1
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Wan P, Zhong L, Yu L, Shen C, Shao X, Chen S, Zhou Z, Wang M, Zhang H, Liu B. Lysosome-related genes predict acute myeloid leukemia prognosis and response to immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1384633. [PMID: 38799454 PMCID: PMC11117069 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1384633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a highly aggressive and pathogenic hematologic malignancy with consistently high mortality. Lysosomes are organelles involved in cell growth and metabolism that fuse to form specialized Auer rods in AML, and their role in AML has not been elucidated. This study aimed to identify AML subtypes centered on lysosome-related genes and to construct a prognostic model to guide individualized treatment of AML. Methods Gene expression data and clinical data from AML patients were downloaded from two high-throughput sequencing platforms. The 191 lysosomal signature genes were obtained from the database MsigDB. Lysosomal clusters were identified by unsupervised consensus clustering. The differences in molecular expression, biological processes, and the immune microenvironment among lysosomal clusters were subsequently analyzed. Based on the molecular expression differences between lysosomal clusters, lysosomal-related genes affecting AML prognosis were screened by univariate cox regression and multivariate cox regression analyses. Algorithms for LASSO regression analyses were employed to construct prognostic models. The risk factor distribution, KM survival curve, was applied to evaluate the survival distribution of the model. Time-dependent ROC curves, nomograms and calibration curves were used to evaluate the predictive performance of the prognostic models. TIDE scores and drug sensitivity analyses were used to explore the implication of the model for AML treatment. Results Our study identified two lysosomal clusters, cluster1 has longer survival time and stronger immune infiltration compared to cluster2. The differences in biological processes between the two lysosomal clusters are mainly manifested in the lysosomes, vesicles, immune cell function, and apoptosis. The prognostic model consisting of six prognosis-related genes was constructed. The prognostic model showed good predictive performance in all three data sets. Patients in the low-risk group survived significantly longer than those in the high-risk group and had higher immune infiltration and stronger response to immunotherapy. Patients in the high-risk group showed greater sensitivity to cytarabine, imatinib, and bortezomib, but lower sensitivity to ATRA compared to low -risk patients. Conclusion Our prognostic model based on lysosome-related genes can effectively predict the prognosis of AML patients and provide reference evidence for individualized immunotherapy and pharmacological chemotherapy for AML.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/immunology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/diagnosis
- Lysosomes/metabolism
- Prognosis
- Female
- Male
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Middle Aged
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Adult
- Nomograms
- Tumor Microenvironment/genetics
- Tumor Microenvironment/immunology
- Aged
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Transcriptome
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wan
- Central Laboratory of Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liang Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lihua Yu
- Clinical Laboratory of Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chenlan Shen
- Central Laboratory of Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Shao
- Central Laboratory of Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuyu Chen
- Central Laboratory of Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ziwei Zhou
- Central Laboratory of Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Central Laboratory of Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- Central Laboratory of Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Beizhong Liu
- Central Laboratory of Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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2
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Subramanian A, Nemat-Gorgani N, Ellis-Caleo TJ, van IJzendoorn DGP, Sears TJ, Somani A, Luca BA, Zhou MY, Bradic M, Torres IA, Oladipo E, New C, Kenney DE, Avedian RS, Steffner RJ, Binkley MS, Mohler DG, Tap WD, D'Angelo SP, van de Rijn M, Ganjoo KN, Bui NQ, Charville GW, Newman AM, Moding EJ. Sarcoma microenvironment cell states and ecosystems are associated with prognosis and predict response to immunotherapy. NATURE CANCER 2024; 5:642-658. [PMID: 38429415 PMCID: PMC11058033 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-024-00743-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Characterization of the diverse malignant and stromal cell states that make up soft tissue sarcomas and their correlation with patient outcomes has proven difficult using fixed clinical specimens. Here, we employed EcoTyper, a machine-learning framework, to identify the fundamental cell states and cellular ecosystems that make up sarcomas on a large scale using bulk transcriptomes with clinical annotations. We identified and validated 23 sarcoma-specific, transcriptionally defined cell states, many of which were highly prognostic of patient outcomes across independent datasets. We discovered three conserved cellular communities or ecotypes associated with underlying genomic alterations and distinct clinical outcomes. We show that one ecotype defined by tumor-associated macrophages and epithelial-like malignant cells predicts response to immune-checkpoint inhibition but not chemotherapy and validate our findings in an independent cohort. Our results may enable identification of patients with soft tissue sarcomas who could benefit from immunotherapy and help develop new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Subramanian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Neda Nemat-Gorgani
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Timothy J Sears
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Anish Somani
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Bogdan A Luca
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Maggie Y Zhou
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Martina Bradic
- Marie-Josee and Henry R. Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ileana A Torres
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Eniola Oladipo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christin New
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Deborah E Kenney
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Raffi S Avedian
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Robert J Steffner
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael S Binkley
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David G Mohler
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - William D Tap
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sandra P D'Angelo
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Kristen N Ganjoo
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nam Q Bui
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Aaron M Newman
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Everett J Moding
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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3
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Ahmad R, Kumar B, Thapa I, Talmon GA, Salomon J, Ramer-Tait AE, Bastola DK, Dhawan P, Singh AB. Loss of claudin-3 expression increases colitis risk by promoting Gut Dysbiosis. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2282789. [PMID: 38010872 PMCID: PMC10730149 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2282789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of both the gut barrier and microbiota (dysbiosis) promotes susceptibility to and severity of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD). Leaky gut and dysbiosis often coexist; however, potential interdependence and molecular regulation are not well understood. Robust expression of claudin-3 (CLDN3) characterizes the gut epithelium, and studies have demonstrated a positive association between CLDN3 expression and gut barrier maturity and integrity, including in response to probiotics. However, the exact status and causal role of CLDN3 in IBD and regulation of gut dysbiosis remain unknown. Analysis of mouse and human IBD cohorts helped examine CLDN3 expression in IBD. The causal role was determined by modeling CLDN3 loss of expression during experimental colitis. 16S sequencing and in silico analysis helped examine gut microbiota diversity between Cldn3KO and WT mice and potential host metabolic responses. Fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) studies were performed to assess the role of gut dysbiosis in the increased susceptibility of Cldn3KO mice to colitis. A significant decrease in CLDN3 expression characterized IBD and CLDN3 loss of expression promoted colitis. 16S sequencing analysis suggested gut microbiota changes in Cldn3KO mice that were capable of modulating fatty acid metabolism and oxidative stress response. FMT from naïve Cldn3KO mice promoted colitis susceptibility in recipient germ-free mice (GFM) compared with GFM-receiving microbiota from WT mice. Our data demonstrate a critical role of CLDN3 in maintaining normal gut microbiota and inflammatory responses, which can be harnessed to develop novel therapeutic opportunities for patients with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwan Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Balawant Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Ishwor Thapa
- School of Interdisciplinary Informatics, College of Information Science & Technology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Geoffrey A. Talmon
