1
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Nguyen H, Podolnikova NP, Ugarova TP, Wang X. α MI-domain of integrin Mac-1 binds the cytokine pleiotrophin using multiple mechanisms. Structure 2024; 32:1184-1196.e4. [PMID: 38729161 PMCID: PMC11316656 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2024.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
The integrin Mac-1 (αMβ2, CD11b/CD18, CR3) is an adhesion receptor expressed on macrophages and neutrophils. Mac-1 is also a promiscuous integrin that binds a diverse set of ligands through its αMI-domain. However, the binding mechanism of most ligands remains unclear. We have characterized the interaction of αMI-domain with the cytokine pleiotrophin (PTN), a protein known to bind αMI-domain and induce Mac-1-mediated cell adhesion and migration. Our data show that PTN's N-terminal domain binds a unique site near the N- and C-termini of the αMI-domain using a metal-independent mechanism. However, a stronger interaction is achieved when an acidic amino acid in a zwitterionic motif in PTN's C-terminal domain chelates the divalent cation in the metal ion-dependent adhesion site of active αMI-domain. These results indicate that αMI-domain can bind ligands using multiple mechanisms and that the active αMI-domain has a preference for motifs containing both positively and negatively charged amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoa Nguyen
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | | | - Tatiana P Ugarova
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA.
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2
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Yoo CJ, Choi Y, Bok E, Lin Y, Cheon M, Lee YH, Kim J. Complement receptor 4 mediates the clearance of extracellular tau fibrils by microglia. FEBS J 2024; 291:3499-3520. [PMID: 38715400 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024]
Abstract
Tauopathies exhibit a characteristic accumulation of misfolded tau aggregates in the brain. Tau pathology shows disease-specific spatiotemporal propagation through intercellular transmission, which is closely correlated with the progression of clinical manifestations. Therefore, identifying molecular mechanisms that prevent tau propagation is critical for developing therapeutic strategies for tauopathies. The various innate immune receptors, such as complement receptor 3 (CR3) and complement receptor 4 (CR4), have been reported to play a critical role in the clearance of various extracellular toxic molecules by microglia. However, their role in tau clearance has not been studied yet. In the present study, we investigated the role of CR3 and CR4 in regulating extracellular tau clearance. We found that CR4 selectively binds to tau fibrils but not to tau monomers, whereas CR3 does not bind to either of them. Inhibiting CR4, but not CR3, significantly reduces the uptake of tau fibrils by BV2 cells and primary microglia. By contrast, inhibiting CR4 has no effect on the uptake of tau monomers by BV2 cells. Furthermore, inhibiting CR4 suppresses the clearance of extracellular tau fibrils, leading to more seed-competent tau fibrils remaining in the extracellular space relative to control samples. We also provide evidence that the expression of CR4 is upregulated in the brains of human Alzheimer's disease patients and the PS19 mouse model of tauopathy. Taken together, our data strongly support that CR4 is a previously undescribed receptor for the clearance of tau fibrils in microglia and may represent a novel therapeutic target for tauopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Jae Yoo
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, South Korea
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), South Korea
| | - Youngtae Choi
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, South Korea
| | - Eugene Bok
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, South Korea
| | - Yuxi Lin
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Ochang, South Korea
| | - Mookyung Cheon
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, South Korea
| | - Young-Ho Lee
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Ochang, South Korea
- Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, South Korea
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Jaekwang Kim
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, South Korea
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3
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Kunanopparat A, Dinh TTH, Ponpakdee P, Padungros P, Kaewduangduen W, Ariya-anandech K, Tummamunkong P, Samaeng A, Sae-ear P, Leelahavanichkul A, Hirankarn N, Ritprajak P. Complement receptor 3-dependent engagement by Candida glabrata β-glucan modulates dendritic cells to induce regulatory T-cell expansion. Open Biol 2024; 14:230315. [PMID: 38806144 PMCID: PMC11293457 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.230315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata is an important pathogen causing invasive infection associated with a high mortality rate. One mechanism that causes the failure of Candida eradication is an increase in regulatory T cells (Treg), which play a major role in immune suppression and promoting Candida pathogenicity. To date, how C. glabrata induces a Treg response remains unclear. Dendritic cells (DCs) recognition of fungi provides the fundamental signal determining the fate of the T-cell response. This study investigated the interplay between C. glabrata and DCs and its effect on Treg induction. We found that C. glabrata β-glucan was a major component that interacted with DCs and consequently mediated the Treg response. Blocking the binding of C. glabrata β-glucan to dectin-1 and complement receptor 3 (CR3) showed that CR3 activation in DCs was crucial for the induction of Treg. Furthermore, a ligand-receptor binding assay showed the preferential binding of C. glabrata β-glucan to CR3. Our data suggest that C. glabrata β-glucan potentially mediates the Treg response, probably through CR3-dependent activation in DCs. This study contributes new insights into immune modulation by C. glabrata that may lead to a better design of novel immunotherapeutic strategies for invasive C. glabrata infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areerat Kunanopparat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Center of Excellence in Integrative Immuno-Microbial Biochemistry and Bioresponsive Nanomaterials, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Truc Thi Huong Dinh
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Center of Excellence in Integrative Immuno-Microbial Biochemistry and Bioresponsive Nanomaterials, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Medical Microbiology Interdisciplinary Program, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pathophysiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam
| | - Pranpariya Ponpakdee
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Green Chemistry for Fine Chemical Production and Environmental Remediation Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Panuwat Padungros
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Green Chemistry for Fine Chemical Production and Environmental Remediation Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Warerat Kaewduangduen
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Center of Excellence in Integrative Immuno-Microbial Biochemistry and Bioresponsive Nanomaterials, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kasirapat Ariya-anandech
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Center of Excellence in Integrative Immuno-Microbial Biochemistry and Bioresponsive Nanomaterials, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Phawida Tummamunkong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Center of Excellence in Integrative Immuno-Microbial Biochemistry and Bioresponsive Nanomaterials, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Amanee Samaeng
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Center of Excellence in Integrative Immuno-Microbial Biochemistry and Bioresponsive Nanomaterials, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pannagorn Sae-ear
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral Biology Research Center, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Asada Leelahavanichkul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology (CETRII), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nattiya Hirankarn
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Patcharee Ritprajak
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Center of Excellence in Integrative Immuno-Microbial Biochemistry and Bioresponsive Nanomaterials, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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4
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Bendapudi PK, Nazeen S, Ryu J, Söylemez O, Robbins A, Rouaisnel B, O’Neil JK, Pokhriyal R, Yang M, Colling M, Pasko B, Bouzinier M, Tomczak L, Collier L, Barrios D, Ram S, Toth-Petroczy A, Krier J, Fieg E, Dzik WH, Hudspeth JC, Pozdnyakova O, Nardi V, Knight J, Maas R, Sunyaev S, Losman JA. Low-frequency inherited complement receptor variants are associated with purpura fulminans. Blood 2024; 143:1032-1044. [PMID: 38096369 PMCID: PMC10950473 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023021231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Extreme disease phenotypes can provide key insights into the pathophysiology of common conditions, but studying such cases is challenging due to their rarity and the limited statistical power of existing methods. Herein, we used a novel approach to pathway-based mutational burden testing, the rare variant trend test (RVTT), to investigate genetic risk factors for an extreme form of sepsis-induced coagulopathy, infectious purpura fulminans (PF). In addition to prospective patient sample collection, we electronically screened over 10.4 million medical records from 4 large hospital systems and identified historical cases of PF for which archived specimens were available to perform germline whole-exome sequencing. We found a significantly increased burden of low-frequency, putatively function-altering variants in the complement system in patients with PF compared with unselected patients with sepsis (P = .01). A multivariable logistic regression analysis found that the number of complement system variants per patient was independently associated with PF after controlling for age, sex, and disease acuity (P = .01). Functional characterization of PF-associated variants in the immunomodulatory complement receptors CR3 and CR4 revealed that they result in partial or complete loss of anti-inflammatory CR3 function and/or gain of proinflammatory CR4 function. Taken together, these findings suggest that inherited defects in CR3 and CR4 predispose to the maladaptive hyperinflammation that characterizes severe sepsis with coagulopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan K. Bendapudi
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Division of Hematology and Blood Transfusion Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Sumaiya Nazeen
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Division of Genomic Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Justine Ryu
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Onuralp Söylemez
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Division of Genomic Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Alissa Robbins
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Betty Rouaisnel
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Jillian K. O’Neil
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Ruchika Pokhriyal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Moua Yang
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Meaghan Colling
- Division of Hematology and Blood Transfusion Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Bryce Pasko
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Michael Bouzinier
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Division of Genomic Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Lindsay Tomczak
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Lindsay Collier
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - David Barrios
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Sanjay Ram
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Agnes Toth-Petroczy
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Division of Genomic Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Joel Krier
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Division of Genomic Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Elizabeth Fieg
- Division of Genomic Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Walter H. Dzik
- Division of Hematology and Blood Transfusion Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - James C. Hudspeth
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Olga Pozdnyakova
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Valentina Nardi
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - James Knight
- Yale Center for Genome Analysis, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Richard Maas
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Division of Genomic Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Shamil Sunyaev
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Division of Genomic Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Julie-Aurore Losman
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
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5
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Gogoi D, Yu H, Casey M, Baird R, Yusuf A, Forde L, O' Brien ME, West JR, Flagg T, McElvaney NG, Eden E, Mueller C, Brantly ML, Geraghty P, Reeves EP. Monocyte NLRP3 inflammasome and interleukin-1β activation modulated by alpha-1 antitrypsin therapy in deficient individuals. Thorax 2024:thorax-2023-221071. [PMID: 38418195 DOI: 10.1136/thorax-2023-221071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Altered complement component 3 (C3) activation in patients with alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency (AATD) has been reported. To understand the potential impact on course of inflammation, the aim of this study was to investigate whether C3d, a cleavage-product of C3, triggers interleukin (IL)-1β secretion via activation of NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. The objective was to explore the effect of AAT augmentation therapy in patients with AATD on the C3d/complement receptor 3 (CR3) signalling axis of monocytes and on circulating pro-inflammatory markers. METHODS Inflammatory mediators were detected in blood from patients with AATD (n=28) and patients with AATD receiving augmentation therapy (n=19). Inflammasome activation and IL-1β secretion were measured in monocytes of patients with AATD, and following C3d stimulation in the presence or absence of CR3 or NLRP3 inhibitors. RESULTS C3d acting via CR3 induces NLRP3 and pro-IL-1β production, and through induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and calcium flux, triggers caspase-1 activation and IL-1β secretion. Treatment of individuals with AATD with AAT therapy results in decreased plasma levels of C3d (3.0±1.2 µg/mL vs 1.3±0.5 µg/mL respectively, p<0.0001) and IL-1β (115.4±30 pg/mL vs 73.3±20 pg/mL, respectively, p<0.0001), with a 2.0-fold decrease in monocyte NLRP3 protein expression (p=0.0303), despite continued ER stress activation. DISCUSSION These results provide strong insight into the mechanism of complement-driven inflammation associated with AATD. Although the described variance in C3d and NLRP3 activation decreased post AAT augmentation therapy, results demonstrate persistent C3d and monocyte ER stress, with implications for new therapeutics and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debananda Gogoi
- Pulmonary Clinical Science, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Howard Yu
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Michelle Casey
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rory Baird
- Pulmonary Clinical Science, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Azeez Yusuf
- Pulmonary Clinical Science, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Luke Forde
- Pulmonary Clinical Science, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael E O' Brien
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jesse R West
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, J. Hillis Miller Health Science Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Tammy Flagg
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, J. Hillis Miller Health Science Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Noel G McElvaney
