM, Choi JG. Castanea crenata honey reduces influenza infection by activating the innate immune response. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1157506. [PMID: 37711616 PMCID: PMC10497975 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1157506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza is an acute respiratory disorder caused by the influenza virus and is associated with prolonged hospitalization and high mortality rates in older individuals and chronically ill patients. Vaccination is the most effective preventive strategy for ameliorating seasonal influenza. However, the vaccine is not fully effective in cases of antigenic mismatch with the viral strains circulating in the community. The emergence of resistance to antiviral drugs aggravates the situation. Therefore, developing new vaccines and antiviral drugs is essential. Castanea crenata honey (CH) is an extensively cultivated food worldwide and has been used as a nutritional supplement or herbal medicine. However, the potential anti-influenza properties of CH remain unexplored. In this study, the in vitro and in vivo antiviral effects of CH were assessed. CH significantly prevented influenza virus infection in mouse Raw264.7 macrophages. CH pretreatment inhibited the expression of the viral proteins M2, PA, and PB1 and enhanced the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and type-I interferon (IFN)-related proteins in vitro. CH increased the expression of RIG-1, mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) protein, and IFN-inducible transmembrane protein, which interferes with virus replication. CH reduced body weight loss by 20.9%, increased survival by 60%, and decreased viral replication and inflammatory response in the lungs of influenza A virus-infected mice. Therefore, CH stimulates an antiviral response in murine macrophages and mice by preventing viral infection through the RIG-1-mediated MAVS pathway. Further investigation is warranted to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the protective effects of CH on influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Bin Kwon
- Korean Medicine Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Gun Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Soo Kim
- Korean Medicine Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Buyun Kim
- Korean Medicine Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Mi Han
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Min Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Gi Choi
- Korean Medicine Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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3
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Xie Y, Wang C. Herb-drug interactions between Panax notoginseng or its biologically active compounds and therapeutic drugs: A comprehensive pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 307:116156. [PMID: 36754189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Herbs, along with the use of herb-drug interactions (HDIs) to combat diseases, are increasing in popularity worldwide. HDIs have two effects: favorable interactions that tend to improve therapeutic outcomes and/or minimize the toxic effects of drugs, and unfavorable interactions aggravating the condition of patients. Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H. Chen is a medicinal plant that has long been commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine to reduce swelling, relieve pain, clear blood stasis, and stop bleeding. Numerous studies have demonstrated the existence of intricate pharmacodynamic (PD) and pharmacokinetic (PK) interactions between P. notoginseng and conventional drugs. However, these HDIs have not been systematically summarized. AIM OF THE REVIEW To collect the available literature on the combined applications of P. notoginseng and drugs published from 2005 to 2022 and summarize the molecular mechanisms of interactions to circumvent the potential risks of combination therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS This work was conducted by searching PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and CNKI databases. The search terms included "notoginseng", "Sanqi", "drug interaction," "synergy/synergistic", "combination/combine", "enzyme", "CYP", and "transporter". RESULTS P. notoginseng and its bioactive ingredients interact synergistically with numerous drugs, including anticancer, antiplatelet, and antimicrobial agents, to surmount drug resistance and side effects. This review elaborates on the molecular mechanisms of the PD processed involved. P. notoginseng shapes the PK processes of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of other drugs by regulating metabolic enzymes and transporters, mainly cytochrome P450 enzymes and P-glycoprotein. This effect is a red flag for drugs with a narrow therapeutic window. Notably, amphipathic saponins in P. notoginseng act as auxiliary materials in drug delivery systems to enhance drug solubility and absorption and represent a new entry point for studying interactions. CONCLUSION This article provides a comprehensive overview of HDIs by analyzing the results of the in vivo and in vitro studies on P. notoginseng and its bioactive components. The knowledge presented here offers a scientific guideline for investigating the clinical importance of combination therapies. Physicians and patients need information on possible interactions between P. notoginseng and other drugs, and this review can help them make scientific predictions regarding the consequences of combination treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Xie
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Changhong Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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4
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Hu Y, He Z, Zhang W, Niu Z, Wang Y, Zhang J, Shen T, Cheng H, Hu W. The potential of Panax notoginseng against COVID-19 infection. J Ginseng Res 2023:S1226-8453(23)00031-3. [PMID: 37362082 PMCID: PMC10082468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the world and has presented the scientific community with unprecedented challenges. Infection is associated with overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines secondary to hyperactivation of the innate immune response, inducing a cytokine storm and triggering multiorgan failure and significant morbidity/mortality. No specific treatment is yet available. For thousands of years, Panax notoginseng has been used to treat various infectious diseases. Experimental evidence of P. notoginseng utility in terms of alleviating the cytokine storm, especially the cascade, and improving post-COVID-19 symptoms, suggests that P. notoginseng may serve as a valuable adjunct treatment for COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeye Hu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Ziliang He