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Jeffrey Salomon
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Amanda E. Ramer-Tait
- Department of Food Science and Technology and the Nebraska Food for Health Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Dhundy K. Bastola
- School of Interdisciplinary Informatics, College of Information Science & Technology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Punita Dhawan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Amar B. Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA
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4
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Azumi J, Takeda T, Shimada Y, Zhuang T, Tokuji Y, Sakamoto N, Aso H, Nakamura T. Organogermanium THGP Induces Differentiation into M1 Macrophages and Suppresses the Proliferation of Melanoma Cells via Phagocytosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031885. [PMID: 36768216 PMCID: PMC9915250 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
M1 macrophages are an important cell type related to tumor immunology and are known to phagocytose cancer cells. In previous studies, the organogermanium compound poly-trans-[(2-carboxyethyl)germasesquioxane] (Ge-132) and its hydrolysate, 3-(trihydroxygermyl) propanoic acid (THGP), have been reported to exert antitumor effects by activating NK cells and macrophages through the induction of IFN-γ activity in vivo. However, the detailed molecular mechanism has not been clarified. In this study, we found that macrophages differentiate into the M1 phenotype via NF-κB activation under long-term culture in the presence of THGP in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, long-term culture with THGP increases the ability of RAW 264.7 cells to suppress B16 4A5 melanoma cell proliferation. These mechanisms indicate that THGP promotes the M1 polarization of macrophages and suppresses the expression of signal-regulatory protein alpha (SIRP-α) in macrophages and CD47 in cancers. Based on these results, THGP may be considered a new regulatory reagent that suppresses tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Azumi
- Research Division, Asai Germanium Research Institute Co., Ltd., Suzuranoka 3-131, Hakodate 042-0958, Japan
| | - Tomoya Takeda
- Research Division, Asai Germanium Research Institute Co., Ltd., Suzuranoka 3-131, Hakodate 042-0958, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Shimada
- Research Division, Asai Germanium Research Institute Co., Ltd., Suzuranoka 3-131, Hakodate 042-0958, Japan
| | - Tao Zhuang
- Laboratory of Animal Health Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Tokuji
- Department of Human Sciences, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2 Sen, Inada, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan
| | - Naoya Sakamoto
- Isotope Imaging Laboratory, Creative Research Institution, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Jo-Nishi 5, Kita, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Hisashi Aso
- Laboratory of Animal Health Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Research Division, Asai Germanium Research Institute Co., Ltd., Suzuranoka 3-131, Hakodate 042-0958, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-138-32-0032; Fax: +81-138-31-0132
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5
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Martínez-Vargas IU, Sánchez-Bello ME, Miguel-Rodríguez CE, Hernández-Cázares F, Santos-Argumedo L, Talamás-Rohana P. Myo1f has an essential role in γδT intraepithelial lymphocyte adhesion and migration. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1041079. [PMID: 37207213 PMCID: PMC10189005 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1041079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
γδT intraepithelial lymphocyte represents up to 60% of the small intestine intraepithelial compartment. They are highly migrating cells and constantly interact with the epithelial cell layer and lamina propria cells. This migratory phenotype is related to the homeostasis of the small intestine, the control of bacterial and parasitic infections, and the epithelial shedding induced by LPS. Here, we demonstrate that Myo1f participates in the adhesion and migration of intraepithelial lymphocytes. Using long-tailed class I myosins KO mice, we identified the requirement of Myo1f for their migration to the small intestine intraepithelial compartment. The absence of Myo1f affects intraepithelial lymphocytes' homing due to reduced CCR9 and α4β7 surface expression. In vitro, we confirm that adhesion to integrin ligands and CCL25-dependent and independent migration of intraepithelial lymphocytes are Myo1f-dependent. Mechanistically, Myo1f deficiency prevents correct chemokine receptor and integrin polarization, leading to reduced tyrosine phosphorylation which could impact in signal transduction. Overall, we demonstrate that Myo1f has an essential role in the adhesion and migration in γδT intraepithelial lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irving Ulises Martínez-Vargas
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Maria Elena Sánchez-Bello
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Emilio Miguel-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Felipe Hernández-Cázares
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo, ; Patricia Talamás-Rohana,
| | - Patricia Talamás-Rohana
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo, ; Patricia Talamás-Rohana,
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6
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Xiao Y, Lian H, Zhong XS, Krishnachaitanya SS, Cong Y, Dashwood RH, Savidge TC, Powell DW, Liu X, Li Q. Matrix metalloproteinase 7 contributes to intestinal barrier dysfunction by degrading tight junction protein Claudin-7. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1020902. [PMID: 36275703 PMCID: PMC9581388 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1020902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundPrevious studies implicated matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), such as MMP-7, in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) by showing increased activity during inflammation of the gut. However, the pathophysiological roles of MMP-7 have not been clearly elucidated.MethodsThe expression of MMP-7 was assessed in colonic biopsies of patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), in rodents with experimental colitis, and in cell-based assays with cytokines. Wild-type and MMP-7-null mice treated with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) or trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid were used for determining the pro-inflammatory function(s) of MMP-7 in vivo.ResultsMMP-7 was highly expressed in patients with UC and in rodents with experimental colitis. IL-1β, IL-4, IL-13, TNFα, or lipopolysaccharide enhanced MMP-7 expression in human colonic epithelial cells, rat colonic smooth muscle cells, and THP-1-derived macrophages. Active MMP-7 degraded tight junction protein Claudin-7 in epithelial cells, cleaved recombinant Claudin-7 in cell-free system, and increased Caco-2 monolayer permeability. Immunostaining of colon biopsies revealed up-regulation of MMP-7 and reduction of Claudin-7 in UC patients. Compared to wild-type mice, Mmp7-/- mice had significantly less inflammation in the colon upon DSS insult. DSS-induced alterations in junction proteins were mitigated in Mmp7-/- mice, suggesting that MMP-7 disrupts the intestinal barrier. MMP-7 antibody significantly ameliorated colonic inflammation and Claudin-7 reduction in 2 different rodent models of colitis.SummaryMMP-7 impairs intestinal epithelial barrier by cleavage of Claudin-7, and thus aggravating inflammation. These studies uncovered Claudin-7 as a novel substrate of MMP-7 in the intestinal epithelium and reinforced MMP-7 as a potential therapeutic target for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Haifeng Lian
- Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Xiaoying S. Zhong
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Srikruthi S. Krishnachaitanya
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Yingzi Cong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Roderick H. Dashwood
- Center for Epigenetics & Disease Prevention, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Tor C. Savidge
- Texas Children’s Microbiome Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Don W. Powell
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaowei Liu, ; Qingjie Li,
| | - Qingjie Li
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Xiaowei Liu, ; Qingjie Li,
