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Tan N, Jian G, Peng J, Tian X, Chen B. Chishao - Fuzi herbal pair restore the macrophage M1/M2 balance in acute-on-chronic liver failure. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 328:118010. [PMID: 38499260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Traditional herbal pair Paeoniae Radix Rubra (roots of Paeonia lactiflora Pall., Chishao in Chinese) and Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata (lateral roots of Aconitum carmichaelii Debeaux, Fuzi in Chinese) are widely used for the treatment of liver diseases, demonstrating clinical efficacy against acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). As the core drug pair representing the "clearing method" and "warming method" in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), they align with the TCM syndromic characteristics of ACLF, characterized by a mixture of deficiencies and realities. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-ACLF effects of Chishao - Fuzi herbal pair remain unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY To reveal the immunoinflammatory status of patients with hepatitis B virus-related ACLF (HBV-ACLF) based on macrophage polarization and to explore the mechanism of action of Chishao - Fuzi herbal pair in regulating macrophage polarization against ACLF. MATERIALS AND METHODS Peripheral blood samples were prospectively obtained from patients with HBV-ACLF, patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) in the immunoactive phase and healthy individuals. Flow cytometry, qRT-qPCR, and ELISA were used to reveal the activation status of monocyte-macrophages and the expression differences in related cytokines in the peripheral blood of patients with HBV-ACLF. Then, an ACLF rat model and a macrophage inflammation model in vitro were established. Hematoxylin-eosin staining, immunohistochemical staining, transmission electron microscopy, flow cytometry, western blotting, RT-qPCR, and ELISA were used to observe changes in the expression of M1/M2 macrophage markers and related inflammatory factors after Chishao - Fuzi herbal pair intervention, both in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS Patients with HBV-ACLF exhibited an imbalance in M1/M2 macrophage polarization, showing a tendency to activate M1 macrophages with high expression of CD86 and iNOS. This imbalance led to an increase in relevant pro-inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) and a decrease in anti-inflammatory factors (IL-10, TGF-β, VEGF), exacerbating the uncontrolled immune-inflammatory response. Chishao - Fuzi herbal pair intervention improved liver function, coagulation function, and histopathological injury in ACLF rats. It also partially ameliorated endotoxemia and inflammatory injury in ACLF. The mechanism was to restore the immune-inflammatory imbalance and prevent the exacerbation of inflammatory response to liver failure by promoting macrophage polarization toward M2 anti-inflammatory direction, inhibiting M1 macrophage activation, and increasing the levels of anti-inflammatory factors and decreasing pro-inflammatory factors. CONCLUSION Chishao - Fuzi herbal pair can reduce the systemic inflammatory burden of liver failure by modulating macrophage polarization and restoring ACLF immune-inflammatory imbalance. This study provides new perspectives and strategies for studying HBV-ACLF immune reconstitution and inflammatory response control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianhua Tan
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, Hunan Province, China; Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410007, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Gonghui Jian
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jie Peng
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410007, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xuefei Tian
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, Hunan Province, China; Hunan Province University Key Laboratory of Oncology of Traditional Chinese Medicine Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, Hunan, China; Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Mechanism of Tumor Prevention &Treatment, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, Hunan, China.
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410007, Hunan Province, China.