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Edward Eden
- Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christian Mueller
- The Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, Horae Gene Therapy Center, Worcester, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Mark L Brantly
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, J. Hillis Miller Health Science Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Patrick Geraghty
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Emer P Reeves
- Pulmonary Clinical Science, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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6
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Steggerda JA, Heeger PS. The Promise of Complement Therapeutics in Solid Organ Transplantation. Transplantation 2024:00007890-990000000-00655. [PMID: 38361233 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Transplantation is the ideal therapy for end-stage organ failure, but outcomes for all transplant organs are suboptimal, underscoring the need to develop novel approaches to improve graft survival and function. The complement system, traditionally considered a component of innate immunity, is now known to broadly control inflammation and crucially contribute to induction and function of adaptive T-cell and B-cell immune responses, including those induced by alloantigens. Interest of pharmaceutical industries in complement therapeutics for nontransplant indications and the understanding that the complement system contributes to solid organ transplantation injury through multiple mechanisms raise the possibility that targeting specific complement components could improve transplant outcomes and patient health. Here, we provide an overview of complement biology and review the roles and mechanisms through which the complement system is pathogenically linked to solid organ transplant injury. We then discuss how this knowledge has been translated into novel therapeutic strategies to improve organ transplant outcomes and identify areas for future investigation. Although the clinical application of complement-targeted therapies in transplantation remains in its infancy, the increasing availability of new agents in this arena provides a rich environment for potentially transformative translational transplant research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A Steggerda
- Division of Abdominal Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Peter S Heeger
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
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7
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Sándor N, Schneider AE, Matola AT, Barbai VH, Bencze D, Hammad HH, Papp A, Kövesdi D, Uzonyi B, Józsi M. The human factor H protein family - an update. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1135490. [PMID: 38410512 PMCID: PMC10894998 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1135490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Complement is an ancient and complex network of the immune system and, as such, it plays vital physiological roles, but it is also involved in numerous pathological processes. The proper regulation of the complement system is important to allow its sufficient and targeted activity without deleterious side-effects. Factor H is a major complement regulator, and together with its splice variant factor H-like protein 1 and the five human factor H-related (FHR) proteins, they have been linked to various diseases. The role of factor H in inhibiting complement activation is well studied, but the function of the FHRs is less characterized. Current evidence supports the main role of the FHRs as enhancers of complement activation and opsonization, i.e., counter-balancing the inhibitory effect of factor H. FHRs emerge as soluble pattern recognition molecules and positive regulators of the complement system. In addition, factor H and some of the FHR proteins were shown to modulate the activity of immune cells, a non-canonical function outside the complement cascade. Recent efforts have intensified to study factor H and the FHRs and develop new tools for the distinction, quantification and functional characterization of members of this protein family. Here, we provide an update and overview on the versatile roles of factor H family proteins, what we know about their biological functions in healthy conditions and in diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémi Sándor
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- HUN-REN-ELTE Complement Research Group, Hungarian Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - Veronika H. Barbai
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dániel Bencze
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Hani Hashim Hammad
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Alexandra Papp
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dorottya Kövesdi
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- HUN-REN-ELTE Complement Research Group, Hungarian Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Barbara Uzonyi
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- HUN-REN-ELTE Complement Research Group, Hungarian Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mihály Józsi
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- HUN-REN-ELTE Complement Research Group, Hungarian Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
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8
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Juul-Madsen K, Parbo P, Ismail R, Ovesen PL, Schmidt V, Madsen LS, Thyrsted J, Gierl S, Breum M, Larsen A, Andersen MN, Romero-Ramos M, Holm CK, Andersen GR, Zhao H, Schuck P, Nygaard JV, Sutherland DS, Eskildsen SF, Willnow TE, Brooks DJ, Vorup-Jensen T. Amyloid-β aggregates activate peripheral monocytes in mild cognitive impairment. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1224. [PMID: 38336934 PMCID: PMC10858199 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45627-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The peripheral immune system is important in neurodegenerative diseases, both in protecting and inflaming the brain, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Alzheimer's Disease is commonly preceded by a prodromal period. Here, we report the presence of large Aβ aggregates in plasma from patients with mild cognitive impairment (n = 38). The aggregates are associated with low level Alzheimer's Disease-like brain pathology as observed by 11C-PiB PET and 18F-FTP PET and lowered CD18-rich monocytes. We characterize complement receptor 4 as a strong binder of amyloids and show Aβ aggregates are preferentially phagocytosed and stimulate lysosomal activity through this receptor in stem cell-derived microglia. KIM127 integrin activation in monocytes promotes size selective phagocytosis of Aβ. Hydrodynamic calculations suggest Aβ aggregates associate with vessel walls of the cortical capillaries. In turn, we hypothesize aggregates may provide an adhesion substrate for recruiting CD18-rich monocytes into the cortex. Our results support a role for complement receptor 4 in regulating amyloid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Juul-Madsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, The Skou Building, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Parbo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsløws Vej 4, DK-5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Rola Ismail
- Department of Nuclear medicine and PET, Vejle Hospital, Beriderbakken 4, DK-7100, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Peter L Ovesen
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vanessa Schmidt
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lasse S Madsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, DK-8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 11, DK-8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Building 1710, Universitetsbyen 3, DK-8200, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jacob Thyrsted
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, The Skou Building, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Sarah Gierl
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, The Skou Building, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mihaela Breum
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, The Skou Building, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Agnete Larsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, The Skou Building, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Morten N Andersen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, The Skou Building, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 11, DK-8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Hematology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, DK-8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Marina Romero-Ramos
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, The Skou Building, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
- NEURODIN AU IDEAS Center, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, The Skou Building, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, DK-8200, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Christian K Holm
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, The Skou Building, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Gregers R Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Universitetsbyen 81, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Huaying Zhao
- Laboratory of Dynamics and Macromolecular Assembly, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, Building 31, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Peter Schuck
- Laboratory of Dynamics and Macromolecular Assembly, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, Building 31, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jens V Nygaard
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds vej 10 D, DK-8200, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Duncan S Sutherland
- Interdisiciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, The iNANO House, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, DK-8200, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Center for Cellular Signal Patterns, Aarhus University, The iNANO House, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, DK-8200, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Simon F Eskildsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 11, DK-8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Building 1710, Universitetsbyen 3, DK-8200, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Thomas E Willnow
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, The Skou Building, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - David J Brooks
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, DK-8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Burlington Danes, The Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Institute of Translational and Clinical Research, University of Newcastle, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Thomas Vorup-Jensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, The Skou Building, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
- NEURODIN AU IDEAS Center, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, The Skou Building, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, DK-8200, Aarhus C, Denmark.
- Interdisiciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, The iNANO House, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, DK-8200, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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9
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Nguyen H, Podolnikova NP, Ugarova TP, Wang X. α MI-domain of Integrin Mac-1 Binds the Cytokine Pleiotrophin Using Multiple Mechanisms. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.01.578455. [PMID: 38352421 PMCID: PMC10862807 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.01.578455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The integrin Mac-1 (αMβ2, CD11b/CD18, CR3) is an important adhesion receptor expressed on macrophages and neutrophils. Mac-1 is also the most promiscuous member of the integrin family that binds a diverse set of ligands through its αMI-domain. However, the binding mechanism of most ligands is not clear. We have determined the interaction of αMI-domain with the cytokine pleiotrophin (PTN), a cationic protein known to bind αMI-domain and induce Mac-1-mediated cell adhesion and migration. Our data show that PTN's N-terminal domain binds a unique site near the N- and C-termini of the αMI-domain using a metal-independent mechanism. However, stronger interaction is achieved when an acidic amino acid in a zwitterionic motif in PTN's C-terminal domain chelates the divalent cation in the metal ion-dependent adhesion site of the active αMI-domain. These results indicate that αMI-domain can bind ligands using multiple mechanisms, and suggest that active αMI-domain prefers acidic amino acids in zwitterionic motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoa Nguyen
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | | | | | - Xu Wang
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
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10
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Van Wagoner CM, Rivera-Escalera F, Delgadillo NJ, Chu CC, Zent CS, Elliott MR. Antibody-mediated phagocytosis in cancer immunotherapy. Immunol Rev 2023; 319:128-141. [PMID: 37602915 PMCID: PMC10615698 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Unconjugated monoclonal antibodies (mAb) have revolutionized the treatment of many types of cancer. Some of these mAbs promote the clearance of malignant cells via direct cytotoxic effects. More recently, antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) has been appreciated as a major mechanism of action for a number of widely-used mAbs, including anti-CD20 (rituximab, obinutuzumab), anti-HER2 (trazituzumab), and anti-CD38 (daratumumab). However, as a monotherapy these ADCP-inducing mAbs produce insufficient levels of cytotoxicity in vivo and are not curative. As a result, these mAbs are most effectively used in combination therapies. The efficacy of these mAbs is further hampered by the apparent development of drug resistance by many patients. Here we will explore the role of ADCP in cancer immunotherapy and discuss the key factors that could limit the efficacy of ADCP-inducing mAbs in vivo. Finally, we will discuss current insights and approaches being applied to overcome these limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly M. Van Wagoner
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Fátima Rivera-Escalera
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | - Charles C. Chu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Rochester, NY, USA
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Clive S. Zent
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Rochester, NY, USA
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Michael R. Elliott
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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11
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Santos-López J, de la Paz K, Fernández FJ, Vega MC. Structural biology of complement receptors. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1239146. [PMID: 37753090 PMCID: PMC10518620 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1239146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement system plays crucial roles in a wide breadth of immune and inflammatory processes and is frequently cited as an etiological or aggravating factor in many human diseases, from asthma to cancer. Complement receptors encompass at least eight proteins from four structural classes, orchestrating complement-mediated humoral and cellular effector responses and coordinating the complex cross-talk between innate and adaptive immunity. The progressive increase in understanding of the structural features of the main complement factors, activated proteolytic fragments, and their assemblies have spurred a renewed interest in deciphering their receptor complexes. In this review, we describe what is currently known about the structural biology of the complement receptors and their complexes with natural agonists and pharmacological antagonists. We highlight the fundamental concepts and the gray areas where issues and problems have been identified, including current research gaps. We seek to offer guidance into the structural biology of the complement system as structural information underlies fundamental and therapeutic research endeavors. Finally, we also indicate what we believe are potential developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Santos-López