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Cuervo-Zanatta D, Syeda T, Sánchez-Valle V, Irene-Fierro M, Torres-Aguilar P, Torres-Ramos MA, Shibayama-Salas M, Silva-Olivares A, Noriega LG, Torres N, Tovar AR, Ruminot I, Barros LF, García-Mena J, Perez-Cruz C. Dietary Fiber Modulates the Release of Gut Bacterial Products Preventing Cognitive Decline in an Alzheimer's Mouse Model. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2022; 43:1595-1618. [PMID: 35953741 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01268-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fiber intake is associated with a lower risk for Alzheimer´s disease (AD) in older adults. Intake of plant-based diets rich in soluble fiber promotes the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs: butyrate, acetate, propionate) by gut bacteria. Butyrate administration has antiinflammatory actions, but propionate promotes neuroinflammation. In AD patients, gut microbiota dysbiosis is a common feature even in the prodromal stages of the disease. It is unclear whether the neuroprotective effects of fiber intake rely on gut microbiota modifications and specific actions of SCFAs in brain cells. Here, we show that restoration of the gut microbiota dysbiosis through the intake of soluble fiber resulted in lower propionate and higher butyrate production, reduced astrocyte activation and improved cognitive function in 6-month-old male APP/PS1 mice. The neuroprotective effects were lost in antibiotic-treated mice. Moreover, propionate promoted higher glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration in astrocytes, while butyrate induced a more quiescent metabolism. Therefore, fiber intake neuroprotective action depends on the modulation of butyrate/propionate production by gut bacteria. Our data further support and provide a mechanism to explain the beneficial effects of dietary interventions rich in soluble fiber to prevent dementia and AD. Fiber intake restored the concentration of propionate and butyrate by modulating the composition of gut microbiota in male transgenic (Tg) mice with Alzheimer´s disease. Gut dysbiosis was associated with intestinal damage and high propionate levels in control diet fed-Tg mice. Fiber-rich diet restored intestinal integrity and promoted the abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria. Butyrate concentration was associated with better cognitive performance in fiber-fed Tg mice. A fiber-rich diet may prevent the development of a dysbiotic microbiome and the related cognitive dysfunction in people at risk of developing Alzheimer´s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cuervo-Zanatta
- Laboratorio de Neuroplasticidad y Neurodegeneración, Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N. (Cinvestav), Av. IPN 2508, Ciudad de Mexico, 07360, México.,Laboratorio de Referencia y Soporte Para Genomas, Transcriptomas y Caracterización de Microbiomas, Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N. (Cinvestav), Av. IPN 2508, Ciudad de Mexico, 07360, México
| | - Tauqeerunnisa Syeda
- Laboratorio de Neuroplasticidad y Neurodegeneración, Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N. (Cinvestav), Av. IPN 2508, Ciudad de Mexico, 07360, México
| | - Vicente Sánchez-Valle
- Laboratorio de Neuroplasticidad y Neurodegeneración, Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N. (Cinvestav), Av. IPN 2508, Ciudad de Mexico, 07360, México
| | - Mariangel Irene-Fierro
- Laboratorio de Neuroplasticidad y Neurodegeneración, Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N. (Cinvestav), Av. IPN 2508, Ciudad de Mexico, 07360, México
| | - Pablo Torres-Aguilar
- Unidad Periférica de Neurociencias, Instituto de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez (INNNMVS), Ciudad de Mexico, 14269, México
| | - Mónica Adriana Torres-Ramos
- Unidad Periférica de Neurociencias, Instituto de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez (INNNMVS), Ciudad de Mexico, 14269, México
| | - Mineko Shibayama-Salas
- Departmento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N. (Cinvestav), Av. IPN 2508, 07360, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Angélica Silva-Olivares
- Departmento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N. (Cinvestav), Av. IPN 2508, 07360, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Lilia G Noriega
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y de la Nutrición "Salvador Zubiran" (INCMNSZ), 14080, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Nimbe Torres
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y de la Nutrición "Salvador Zubiran" (INCMNSZ), 14080, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Armando R Tovar
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y de la Nutrición "Salvador Zubiran" (INCMNSZ), 14080, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Iván Ruminot
- Universidad San Sebastián, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Centro de Estudios Científicos-CECs, Valdivia, Chile
| | - L Felipe Barros
- Universidad San Sebastián, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Centro de Estudios Científicos-CECs, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Jaime García-Mena
- Laboratorio de Referencia y Soporte Para Genomas, Transcriptomas y Caracterización de Microbiomas, Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N. (Cinvestav), Av. IPN 2508, Ciudad de Mexico, 07360, México.
| | - Claudia Perez-Cruz
- Laboratorio de Neuroplasticidad y Neurodegeneración, Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N. (Cinvestav), Av. IPN 2508, Ciudad de Mexico, 07360, México.
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8
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Almasabi S, Boyd R, Ahmed AU, Williams BRG. Integrin-Linked Kinase Expression Characterizes the Immunosuppressive Tumor Microenvironment in Colorectal Cancer and Regulates PD-L1 Expression and Immune Cell Cytotoxicity. Front Oncol 2022; 12:836005. [PMID: 35692780 PMCID: PMC9174997 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.836005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) has been implicated as a molecular driver and mediator in both inflammation and tumorigenesis of the colon. However, a role for ILK in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and immune evasion has not been investigated. Here, we show a correlation of ILK expression with the immunosuppressive TME and cancer prognosis. We also uncover a role for ILK in the regulation of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression and immune cell cytotoxicity. Interrogation of web-based data-mining platforms, showed upregulation of ILK expression in tumors and adjacent-non tumor tissue of colorectal cancer (CRC) associated with poor survival and advanced stages. ILK expression was correlated with cancer-associated fibroblast (CAFs) and immunosuppressive cell infiltration including regulatory T cells (Treg) and M2 macrophages (M2) in addition to their gene markers. ILK expression was also significantly correlated with the expression of different cytokines and chemokines. ILK expression showed pronounced association with different important immune checkpoints including PD-L1. Deletion of the ILK gene in PD-L1 positive CRC cell lines using a doxycycline inducible-CRISPR/Cas9, resulted in suppression of both the basal and IFNγ-induced PD-L1 expression via downregulating NF-κB p65. This subsequently sensitized the CRC cells to NK92 immune cell cytotoxicity. These findings suggest that ILK can be used as a biomarker for prognosis and immune cell infiltration in colon cancer. Moreover, ILK could provide a therapeutic target to prevent immune evasion mediated by the expression of PD-L1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Almasabi
- Cancer and Innate Immunity, Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Cartherics, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Richard Boyd
- Cartherics, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Afsar U Ahmed
- Cancer and Innate Immunity, Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Bryan R G Williams
- Cancer and Innate Immunity, Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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9
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Wu Y, Rong X, Pan M, Wang T, Yang H, Chen X, Xiao Z, Zhao C. Integrated Analysis Reveals the Gut Microbial Metabolite TMAO Promotes Inflammatory Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Upregulating POSTN. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:840171. [PMID: 35676936 PMCID: PMC9167932 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.840171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer has a high mortality rate. Chronic inflammation is one of the leading causes of hepatocellular carcinoma. Recent studies suggested high levels of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) may correlate with increased risk of inflammatory-induced liver cancer. However, the mechanisms by which TMAO promotes liver cancer remain elusive. Here, we established a model of inflammatory-induced liver cancer by treating Hepa1-6 cells and Huh7 cells with TNF-α. TMAO synergistically increased the proliferation, migration and invasion of Hepa1-6 cells and Huh7 cells in the presence of TNF-α. We conducted bulk RNA-Seq of the TMAO-treated cell model of inflammatory Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and evaluated the influence of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) on clinical prognosis using Kaplan-Meier Plotter Database and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) database. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses of tumor microenvironment and DEGs were performed using Timer2.0. Upregulation of POSTN, LAYN and HTRA3 and downregulation of AANAT and AFM were positively related to poorer overall survival in human liver cancer. Moreover, higher expression of POSTN and HTRA3 positively correlated with infiltration of neutrophils, which can promote tumor progression. In vitro experiments showed TMAO activates ILK/AKT/mTOR signaling via POSTN, and knocking down POSTN significantly reduced ILK/AKT/mTOR signaling and the tumorigenicity of Hepa1-6 cells and Huh7 cells. Collectively, our results suggest the gut microbial metabolite TMAO and POSTN may represent potential therapeutic targets for liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College and National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingyu Rong
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College and National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Miaomiao Pan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College and National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tongyao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College and National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College and National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiejiu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College and National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenming Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College and National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College and National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microbes and Infection, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Chao Zhao,