- School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China
| | - Zhiqiang Niu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yanting Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Ji Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China
| | - Ting Shen
- Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Hong Cheng
- Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Weicheng Hu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-Coding RNA Research, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
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5
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Zhang Y, Zhong X, Xi Z, Li Y, Xu H. Antiviral Potential of the Genus Panax: An updated review on their effects and underlying mechanism of action. J Ginseng Res 2023; 47:183-192. [PMID: 36926608 PMCID: PMC10014226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are known as one of the major factors causing death. Ginseng is a medicinal plant that demonstrated a wide range of antiviral potential, and saponins are the major bioactive ingredients in the genus Panax with vast therapeutic potential. Studies focusing on the antiviral activity of the genus Panax plant-derived agents (extracts and saponins) and their mechanisms were identified and summarized, including contributions mainly from January 2016 until January 2022. P. ginseng, P. notoginseng, and P. quinquefolius were included in the review as valuable medicinal herbs against infections with 14 types of viruses. Reports from 9 extracts and 12 bioactive saponins were included, with 6 types of protopanaxadiol (PPD) ginsenosides and 6 types of protopanaxatriol (PPT) ginsenosides. The mechanisms mainly involved the inhibition of viral attachment and replication, the modulation of immune response by regulating signaling pathways, including the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway, cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE)/hydrogen sulfide (H2S) pathway, phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDK1)/ protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/activator protein-1 (AP-1) pathway, and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathway. This review includes detailed information about the mentioned antiviral effects of the genus Panax extracts and saponins in vitro and in vivo, and in human clinical trials, which provides a scientific basis for ginseng as an adjunctive therapeutic drug or nutraceutical.
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Key Words
- ARI, acute respiratory illness
- BG, black ginseng
- BVDV, bovine viral diarrhea virus
- CHB, chronic hepatitis B
- CSFV, classical swine fever virus
- CVBs, group B coxsackieviruses
- DAA, direct-acting antiviral therapies
- EBV, the Epstein-Barr virus
- EV, enterovirus
- EV71, human enterovirus 71
- GCRV, grass carp reovirus
- GSLS, Ginseng stem-leaf saponins
- HAART, highly active antiretroviral drug therapy
- HBV, hepatitis B virus
- HCV, Hepatitis C virus
- HIV-1, human immunodeficiency virus type 1
- HP, highly pathogenic
- HSV, herpes simplex virus
- HVJ, hemagglutinating virus of Japan
- IFN-1, type-I interferon
- JAK, janus kinase
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase
- KRG, Korean Red Ginseng
- KSHV, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus
- MHV-68, murine gammaherpesvirus 68
- NDV, Newcastle disease virus
- NK, natural killer
- PNAB, PEGylated nanoparticle albumin-bound
- PNR, P. notoginseng root water extract
- PPD, protopanaxadiol
- PPT, protopanaxatriol
- PRRSV, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
- Panax ginseng
- RSV, respiratory syncytial virus
- RV, rotavirus
- STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription
- antiviral activity
- ginseng
- ginsenosides
- mechanism of action
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuanlei Zhong
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhichao Xi
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongxi Xu
- Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Yang M, Wang Y, Yue Y, Liang L, Peng M, Zhao M, Chen Y, Cao X, Li W, Li C, Zhang H, Du J, Zhong R, Xia T, Shu Z. Traditional Chinese medicines as effective agents against influenza virus-induced pneumonia. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113523. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Bagde H, Dhopte A. Effects of Plant Metabolites on the Growth of COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease-19) Including Omicron Strain. Cureus 2022; 14:e26549. [PMID: 35936126 PMCID: PMC9348519 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.26549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
According to recent reports out of India, a new strain of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) B1.1.529 Omicron virus has emerged. In comparison to the Wuhan (WHU) strain and the delta variant, this variant showed a far stronger effect on the angiotensin converting enzyme2 (ACE2) receptor. There are several medicinal compounds in plant metabolites, and their diverse chemical structures make them ideal for the treatment of serious illnesses. It's possible that some of these could be useful alternative pharmaceuticals, as well as a starting point for the repurposing of existing medications and new chemical discoveries. SARS-CoV-2 infection triggered a worldwide epidemic of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). There have been trials for different therapies for SARS-CoV-2 and so also there are recent announcements of extensive research into the development of viable medicines for this global health calamity. After a thorough examination of plant-derived treatments for COVID-19, investigators in the current study decided to focus on plant-derived secondary metabolites (PSMs). According to some researchers, new MDR (Multi-Drug Resistant) antibiotics may one day be developed due to the adaptability of secondary metabolites. Identifying plant metabolites that can treat a wide range of viral infections was one of the study's aims. Many natural medications that could be recommended for the treatment of COVID-19 were discovered as a result of this research, including remedies from plant families, viral candidates that are susceptible, antiviral assays, and mechanisms of therapeutic action. The findings of this study will inspire further research and speed up the development of new antiviral plant-based medications.