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Karla de la Paz
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Research & Development, Abvance Biotech SL, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - M. Cristina Vega
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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12
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Lorentzen J, Olesen HG, Hansen AG, Thiel S, Birkelund S, Andersen CBF, Andersen GR. Trypanosoma brucei Invariant Surface gp65 Inhibits the Alternative Pathway of Complement by Accelerating C3b Degradation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:862-873. [PMID: 37466368 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosomes are known to activate the complement system on their surface, but they control the cascade in a manner such that the cascade does not progress into the terminal pathway. It was recently reported that the invariant surface glycoprotein ISG65 from Trypanosoma brucei interacts reversibly with complement C3 and its degradation products, but the molecular mechanism by which ISG65 interferes with complement activation remains unknown. In this study, we show that ISG65 does not interfere directly with the assembly or activity of the two C3 convertases. However, ISG65 acts as a potent inhibitor of C3 deposition through the alternative pathway in human and murine serum. Degradation assays demonstrate that ISG65 stimulates the C3b to iC3b converting activity of complement factor I in the presence of the cofactors factor H or complement receptor 1. A structure-based model suggests that ISG65 promotes a C3b conformation susceptible to degradation or directly bridges factor I and C3b without contact with the cofactor. In addition, ISG65 is observed to form a stable ternary complex with the ligand binding domain of complement receptor 3 and iC3b. Our data suggest that ISG65 supports trypanosome complement evasion by accelerating the conversion of C3b to iC3b through a unique mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefine Lorentzen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Heidi G Olesen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Steffen Thiel
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Svend Birkelund
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | - Gregers R Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
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13
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Hieber C, Grabbe S, Bros M. Counteracting Immunosenescence-Which Therapeutic Strategies Are Promising? Biomolecules 2023; 13:1085. [PMID: 37509121 PMCID: PMC10377144 DOI: 10.3390/biom13071085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging attenuates the overall responsiveness of the immune system to eradicate pathogens. The increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by innate immune cells under basal conditions, termed inflammaging, contributes to impaired innate immune responsiveness towards pathogen-mediated stimulation and limits antigen-presenting activity. Adaptive immune responses are attenuated as well due to lowered numbers of naïve lymphocytes and their impaired responsiveness towards antigen-specific stimulation. Additionally, the numbers of immunoregulatory cell types, comprising regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, that inhibit the activity of innate and adaptive immune cells are elevated. This review aims to summarize our knowledge on the cellular and molecular causes of immunosenescence while also taking into account senescence effects that constitute immune evasion mechanisms in the case of chronic viral infections and cancer. For tumor therapy numerous nanoformulated drugs have been developed to overcome poor solubility of compounds and to enable cell-directed delivery in order to restore immune functions, e.g., by addressing dysregulated signaling pathways. Further, nanovaccines which efficiently address antigen-presenting cells to mount sustained anti-tumor immune responses have been clinically evaluated. Further, senolytics that selectively deplete senescent cells are being tested in a number of clinical trials. Here we discuss the potential use of such drugs to improve anti-aging therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Hieber
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Ackermannweg 4, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stephan Grabbe
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Ackermannweg 4, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Bros
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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14
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Cozzo AJ, Coleman MF, Hursting SD. You complete me: tumor cell-myeloid cell nuclear fusion as a facilitator of organ-specific metastasis. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1191332. [PMID: 37427108 PMCID: PMC10324515 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1191332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Every cancer genome is unique, resulting in potentially near infinite cancer cell phenotypes and an inability to predict clinical outcomes in most cases. Despite this profound genomic heterogeneity, many cancer types and subtypes display a non-random distribution of metastasis to distant organs, a phenomenon known as organotropism. Proposed factors in metastatic organotropism include hematogenous versus lymphatic dissemination, the circulation pattern of the tissue of origin, tumor-intrinsic factors, compatibility with established organ-specific niches, long-range induction of premetastatic niche formation, and so-called "prometastatic niches" that facilitate successful colonization of the secondary site following extravasation. To successfully complete the steps required for distant metastasis, cancer cells must evade immunosurveillance and survive in multiple new and hostile environments. Despite substantial advances in our understanding of the biology underlying malignancy, many of the mechanisms used by cancer cells to survive the metastatic journey remain a mystery. This review synthesizes the rapidly growing body of literature demonstrating the relevance of an unusual cell type known as "fusion hybrid" cells to many of the hallmarks of cancer, including tumor heterogeneity, metastatic conversion, survival in circulation, and metastatic organotropism. Whereas the concept of fusion between tumor cells and blood cells was initially proposed over a century ago, only recently have technological advancements allowed for detection of cells containing components of both immune and neoplastic cells within primary and metastatic lesions as well as among circulating malignant cells. Specifically, heterotypic fusion of cancer cells with monocytes and macrophages results in a highly heterogeneous population of hybrid daughter cells with enhanced malignant potential. Proposed mechanisms behind these findings include rapid, massive genome rearrangement during nuclear fusion and/or acquisition of monocyte/macrophage features such as migratory and invasive capability, immune privilege, immune cell trafficking and homing, and others. Rapid acquisition of these cellular traits may increase the likelihood of both escape from the primary tumor site and extravasation of hybrid cells at a secondary location that is amenable to colonization by that particular hybrid phenotype, providing a partial explanation for the patterns observed in some cancers with regard to sites of distant metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa J. Cozzo
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Michael F. Coleman
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Stephen D. Hursting
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC, United States
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15
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Toutonji A, Krieg C, Borucki DM, Mandava M, Guglietta S, Tomlinson S. Mass cytometric analysis of the immune cell landscape after traumatic brain injury elucidates the role of complement and complement receptors in neurologic outcomes. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:92. [PMID: 37308987 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01583-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Following traumatic brain injury (TBI), a neuroinflammatory response can persist for years and contribute to the development of chronic neurological manifestations. Complement plays a central role in post-TBI neuroinflammation, and C3 opsonins and the anaphylatoxins (C3a and C5a) have been implicated in promoting secondary injury. We used single cell mass cytometry to characterize the immune cell landscape of the brain at different time points after TBI. To specifically investigate how complement shapes the post-TBI immune cell landscape, we analyzed TBI brains in the context of CR2-Crry treatment, an inhibitor of C3 activation. We analyzed 13 immune cell types, including peripheral and brain resident cells, and assessed expression of various receptors. TBI modulated the expression of phagocytic and complement receptors on both brain resident and infiltrating peripheral immune cells, and distinct functional clusters were identified within same cell populations that emerge at different phases after TBI. In particular, a CD11c+ (CR4) microglia subpopulation continued to expand over 28 days after injury, and was the only receptor to show continuous increase over time. Complement inhibition affected the abundance of brain resident immune cells in the injured hemisphere and impacted the expression of functional receptors on infiltrating cells. A role for C5a has also been indicated in models of brain injury, and we found significant upregulation of C5aR1 on many immune cell types after TBI. However, we demonstrated experimentally that while C5aR1 is involved in the infiltration of peripheral immune cells into the brain after injury, it does not alone affect histological or behavioral outcomes. However, CR2-Crry improved post-TBI outcomes and reduced resident immune cell populations, as well as complement and phagocytic receptor expression, indicating that its neuroprotective effects are mediated upstream of C5a generation, likely via modulating C3 opsonization and complement receptor expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amer Toutonji
- College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Carsten Krieg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Davis M Borucki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Mamatha Mandava
- Immune Deficiency Cellular Therapy Program (IDCTP), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Silvia Guglietta
- Hollings Cancer Center, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
| | - Stephen Tomlinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
- Ralph Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, 29401, USA.
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16
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Wu W, Lu H, Cheng J, Geng Z, Mao S, Xue Y. Undernutrition Disrupts Cecal Microbiota and Epithelium Interactions, Epithelial Metabolism, and Immune Responses in a Pregnant Sheep Model. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0532022. [PMID: 36976022 PMCID: PMC10100782 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.05320-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Undernutrition may change cecal microbiota-epithelium interactions to influence cecal feed fermentation, nutrient absorption and metabolism, and immune function. Sixteen late-gestation Hu-sheep were randomly divided into control (normal feeding) and treatment (feed restriction) groups to establish an undernourished sheep model. Cecal digesta and epithelium were collected to analyze microbiota-host interactions based on 16S rRNA gene and transcriptome sequencing. Results showed that cecal weight and pH were decreased, volatile fatty acids and microbial proteins concentrations were increased, and epithelial morphology was changed upon undernutrition. Undernutrition reduced the diversity, richness, and evenness of cecal microbiota. The relative abundances of cecal genera involved in acetate production (Rikenellaceae dgA-11 gut group, Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group, and Ruminococcus) and negatively correlated with butyrate proportion (Clostridia vadinBB60 group_norank) were decreased, while genera related to butyrate (Oscillospiraceae_uncultured and Peptococcaceae_uncultured) and valerate (Peptococcaceae_uncultured) production were increased in undernourished ewes. These findings were consistent with the decreased molar proportion of acetate and the increased molar proportions of butyrate and valerate. Undernutrition changed the overall transcriptional profile and substance transport and metabolism in cecal epithelium. Undernutrition suppressed extracellular matrix-receptor interaction and intracellular phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway then disrupted biological processes in cecal epithelium. Moreover, undernutrition repressed phagosome antigen processing and presentation, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, and intestinal immune network. In conclusion, undernutrition affected cecal microbial diversity and composition and fermentation parameters, inhibited extracellular matrix-receptor interaction and the PI3K signaling pathway, and then disrupted epithelial proliferation and renewal and intestinal immune functions. Our findings exposed cecal microbiota-host interactions upon undernutrition and contribute to their further exploration. IMPORTANCE Undernutrition is commonly encountered in ruminant production, especially during pregnancy and lactation in females. Undernutrition not only induces metabolic diseases and threatens pregnant mothers' health, but also inhibits fetal growth and development, leading to weakness or even death of fetuses. Cecum works importantly in hindgut fermentation, providing volatile fatty acids and microbial proteins to the organism. Intestinal epithelial tissue plays a role in nutrient absorption and transport, barrier function, and immune function. However, little is known about cecal microbiota and epithelium interactions upon undernutrition. Our findings showed that undernutrition affected bacterial structures and functions, which changed fermentation parameters and energy regimens, and therefore affected the substance transport and metabolism in cecal epithelium. Extracellular matrix-receptor interactions were inhibited, which repressed cecal epithelial morphology and cecal weight via the PI3K signaling pathway and lowered immune response function upon undernutrition. These findings will help in further exploring microbe-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibin Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Huizhen Lu
- Biotechnology Center, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Jianbo Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhaoyu Geng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Shengyong Mao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanfeng Xue
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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17
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Santarsiero D, Aiello S. The Complement System in Kidney Transplantation. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050791. [PMID: 36899927 PMCID: PMC10001167 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney transplantation is the therapy of choice for patients who suffer from end-stage renal diseases. Despite improvements in surgical techniques and immunosuppressive treatments, long-term graft survival remains a challenge. A large body of evidence documented that the complement cascade, a part of the innate immune system, plays a crucial role in the deleterious inflammatory reactions that occur during the transplantation process, such as brain or cardiac death of the donor and ischaemia/reperfusion injury. In addition, the complement system also modulates the responses of T cells and B cells to alloantigens, thus playing a crucial role in cellular as well as humoral responses to the allograft, which lead to damage to the transplanted kidney. Since several drugs that are capable of inhibiting complement activation at various stages of the complement cascade are emerging and being developed, we will discuss how these novel therapies could have potential applications in ameliorating outcomes in kidney transplantations by preventing the deleterious effects of ischaemia/reperfusion injury, modulating the adaptive immune response, and treating antibody-mediated rejection.