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10
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Hensel A, Stahl P, Moews L, König L, Patwardhan R, Höing A, Schulze N, Nalbant P, Stauber RH, Knauer SK. The Taspase1/Myosin1f-axis regulates filopodia dynamics. iScience 2022; 25:104355. [PMID: 35601920 PMCID: PMC9121324 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique threonine protease Tasp1 impacts not only ordered development and cell proliferation but also pathologies. However, its substrates and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. We demonstrate that the unconventional Myo1f is a Tasp1 substrate and unravel the physiological relevance of this proteolysis. We classify Myo1f as a nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttle protein, allowing its unhindered processing by nuclear Tasp1 and an association with chromatin. Moreover, we show that Myo1f induces filopodia resulting in increased cellular adhesion and migration. Importantly, filopodia formation was antagonized by Tasp1-mediated proteolysis, supported by an inverse correlation between Myo1f concentration and Tasp1 expression level. The Tasp1/Myo1f-axis might be relevant in human hematopoiesis as reduced Tasp1 expression coincided with increased Myo1f concentrations and filopodia in macrophages compared to monocytes and vice versa. In sum, we discovered Tasp1-mediated proteolysis of Myo1f as a mechanism to fine-tune filopodia formation, inter alia relevant for cells of the immune system. Myosin1f is a nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttle protein temporarily located in the nucleus Myosin1f induces filopodia resulting in increased cellular adhesion and migration The protease Taspase1 cleaves Myosin1f, thereby impairing its function Taspase1 and Myosin1f inversely correlate in immune cell differentiation
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Hensel
- Department of Molecular Biology II, Center of Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
- Corresponding author
| | - Paul Stahl
- Department of Molecular Biology II, Center of Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Lisa Moews
- Department of Molecular Biology II, Center of Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Lena König
- Department of Molecular Biology II, Center of Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Rutuja Patwardhan
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Center of Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Alexander Höing
- Department of Molecular Biology II, Center of Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Nina Schulze
- Imaging Center Campus Essen (ICCE), Center of Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Perihan Nalbant
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Center of Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Roland H. Stauber
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology/ENT, University Mainz Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Shirley K. Knauer
- Department of Molecular Biology II, Center of Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
- Corresponding author
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11
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Mata-Martínez P, Bergón-Gutiérrez M, del Fresno C. Dectin-1 Signaling Update: New Perspectives for Trained Immunity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:812148. [PMID: 35237264 PMCID: PMC8882614 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.812148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The C-type lectin receptor Dectin-1 was originally described as the β-glucan receptor expressed in myeloid cells, with crucial functions in antifungal responses. However, over time, different ligands both of microbial-derived and endogenous origin have been shown to be recognized by Dectin-1. The outcomes of this recognition are diverse, including pro-inflammatory responses such as cytokine production, reactive oxygen species generation and phagocytosis. Nonetheless, tolerant responses have been also attributed to Dectin-1, depending on the specific ligand engaged. Dectin-1 recognition of their ligands triggers a plethora of downstream signaling pathways, with complex interrelationships. These signaling routes can be modulated by diverse factors such as phosphatases or tetraspanins, resulting either in pro-inflammatory or regulatory responses. Since its first depiction, Dectin-1 has recently gained a renewed attention due to its role in the induction of trained immunity. This process of long-term memory of innate immune cells can be triggered by β-glucans, and Dectin-1 is crucial for its initiation. The main signaling pathways involved in this process have been described, although the understanding of the above-mentioned complexity in the β-glucan-induced trained immunity is still scarce. In here, we have reviewed and updated all these factors related to the biology of Dectin-1, highlighting the gaps that deserve further research. We believe on the relevance to fully understand how this receptor works, and therefore, how we could harness it in different pathological conditions as diverse as fungal infections, autoimmunity, or cancer.
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12
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Cruz-Zárate D, Miguel-Rodríguez CE, Martínez-Vargas IU, Santos-Argumedo L. Myosin 1g and 1f: A Prospective Analysis in NK Cell Functions. Front Immunol 2022; 12:760290. [PMID: 34970258 PMCID: PMC8712487 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.760290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
NK cells are contained in the ILC1 group; they are recognized for their antiviral and antitumor cytotoxic capacity; NK cells also participate in other immune response processes through cytokines secretion. However, the mechanisms that regulate these functions are poorly understood since NK cells are not as abundant as other lymphocytes, which has made them difficult to study. Using public databases, we identified that NK cells express mRNA encoding class I myosins, among which Myosin 1g and Myosin 1f are prominent. Therefore, this mini-review aims to generate a model of the probable participation of Myosin 1g and 1f in NK cells, based on information reported about the function of these myosins in other leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Cruz-Zárate
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico.,Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Carlos Emilio Miguel-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico.,Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Irving Ulises Martínez-Vargas
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico.,Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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13
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Wang Y, Zhao X, Gao M, Wan X, Guo Y, Qu Y, Chen Y, Li T, Liu H, Jiang M, Wang F, Sun X. Myosin 1f-mediated activation of microglia contributes to the photoreceptor degeneration in a mouse model of retinal detachment. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:926. [PMID: 34628463 PMCID: PMC8502177 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03983-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Photoreceptor death and neurodegeneration is the leading cause of irreversible vision loss. The inflammatory response of microglia plays an important role in the process of neurodegeneration. In this study, we chose retinal detachment as the model of photoreceptor degeneration. We found Myosin 1f was upregulated after retinal detachment, and it was specifically expressed in microglia. Deficiency of myosin 1f protected against photoreceptor apoptosis by inhibiting microglia activation. The elimination of microglia can abolish the protective effect of myosin 1f deficiency. After stimulation by LPS, microglia with myosin 1f deficiency showed downregulation of the MAPK and AKT pathways. Our results demonstrated that myosin 1f plays a crucial role in microglia-induced neuroinflammation after retinal injury and photoreceptor degeneration by regulating two classic inflammatory pathways and thereby decreasing the expression of inflammatory cytokines. Knockout of myosin 1f reduces the intensity of the immune response and prevents cell death of photoreceptor, suggesting that myosin 1f can be inhibited to prevent a decline in visual acuity after retinal detachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Wang
- Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Disease, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohuan Zhao
- Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Disease, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Gao
- Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoling Wan
- Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Disease, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinong Guo
- Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Disease, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingying Qu
- Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Translational Medicine Center, Shanghai General Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhong Chen
- Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Disease, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Li
- Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyun Liu
- Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei Jiang
- Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Disease, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Translational Medicine Center, Shanghai General Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Disease, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China.