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8
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The Antiviral Effect of Panax Notoginseng Polysaccharides by Inhibiting PRV Adsorption and Replication In Vitro. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27041254. [PMID: 35209042 PMCID: PMC8880127 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine pseudorabies (PR) is an important infectious disease caused by pseudorabies virus (PRV), which poses a major threat to food safety and security. Vaccine immunization has become the main means to prevent and control the disease. However, since 2011, a new PRV variant has caused huge economic losses to the Chinese pig industry. Panax notoginseng polysaccharides have immunomodulatory activity and other functions, but the antiviral effect has not been reported. We studied the anti-PRV activity of Panax notoginseng polysaccharides in vitro. A less cytopathic effect was observed by increasing the concentration of Panax notoginseng polysaccharides. Western blot, TCID50, plaque assay, and IFA revealed that Panax notoginseng polysaccharides could significantly inhibit the infectivity of PRV XJ5 on PK15 cells. In addition, we also found that Panax notoginseng polysaccharides blocked the adsorption and replication of PRV to PK15 cells in a dose-dependent manner. These results show that Panax notoginseng polysaccharides play an antiviral effect mainly by inhibiting virus adsorption and replication in vitro. Therefore, Panax notoginseng polysaccharides may be a potential anti-PRV agent.
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9
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Kwon EB, Oh YC, Hwang YH, Li W, Park SM, Kong R, Kim YS, Choi JG. A Herbal Mixture Formula of OCD20015-V009 Prophylactic Administration to Enhance Interferon-Mediated Antiviral Activity Against Influenza A Virus. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:764297. [PMID: 34899320 PMCID: PMC8651992 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.764297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OCD20015-V009 is an herbal mix of water-extracted Ginseng Radix, Poria (Hoelen), Rehmanniae Radix, Adenophorae Radix, Platycodi Radix, Crataegii Fructus, and Astragali Radix. In this study, its in vitro and in vivo antiviral activity and mechanisms against the influenza A virus were evaluated using a GFP-tagged influenza A virus (A/PR/8/34-GFP) to infect murine macrophages. We found that OCD20015-V009 pre-treatment substantially reduced A/PR/8/34-GFP replication. Also, OCD20015-V009 pre-treatment increased the phosphorylation of type-I IFN-related proteins TBK-1 and STAT1 and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 by murine macrophages. Moreover, OCD20015-V009 prophylactic administration increased IFN-stimulated genes-related 15, 20, and 56 and IFN-β mRNA in vitro. Thus, OCD20015-V009 likely modulates murine innate immune response via macrophages. This finding is potentially useful for developing prophylactics or therapeutics against the influenza A virus. Furthermore, pre-treatment with OCD20015-V009 decreased the mortality of the mice exposed to A/PR/8/34-GFP by 20% compared to that in the untreated animals. Thus, OCD20015-V009 stimulates the antiviral response in murine macrophages and mice to viral infections. Additionally, we identified chlorogenic acid and ginsenoside Rd as the antiviral components in OCD20015-V009. Further investigations are needed to elucidate the protective effects of active components of OCD20015-V009 against influenza A viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Bin Kwon
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daegu, South Korea
| | - You-Chang Oh
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daegu, South Korea
| | - Youn-Hwan Hwang
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Wei Li
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daegu, South Korea
| | | | | | - Young Soo Kim
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jang-Gi Choi
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daegu, South Korea
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10
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Luong Huynh D, Nguyen NH, Nguyen CT. Pharmacological properties of ginsenosides in inflammation-derived cancers. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:3329-3340. [PMID: 33900512 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04162-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ginseng is commonly used as an herbal medicine for improvement of life quality. It is also used as a supplemental medication with anti-cancer drugs to enhance chemotherapy efficacy and shows some beneficial effects. Ginsenosides, also known as saponins, are the major active pharmacological compounds found in ginseng and have been extensively using in treatment of not only cancers but also the other inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, acute lung injury, cardiovascular, and infectious diseases. The anti-cancer activities of ginsengs and ginsenosides in different types of cancers have been well studied experimentally and clinically. The major anti-cancer mechanisms of ginseng compounds include inhibition of angiogenesis and metastasis as well as induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Herein, we review and summarize the current knowledge on the pharmacological effects of ginsengs and ginseng-derived compounds in the treatment of cancers. Moreover, the molecular and cellular mechanism(s) by which ginsengs and ginsenosides modulate the immune response in cancer diseases as well as ginsengs-drugs interaction are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Luong Huynh
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Hoai Nguyen
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Ho Chi Minh City Open University, 97 Vo Van Tan Street, District 3, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Cuong Thach Nguyen
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
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11