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18
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Smith LC, Crow RS, Franchi N, Schrankel CS. The echinoid complement system inferred from genome sequence searches. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 140:104584. [PMID: 36343741 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The vertebrate complement cascade is an essential host protection system that functions at the intersection of adaptive and innate immunity. However, it was originally assumed that complement was present only in vertebrates because it was activated by antibodies and functioned with adaptive immunity. Subsequently, the identification of the key component, SpC3, in sea urchins plus a wide range of other invertebrates significantly expanded the concepts of how complement functions. Because there are few reports on the echinoid complement system, an alternative approach to identify complement components in echinoderms is to search the deduced proteins encoded in the genomes. This approach identified known and putative members of the lectin and alternative activation pathways, but members of the terminal pathway are absent. Several types of complement receptors are encoded in the genomes. Complement regulatory proteins composed of complement control protein (CCP) modules are identified that may control the activation pathways and the convertases. Other regulatory proteins without CCP modules are also identified, however regulators of the terminal pathway are absent. The expansion of genes encoding proteins with Macpf domains is noteworthy because this domain is a signature of perforin and proteins in the terminal pathway. The results suggest that the major functions of the echinoid complement system are detection of foreign targets by the proteins that initiate the activation pathways resulting in opsonization by SpC3b fragments to augment phagocytosis and destruction of the foreign targets by the immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Courtney Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington DC, USA.
| | - Ryley S Crow
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Nicola Franchi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Catherine S Schrankel
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, La Jolla, CA, USA
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19
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Sun J, Wang L, Song L. The primitive complement system in molluscs. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 139:104565. [PMID: 36216083 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The complement system is an important immune defense mechanism that plays essential roles in both innate and adaptive immunity of vertebrates. Since complement components are identified in deuterostome and even primitive protostome species, the origin and evolution of complement system in invertebrates have been of great interest. Recently, research on the complement system in mollusc immunity has been increasing due to their importance in worldwide aquaculture, and their phylogenetic position. Complement components including C3, C1q domain containing protein (C1qDCP), C-type lectin (CTL), ficolin-like, mannose-binding lectin (MBL)-associated serine proteases like (MASPL), and factor B have been identified, suggesting the existence of complement system in molluscs. The lectin pathway has been outlined in molluscs, which is initiated by CTL with CCP domain and MASPL protein to generate C3 cleavage fragments. The molluscan C1qDCP exhibits the capability to bind human IgG, indicating the existence of possible C1qDCP-mediated activation pathway in molluscs. The activation of C3 regulates the expressions of immune effectors (cytokines and antibacterial peptides), mediates the haemocyte phagocytosis, and inhibits the bacterial growth. Some MACPF domain containing proteins may replace the missing terminal pathway in molluscs. This article provides a review of complement system in molluscs, including its components, activation mechanisms and functions in the immune response of molluscs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiejie Sun
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
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20
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Orús-Alcalde A, Børve A, Hejnol A. The localization of Toll and Imd pathway and complement system components and their response to Vibrio infection in the nemertean Lineus ruber. BMC Biol 2023; 21:7. [PMID: 36635688 PMCID: PMC9835746 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01482-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Innate immunity is the first line of defense against pathogens. In animals, the Toll pathway, the Imd pathway, the complement system, and lectins are well-known mechanisms involved in innate immunity. Although these pathways and systems are well understood in vertebrates and arthropods, they are understudied in other invertebrates. RESULTS To shed light on immunity in the nemertean Lineus ruber, we performed a transcriptomic survey and identified the main components of the Toll pathway (e.g., myD88, dorsal/dif/NFκB-p65), the Imd pathway (e.g., imd, relish/NFκB-p105/100), the complement system (e.g., C3, cfb), and some lectins (FreD-Cs and C-lectins). In situ hybridization showed that TLRβ1, TLRβ2, and imd are expressed in the nervous system; the complement gene C3-1 is expressed in the gut; and the lectins are expressed in the nervous system, the blood, and the gut. To reveal their potential role in defense mechanisms, we performed immune challenge experiments, in which Lineus ruber specimens were exposed to the gram-negative bacteria Vibrio diazotrophicus. Our results show the upregulation of specific components of the Toll pathway (TLRα3, TLRβ1, and TLRβ2), the complement system (C3-1), and lectins (c-lectin2 and fred-c5). CONCLUSIONS Therefore, similarly to what occurs in other invertebrates, our study shows that components of the Toll pathway, the complement system, and lectins are involved in the immune response in the nemertean Lineus ruber. The presence of these pathways and systems in Lineus ruber, but also in other spiralians; in ecdysozoans; and in deuterostomes suggests that these pathways and systems were involved in the immune response in the stem species of Bilateria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Orús-Alcalde
- grid.7914.b0000 0004 1936 7443Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, 5008 Bergen, Norway ,grid.7914.b0000 0004 1936 7443Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 53A, 5006 Bergen, Norway
| | - Aina Børve
- grid.7914.b0000 0004 1936 7443Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, 5008 Bergen, Norway ,grid.7914.b0000 0004 1936 7443Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 53A, 5006 Bergen, Norway
| | - Andreas Hejnol
- grid.7914.b0000 0004 1936 7443Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, 5008 Bergen, Norway ,grid.7914.b0000 0004 1936 7443Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 53A, 5006 Bergen, Norway ,grid.9613.d0000 0001 1939 2794Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Zoology and Evolutionary Research, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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21
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Carroll JB, Hamidi S, Gabriele ML. Microglial heterogeneity and complement component 3 elimination within emerging multisensory midbrain compartments during an early critical period. Front Neurosci 2023; 16:1072667. [PMID: 36685243 PMCID: PMC9846048 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1072667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The lateral cortex of the inferior colliculus (LCIC) is a midbrain shell region that receives multimodal inputs that target discrete zones of its compartmental (modular-matrix) framework. This arrangement emerges perinatally in mice (postnatal day, P0-P12) as somatosensory and auditory inputs segregate into their respective modular and matrix terminal patterns. Microglial cells (MGCs) perform a variety of critical functions in the developing brain, among them identifying areas of active circuit assembly and selectively pruning exuberant or underutilized connections. Recent evidence in other brain structures suggest considerable MGC heterogeneity across the lifespan, particularly during established developmental critical periods. The present study examines the potential involvement of classical complement cascade signaling (C3-CR3/CD11b) in refining early multisensory networks, and identifies several microglial subsets exhibiting distinct molecular signatures within the nascent LCIC. Immunostaining was performed in GAD67-green fluorescent protein (GFP) and CX3CR1-GFP mice throughout and after the defined LCIC critical period. GAD labeling highlights the emerging LCIC modularity, while CX3CR1 labeling depicts MGCs expressing the fractalkine receptor. C3 expression is widespread throughout the LCIC neuropil early on, prior to its conspicuous absence from modular zones at P8, and more global disappearance following critical period closure. CD11b-expressing microglia while homogeneously distributed at birth, are biased to modular fields at P8 and then the surrounding matrix by P12. Temporal and spatial matching of the disappearance of C3 by LCIC compartment (i.e., modules then matrix) with CD11b-positive MGC occupancy implicates complement signaling in the selective refinement of early LCIC connectivity. Multiple-labeling studies for a variety of established MGC markers (CD11b, CX3CR1, Iba1, TMEM119) indicate significant MGC heterogeneity in the LCIC as its compartments and segregated multisensory maps emerge. Marker colocalization was the exception rather than the rule, suggesting that unique MGC subpopulations exist in the LCIC and perhaps serve distinct developmental roles. Potential mechanisms whereby microglia sculpt early multisensory LCIC maps and how such activity/inactivity may underlie certain neurodevelopmental conditions, including autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark L. Gabriele
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, United States
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22
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de Jong S, Tang J, Clark SJ. Age-related macular degeneration: A disease of extracellular complement amplification. Immunol Rev 2023; 313:279-297. [PMID: 36223117 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a major cause of vision impairment in the Western World, and with the aging world population, its incidence is increasing. As of today, for the majority of patients, no treatment exists. Multiple genetic and biochemical studies have shown a strong association with components in the complement system and AMD, and evidence suggests a major role of remodeling of the extracellular matrix underlying the outer blood/retinal barrier. As part of the innate immune system, the complement cascade acts as a first-line defense against pathogens, and upon activation, its amplification loop ensures a strong, rapid, and sustained response. Excessive activation, however, can lead to host tissue damage and cause complement-associated diseases like AMD. AMD patients present with aberrant activation of the alternative pathway, especially in ocular tissues but also on a systemic level. Here, we review the latest findings of complement activation in AMD, and we will discuss in vivo observations made in human tissue, cellular models, the potential synergy of different AMD-associated pathways, and conclude on current clinical trials and the future outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah de Jong
- Department for Ophthalmology, University Eye Clinic, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jiaqi Tang
- Department for Ophthalmology, University Eye Clinic, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Simon J Clark
- Department for Ophthalmology, University Eye Clinic, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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23
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Nguyen H, Jing T, Wang X. The Q163C/Q309C mutant of αMI-domain is an active variant suitable for NMR characterization. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280778. [PMID: 36696377 PMCID: PMC9876370 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrin αMβ2 (Mac-1, CD11b/CD18, CR3) is an important adhesion receptor expressed on monocytes. Mac-1 is responsible for mediating cell migration, phagocytosis, degranulation as well as cell-cell fusion. It is also the most promiscuous integrin in terms of ligand specificity with over 100 ligands, most of which use the αMI-domain as their binding site. Despite the importance of αMI-domain in defining ligand interactions of Mac-1, structural studies of αMI-domain's interactions with ligands are lacking. In particular, solution NMR studies of αMI-domain's interaction with ligands have not been possible because the most commonly used active αMI-domain mutants (I316G and ΔK315) are not sufficiently stable and soluble to be used in solution NMR. The goal of this study is to identify an αMI-domain active mutant that's amenable to NMR characterization. By screening known activating mutations of αMI-domain, we determined that the Q163C/Q309C mutant, which converts the αMI-domain into its active form through the formation of an intramolecular disulfide bond, can be produced with a high yield and is more stable than other active mutants. In addition, the Q163C/Q309C mutant has better NMR spectral quality than other active mutants and its affinity for ligands is comparable to other active mutants. Analysis of the Co2+-induced pseudocontact shifts in the Q163C/Q309C mutant showed the structure of the mutant is consistent with the active conformation. Finally, we show that the minor fraction of the Q163C/Q309C mutant without the disulfide bond can be removed through the use of carboxymethyl sepharose chromatography. We think the availability of this mutant for NMR study will significantly enhance structural characterizations of αMI-domain-ligand interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoa Nguyen
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Tianwei Jing
- Biosensing Instrument Inc., Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Zarantonello A, Revel M, Grunenwald A, Roumenina LT. C3-dependent effector functions of complement. Immunol Rev 2023; 313:120-138. [PMID: 36271889 PMCID: PMC10092904 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
C3 is the central effector molecule of the complement system, mediating its multiple functions through different binding sites and their corresponding receptors. We will introduce the C3 forms (native C3, C3 [H2 O], and intracellular C3), the C3 fragments C3a, C3b, iC3b, and C3dg/C3d, and the C3 expression sites. To highlight the important role that C3 plays in human biological processes, we will give an overview of the diseases linked to C3 deficiency and to uncontrolled C3 activation. Next, we will present a structural description of C3 activation and of the C3 fragments generated by complement regulation. We will proceed by describing the C3a interaction with the anaphylatoxin receptor, followed by the interactions of opsonins (C3b, iC3b, and C3dg/C3d) with complement receptors, divided into two groups: receptors bearing complement regulatory functions and the effector receptors without complement regulatory activity. We outline the molecular architecture of the receptors, their binding sites on the C3 activation fragments, the cells expressing them, the diversity of their functions, and recent advances. With this review, we aim to give an up-to-date analysis of the processes triggered by C3 activation fragments on different cell types in health and disease contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Zarantonello
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Margot Revel
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Anne Grunenwald
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Lubka T Roumenina
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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25
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Heterotropic roles of divalent cations in the establishment of allostery and affinity maturation of integrin αXβ2. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111254. [PMID: 36001965 PMCID: PMC9440770 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Allosteric activation and silencing of leukocyte β2-integrins transpire through cation-dependent structural changes, which mediate integrin biosynthesis and recycling, and are essential to designing leukocyte-specific drugs. Stepwise addition of Mg2+ reveals two mutually coupled events for the αXβ2 ligand-binding domain-the αX I-domain-corresponding to allostery establishment and affinity maturation. Electrostatic alterations in the Mg2+-binding site establish long-range couplings, leading to both pH- and Mg2+-occupancy-dependent biphasic stability change in the αX I-domain fold. The ligand-binding sensorgrams show composite affinity events for the αX I-domain accounting for the multiplicity of the αX I-domain conformational states existing in the solution. On cell surfaces, increasing Mg2+ concentration enhanced adhesiveness of αXβ2. This work highlights how intrinsically flexible pH- and cation-sensitive architecture endows a unique dynamic continuum to the αI-domain structure on the intact integrin, thereby revealing the importance of allostery establishment and affinity maturation in both extracellular and intracellular integrin events.