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14
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Abstract
Each year, the global mortality rates for fungal diseases now exceed those for malaria and breast cancer and are currently comparable to those for tuberculosis and HIV. The limited scope of currently available antifungal drugs is the major factor underlying the observed high mortality rate. Here, we provide evidence that Myosin IF (MYO1F) plays a critical role in the mediating of signaling molecules “trafficking from membrane to cytoplasm,” and this process is essential for the antifungal signaling pathway activation. Moreover, we provide evidence that Sirt2 deacetylase inhibitors promote antifungal immunity and protect mice from lethal Candida albicans infection, which indicates that the Sirt2 could be a good therapeutic target for the antifungal drug development. Opportunistic fungal infections have become one of the leading causes of death among immunocompromised patients, resulting in an estimated 1.5 million deaths each year worldwide. The molecular mechanisms that promote host defense against fungal infections remain elusive. Here, we find that Myosin IF (MYO1F), an unconventional myosin, promotes the expression of genes that are critical for antifungal innate immune signaling and proinflammatory responses. Mechanistically, MYO1F is required for dectin-induced α-tubulin acetylation, acting as an adaptor that recruits both the adaptor AP2A1 and α-tubulin N-acetyltransferase 1 to α-tubulin; in turn, these events control the membrane-to-cytoplasm trafficking of spleen tyrosine kinase and caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 9. Myo1f-deficient mice are more susceptible than their wild-type counterparts to the lethal sequelae of systemic infection with Candida albicans. Notably, administration of Sirt2 deacetylase inhibitors, namely AGK2, AK-1, or AK-7, significantly increases the dectin-induced expression of proinflammatory genes in mouse bone marrow–derived macrophages and microglia, thereby protecting mice from both systemic and central nervous system C. albicans infections. AGK2 also promotes proinflammatory gene expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells after Dectin stimulation. Taken together, our findings describe a key role for MYO1F in promoting antifungal immunity by regulating the acetylation of α-tubulin and microtubules, and our findings suggest that Sirt2 deacetylase inhibitors may be developed as potential drugs for the treatment of fungal infections.
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15
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Castro-Martinez F, Candelario-Martinez A, Encarnacion-Garcia MR, Piedra-Quintero Z, Bonilla-Moreno R, Betanzos A, Perez-Orozco R, Hernandez-Cueto MA, Muñoz-Medina JE, Patiño-Lopez G, Schnoor M, Villegas-Sepulveda N, Nava P. Rictor/Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 2 Signaling Protects Colonocytes from Apoptosis and Prevents Epithelial Barrier Breakdown. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 191:1537-1549. [PMID: 34139193 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial barrier impairment is a hallmark of several pathologic processes in the gut, including inflammatory bowel diseases. Several intracellular signals prevent apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells. Herein, we show that in colonocytes, rictor/mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) signaling is a prosurvival stimulus. Mechanistically, mTORC2 activates Akt, which, in turn, inhibits apoptosis by phosphorylating B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2) associated agonist of cell death (Bad) and preventing caspase-3 activation. Nevertheless, during inflammation, rictor/mTORC2 signaling declines and Akt activity is reduced. Consequently, active caspase-3 increases in surface colonocytes undergoing apoptosis/anoikis and causes epithelial barrier breakdown. Likewise, Rictor ablation in intestinal epithelial cells interrupts mTORC2/Akt signaling and increases apoptosis/anoikis of surface colonocytes without affecting the crypt architecture. The increase in epithelial permeability induced by Rictor ablation produces a mild inflammatory response in the colonic mucosa, but minimally affects the development/establishment of colitis. The data identify a previously unknown mechanism by which rictor/mTORC2 signaling regulates apoptosis/anoikis in intestinal epithelial cells during colitis and clarify its role in the maintenance of the intestinal epithelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Castro-Martinez
- Departments of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, Center for Research and Advanced Studies- National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico-City, Mexico
| | - Aurora Candelario-Martinez
- Departments of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, Center for Research and Advanced Studies- National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico-City, Mexico
| | - Maria R Encarnacion-Garcia
- Departments of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, Center for Research and Advanced Studies- National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico-City, Mexico
| | - Zayda Piedra-Quintero
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Research and Advanced Studies- National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico-City, Mexico
| | - Raul Bonilla-Moreno
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Research and Advanced Studies- National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico-City, Mexico
| | - Abigail Betanzos
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies- National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico-City, Mexico
| | - Rocio Perez-Orozco
- Medicine Program for the Teaching and Development of Scientific Research in Iztacala (MEDICI Program), Faculty of Advanced Studies Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico-City, Mexico
| | - Maria A Hernandez-Cueto
- Central Laboratory of Epidemiology, Mexican. Institute of Social Security, Mexico-City, Mexico
| | - Jose E Muñoz-Medina
- Central Laboratory of Epidemiology, Mexican. Institute of Social Security, Mexico-City, Mexico
| | - Genaro Patiño-Lopez
- Laboratory of Research in Immunology and Proteomics, Federico Gómez Children's Hospital of Mexico, Mexico-City, Mexico
| | - Michael Schnoor
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Research and Advanced Studies- National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico-City, Mexico
| | - Nicolas Villegas-Sepulveda
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Research and Advanced Studies- National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico-City, Mexico.
| | - Porfirio Nava
- Departments of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, Center for Research and Advanced Studies- National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico-City, Mexico.