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Behl T, Rocchetti G, Chadha S, Zengin G, Bungau S, Kumar A, Mehta V, Uddin MS, Khullar G, Setia D, Arora S, Sinan KI, Ak G, Putnik P, Gallo M, Montesano D. Phytochemicals from Plant Foods as Potential Source of Antiviral Agents: An Overview. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:381. [PMID: 33921724 PMCID: PMC8073840 DOI: 10.3390/ph14040381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide include viral infections, such as Ebola, influenza virus, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and recently COVID-19 disease, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Currently, we can count on a narrow range of antiviral drugs, especially older generation ones like ribavirin and interferon which are effective against viruses in vitro but can often be ineffective in patients. In addition to these, we have antiviral agents for the treatment of herpes virus, influenza virus, HIV and hepatitis virus. Recently, drugs used in the past especially against ebolavirus, such as remdesivir and favipiravir, have been considered for the treatment of COVID-19 disease. However, even if these drugs represent important tools against viral diseases, they are certainly not sufficient to defend us from the multitude of viruses present in the environment. This represents a huge problem, especially considering the unprecedented global threat due to the advancement of COVID-19, which represents a potential risk to the health and life of millions of people. The demand, therefore, for new and effective antiviral drugs is very high. This review focuses on three fundamental points: (1) presents the main threats to human health, reviewing the most widespread viral diseases in the world, thus describing the scenario caused by the disease in question each time and evaluating the specific therapeutic remedies currently available. (2) It comprehensively describes main phytochemical classes, in particular from plant foods, with proven antiviral activities, the viruses potentially treated with the described phytochemicals. (3) Consideration of the various applications of drug delivery systems in order to improve the bioavailability of these compounds or extracts. A PRISMA flow diagram was used for the inclusion of the works. Taking into consideration the recent dramatic events caused by COVID-19 pandemic, the cry of alarm that denounces critical need for new antiviral drugs is extremely strong. For these reasons, a continuous systematic exploration of plant foods and their phytochemicals is necessary for the development of new antiviral agents capable of saving lives and improving their well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India; (S.C.); (A.K.); (G.K.); (D.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Gabriele Rocchetti
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, University Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy;
| | - Swati Chadha
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India; (S.C.); (A.K.); (G.K.); (D.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University Campus, Konya 42130, Turkey; (G.Z.); (K.I.S.); (G.A.)
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania;
| | - Arun Kumar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India; (S.C.); (A.K.); (G.K.); (D.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Vineet Mehta
- Department of Pharmacology, Government College of Pharmacy, Rohru, Distt. Shimla, Himachal Pradesh 171207, India;
| | - Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka 1213, Bangladesh;
- Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Gaurav Khullar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India; (S.C.); (A.K.); (G.K.); (D.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Dhruv Setia
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India; (S.C.); (A.K.); (G.K.); (D.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Sandeep Arora
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India; (S.C.); (A.K.); (G.K.); (D.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Kouadio Ibrahime Sinan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University Campus, Konya 42130, Turkey; (G.Z.); (K.I.S.); (G.A.)
| | - Gunes Ak
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University Campus, Konya 42130, Turkey; (G.Z.); (K.I.S.); (G.A.)
| | - Predrag Putnik
- Department of Food Technology, University North, 48000 Koprivnica, Croatia;
| | - Monica Gallo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Montesano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
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12
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Ali SI, Sheikh WM, Rather MA, Venkatesalu V, Muzamil Bashir S, Nabi SU. Medicinal plants: Treasure for antiviral drug discovery. Phytother Res 2021; 35:3447-3483. [PMID: 33590931 PMCID: PMC8013762 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The pandemic of viral diseases like novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) prompted the scientific world to examine antiviral bioactive compounds rather than nucleic acid analogous, protease inhibitors, or other toxic synthetic molecules. The emerging viral infections significantly associated with 2019-nCoV have challenged humanity's survival. Further, there is a constant emergence of new resistant viral strains that demand novel antiviral agents with fewer side effects and cell toxicity. Despite significant progress made in immunization and regenerative medicine, numerous viruses still lack prophylactic vaccines and specific antiviral treatments that are so often influenced by the generation of viral escape mutants. Of importance, medicinal herbs offer a wide variety of therapeutic antiviral chemotypes that can inhibit viral replication by preventing viral adsorption, adhering to cell receptors, inhibiting virus penetration in the host cell, and competing for pathways of activation of intracellular signals. The present review will comprehensively summarize the promising antiviral activities of medicinal plants and their bioactive molecules. Furthermore, it will elucidate their mechanism of action and possible implications in the treatment/prevention of viral diseases even when their mechanism of action is not fully understood, which could serve as the base for the future development of novel or complementary antiviral treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofi Imtiyaz Ali
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Lab, Division of veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-K, Srinagar, India
| | - Wajid Mohammad Sheikh
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Lab, Division of veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-K, Srinagar, India
| | - Muzafar Ahmad Rather
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Lab, Division of veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-K, Srinagar, India
| | | | - Showkeen Muzamil Bashir