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26
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Bednarczyk M, Bolduan V, Haist M, Stege H, Hieber C, Johann L, Schelmbauer C, Blanfeld M, Karram K, Schunke J, Klaus T, Tubbe I, Montermann E, Röhrig N, Hartmann M, Schlosser J, Bopp T, Clausen BE, Waisman A, Bros M, Grabbe S. β2 Integrins on Dendritic Cells Modulate Cytokine Signaling and Inflammation-Associated Gene Expression, and Are Required for Induction of Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11142188. [PMID: 35883631 PMCID: PMC9322999 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterodimeric β2 integrin surface receptors (CD11a-d/CD18) are specifically expressed by leukocytes that contribute to pathogen uptake, cell migration, immunological synapse formation and cell signaling. In humans, the loss of CD18 expression results in leukocyte adhesion deficiency syndrome (LAD-)1, largely characterized by recurrent severe infections. All available mouse models display the constitutive and ubiquitous knockout of either α or the common β2 (CD18) subunit, which hampers the analysis of the cell type-specific role of β2 integrins in vivo. To overcome this limitation, we generated a CD18 gene floxed mouse strain. Offspring generated from crossing with CD11c-Cre mice displayed the efficient knockdown of β2 integrins, specifically in dendritic cells (DCs). Stimulated β2-integrin-deficient splenic DCs showed enhanced cytokine production and the concomitantly elevated activity of signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) 1, 3 and 5, as well as the impaired expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) 2–6 as assessed in bone marrow-derived (BM) DCs. Paradoxically, these BMDCs also showed the attenuated expression of genes involved in inflammatory signaling. In line, in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice with a conditional DC-specific β2 integrin knockdown presented with a delayed onset and milder course of disease, associated with lower frequencies of T helper cell populations (Th)1/Th17 in the inflamed spinal cord. Altogether, our mouse model may prove to be a valuable tool to study the leukocyte-specific functions of β2 integrins in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Bednarczyk
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.B.); (V.B.); (M.H.); (H.S.); (C.H.); (J.S.); (T.K.); (I.T.); (E.M.); (N.R.); (M.H.); (J.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Vanessa Bolduan
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.B.); (V.B.); (M.H.); (H.S.); (C.H.); (J.S.); (T.K.); (I.T.); (E.M.); (N.R.); (M.H.); (J.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Maximilian Haist
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.B.); (V.B.); (M.H.); (H.S.); (C.H.); (J.S.); (T.K.); (I.T.); (E.M.); (N.R.); (M.H.); (J.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Henner Stege
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.B.); (V.B.); (M.H.); (H.S.); (C.H.); (J.S.); (T.K.); (I.T.); (E.M.); (N.R.); (M.H.); (J.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Christoph Hieber
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.B.); (V.B.); (M.H.); (H.S.); (C.H.); (J.S.); (T.K.); (I.T.); (E.M.); (N.R.); (M.H.); (J.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Lisa Johann
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (L.J.); (C.S.); (M.B.); (K.K.); (B.E.C.); (A.W.)
| | - Carsten Schelmbauer
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (L.J.); (C.S.); (M.B.); (K.K.); (B.E.C.); (A.W.)
| | - Michaela Blanfeld
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (L.J.); (C.S.); (M.B.); (K.K.); (B.E.C.); (A.W.)
| | - Khalad Karram
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (L.J.); (C.S.); (M.B.); (K.K.); (B.E.C.); (A.W.)
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Jenny Schunke
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.B.); (V.B.); (M.H.); (H.S.); (C.H.); (J.S.); (T.K.); (I.T.); (E.M.); (N.R.); (M.H.); (J.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Tanja Klaus
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.B.); (V.B.); (M.H.); (H.S.); (C.H.); (J.S.); (T.K.); (I.T.); (E.M.); (N.R.); (M.H.); (J.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Ingrid Tubbe
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.B.); (V.B.); (M.H.); (H.S.); (C.H.); (J.S.); (T.K.); (I.T.); (E.M.); (N.R.); (M.H.); (J.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Evelyn Montermann
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.B.); (V.B.); (M.H.); (H.S.); (C.H.); (J.S.); (T.K.); (I.T.); (E.M.); (N.R.); (M.H.); (J.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Nadine Röhrig
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.B.); (V.B.); (M.H.); (H.S.); (C.H.); (J.S.); (T.K.); (I.T.); (E.M.); (N.R.); (M.H.); (J.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Maike Hartmann
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.B.); (V.B.); (M.H.); (H.S.); (C.H.); (J.S.); (T.K.); (I.T.); (E.M.); (N.R.); (M.H.); (J.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Jana Schlosser
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.B.); (V.B.); (M.H.); (H.S.); (C.H.); (J.S.); (T.K.); (I.T.); (E.M.); (N.R.); (M.H.); (J.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Tobias Bopp
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Björn E Clausen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (L.J.); (C.S.); (M.B.); (K.K.); (B.E.C.); (A.W.)
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Ari Waisman
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (L.J.); (C.S.); (M.B.); (K.K.); (B.E.C.); (A.W.)
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Matthias Bros
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.B.); (V.B.); (M.H.); (H.S.); (C.H.); (J.S.); (T.K.); (I.T.); (E.M.); (N.R.); (M.H.); (J.S.); (M.B.)
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Stephan Grabbe
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.B.); (V.B.); (M.H.); (H.S.); (C.H.); (J.S.); (T.K.); (I.T.); (E.M.); (N.R.); (M.H.); (J.S.); (M.B.)
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-61-3117-4412
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27
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Qi R, Qin W. Role of Complement System in Kidney Transplantation: Stepping From Animal Models to Clinical Application. Front Immunol 2022; 13:811696. [PMID: 35281019 PMCID: PMC8913494 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.811696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney transplantation is a life-saving strategy for patients with end-stage renal diseases. Despite the advances in surgical techniques and immunosuppressive agents, the long-term graft survival remains a challenge. Growing evidence has shown that the complement system, part of the innate immune response, is involved in kidney transplantation. Novel insights highlighted the role of the locally produced and intracellular complement components in the development of inflammation and the alloreactive response in the kidney allograft. In the current review, we provide the updated understanding of the complement system in kidney transplantation. We will discuss the involvement of the different complement components in kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury, delayed graft function, allograft rejection, and chronic allograft injury. We will also introduce the existing and upcoming attempts to improve allograft outcomes in animal models and in the clinical setting by targeting the complement system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruochen Qi
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Weijun Qin
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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28
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Liu D, Duan L, Cyster JG. Chemo- and mechanosensing by dendritic cells facilitate antigen surveillance in the spleen. Immunol Rev 2022; 306:25-42. [PMID: 35147233 PMCID: PMC8852366 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Spleen dendritic cells (DC) are critical for initiation of adaptive immune responses against blood-borne invaders. Key to DC function is their positioning at sites of pathogen entry, and their abilities to selectively capture foreign antigens and promptly engage T cells. Focusing on conventional DC2 (cDC2), we discuss the contribution of chemoattractant receptors (EBI2 or GPR183, S1PR1, and CCR7) and integrins to cDC2 positioning and function. We give particular attention to a newly identified role in cDC2 for adhesion G-protein coupled receptor E5 (Adgre5 or CD97) and its ligand CD55, detailing how this mechanosensing system contributes to splenic cDC2 positioning and homeostasis. Additional roles of CD97 in the immune system are reviewed. The ability of cDC2 to be activated by circulating missing self-CD47 cells and to integrate multiple red blood cell (RBC)-derived inputs is discussed. Finally, we describe the process of activated cDC2 migration to engage and prime helper T cells. Throughout the review, we consider the insights into cDC function in the spleen that have emerged from imaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lihui Duan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jason G Cyster
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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Zhang J, Xie M, Huang X, Chen G, Yin Y, Lu X, Feng G, Yu R, Chen L. The Effects of Porphyromonas gingivalis on Atherosclerosis-Related Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 12:766560. [PMID: 35003080 PMCID: PMC8734595 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.766560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS), one of the most common types of cardiovascular disease, has initially been attributed to the accumulation of fats and fibrous materials. However, more and more researchers regarded it as a chronic inflammatory disease nowadays. Infective disease, such as periodontitis, is related to the risk of atherosclerosis. Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), one of the most common bacteria in stomatology, is usually discovered in atherosclerotic plaque in patients. Furthermore, it was reported that P. gingivalis can promote the progression of atherosclerosis. Elucidating the underlying mechanisms of P. gingivalis in atherosclerosis attracted attention, which is thought to be crucial to the therapy of atherosclerosis. Nevertheless, the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is much complicated, and many kinds of cells participate in it. By summarizing existing studies, we find that P. gingivalis can influence the function of many cells in atherosclerosis. It can induce the dysfunction of endothelium, promote the formation of foam cells as well as the proliferation and calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells, and lead to the imbalance of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and T helper (Th) cells, ultimately promoting the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis. This article summarizes the specific mechanism of atherosclerosis caused by P. gingivalis. It sorts out the interaction between P. gingivalis and AS-related cells, which provides a new perspective for us to prevent or slow down the occurrence and development of AS by inhibiting periodontal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengru Xie
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaofei Huang
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Guangjin Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Yin
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaofeng Lu
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Guangxia Feng
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Ran Yu
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Lili Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
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30
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Fee LT, Gogoi D, O’Brien ME, McHugh E, Casey M, Gough C, Murphy M, Hopkins AM, Carroll TP, McElvaney NG, Reeves EP. C3d Elicits Neutrophil Degranulation and Decreases Endothelial Cell Migration, with Implications for Patients with Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121925. [PMID: 34944741 PMCID: PMC8698851 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency (AATD) is characterized by increased risk for emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), vasculitis, and wound-healing impairment. Neutrophils play a central role in the pathogenesis of AATD. Dysregulated complement activation in AATD results in increased plasma levels of C3d. The current study investigated the impact of C3d on circulating neutrophils. Blood was collected from AATD (n = 88) or non-AATD COPD patients (n = 10) and healthy controls (HC) (n = 40). Neutrophils were challenged with C3d, and degranulation was assessed by Western blotting, ELISA, or fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) substrate assays. Ex vivo, C3d levels were increased in plasma (p < 0.0001) and on neutrophil plasma membranes (p = 0.038) in AATD compared to HC. C3d binding to CR3 receptors triggered primary (p = 0.01), secondary (p = 0.004), and tertiary (p = 0.018) granule release and increased CXCL8 secretion (p = 0.02). Ex vivo plasma levels of bactericidal-permeability-increasing-protein (p = 0.02), myeloperoxidase (p < 0.0001), and lactoferrin (p < 0.0001) were significantly increased in AATD patients. In endothelial cell scratch wound assays, C3d significantly decreased cell migration (p < 0.0001), an effect potentiated by neutrophil degranulated proteins (p < 0.0001). In summary, AATD patients had increased C3d in plasma and on neutrophil membranes and, together with neutrophil-released granule enzymes, reduced endothelial cell migration and wound healing, with potential implications for AATD-related vasculitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura T. Fee
- Alpha-1 Foundation Ireland, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (L.T.F.); (T.P.C.)