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16
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Liu M, Rao H, Liu J, Li X, Feng W, Gui L, Tang H, Xu J, Gao WQ, Li L. The histone methyltransferase SETD2 modulates oxidative stress to attenuate experimental colitis. Redox Biol 2021; 43:102004. [PMID: 34020310 PMCID: PMC8141928 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation disorder is important in the onset and pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). SETD2, a trimethyltransferase of histone H3K36, is frequently mutated in IBD samples with a high risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC). However, functions of SETD2 in IBD and colitis-associated CRC remain largely undefined. Here, we found that SETD2 modulates oxidative stress to attenuate colonic inflammation and tumorigenesis in mice. SETD2 expression became decreased in IBD patients and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitic mice. Setd2Vil-KO mice showed increased susceptibility to DSS-induced colitis, accompanied by more severe epithelial barrier disruption and markedly increased intestinal permeability that subsequently facilitated inflammation-associated CRC. Mechanistically, we found that Setd2 depletion resulted in excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) by directly down-regulating antioxidant genes, which led to defects in barrier integrity and subsequently inflammatory damage. Moreover, overexpression of antioxidant PRDX6 in Setd2Vil-KO intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) largely alleviated the overproductions of ROS and improved the cellular survival. Together, our findings highlight an epigenetic mechanism by which SETD2 modulates oxidative stress to regulate intestinal epithelial homeostasis and attenuate colonic inflammation and tumorigenesis. SETD2 might therefore be a pivotal regulator that maintains the homeostasis of the intestinal mucosal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China; School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanyu Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China; School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China; School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China; School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenxin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China; School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liming Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China; School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huayuan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jin Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Qiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China; School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China; School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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17
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Navinés-Ferrer A, Ainsua-Enrich E, Serrano-Candelas E, Proaño-Pérez E, Muñoz-Cano R, Gastaminza G, Olivera A, Martin M. MYO1F Regulates IgE and MRGPRX2-Dependent Mast Cell Exocytosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:2277-2289. [PMID: 33941653 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The activation and degranulation of mast cells is critical in the pathogenesis of allergic inflammation and modulation of inflammation. Recently, we demonstrated that the unconventional long-tailed myosin, MYO1F, localizes with cortical F-actin and mediates adhesion and migration of mast cells. In this study, we show that knockdown of MYO1F by short hairpin RNA reduces human mast cell degranulation induced by both IgE crosslinking and by stimulation of the Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor X2 (MRGPRX2), which has been associated with allergic and pseudoallergic drug reactions, respectively. Defective degranulation was accompanied by a reduced reassembly of the cortical actin ring after activation but reversed by inhibition of actin polymerization. Our data show that MYO1F is required for full Cdc42 GTPase activation, a critical step in exocytosis. Furthermore, MYO1F knockdown resulted in less granule localization in the cell membrane and fewer fissioned mitochondria along with deficient mitochondria translocation to exocytic sites. Consistent with that, AKT and DRP1 phosphorylation are diminished in MYO1F knockdown cells. Altogether, our data point to MYO1F as an important regulator of mast cell degranulation by contributing to the dynamics of the cortical actin ring and the distribution of both the secretory granules and mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnau Navinés-Ferrer
- Biochemistry Unit, Biomedicine Department, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Laboratory of Clinic and Experimental Respiratory Immunoallergy, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Erola Ainsua-Enrich
- Biochemistry Unit, Biomedicine Department, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Laboratory of Clinic and Experimental Respiratory Immunoallergy, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Serrano-Candelas
- Biochemistry Unit, Biomedicine Department, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Laboratory of Clinic and Experimental Respiratory Immunoallergy, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elizabeth Proaño-Pérez
- Biochemistry Unit, Biomedicine Department, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Laboratory of Clinic and Experimental Respiratory Immunoallergy, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Muñoz-Cano
- Laboratory of Clinic and Experimental Respiratory Immunoallergy, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,Allergy Section, Pneumology Department, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Asthma, Adverse Drug Reactions and Allergy Research Network (ARADyAL), Spain
| | - Gabriel Gastaminza
- Asthma, Adverse Drug Reactions and Allergy Research Network (ARADyAL), Spain.,Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Clinical University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana Olivera
- Mast Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Margarita Martin
- Biochemistry Unit, Biomedicine Department, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain .,Laboratory of Clinic and Experimental Respiratory Immunoallergy, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,Asthma, Adverse Drug Reactions and Allergy Research Network (ARADyAL), Spain
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18
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Cheon SY, Koo BN, Kim SY, Kam EH, Nam J, Kim EJ. Scopolamine promotes neuroinflammation and delirium-like neuropsychiatric disorder in mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8376. [PMID: 33863952 PMCID: PMC8052461 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87790-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Postoperative delirium is a common neuropsychiatric syndrome resulting a high postsurgical mortality rate and decline in postdischarge function. Extensive research has been performed on both human and animal delirium-like models due to their clinical significance, focusing on systematic inflammation and consequent neuroinflammation playing a key role in the pathogenesis of postoperative cognitive dysfunctions. Since animal models are widely utilized for pathophysiological study of neuropsychiatric disorders, this study aimed at examining the validity of the scopolamine-induced delirium-like mice model with respect to the neuroinflammatory hypothesis of delirium. Male C57BL/6 mice were treated with intraperitoneal scopolamine (2 mg/kg). Neurobehavioral tests were performed to evaluate the changes in cognitive functions, including learning and memory, and the level of anxiety after surgery or scopolamine treatment. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-18, and TNF-α) and inflammasome components (NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1) in different brain regions were measured. Gene expression profiles were also examined using whole-genome RNA sequencing analyses to compare gene expression patterns of different mice models. Scopolamine treatment showed significant increase in the level of anxiety and impairments in memory and cognitive function associated with increased level of pro-inflammatory cytokines and NLRP3 inflammasome components. Genetic analysis confirmed the different expression patterns of genes involved in immune response and inflammation and those related with the development of the nervous system in both surgery and scopolamine-induced mice models. The scopolamine-induced delirium-like mice model successfully showed that analogous neuropsychiatric changes coincides with the neuroinflammatory hypothesis for pathogenesis of delirium.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Yeong Cheon
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of Korea
| | - Bon-Nyeo Koo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.,Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - So Yeon Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.,Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hee Kam
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.,Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhyun Nam
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jung Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea. .,Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Lee A, Septiadi D, Taladriz‐Blanco P, Almeida M, Haeni L, Spuch‐Calvar M, Abdussalam W, Rothen‐Rutishauser B, Petri‐Fink A. Particle Stiffness and Surface Topography Determine Macrophage-Mediated Removal of Surface Adsorbed Particles. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001667. [PMID: 33434386 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cellular surface recognition and behavior are driven by a host of physical and chemical features which have been exploited to influence particle-cell interactions. Mechanical and topographical cues define the physical milieu which plays an important role in defining a range of cellular activities such as material recognition, adhesion, and migration through cytoskeletal organization and signaling. In order to elucidate the effect of local mechanical and topographical features generated by the adsorption of particles to an underlying surface on primary human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM), a series of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAM) particles with differing rigidity are self-assembled to form a defined particle-decorated surface. Assembly of particle-decorated surfaces is facilitated by modification of the underlying glass to possess a positive charge through functionalization using 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) or coating with poly(L-lysine) (PLL). MDMs are noted to preferentially remove particles with higher degrees of crosslinking (stiffer) than those with lower degrees of crosslinking (softer). Alterations to the surface density of particles enabled a greater area of the particle-decorated surface to be cleared. Uniquely, the impact of particle adsorption is evinced to have a direct impact on topographical recognition of the surface, suggesting a novel approach for controllably affecting cell-surface recognition and response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Lee
- Adolphe Merkle Institute University of Fribourg Chemin des Verdiers 4 Fribourg 1700 Switzerland
| | - Dedy Septiadi
- Adolphe Merkle Institute University of Fribourg Chemin des Verdiers 4 Fribourg 1700 Switzerland
| | | | - Mauro Almeida
- Adolphe Merkle Institute University of Fribourg Chemin des Verdiers 4 Fribourg 1700 Switzerland
| | - Laetitia Haeni
- Adolphe Merkle Institute University of Fribourg Chemin des Verdiers 4 Fribourg 1700 Switzerland
| | - Miguel Spuch‐Calvar
- Adolphe Merkle Institute University of Fribourg Chemin des Verdiers 4 Fribourg 1700 Switzerland
| | - Wildan Abdussalam
- Department of High Energy Density Helmholtz‐Zentrum Dresden‐Rossendorf Bautzner Landstraße 400 Dresden 01328 Germany
| | | | - Alke Petri‐Fink
- Adolphe Merkle Institute University of Fribourg Chemin des Verdiers 4 Fribourg 1700 Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry University of Fribourg Chemin du Musée 9 Fribourg 1700 Switzerland
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20
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Network models of primary melanoma microenvironments identify key melanoma regulators underlying prognosis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1214. [PMID: 33619278 PMCID: PMC7900178 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21457-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the most lethal skin malignancy, driven by genetic and epigenetic alterations in the complex tumour microenvironment. While large-scale molecular profiling of melanoma has identified molecular signatures associated with melanoma progression, comprehensive systems-level modeling remains elusive. This study builds up predictive gene network models of molecular alterations in primary melanoma by integrating large-scale bulk-based multi-omic and single-cell transcriptomic data. Incorporating clinical, epigenetic, and proteomic data into these networks reveals key subnetworks, cell types, and regulators underlying melanoma progression. Tumors with high immune infiltrates are found to be associated with good prognosis, presumably due to induced CD8+ T-cell cytotoxicity, via MYO1F-mediated M1-polarization of macrophages. Seventeen key drivers of the gene subnetworks associated with poor prognosis, including the transcription factor ZNF180, are tested for their pro-tumorigenic effects in vitro. The anti-tumor effect of silencing ZNF180 is further validated using in vivo xenografts. Experimentally validated targets of ZNF180 are enriched in the ZNF180 centered network and the known pathways such as melanoma cell maintenance and immune cell infiltration. The transcriptional networks and their critical regulators provide insights into the molecular mechanisms of melanomagenesis and pave the way for developing therapeutic strategies for melanoma. While the molecular profiling of melanoma progression has been extensively characterised by large-scale studies, there is still need for the comprehensive integration of such datasets. Here the authors construct predictive gene network models for prognostic and therapeutic purposes.