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Lab, Division of veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-K, Srinagar, India
| | - Showkat Ul Nabi
- Large Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-K, Srinagar, India
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13
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Du HX, Zhou HF, Yang JH, Lu YY, He Y, Wan HT. Preliminary study of Yinhuapinggan granule against H1N1 influenza virus infection in mice through inhibition of apoptosis. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2020; 58:979-991. [PMID: 32962483 PMCID: PMC7534346 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2020.1818792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Yinhuapinggan granule (YHPG) is frequently used for treating fever, cough, and viral pneumonia in traditional Chinese medicine. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the antiviral effects of YHPG in H1N1 influenza virus (IFV)-infected mice and its possible mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS ICR mice were intranasally infected with 10 LD50 viral dose of IFV and then oral administration of YHPG (6, 12, and 18 g/kg) or oseltamivir (positive control) once a day for 2 or 4 consecutive days, six mice in each group. The lung, spleen and thymus indexes of IFV-infected mice, the expression of viral loads and pathological changes in lung tissues were performed to evaluate the antiviral effects of YHPG. Real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry and western blot assays were used to determine the expression of Bax, Bcl-2 and caspase-3. RESULTS LD50 in mice was 10-3.5/0.02 mL. YHPG (6, 12, and 18 g/kg) dose-dependently decreased the lung index and viral load; the inhibition ratio of lung index was 5.31, 18.22, and 34.06%, respectively. Further detection revealed that YHPG (12 and 18 g/kg) significantly attenuated lung pathological changes, and increased the spleen and thymus indexes. Moreover, YHPG significantly down-regulated the mRNA and protein expression of Bax and caspase-3 in lung tissues of mice infected with IFV, and up-regulated the expression of Bcl-2. CONCLUSIONS YHPG has significant antiviral effects in IFV-infected mice, partially by inhibiting influenza virus replication and regulating the occurrence of apoptosis induced by influenza virus infection, suggesting that YHPG may be a promising antiviral agent with potential clinical application prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-xia Du
- College of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui-fen Zhou
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie-hong Yang
- College of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi-yu Lu
- Institute of Microbiology, Zhejiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu He
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hai-tong Wan
- College of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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14
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Ben-Shabat S, Yarmolinsky L, Porat D, Dahan A. Antiviral effect of phytochemicals from medicinal plants: Applications and drug delivery strategies. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2020; 10:354-367. [PMID: 31788762 PMCID: PMC7097340 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-019-00691-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections affect three to five million patients annually. While commonly used antivirals often show limited efficacy and serious adverse effects, herbal extracts have been in use for medicinal purposes since ancient times and are known for their antiviral properties and more tolerable side effects. Thus, naturally based pharmacotherapy may be a proper alternative for treating viral diseases. With that in mind, various pharmaceutical formulations and delivery systems including micelles, nanoparticles, nanosuspensions, solid dispersions, microspheres and crystals, self-nanoemulsifying and self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS and SMEDDS) have been developed and used for antiviral delivery of natural products. These diverse technologies offer effective and reliable delivery of medicinal phytochemicals. Given the challenges and possibilities of antiviral treatment, this review provides the verified data on the medicinal plants and related herbal substances with antiviral activity, as well as applied strategies for the delivery of these plant extracts and biologically active phytochemicals. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimon Ben-Shabat
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
| | | | - Daniel Porat
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Arik Dahan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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15
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Anti-Influenza Activity of an Ethyl Acetate Fraction of a Rhus verniciflua Ethanol Extract by Neuraminidase Inhibition. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:8824934. [PMID: 33204399 PMCID: PMC7661131 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8824934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Antigenic mismatch can cause influenza vaccines to be ineffective, and influenza viruses resistant to antiviral drugs are rising. Thus, development of antiviral agents against these viruses is an immediate need. Rhus verniciflua (RVS) has long been used in herbal medicine and as a nutritional supplement. The effect of RVS and its components on influenza virus has not, however, been reported. We found that RVS treatment significantly reduced viral replication when evaluated with green fluorescent protein- (GFP-) tagged virus (influenza A virus, A/PR/8/34-GFP) in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. RVS showed significant inhibition of neuraminidase from A/PR/8/34. Subsequently, three fractions were prepared from an ethanolic crude extract of RVS. In vitro assays indicated that an ethyl acetate fraction (RVSE) was more potent than H2O and CHCl3 fractions. RVSE significantly suppressed influenza virus infection in MDCK cells via neuraminidase inhibition. Additionally, RVSE treatment inhibited expression of several virus proteins and decreased mortality of mice exposed to influenza A/PR/8/34 by 50% and reduced weight loss by 11.5%. Active components in RVSE were isolated, and 5-deoxyluteolin (5) and sulfuretin (7) demonstrate the highest neuraminidase inhibitory activity against influenza A virus. RVS, RVSE, and their constituents may be useful for the development of anti-influenza agents.