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (D.G.); (M.E.O.); (E.M.); (M.C.); (C.G.); (M.M.); (N.G.M.)
| | - Debananda Gogoi
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (D.G.); (M.E.O.); (E.M.); (M.C.); (C.G.); (M.M.); (N.G.M.)
| | - Michael E. O’Brien
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (D.G.); (M.E.O.); (E.M.); (M.C.); (C.G.); (M.M.); (N.G.M.)
| | - Emer McHugh
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (D.G.); (M.E.O.); (E.M.); (M.C.); (C.G.); (M.M.); (N.G.M.)
| | - Michelle Casey
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (D.G.); (M.E.O.); (E.M.); (M.C.); (C.G.); (M.M.); (N.G.M.)
| | - Ciara Gough
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (D.G.); (M.E.O.); (E.M.); (M.C.); (C.G.); (M.M.); (N.G.M.)
| | - Mark Murphy
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (D.G.); (M.E.O.); (E.M.); (M.C.); (C.G.); (M.M.); (N.G.M.)
| | - Ann M. Hopkins
- Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Tomás P. Carroll
- Alpha-1 Foundation Ireland, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (L.T.F.); (T.P.C.)
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (D.G.); (M.E.O.); (E.M.); (M.C.); (C.G.); (M.M.); (N.G.M.)
| | - Noel G. McElvaney
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (D.G.); (M.E.O.); (E.M.); (M.C.); (C.G.); (M.M.); (N.G.M.)
| | - Emer P. Reeves
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (D.G.); (M.E.O.); (E.M.); (M.C.); (C.G.); (M.M.); (N.G.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Guo K, Xiao N, Liu Y, Wang Z, Tóth J, Gyenis J, Thakur VK, Oyane A, Shubhra QT. Engineering polymer nanoparticles using cell membrane coating technology and their application in cancer treatments: Opportunities and challenges. NANO MATERIALS SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoms.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Zhou J, Zhang S, Guo C. Crosstalk between macrophages and natural killer cells in the tumor microenvironment. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108374. [PMID: 34824036 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is jointly constructed by a variety of cell types, including tumor cells, immune cells, fibroblasts, and epithelial cells, among others. The cells within the TME interact with each other and with tumor cells to influence tumor development and progression. As the most abundant immune cells in the TME, macrophages regulate the immune network by not only secreting a large amount of versatile cytokines but also expressing a series of ligands or receptors on the surface to interact with other cells directly. Due to their strong plasticity, they exert both immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive effects in the complex TME. The major effector cells of the immune system that directly target cancer cells include but are not limited to natural killer cells (NKs), dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, mast cells, and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Among them, NK cells are the predominant innate lymphocyte subsets that mediate antitumor and antiviral responses. The activation and inhibition of NK cells are regulated by cytokines and the balance between activating and inhibitory receptors. There is an inextricable regulatory relationship between macrophages and NK cells. Herein, we systematically elaborate on the regulatory network between macrophages and NK cells through soluble mediator crosstalk and cell-to-cell interactions. We believe that a better understanding of the crosstalk between macrophages and NKs in the TME will benefit the development of novel macrophage- or NK cell-focused therapeutic strategies with superior efficacies in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingping Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Shaolong Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Changying Guo
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China.
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Kárpáti É, Kremlitzka M, Sándor N, Hajnal D, Schneider AE, Józsi M. Complement Factor H Family Proteins Modulate Monocyte and Neutrophil Granulocyte Functions. Front Immunol 2021; 12:660852. [PMID: 34671340 PMCID: PMC8521052 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.660852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides being a key effector arm of innate immunity, a plethora of non-canonical functions of complement has recently been emerging. Factor H (FH), the main regulator of the alternative pathway of complement activation, has been reported to bind to various immune cells and regulate their functions, beyond its role in modulating complement activation. In this study we investigated the effect of FH, its alternative splice product FH-like protein 1 (FHL-1), the FH-related (FHR) proteins FHR-1 and FHR-5, and the recently developed artificial complement inhibitor mini-FH, on two key innate immune cells, monocytes and neutrophilic granulocytes. We found that, similar to FH, the other factor H family proteins FHL-1, FHR-1 and FHR-5, as well as the recombinant mini-FH, are able to bind to both monocytes and neutrophils. As a functional outcome, immobilized FH and FHR-1 inhibited PMA-induced NET formation, but increased the adherence and IL-8 production of neutrophils. FHL-1 increased only the adherence of the cells, while FHR-5 was ineffective in altering these functions. The adherence of monocytes was increased on FH, recombinant mini-FH and FHL-1 covered surfaces and, except for FHL-1, the same molecules also enhanced secretion of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNFα. When monocytes were stimulated with LPS in the presence of immobilized FH family proteins, FH, FHL-1 and mini-FH enhanced whereas FHR-1 and FHR-5 decreased the secretion of TNFα; FHL-1 and mini-FH also enhanced IL-10 release compared to the effect of LPS alone. Our results reveal heterogeneous effects of FH and FH family members on monocytes and neutrophils, altering key features involved in pathogen killing, and also demonstrate that FH-based complement inhibitors, such as mini-FH, may have effects beyond their function of inhibiting complement activation. Thus, our data provide new insight into the non-canonical functions of FH, FHL-1, FHR-1 and FHR-5 that might be exploited during protection against infections and in vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éva Kárpáti
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mariann Kremlitzka
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Noémi Sándor
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,MTA-ELTE Complement Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dávid Hajnal
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea E Schneider
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mihály Józsi
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,MTA-ELTE Complement Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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34
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Patel AM, Liu YS, Davies SP, Brown RM, Kelly DA, Scheel-Toellner D, Reynolds GM, Stamataki Z. The Role of B Cells in Adult and Paediatric Liver Injury. Front Immunol 2021; 12:729143. [PMID: 34630404 PMCID: PMC8495195 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.729143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
B lymphocytes are multitasking cells that direct the immune response by producing pro- or anti-inflammatory cytokines, by presenting processed antigen for T cell activation and co-stimulation, and by turning into antibody-secreting cells. These functions are important to control infection in the liver but can also exacerbate tissue damage and fibrosis as part of persistent inflammation that can lead to end stage disease requiring a transplant. In transplantation, immunosuppression increases the incidence of lymphoma and often this is of B cell origin. In this review we bring together information on liver B cell biology from different liver diseases, including alcohol-related and metabolic fatty liver disease, autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary and primary sclerosing cholangitis, viral hepatitis and, in infants, biliary atresia. We also discuss the impact of B cell depletion therapy in the liver setting. Taken together, our analysis shows that B cells are important in the pathogenesis of liver diseases and that further research is necessary to fully characterise the human liver B cell compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arzoo M. Patel
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Yuxin S. Liu
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Scott P. Davies
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel M. Brown
- Department of Histopathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham Women’s and Children’s National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Deirdre A. Kelly
- The Liver Unit, Birmingham Women’s and Children’s Hospital and the University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Dagmar Scheel-Toellner
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gary M. Reynolds
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- The Liver Unit, Birmingham Women’s and Children’s Hospital and the University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Zania Stamataki
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Sionov RV. Leveling Up the Controversial Role of Neutrophils in Cancer: When the Complexity Becomes Entangled. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092486. [PMID: 34572138 PMCID: PMC8465406 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant immune cell in the circulation of human and act as gatekeepers to discard foreign elements that have entered the body. They are essential in initiating immune responses for eliminating invaders, such as microorganisms and alien particles, as well as to act as immune surveyors of cancer cells, especially during the initial stages of carcinogenesis and for eliminating single metastatic cells in the circulation and in the premetastatic organs. Since neutrophils can secrete a whole range of factors stored in their many granules as well as produce reactive oxygen and nitrogen species upon stimulation, neutrophils may directly or indirectly affect carcinogenesis in both the positive and negative directions. An intricate crosstalk between tumor cells, neutrophils, other immune cells and stromal cells in the microenvironment modulates neutrophil function resulting in both anti- and pro-tumor activities. Both the anti-tumor and pro-tumor activities require chemoattraction towards the tumor cells, neutrophil activation and ROS production. Divergence is seen in other neutrophil properties, including differential secretory repertoire and membrane receptor display. Many of the direct effects of neutrophils on tumor growth and metastases are dependent on tight neutrophil–tumor cell interactions. Among them, the neutrophil Mac-1 interaction with tumor ICAM-1 and the neutrophil L-selectin interaction with tumor-cell sialomucins were found to be involved in the neutrophil-mediated capturing of circulating tumor cells resulting in increased metastatic seeding. On the other hand, the anti-tumor function of neutrophils was found to rely on the interaction between tumor-surface-expressed receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and Cathepsin G expressed on the neutrophil surface. Intriguingly, these two molecules are also involved in the promotion of tumor growth and metastases. RAGE is upregulated during early inflammation-induced carcinogenesis and was found to be important for sustaining tumor growth and homing at metastatic sites. Cathepsin G was found to be essential for neutrophil-supported lung colonization of cancer cells. These data level up the complexity of the dual role of neutrophils in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Vogt Sionov
- Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Ein Kerem Campus, P.O.B. 12272, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
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Wahid AA, Dunphy RW, Macpherson A, Gibson BG, Kulik L, Whale K, Back C, Hallam TM, Alkhawaja B, Martin RL, Meschede I, Laabei M, Lawson ADG, Holers VM, Watts AG, Crennell SJ, Harris CL, Marchbank KJ, van den Elsen JMH. Insights Into the Structure-Function Relationships of Dimeric C3d Fragments. Front Immunol 2021; 12:714055. [PMID: 34434196 PMCID: PMC8381054 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.714055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleavage of C3 to C3a and C3b plays a central role in the generation of complement-mediated defences. Although the thioester-mediated surface deposition of C3b has been well-studied, fluid phase dimers of C3 fragments remain largely unexplored. Here we show C3 cleavage results in the spontaneous formation of C3b dimers and present the first X-ray crystal structure of a disulphide-linked human C3d dimer. Binding studies reveal these dimers are capable of crosslinking complement receptor 2 and preliminary cell-based analyses suggest they could modulate B cell activation to influence tolerogenic pathways. Altogether, insights into the physiologically-relevant functions of C3d(g) dimers gained from our findings will pave the way to enhancing our understanding surrounding the importance of complement in the fluid phase and could inform the design of novel therapies for immune system disorders in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayla A. Wahid
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Rhys W. Dunphy
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Macpherson
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
- UCB Pharma, Slough, United Kingdom
| | - Beth G. Gibson
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Liudmila Kulik
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | | | - Catherine Back
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas M. Hallam
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Bayan Alkhawaja
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca L. Martin
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | | | - Maisem Laabei
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | | | - V. Michael Holers
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Andrew G. Watts
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
- Centre for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Susan J. Crennell
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Claire L. Harris
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin J. Marchbank
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Jean M. H. van den Elsen
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
- Centre for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
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Growth, Chemical Composition, Histology and Antioxidant Genes of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Fed Whole or Pre-Processed Nannochloropsis oceanica and Tetraselmis sp. FISHES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/fishes6030023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
New sustainable feed ingredients are a necessity for the salmon aquaculture industry. In this study, we examined the effect of pre-extrusion processing of two microalgae, Nannochloropsis oceanica and Tetraselmis sp., on the growth, fatty acid content in the flesh and health of Atlantic salmon. The fish were fed one of the following five diets for nine weeks: (1) CO: a fish meal-based control (basal) diet, (2) NU: a Nannochloropsis diet, (3) NE: a pre-extruded Nannochloropsis diet, (4) TU: a Tetraselmis diet, and (5) TE: a pre-extruded Tetraselmis diet. The algae-incorporated diets contained 30% of the respective microalgae. Our results showed that the best growth performance was achieved by the CO diet, followed by the NE diets. Feeding of unprocessed Nannochloropsis and Tetraselmis resulted in a significant reduction in enterocyte vacuolization compared to the CO feeding. A significant effect of processing was noted in the fillet fatty acid content, the intestine and liver structure and the expression of selected genes in the liver. The expression of antioxidant genes in both the liver and intestine, and the accumulation of different fatty acids in the fillet and liver of the extruded algae-fed groups, warrants further investigation. In conclusion, based on the short-term study, 30% inclusion of the microalgae Nannochloropsis oceanica and Tetraselmis sp. can be considered in Atlantic salmon feeds.