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21
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Abstract
Myosins constitute a superfamily of actin-based molecular motor proteins that mediates a variety of cellular activities including muscle contraction, cell migration, intracellular transport, the formation of membrane projections, cell adhesion, and cell signaling. The 12 myosin classes that are expressed in humans share sequence similarities especially in the N-terminal motor domain; however, their enzymatic activities, regulation, ability to dimerize, binding partners, and cellular functions differ. It is becoming increasingly apparent that defects in myosins are associated with diseases including cardiomyopathies, colitis, glomerulosclerosis, neurological defects, cancer, blindness, and deafness. Here, we review the current state of knowledge regarding myosins and disease.
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22
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Ambaye ND, Yu HE. Novel anti-cancer candidates from a combinatorial peptide library. Chem Biol Drug Des 2020; 97:87-96. [PMID: 32659860 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
STAT3 is attractive target for development of anti-cancer therapeutics as it is implicated in nearly all forms of human tumors. To identify novel leads, we screened a combinatorial peptide library displayed on the surface of M13 bacteriophage. After three rounds of biopanning, a dodecapeptide with the YYVSWPPDMMHY sequence was found to be enriched by 36% while another with a short consensus motif was displayed in 20% of the phages. Binding analysis by isothermal titration calorimetry shows the most displayed peptide interacted with a Kd of 1.79 μM, which on modification of its structure to mimic the natural binding partners of STAT3 brought the affinity to high nanomolar range (Kd = 500 nM). Using a panel of tumor cell lines, we show that the peptides prevented the proliferation of triple-negative breast cancer cells with a moderate activity (GI50 = 50 μM). Furthermore, gene expression analysis shows the peptide reduced the expression of oncoproteins critical for tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. To find novel STAT3-interacting proteins, we searched the non-redundant sequences of the National Center for Biotechnology Information database which allowed us to identify potential binding partners of the protein. In sum, our data show the identified agents could serve as useful therapeutics candidates for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigus D Ambaye
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Hua E Yu
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
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23
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Xu J, Duan Z, Qi X, Ou Y, Guo X, Zi L, Wei Y, Liu H, Ma L, Li H, You C, Tian M. Injectable Gelatin Hydrogel Suppresses Inflammation and Enhances Functional Recovery in a Mouse Model of Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:785. [PMID: 32760708 PMCID: PMC7371925 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating subtype of stroke with high morbidity and mortality. However, there is no effective therapy method to improve its clinical outcomes to date. Here we report an injectable gelatin hydrogel that is capable of suppressing inflammation and enhancing functional recovery in a mouse model of ICH. Thiolated gelatin was synthesized by EDC chemistry and then the hydrogel was formed through Michael addition reaction between the thiolated gelatin and polyethylene glycol diacrylate. The hydrogel was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, porosity, rheology, and cytotoxicity before evaluating in a mouse model of ICH. The in vivo study showed that the hydrogel injection into the ICH lesion reduced the neuron loss, attenuated the neurological deficit post-operation, and decreased the activation of the microglia/macrophages and astrocytes. More importantly, the pro-inflammatory M1 microglia/macrophages polarization was suppressed while the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype was promoted after the hydrogel injection. Besides, the hydrogel injection reduced the release of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α). Moreover, integrin β1 was confirmed up-regulated around the lesion that is positively correlated with the M2 microglia/macrophages. The related mechanism was proposed and discussed. Taken together, the injectable gelatin hydrogel suppressed the inflammation which might contribute to enhance the functional recovery of the ICH mouse, making it a promising application in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiake Xu
- Neurosurgery Research Laboratory, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhongxin Duan
- Neurosurgery Research Laboratory, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Qi
- Neurosurgery Research Laboratory, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Ou
- Neurosurgery Research Laboratory, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xi Guo
- Neurosurgery Research Laboratory, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liu Zi
- Neurosurgery Research Laboratory, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Wei
- Neurosurgery Research Laboratory, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Neurosurgery Research Laboratory, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lu Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chao You
- Neurosurgery Research Laboratory, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China Brain Research Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Meng Tian
- Neurosurgery Research Laboratory, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China Brain Research Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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24
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Navinés-Ferrer A, Martín M. Long-Tailed Unconventional Class I Myosins in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072555. [PMID: 32272642 PMCID: PMC7177449 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-tailed unconventional class I myosin, Myosin 1E (MYO1E) and Myosin 1F (MYO1F) are motor proteins that use chemical energy from the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to produce mechanical work along the actin cytoskeleton. On the basis of their motor properties and structural features, myosins perform a variety of essential roles in physiological processes such as endocytosis, exocytosis, cell adhesion, and migration. The long tailed unconventional class I myosins are characterized by having a conserved motor head domain, which binds actin and hydrolyzes ATP, followed by a short neck with an isoleucine-glutamine (IQ) motif, which binds calmodulin and is sensitive to calcium, and a tail that contains a pleckstrin homology domain (PH), a tail homology 1 domain (TH1), wherein these domains allow membrane binding, a tail homology 2 domain (TH2), an ATP-insensitive actin-binding site domain, and a single Src homology 3 domain (SH3) susceptible to binding proline rich regions in other proteins. Therefore, these motor proteins are able to bind actin, plasma membrane, and other molecules (adaptor, kinases, membrane proteins) that contribute to their function, ranging from increasing membrane tension to molecular trafficking and cellular adhesion. MYO1E and MYO1F function in host self-defense, with a better defined role in innate immunity in cell migration and phagocytosis. Impairments of their function have been identified in patients suffering pathologies ranging from tumoral processes to kidney diseases. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of specific features and functions of MYO1E and MYO1F in various tissues, as well as their involvement in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Navinés-Ferrer
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Biomedicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Laboratory of Clinic and Experimental Respiratory Immunoallergy, IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M. Martín
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Biomedicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Laboratory of Clinic and Experimental Respiratory Immunoallergy, IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- ARADyAL research network, Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-93-4024541; Fax: +34-93-4035882
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25
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Girón-Pérez DA, Vadillo E, Schnoor M, Santos-Argumedo L. Myo1e modulates the recruitment of activated B cells to inguinal lymph nodes. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs.235275. [PMID: 31964710 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.235275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The inclusion of lymphocytes in high endothelial venules and their migration to the lymph nodes are critical steps in the immune response. Cell migration is regulated by the actin cytoskeleton and myosins. Myo1e is a long-tailed class I myosin and is highly expressed in B cells, which have not been studied in the context of cell migration. By using intravital microscopy in an in vivo model and performing in vitro experiments, we studied the relevance of Myo1e for the adhesion and inclusion of activated B cells in high endothelial venules. We observed reduced expression of integrins and F-actin in the membrane protrusions of B lymphocytes, which might be explained by deficiencies in vesicular trafficking. Interestingly, the lack of Myo1e reduced the phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK; also known as PTK2), AKT (also known as AKT1) and RAC-1, disturbing the FAK-PI3K-RAC-1 signaling pathway. Taken together, our results indicate a critical role of Myo1e in the mechanism of B-cell adhesion and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Girón-Pérez