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16
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Shirani F, Khorvash F, Arab A. Review on selected potential nutritional intervention for treatment and prevention of viral infections: possibility of recommending these for Coronavirus 2019. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2020.1825483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Shirani
- Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Farzin Khorvash
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Arman Arab
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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17
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Panossian A, Brendler T. The Role of Adaptogens in Prophylaxis and Treatment of Viral Respiratory Infections. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E236. [PMID: 32911682 PMCID: PMC7558817 DOI: 10.3390/ph13090236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of our review is to demonstrate the potential of herbal preparations, specifically adaptogens for prevention and treatment of respiratory infections, as well as convalescence, specifically through supporting a challenged immune system, increasing resistance to viral infection, inhibiting severe inflammatory progression, and driving effective recovery. The evidence from pre-clinical and clinical studies with Andrographis paniculata, Eleutherococcus senticosus, Glycyrrhiza spp., Panax spp., Rhodiola rosea, Schisandra chinensis, Withania somnifera, their combination products and melatonin suggests that adaptogens can be useful in prophylaxis and treatment of viral infections at all stages of progression of inflammation as well as in aiding recovery of the organism by (i) modulating innate and adaptive immunity, (ii) anti-inflammatory activity, (iii) detoxification and repair of oxidative stress-induced damage in compromised cells, (iv) direct antiviral effects of inhibiting viral docking or replication, and (v) improving quality of life during convalescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Panossian
- Phytomed AB, Vaxtorp, 31275 Halland, Sweden
- EuropharmaUSA, Green Bay, WI 54311, USA
| | - Thomas Brendler
- Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa;
- Traditional Medicinals Inc., Rohnert Park, CA 94928, USA
- Plantaphile, Collingswood, NJ 08108, USA
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18
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Bhuiyan FR, Howlader S, Raihan T, Hasan M. Plants Metabolites: Possibility of Natural Therapeutics Against the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:444. [PMID: 32850918 PMCID: PMC7427128 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, a disease induced by SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2), has been the cause of a worldwide pandemic. Though extensive research works have been reported in recent days on the development of effective therapeutics against this global health crisis, there is still no approved therapy against SARS-CoV-2. In the present study, plant-synthesized secondary metabolites (PSMs) have been prioritized to make a review focusing on the efficacy of plant-originated therapeutics for the treatment of COVID-19. Plant metabolites are a source of countless medicinal compounds, while the diversity of multidimensional chemical structures has made them superior to treat serious diseases. Some have already been reported as promising alternative medicines and lead compounds for drug repurposing and discovery. The versatility of secondary metabolites may provide novel antibiotics to tackle MDR (Multi-Drug Resistant) microbes too. This review attempted to find out plant metabolites that have the therapeutic potential to treat a wide range of viral pathogens. The study includes the search of remedies belonging to plant families, susceptible viral candidates, antiviral assays, and the mode of therapeutic action; this attempt resulted in the collection of an enormous number of natural therapeutics that might be suggested for the treatment of COVID-19. About 219 plants from 83 families were found to have antiviral activity. Among them, 149 plants from 71 families were screened for the identification of the major plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) that might be effective for this pandemic. Our investigation revealed that the proposed plant metabolites can serve as potential anti- SARS-CoV-2 lead molecules for further optimization and drug development processes to combat COVID-19 and future pandemics caused by viruses. This review will stimulate further analysis by the scientific community and boost antiviral plant-based research followed by novel drug designing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhana Rumzum Bhuiyan
- Department of Botany, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Department of Botany, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Sabbir Howlader
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Topu Raihan
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Mahmudul Hasan
- Department of Pharmaceuticals and Industrial Biotechnology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
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19
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Sim WS, Choi SI, Jung TD, Cho BY, Choi SH, Park SM, Lee OH. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Lilium lancifolium bulbs extract. J Food Biochem 2020; 44:e13176. [PMID: 32173873 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lilium lancifolium is native to Northeast Asia and its bulbs have been used for medicinal treatment. Moreover, Japan has been using L. lancifolium bulbs more actively as food ingredients than Korea. Therefore, this study was to investigate the characteristics of Korean L. lancifolium bulbs, with respect to food component and functionality. As a result of proximate composition analysis, L. lancifolium bulbs have an abundant carbohydrate content. HPLC analysis indicated p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid contents of Korean L. lancifolium extract were 1.14 ± 0.01, 1.46 ± 0.00 mg/g, but only p-coumaric acid was less detected in Japanese extract. Also, Korean L. lancifolium bulbs extract exhibited significant antioxidant effects, as evaluated with antioxidant activity and compound, than Japanese extract. Furthermore, Korean L. lancifolium bulbs extract significantly inhibited pro-inflammatory protein expressions through MyD88 dependent pathway. Therefore, these results suggested Korean L. lancifolium bulbs have the potential to being functional food ingredients. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Lilium lancifolium is a perennial plant belonging to the Liliaceae family. The storage organ of L. lancifolium is surrounded by several fleshy nodes at the base of the stem, called the bulb, which has been used as food or medicine to treat pneumonia and bronchitis. L. lancifolium is widely found in countries of Northeast Asia, such as Korea, Japan, and China, and its bulbs have been studied for presence of bioactive compounds that have important functional activities. The bioactive compounds in the L. lancifolium bulbs may vary from region to region. In this study, the difference observed in the contents of different bioactive compounds and the efficacy of anti-inflammatory effects of L. lancifolium bulbs from different regions were consistent in this regard. As a comparative study of food materials by region, these L. lancifolium bulbs have the potential to be used as a food material for preventing inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Sup Sim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Il Choi