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Characterization of DNA-protein complexes by nanoparticle tracking analysis and their association with systemic lupus erythematosus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2106647118. [PMID: 34301873 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2106647118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology enables investigations of single biomacromolecules, but technical challenges have limited the application in liquid biopsies, for example, blood plasma. Nonetheless, tools to characterize single molecular species in such samples represent a significant unmet need with the increasing appreciation of the physiological importance of protein structural changes at nanometer scale. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is an oligomeric plasma protein and part of the innate immune system through its ability to activate complement. MBL also serves a role as a scavenger for cellular debris, especially DNA. This may link functions of MBL with several inflammatory diseases in which cell-free DNA now appears to play a role, but mechanistic insight has been lacking. By making nanoparticle tracking analysis possible in human plasma, we now show that superoligomeric structures of MBL form nanoparticles with DNA. These oligomers correlate with disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. With the direct quantification of the hydrodynamic radius, calculations following the principles of Taylor dispersion in the blood stream connect the size of these complexes to endothelial inflammation, which is among the most important morbidities in lupus. Mechanistic insight from an animal model of lupus supported that DNA-stabilized superoligomers stimulate the formation of germinal center B cells and drive loss of immunological tolerance. The formation involves an inverse relationship between the concentration of MBL superoligomers and antibodies to double-stranded DNA. Our approach implicates the structure of DNA-protein nanoparticulates in the pathobiology of autoimmune diseases.
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Kim BJ, Mastellos DC, Li Y, Dunaief JL, Lambris JD. Targeting complement components C3 and C5 for the retina: Key concepts and lingering questions. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 83:100936. [PMID: 33321207 PMCID: PMC8197769 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) remains a major cause of legal blindness, and treatment for the geographic atrophy form of AMD is a significant unmet need. Dysregulation of the complement cascade is thought to be instrumental for AMD pathophysiology. In particular, C3 and C5 are pivotal components of the complement cascade and have become leading therapeutic targets for AMD. In this article, we discuss C3 and C5 in detail, including their roles in AMD, biochemical and structural aspects, locations of expression, and the functions of C3 and C5 fragments. Further, the article critically reviews developing therapeutics aimed at C3 and C5, underscoring the potential effects of broad inhibition of complement at the level of C3 versus more specific inhibition at C5. The relationships of complement biology to the inflammasome and microglia/macrophage activity are highlighted. Concepts of C3 and C5 biology will be emphasized, while we point out questions that need to be settled and directions for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Kim
- Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | | | - Yafeng Li
- Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joshua L Dunaief
- Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John D Lambris
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Halting targeted and collateral damage to red blood cells by the complement system. Semin Immunopathol 2021; 43:799-816. [PMID: 34191092 PMCID: PMC8243056 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-021-00859-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The complement system is an important defense mechanism against pathogens; however, in certain pathologies, the system also attacks human cells, such as red blood cells (RBCs). In paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), RBCs lack certain complement regulators which sensitize them to complement-mediated lysis, while in autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA), antibodies against RBCs may initiate complement-mediated hemolysis. In recent years, complement inhibition has improved treatment prospects for these patients, with eculizumab now the standard of care for PNH patients. Current complement inhibitors are however not sufficient for all patients, and they come with high costs, patient burden, and increased infection risk. This review gives an overview of the underlying pathophysiology of complement-mediated hemolysis in PNH and AIHA, the role of therapeutic complement inhibition nowadays, and the high number of complement inhibitors currently under investigation, as for almost every complement protein, an inhibitor is being developed. The focus lies with novel therapeutics that inhibit complement activity specifically in the pathway that causes pathology or those that reduce costs or patient burden through novel administration routes.
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Erdei A, Kovács KG, Nagy-Baló Z, Lukácsi S, Mácsik-Valent B, Kurucz I, Bajtay Z. New aspects in the regulation of human B cell functions by complement receptors CR1, CR2, CR3 and CR4. Immunol Lett 2021; 237:42-57. [PMID: 34186155 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of complement in the regulation of antibody responses has been known for long. By now several additional B cell functions - including cytokine production and antigen presentation - have also been shown to be regulated by complement proteins. Most of these important activities are mediated by receptors interacting with activation fragments of the central component of the complement system C3, such as C3b, iC3b and C3d, which are covalently attached to antigens and immune complexes. This review summarizes the role of complement receptors interacting with these ligands, namely CR1 (CD35), CR2 (CD21), CR3 (CD11b/CD18) and CR4 (CD11c/CD18) expressed by B cells in health and disease. Although we focus on human B lymphocytes, we also aim to call the attention to important differences between human and mouse systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Erdei
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; MTA-ELTE Immunology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Kristóf G Kovács
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsa Nagy-Baló
- MTA-ELTE Immunology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Lukácsi
- MTA-ELTE Immunology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - István Kurucz
- MTA-ELTE Immunology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsa Bajtay
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; MTA-ELTE Immunology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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42
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Illouz T, Biragyn A, Iulita MF, Flores-Aguilar L, Dierssen M, De Toma I, Antonarakis SE, Yu E, Herault Y, Potier MC, Botté A, Roper R, Sredni B, London J, Mobley W, Strydom A, Okun E. Immune Dysregulation and the Increased Risk of Complications and Mortality Following Respiratory Tract Infections in Adults With Down Syndrome. Front Immunol 2021; 12:621440. [PMID: 34248930 PMCID: PMC8267813 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.621440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk of severe outcomes following respiratory tract infections is significantly increased in individuals over 60 years, especially in those with chronic medical conditions, i.e., hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, dementia, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer. Down Syndrome (DS), the most prevalent intellectual disability, is caused by trisomy-21 in ~1:750 live births worldwide. Over the past few decades, a substantial body of evidence has accumulated, pointing at the occurrence of alterations, impairments, and subsequently dysfunction of the various components of the immune system in individuals with DS. This associates with increased vulnerability to respiratory tract infections in this population, such as the influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), and bacterial pneumonias. To emphasize this link, here we comprehensively review the immunobiology of DS and its contribution to higher susceptibility to severe illness and mortality from respiratory tract infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomer Illouz
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Paul Feder Laboratory on Alzheimer’s Disease Research, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Arya Biragyn
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Maria Florencia Iulita
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Center of Biomedical Investigation Network for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lisi Flores-Aguilar
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mara Dierssen
- Center for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center for Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ilario De Toma
- Center for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center for Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stylianos E. Antonarakis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Medigenome, Swiss Institute of Genomic Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
- iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eugene Yu
- The Children’s Guild Foundation Down Syndrome Research Program, Genetics and Genomics Program and Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
- Genetics, Genomics and Bioinformatics Program, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Yann Herault
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génétique Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, IGBMC - UMR 7104 - Inserm U1258, Illkirch, France
| | - Marie-Claude Potier
- Paris Brain Institute (ICM), CNRS UMR7225, INSERM U1127, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Botté
- Paris Brain Institute (ICM), CNRS UMR7225, INSERM U1127, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Randall Roper
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Benjamin Sredni
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | | | - William Mobley
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Andre Strydom
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eitan Okun
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Paul Feder Laboratory on Alzheimer’s Disease Research, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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43
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Jensen RK, Bajic G, Sen M, Springer TA, Vorup-Jensen T, Andersen GR. Complement Receptor 3 Forms a Compact High-Affinity Complex with iC3b. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:3032-3042. [PMID: 34117107 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Complement receptor 3 (CR3, also known as Mac-1, integrin αMβ2, or CD11b/CD18) is expressed on a subset of myeloid and certain activated lymphoid cells. CR3 is essential for the phagocytosis of complement-opsonized particles such as pathogens and apoptotic or necrotic cells opsonized with the complement fragment iC3b and, to a lesser extent, C3dg. Although the interaction between the iC3b thioester domain and the ligand binding CR3 αM I-domain is structurally and functionally well characterized, the nature of additional CR3-iC3b interactions required for phagocytosis of complement-opsonized objects remains obscure. In this study, we analyzed the interaction between iC3b and the 150-kDa headpiece fragment of the CR3 ectodomain. Surface plasmon resonance experiments demonstrated a 30 nM affinity of the CR3 headpiece for iC3b compared with 515 nM for the iC3b thioester domain, whereas experiments monitoring binding of iC3b to CR3-expressing cells suggested an affinity of 50 nM for the CR3-iC3b interaction. Small angle x-ray scattering analysis revealed that iC3b adopts an extended but preferred conformation in solution. Upon interaction with CR3, iC3b rearranges to form a compact receptor-ligand complex. Overall, the data suggest that the iC3b-CR3 interaction is of high affinity and relies on minor contacts formed between CR3 and regions outside the iC3b thioester domain. Our results rationalize the more efficient phagocytosis elicited by iC3b than by C3dg and pave the way for the development of specific therapeutics for the treatment of inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases that do not interfere with the recognition of noncomplement CR3 ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus K Jensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Goran Bajic
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Mehmet Sen
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Timothy A Springer
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; and
| | | | - Gregers R Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark;
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Analysis of the role of Purα in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease based on RNA-seq and ChIP-seq. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12178. [PMID: 34108502 PMCID: PMC8190037 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90982-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purine rich element binding protein A (Purα), encoded by the Purα gene, is an important transcriptional regulator that binds to DNA and RNA and is involved in processes such as DNA replication and RNA translation. Purα also plays an important role in the nervous system. To identify the function of Pura, we performed RNA sequence (RNA-seq) analysis of Purɑ-KO mouse hippocampal neuron cell line (HT22) to analyze the effect of Purα deletion on neuronal expression profiles. And combined with ChIP-seq analysis to explore the mechanism of Purα on gene regulation. In the end, totaly 656 differentially expressed genes between HT22 and Purα-KO HT22 cells have been found, which include 7 Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-related genes and 5 Aβ clearance related genes. 47 genes were regulated by Purα directly, the evidence based on CHIP-seq, which include Insr, Mapt, Vldlr, Jag1, etc. Our study provides the important informations of Purα in neuro-development. The possible regulative effects of Purα on AD-related genes consist inthe direct and indirect pathways of Purα in the pathogenesis of AD.