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CP 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Vadillo
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CP 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Michael Schnoor
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CP 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CP 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
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26
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Navinés-Ferrer A, Ainsua-Enrich E, Serrano-Candelas E, Sayós J, Martin M. Myo1f, an Unconventional Long-Tailed Myosin, Is a New Partner for the Adaptor 3BP2 Involved in Mast Cell Migration. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1058. [PMID: 31143189 PMCID: PMC6521229 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cell chemotaxis is essential for cell recruitment to target tissues, where these cells play an important role in adaptive and innate immunity. Stem cell factor (SCF) is a major chemoattractant for mast cells. SCF binds to the KIT receptor, thereby triggering tyrosine phosphorylation in the cytoplasmic domain and resulting in docking sites for SH2 domain-containing molecules, such as Lyn and Fyn, and the subsequent activation of the small GTPases Rac that are responsible for cytoskeletal reorganization and mast cell migration. In previous works we have reported the role of 3BP2, an adaptor molecule, in mast cells. 3BP2 silencing reduces FcεRI-dependent degranulation, by targeting Lyn and Syk phosphorylation, as well as SCF-dependent cell survival. This study examines its role in SCF-dependent migration and reveals that 3BP2 silencing in human mast cell line (LAD2) impairs cell migration due to SCF and IgE. In that context we found that 3BP2 silencing decreases Rac-2 and Cdc42 GTPase activity. Furthermore, we identified Myo1f, an unconventional type-I myosin, as a new partner for 3BP2. This protein, whose functions have been described as critical for neutrophil migration, remained elusive in mast cells. Myo1f is expressed in mast cells and colocalizes with cortical actin ring. Interestingly, Myo1f-3BP2 interaction is modulated by KIT signaling. Moreover, SCF dependent adhesion and migration through fibronectin is decreased after Myo1f silencing. Furthermore, Myo1f silencing leads to downregulation of β1 and β7 integrins on the mast cell membrane. Overall, Myo1f is a new 3BP2 ligand that connects the adaptor to actin cytoskeleton and both molecules are involved in SCF dependent mast cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnau Navinés-Ferrer
- Biochemistry Unit, Biomedicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Laboratory of Clinic and Experimental Immunoallergy, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Erola Ainsua-Enrich
- Biochemistry Unit, Biomedicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Laboratory of Clinic and Experimental Immunoallergy, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Serrano-Candelas
- Biochemistry Unit, Biomedicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Laboratory of Clinic and Experimental Immunoallergy, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Sayós
- Immune Regulation and Immunotherapy Group, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Research Institute (VHIR), Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Margarita Martin
- Biochemistry Unit, Biomedicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Laboratory of Clinic and Experimental Immunoallergy, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
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27
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Myosin II in Cancer Cells Shapes the Immune Microenvironment. Trends Mol Med 2019; 25:257-259. [PMID: 30871808 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tumor migration is driven by actomyosin contractility. A recent publication by Georgouli et al. (Cell 2019;176:757-774) describes how crosstalk between the cell migration machinery and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) shapes the microenvironment to promote tumor growth. Indirectly targeting TAMs by inhibiting the motility of tumor cells could hinder metastatic spread.
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28
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Girón-Pérez DA, Piedra-Quintero ZL, Santos-Argumedo L. Class I myosins: Highly versatile proteins with specific functions in the immune system. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 105:973-981. [PMID: 30821871 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1mr0918-350rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Connections established between cytoskeleton and plasma membrane are essential in cellular processes such as cell migration, vesicular trafficking, and cytokinesis. Class I myosins are motor proteins linking the actin-cytoskeleton with membrane phospholipids. Previous studies have implicated these molecules in cell functions including endocytosis, exocytosis, release of extracellular vesicles and the regulation of cell shape and membrane elasticity. In immune cells, those proteins also are involved in the formation and maintenance of immunological synapse-related signaling. Thus, these proteins are master regulators of actin cytoskeleton dynamics in different scenarios. Although the localization of class I myosins has been described in vertebrates, their functions, regulation, and mechanical properties are not very well understood. In this review, we focused on and summarized the current understanding of class I myosins in vertebrates with particular emphasis in leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Alberto Girón-Pérez
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Zayda Lizbeth Piedra-Quintero
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
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Hu S, Cheng M, Fan R, Wang Z, Wang L, Zhang T, Zhang M, Louis E, Zhong J. Beneficial effects of dual TORC1/2 inhibition on chronic experimental colitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 70:88-100. [PMID: 30797172 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM AZD8055, a new immunosuppressive reagent, a dual TORC1/2 inhibitor, had been used successfully in animal models for heart transplantation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects and mechanisms of AZD8055 on chronic intestinal inflammation. METHODS Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) - induced chronic colitis was used to investigate the effects of AZD8055 on the development of colitis. Colitis activity was monitored by body weight assessment, colon length, histology and cytokine profile analysis. RESULTS AZD8055 treatment significantly alleviated the severity of colitis, as assessed by colonic length and colonic damage. In addition, AZD8055 treatment decreased the colonic CD4+ T cell numbers and reduced both Th1 and Th17 cell activation and cytokine production. The percentages of Treg cells in the colon were also expanded by AZD8055 treatment. Furthermore, AZD8055 effectively inhibited mTOR downstream proteins and signal transducer and activator of transcription related proteins in CD4+ T cells of intestinal lamina propria. CONCLUSIONS These findings increased our understanding of DSS-induced colitis and shed new lights on mechanisms of digestive tract chronic inflammation. Dual TORC1/2 inhibition showed potent anti-inflammatory and immune regulation effects by targeting critical signaling pathways. The results supported the strategy of using dual mTOR inhibitor to treat inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shurong Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, PR China; Translational Gastroenterology Research Unit, GIGA-R, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Mengmeng Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, PR China; Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Rong Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhengting Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Tianyu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Maochen Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Edouard Louis
- Translational Gastroenterology Research Unit, GIGA-R, University of Liège, Belgium; Hepato-Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology Unit, University Hospital, CHU Liege, Domaine du Sart Tilman, 4000 Liege, Belgium.
| | - Jie Zhong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, PR China.
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