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Dong Jung
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Yeon Cho
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Choi
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Min Park
- Department of Horticulture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok-Hwan Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
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20
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Lee DY, Park CW, Lee SJ, Park HR, Kim SH, Son SU, Park J, Shin KS. Anti-Cancer Effects of Panax ginseng Berry Polysaccharides via Activation of Immune-Related Cells. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1411. [PMID: 32038228 PMCID: PMC6988799 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng has long been used as natural medicine and health food all over the world. Cancer is a major cause of death worldwide and its prognosis likely depends on the immune system during tumor treatment. In this study, ginseng berry polysaccharides were evaluated for their immunostimulant and anti-cancer effects. Ginseng berry polysaccharide portion (GBPP) was used to investigate its effects on anti-complementary activity, peritoneal macrophage activation, and natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity. Moreover, both intravenous (i.v.) and oral administration of GBPP prior to B16-BL6 melanoma implantation in mice was evaluated. GBPP significantly increased the anti-complementary activity and cytokine production including interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, dose-dependently. Splenocytes obtained after i.v. administration of GBPP showed cytolytic activity in Yac-1 cells in proportion to the E/T ratio. In addition, GBPP enhanced the production of interferon (IFN)-γ and granzyme B of NK cells. For the experimental lung cancer, compared with control mice, GBPP delivered by i.v. suppressed cancer by 48% at 100 μg/mouse, while a 37% reduction was achieved by oral administration. Deficient of NK cells in animal model demonstrated that the anti-cancer effect of GBPP was through NK cell activation. Results of this study suggest that ginseng berry polysaccharides, owing to their modulation of the immune response, can be a potential curative applicant for the prevention and treatment of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Young Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyonggi University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Chan Woong Park
- R&D Center, Vital Beautie Research Institute, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin, South Korea.,Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sue Jung Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyonggi University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hye-Ryung Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyonggi University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Su Hwan Kim
- R&D Center, Vital Beautie Research Institute, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Seung-U Son
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyonggi University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jiyong Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Soon Shin
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyonggi University, Suwon, South Korea
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21
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Wei W, Du H, Shao C, Zhou H, Lu Y, Yu L, Wan H, He Y. Screening of Antiviral Components of Ma Huang Tang and Investigation on the Ephedra Alkaloids Efficacy on Influenza Virus Type A. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:961. [PMID: 31551774 PMCID: PMC6747051 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Ma Huang Tang (MHT) has long been considered as a classical formula for respiratory infections like influenza, bronchitis and asthma, its chemical ingredients that really exert the main efficacy are still obscure. In this study we aimed to screen its antiviral components and investigate the potential mechanisms. The MDCK cellular research results showed that, among nine predominant ingredients of MHT, L-methylephedrin (LMEP), L-ephedrine (LEP) and D-pseudo- ephedrine (DPEP) significantly inhibited the proliferation of influenza A virus in vitro, and the inhibitory effect at 24 h after the treatment was more obvious than that at 48 h. They also significantly inhibited the mRNA expression levels of related genes in the TLR3, TLR4 and TLR7 signaling pathways, which were accompanied with the down-regulation of TNF-α level and the up-regulation of IFN-β level in the cell supernatant. Therefore, three Ephedra alkaloids exert an antiviral effect in vitro which may be closely related to the inhibition of viral replication and the modulation of inflammatory response. Animal research further indicated, at the 3rd and 7th days after infection, LEP and DPEP significantly attenuated lung injury, decreased lung index, virus load in the lung and the level of IL-1β in serum, inhibited the mRNA expression levels of TNF-α, TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, MyD88, NF-κB p65 and RIG-1 as well as the protein expression levels of TLR4, TLR7, MyD88 and NF-κB p65 and markedly increased thymus index, the level of IL-10 in serum and the mRNA expression level of IFN-γ. LEP and DPEP have certain protective effects on the influenza virus-infected mice, which may be associated with their abilities of effectively alleviating lung injury, improving the immunologic function of infected mice and adjusting the host's TLRs and RIG-1 pathways. The overall findings demonstrate that, as effective and inexpensive natural substances, Ephedra alkaloids and MHT may have potential utility in clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyang Wei
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haixia Du
- College of Basic, Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chongyu Shao
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese, Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huifen Zhou
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese, Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiyu Lu
- Institute of Microbiology, Zhejiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Yu
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese, Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haitong Wan
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese, Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu He
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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22