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45
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Blight BJ, Gill AS, Sumsion JS, Pollard CE, Ashby S, Oakley GM, Alt JA, Pulsipher A. Cell Adhesion Molecules are Upregulated and May Drive Inflammation in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyposis. J Asthma Allergy 2021; 14:585-593. [PMID: 34079296 PMCID: PMC8166329 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s307197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is predominantly characterized by eosinophil- and T helper 2 cell (Th2)-biased inflammation. Integrins and intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs) are superfamilies of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) that facilitate the recruitment and trafficking of immune cells and have been implicated in coordinating eosinophil and Th2 cell adhesion and signaling in asthma. The roles of CAMs in CRSwNP, however, remain poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to characterize the systemic and local expression of CAMs and identify which CAMs are potentially involved in CRSwNP pathology. Materials and Methods A prospective observational study was conducted using peripheral blood and anterior ethmoid tissues of patients with CRSwNP (n=32) and controls (n=15). Multiplex gene analysis and Pearson correlations were performed to identify associations between systemically and locally expressed CAMs. Based on the gene expression results, immunohistochemical evaluation and quantification of cells expressing integrins ITGAM, ITGAX, and ITGB2, as well as ICAM-3 in sinonasal tissues were conducted to compare local protein expression patterns. Results Integrin and ICAM genes were significantly elevated in the blood (p<0.001 to p<0.05) and sinuses (p<0.0003 to p<0.05) of patients with CRSwNP compared to controls. Strong positive correlations of genes expressed in the blood (p<0.01 to p<0.05) and sinuses (p<0.01) were observed between ITGAM, ITGAX, ITGB2, and ICAM3. ITGAM-, ITGB2-, ICAM-3-, and ICAM-3/ITGB2-positive cell counts were significantly increased in CRSwNP compared to controls (p<0.0001 to p<0.04), and a positive correlation between ICAM-3/ITGB2- and ITGAM-positive cell counts was observed (p<0.02). Conclusion The systemic and local expression of ITGAM, ITGB2, and ICAM-3 is significantly upregulated in CRSwNP, suggesting that integrin complex ITGAM/ITGB2 and ICAM-3 serve a potential role in inflammation-mediated signaling in CRSwNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brennan J Blight
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rhinology-Sinus and Skull Base Surgery Program, Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Amarbir S Gill
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rhinology-Sinus and Skull Base Surgery Program, Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jorgen S Sumsion
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rhinology-Sinus and Skull Base Surgery Program, Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Chelsea E Pollard
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rhinology-Sinus and Skull Base Surgery Program, Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Shaelene Ashby
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rhinology-Sinus and Skull Base Surgery Program, Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Gretchen M Oakley
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rhinology-Sinus and Skull Base Surgery Program, Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jeremiah A Alt
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rhinology-Sinus and Skull Base Surgery Program, Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Abigail Pulsipher
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rhinology-Sinus and Skull Base Surgery Program, Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Armento A, Ueffing M, Clark SJ. The complement system in age-related macular degeneration. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:4487-4505. [PMID: 33751148 PMCID: PMC8195907 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03796-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a chronic and progressive degenerative disease of the retina, which culminates in blindness and affects mainly the elderly population. AMD pathogenesis and pathophysiology are incredibly complex due to the structural and cellular complexity of the retina, and the variety of risk factors and molecular mechanisms that contribute to disease onset and progression. AMD is driven by a combination of genetic predisposition, natural ageing changes and lifestyle factors, such as smoking or nutritional intake. The mechanism by which these risk factors interact and converge towards AMD are not fully understood and therefore drug discovery is challenging, where no therapeutic attempt has been fully effective thus far. Genetic and molecular studies have identified the complement system as an important player in AMD. Indeed, many of the genetic risk variants cluster in genes of the alternative pathway of the complement system and complement activation products are elevated in AMD patients. Nevertheless, attempts in treating AMD via complement regulators have not yet been successful, suggesting a level of complexity that could not be predicted only from a genetic point of view. In this review, we will explore the role of complement system in AMD development and in the main molecular and cellular features of AMD, including complement activation itself, inflammation, ECM stability, energy metabolism and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Armento
- Department for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marius Ueffing
- Department for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
- Department for Ophthalmology, University Eye Clinic, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Simon J Clark
- Department for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
- Department for Ophthalmology, University Eye Clinic, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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Lamers C, Plüss CJ, Ricklin D. The Promiscuous Profile of Complement Receptor 3 in Ligand Binding, Immune Modulation, and Pathophysiology. Front Immunol 2021; 12:662164. [PMID: 33995387 PMCID: PMC8118671 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.662164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The β2-integrin receptor family has a broad spectrum of physiological functions ranging from leukocyte adhesion, cell migration, activation, and communication to the phagocytic uptake of cells and particles. Among the members of this family, complement receptor 3 (CR3; CD11b/CD18, Mac-1, αMβ2) is particularly promiscuous in its functional profile and ligand selectivity. There are close to 100 reported structurally unrelated ligands for CR3, and while many ligands appear to cluster at the αMI domain, molecular details about binding modes remain largely elusive. The versatility of CR3 is reflected in its functional portfolio, which includes prominent roles in the removal of invaders and cell debris, induction of tolerance and synaptic pruning, and involvement in the pathogenesis of numerous autoimmune and chronic inflammatory pathologies. While CR3 is an interesting therapeutic target for immune modulation due to these known pathophysiological associations, drug development efforts are limited by concerns of potential interference with host defense functions and, most importantly, an insufficient molecular understanding of the interplay between ligand binding and functional impact. Here, we provide a systematic summary of the various interaction partners of CR3 with a focus on binding mechanisms and functional implications. We also discuss the roles of CR3 as an immune receptor in health and disease, as an activation marker in research and diagnostics, and as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Lamers
- Molecular Pharmacy Unit, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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48
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Bednarczyk M, Medina-Montano C, Fittler FJ, Stege H, Roskamp M, Kuske M, Langer C, Vahldieck M, Montermann E, Tubbe I, Röhrig N, Dzionek A, Grabbe S, Bros M. Complement-Opsonized Nano-Carriers Are Bound by Dendritic Cells (DC) via Complement Receptor (CR)3, and by B Cell Subpopulations via CR-1/2, and Affect the Activation of DC and B-1 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2869. [PMID: 33799879 PMCID: PMC8001596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of nanocarriers (NC) for biomedical applications has gained large interest due to their potential to co-deliver drugs in a cell-type-targeting manner. However, depending on their surface characteristics, NC accumulate serum factors, termed protein corona, which may affect their cellular binding. We have previously shown that NC coated with carbohydrates to enable biocompatibility triggered the lectin-dependent complement pathway, resulting in enhanced binding to B cells via complement receptor (CR)1/2. Here we show that such NC also engaged all types of splenic leukocytes known to express CR3 at a high rate when NC were pre-incubated with native mouse serum resulting in complement opsonization. By focusing on dendritic cells (DC) as an important antigen-presenting cell type, we show that CR3 was essential for binding/uptake of complement-opsonized NC, whereas CR4, which in mouse is specifically expressed by DC, played no role. Further, a minor B cell subpopulation (B-1), which is important for first-line pathogen responses, and co-expressed CR1/2 and CR3, in general, engaged NC to a much higher extent than normal B cells. Here, we identified CR-1/2 as necessary for binding of complement-opsonized NC, whereas CR3 was dispensable. Interestingly, the binding of complement-opsonized NC to both DC and B-1 cells affected the expression of activation markers. Our findings may have important implications for the design of nano-vaccines against infectious diseases, which codeliver pathogen-specific protein antigen and adjuvant, aimed to induce a broad adaptive cellular and humoral immune response by inducing cytotoxic T lymphocytes that kill infected cells and pathogen-neutralizing antibodies, respectively. Decoration of nano-vaccines either with carbohydrates to trigger complement activation in vivo or with active complement may result in concomitant targeting of DC and B cells and thereby may strongly enhance the extent of dual cellular/humoral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Bednarczyk
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.B.); (C.M.-M.); (F.J.F.); (H.S.); (M.K.); (E.M.); (I.T.); (N.R.); (S.G.)
| | - Carolina Medina-Montano
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.B.); (C.M.-M.); (F.J.F.); (H.S.); (M.K.); (E.M.); (I.T.); (N.R.); (S.G.)
| | - Frederic Julien Fittler
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.B.); (C.M.-M.); (F.J.F.); (H.S.); (M.K.); (E.M.); (I.T.); (N.R.); (S.G.)
| | - Henner Stege
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.B.); (C.M.-M.); (F.J.F.); (H.S.); (M.K.); (E.M.); (I.T.); (N.R.); (S.G.)
| | - Meike Roskamp
- Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Friedrich-Ebert-Strasse 68, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany; (M.R.); (C.L.); (M.V.); (A.D.)
| | - Michael Kuske
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.B.); (C.M.-M.); (F.J.F.); (H.S.); (M.K.); (E.M.); (I.T.); (N.R.); (S.G.)
| | - Christian Langer
- Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Friedrich-Ebert-Strasse 68, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany; (M.R.); (C.L.); (M.V.); (A.D.)
| | - Marco Vahldieck
- Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Friedrich-Ebert-Strasse 68, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany; (M.R.); (C.L.); (M.V.); (A.D.)
| | - Evelyn Montermann
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.B.); (C.M.-M.); (F.J.F.); (H.S.); (M.K.); (E.M.); (I.T.); (N.R.); (S.G.)
| | - Ingrid Tubbe
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.B.); (C.M.-M.); (F.J.F.); (H.S.); (M.K.); (E.M.); (I.T.); (N.R.); (S.G.)
| | - Nadine Röhrig
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.B.); (C.M.-M.); (F.J.F.); (H.S.); (M.K.); (E.M.); (I.T.); (N.R.); (S.G.)
| | - Andrzej Dzionek
- Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Friedrich-Ebert-Strasse 68, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany; (M.R.); (C.L.); (M.V.); (A.D.)
| | - Stephan Grabbe
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.B.); (C.M.-M.); (F.J.F.); (H.S.); (M.K.); (E.M.); (I.T.); (N.R.); (S.G.)
| | - Matthias Bros
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.B.); (C.M.-M.); (F.J.F.); (H.S.); (M.K.); (E.M.); (I.T.); (N.R.); (S.G.)
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Zarantonello A, Pedersen H, Laursen NS, Andersen GR. Nanobodies Provide Insight into the Molecular Mechanisms of the Complement Cascade and Offer New Therapeutic Strategies. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020298. [PMID: 33671302 PMCID: PMC7922070 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement system is part of the innate immune response, where it provides immediate protection from infectious agents and plays a fundamental role in homeostasis. Complement dysregulation occurs in several diseases, where the tightly regulated proteolytic cascade turns offensive. Prominent examples are atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and Alzheimer’s disease. Therapeutic intervention targeting complement activation may allow treatment of such debilitating diseases. In this review, we describe a panel of complement targeting nanobodies that allow modulation at different steps of the proteolytic cascade, from the activation of the C1 complex in the classical pathway to formation of the C5 convertase in the terminal pathway. Thorough structural and functional characterization has provided a deep mechanistic understanding of the mode of inhibition for each of the nanobodies. These complement specific nanobodies are novel powerful probes for basic research and offer new opportunities for in vivo complement modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Zarantonello
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (A.Z.); (H.P.)
| | - Henrik Pedersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (A.Z.); (H.P.)
| | - Nick S. Laursen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark;
| | - Gregers R. Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (A.Z.); (H.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-30256646
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Vandendriessche S, Cambier S, Proost P, Marques PE. Complement Receptors and Their Role in Leukocyte Recruitment and Phagocytosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:624025. [PMID: 33644062 PMCID: PMC7905230 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.624025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is deeply embedded in our physiology and immunity. Complement activation generates a multitude of molecules that converge simultaneously on the opsonization of a target for phagocytosis and activation of the immune system via soluble anaphylatoxins. This response is used to control microorganisms and to remove dead cells, but also plays a major role in stimulating the adaptive immune response and the regeneration of injured tissues. Many of these effects inherently depend on complement receptors expressed on leukocytes and parenchymal cells, which, by recognizing complement-derived molecules, promote leukocyte recruitment, phagocytosis of microorganisms and clearance of immune complexes. Here, the plethora of information on the role of complement receptors will be reviewed, including an analysis of how this functionally and structurally diverse group of molecules acts jointly to exert the full extent of complement regulation of homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Vandendriessche
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Seppe Cambier
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pedro E Marques
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
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