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Choi JG, Kim YS, Kim JH, Chung HS. Antiviral activity of ethanol extract of Geranii Herba and its components against influenza viruses via neuraminidase inhibition. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12132. [PMID: 31431635 PMCID: PMC6702199 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48430-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses are a serious threat to human health, causing numerous deaths and pandemics worldwide. To date, neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors have primarily been used to treat influenza. However, there is a growing need for novel NA inhibitors owing to the emergence of resistant viruses. Geranii Herba (Geranium thunbergii Siebold et Zuccarini), which is edible, has long been used in a variety of disease treatments in Asia. Although recent studies have reported its various pharmacological activities, the effect of Geranii Herba and its components on influenza viruses has not yet been reported. In this study, Geranii Herba ethanol extract (GHE) and its component geraniin showed high antiviral activity against influenza A strain as well as influenza B strain, against which oseltamivir has less efficacy than influenza A strain, by inhibiting NA activity following viral infection in Madin–Darby canine kidney cells. Thus, GHE and its components may be useful for the development of anti-influenza drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang-Gi Choi
- Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Soo Kim
- Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan-Suck Chung
- Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Pharmacological effects of ginseng on infectious diseases. Inflammopharmacology 2019; 27:871-883. [PMID: 31407196 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-019-00630-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ginseng has been traditionally used as an herbal nutritional supplement in Asian countries, including Korea, China, Japan, and Vietnam for several millennia. Most studies have focused on the role of ginseng on anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activities. Recently, modulator activities of ginseng on the immune responses during pathogenic bacterial and viral infections and beneficial effects of ginseng in infectious diseases have been elucidated. In vivo and in vitro studies revealed the potential of ginseng extracts and ginsenosides Rg1, Rg3, Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, compound K, Re, Rd, Rh2 for treatment of several infectious diseases. The molecular mechanisms of these effects mainly involve inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-10), apoptotic pathway (bcl-2, bcl-xL), PI3K/Akt pathway, MAPKs pathway, JAK2/STAT5, NF-κB pathway, and the inflammasome. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge on the effects of ginseng in the immune responses during the infections and its bioactivities on the prevention of infectious diseases as well as its underlying mechanisms. Moreover, the therapeutic potential of ginseng as an anti-bacterial and anti-viral medication and vaccine adjuvant will be discussed as well.
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24
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Jiang N, Lv J, Wang H, Wang Q, Lu C, Yang Y, Huang H, Xia T, Lv G, Liu X. Antidepressant‐like effects of
20(
S
)‐protopanaxadiol
in a mouse model of chronic social defeat stress and the related mechanisms. Phytother Res 2019; 33:2726-2736. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Jiang
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD)Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
| | - Jing‐wei Lv
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD)Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
| | - Hai‐xia Wang
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD)Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Affiliated TCM Hospital/School of Pharmacy/Sino‐Portugal TCM International Cooperation CenterSouthwest Medical University Luzhou 646000 China
| | - Cong Lu
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD)Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
| | - Yu‐jie Yang
- Affiliated TCM Hospital/School of Pharmacy/Sino‐Portugal TCM International Cooperation CenterSouthwest Medical University Luzhou 646000 China
| | - Hong Huang
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD)Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Herbal Medicine in Ministry of Education, School of PharmacyChengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu 611137 China
| | - Tian‐ji Xia
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD)Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
| | - Guang‐hua Lv
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Herbal Medicine in Ministry of Education, School of PharmacyChengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu 611137 China
| | - Xin‐min Liu
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD)Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
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Panax Notoginseng Saponins: A Review of Its Mechanisms of Antidepressant or Anxiolytic Effects and Network Analysis on Phytochemistry and Pharmacology. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23040940. [PMID: 29673237 PMCID: PMC6017639 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax notoginseng (Burk) F. H. Chen, as traditional Chinese medicine, has a long history of high clinical value, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation, inhibition of platelet aggregation, regulation of blood glucose and blood pressure, inhibition of neuronal apoptosis, and neuronal protection, and its main ingredients are Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS). Currently, Panax notoginseng (Burk) F. H. Chen may improve mental function, have anti-insomnia and anti-depression effects, alleviate anxiety, and decrease neural network excitation. However, the underlying effects and the mechanisms of Panax notoginseng (Burk) F. H. Chen and its containing chemical constituents (PNS) on these depression-related or anxiety-related diseases has not been completely established. This review summarized the antidepressant or anxiolytic effects and mechanisms of PNS and analyzed network targets of antidepressant or anxiolytic actions with network pharmacology tools to provide directions and references for further pharmacological studies and new ideas for clinical treatment of nervous system diseases and drug studies and development. The review showed PNS and its components may exert these effects through regulating neurotransmitter mechanism (5-HT, DA, NE), modulation of the gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) neurotransmission, glutamatergic system, hypo-thalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and its intracellular signaling pathways in the central nervous system; and produce neuronal protection by anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation, or inhibition of neuronal apoptosis, or platelet aggregation and its intracellular signaling pathways. Network target analysis indicated PNS and its components also may have anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects, which leads to the preservation of brain nerves, and regulate the activity and secretion of nerve cells, exerting anti-depression and anxiolytic effects, which may provide new directions for further in-depth researches of related mechanisms.
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