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Lafon T, Chapuis N, Guerin E, Daix T, Otranto M, Boumediene A, Jeannet R, Fontenay M, Henri Hani K, Vignon P, Monneret G, François B, Jean-Philippe J, Feuillard J. Along with PaO2/FiO2 ratio and lymphopenia, low HLA-DR monocytes are the only additional parameter that independently predicts the clinical course of undifferentiated SARS-CoV-2 patients in emergency departments. J Leukoc Biol 2024; 115:1131-1142. [PMID: 38366559 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiae022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Because one-third of patients deteriorate after their admission to the emergency department, assessing the prognosis of COVID-19 patients is of great importance. However, to date, only lymphopenia and the partial pressure of oxygen/fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO2/FiO2) ratio have been reported as partly predictive of COVID-19-related further deterioration, and their association has not been evaluated. We asked whether other key biomarkers of SARS-CoV-2 immunologic defects-increase in circulating immature granulocytes, loss of monocyte HLA-DR (mHLA-DR) expression, and monocyte differentiation blockade-could also predict further COVID-19 deterioration. A series of 284 consecutive COVID-19 patients, with the sole inclusion criterion of being an adult, were prospectively enrolled at emergency department admission (day 0) of 2 different hospitals: 1 for the exploratory cohort (180 patients) and 1 for the confirmatory cohort (104 patients). Deterioration was assessed over the next 7 days. Neither increased immature granulocyte levels nor monocyte differentiation blockade predicted patient worsening. Among more than 30 clinical, biological, and radiological parameters, the value of decreased P/F ratio and lymphopenia for prediction of further COVID-19 deterioration was strongly confirmed, and the loss of mHLA-DR was the only additional independent marker. Combined together in a simple OxyLymphoMono score, the 3 variables perfectly predicted patients who did not worsen and correctly predicted worsening in 59% of cases. By highlighting lymphocyte and monocyte defects as preceding COVID-19 deterioration, these results point on early immunosuppression in COVID-19 deterioration. Combining P/F ratio, lymphopenia, and loss of mHLA-DR together in a simple and robust score could offer a pragmatic method for COVID-19 patient stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lafon
- Emergency Department, University Hospital Center of Limoges, 2 avenue Martin Luther King, 87042 Limoges, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dupuytren, 2 avenue Martin Luther King, 87042 Limoges, France
| | - Nicolas Chapuis
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Cité, 27 Rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
- Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre-Université Paris Cité, 27 Rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Estelle Guerin
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie Biologique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Limoges, Centre de Biologie et de Recherche en Santé, rue Bernard Descottes, 87042 Limoges, France
| | - Thomas Daix
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dupuytren, 2 avenue Martin Luther King, 87042 Limoges, France
- Réanimation Polyvalente, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Limoges, 2 avenue Martin Luther King, 87042 Limoges, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 1092, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dupuytren, 2 avenue Martin Luther King, 87042 Limoges, France
| | - Marcela Otranto
- Emergency Department, University Hospital Center of Limoges, 2 avenue Martin Luther King, 87042 Limoges, France
| | - Ahmed Boumediene
- Laboratoire Immunologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Limoges, Centre de Biologie et de Recherche en Santé, rue Bernard Descottes, 87042 Limoges, France
| | - Robin Jeannet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dupuytren, 2 avenue Martin Luther King, 87042 Limoges, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de Recherche Scientifique 7276/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1262, Contrôle de la Réponse Immune B et Lymphoproliférations, Centre de Biologie et de Recherche en Santé, rue Bernard Descottes, 87025 Limoges, France
| | - Michaela Fontenay
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Cité, 27 Rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
- Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre-Université Paris Cité, 27 Rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Karam Henri Hani
- Emergency Department, University Hospital Center of Limoges, 2 avenue Martin Luther King, 87042 Limoges, France
| | - Philippe Vignon
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dupuytren, 2 avenue Martin Luther King, 87042 Limoges, France
- Réanimation Polyvalente, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Limoges, 2 avenue Martin Luther King, 87042 Limoges, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 1092, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dupuytren, 2 avenue Martin Luther King, 87042 Limoges, France
| | - Guillaume Monneret
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Hôpital E. Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 5 Pl. d'Arsonval, 69003 Lyon, France
| | - Bruno François
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dupuytren, 2 avenue Martin Luther King, 87042 Limoges, France
- Réanimation Polyvalente, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Limoges, 2 avenue Martin Luther King, 87042 Limoges, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 1092, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dupuytren, 2 avenue Martin Luther King, 87042 Limoges, France
| | - Jais Jean-Philippe
- Imagine Institute, Université Paris Cité, 24 Bd du Montparnasse, 75015 Paris, France
- Biostatistic Unit, Necker University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 149 rue de Sèvre, 75015 Paris, France
- Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases: Complex Predisposition, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 1163, 24 Bd du Montparnasse, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jean Feuillard
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie Biologique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Limoges, Centre de Biologie et de Recherche en Santé, rue Bernard Descottes, 87042 Limoges, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de Recherche Scientifique 7276/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1262, Contrôle de la Réponse Immune B et Lymphoproliférations, Centre de Biologie et de Recherche en Santé, rue Bernard Descottes, 87025 Limoges, France
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Zong Q, Zhang H, Liu F, Li J, Liu Q, Duan Z, Duan W, Ruan M, Zhang J, Liu Y, Zhou Q, Wang Q. Activation of the cGAS-STING pathway by viral dsDNA leading to M1 polarization of macrophages mediates antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Immunobiology 2024; 229:152810. [PMID: 38772101 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2024.152810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Activation of the cGAS-STING pathway induces the production of type I interferons, initiating the antiviral immune response, which contributes to the clearance of pathogens. Previous studies have shown that STING agonists promote hepatitis B virus (HBV) clearance; however, few studies have investigated the effect of activating the cGAS-STING pathway in macrophages on HBV. METHODS The polarization status of HBV particle-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages was analyzed. After stimulation with HBV particles, the analysis focused on determining whether the DNA sensors in RAW264.7 macrophages recognized the viral double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and evaluating the activation of the cGAS-STING pathway. Coculture of mouse macrophages and hepatocytes harboring HBV was used to study the antiviral activity of HBV-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. RESULTS After stimulation with HBV particles, HBV relaxed circular DNA (rcDNA) was detected in RAW264.7 macrophages, and the protein expression of phospho-STING, phospho-TBK1, and phospho-IRF3 in the STING pathway was increased, as shown by Western blot analysis, which revealed that M1 polarization of macrophages was caused by increased expression of CD86. RT-PCR analyses revealed elevated expression of M1 macrophage polarization-associated cytokines such as TNFα, IL-1β, iNOS, and IFNα/β. In the coculture experiment, both HBsAg and HBeAg expression levels were significantly decreased in AML12-HBV1.3 cells cocultured with the supernatants of HBV-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. CONCLUSION The results suggest that macrophages can endocytose HBV particles. Additionally, viral dsDNA can be recognized by DNA pattern recognition receptors, which in turn activate the cGAS-STING pathway, promoting the M1 polarization of macrophages, while no significant M2 polarization is observed. Macrophages stimulated with HBV particles exhibit enhanced antiviral activity against HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyin Zong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Futing Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jianfei Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhi Duan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wanlu Duan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Mengqi Ruan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
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Meewan I, Panmanee J, Petchyam N, Lertvilai P. HBCVTr: an end-to-end transformer with a deep neural network hybrid model for anti-HBV and HCV activity predictor from SMILES. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9262. [PMID: 38649402 PMCID: PMC11035669 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59933-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV and HCV) are significant causes of chronic liver diseases, with approximately 350 million infections globally. To accelerate the finding of effective treatment options, we introduce HBCVTr, a novel ligand-based drug design (LBDD) method for predicting the inhibitory activity of small molecules against HBV and HCV. HBCVTr employs a hybrid model consisting of double encoders of transformers and a deep neural network to learn the relationship between small molecules' simplified molecular-input line-entry system (SMILES) and their antiviral activity against HBV or HCV. The prediction accuracy of HBCVTr has surpassed baseline machine learning models and existing methods, with R-squared values of 0.641 and 0.721 for the HBV and HCV test sets, respectively. The trained models were successfully applied to virtual screening against 10 million compounds within 240 h, leading to the discovery of the top novel inhibitor candidates, including IJN04 for HBV and IJN12 and IJN19 for HCV. Molecular docking and dynamics simulations identified IJN04, IJN12, and IJN19 target proteins as the HBV core antigen, HCV NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, and HCV NS3/4A serine protease, respectively. Overall, HBCVTr offers a new and rapid drug discovery and development screening method targeting HBV and HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ittipat Meewan
- Center for Advanced Therapeutics, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand.
| | - Jiraporn Panmanee
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Nopphon Petchyam
- Center for Advanced Therapeutics, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Pichaya Lertvilai
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
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Li Y, Wu C, Lee J, Ning Q, Lim J, Eoh H, Wang S, Hurrell BP, Akbari O, Ou JHJ. Hepatitis B virus e antigen induces atypical metabolism and differentially regulates programmed cell deaths of macrophages. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012079. [PMID: 38466743 PMCID: PMC10957081 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophages can undergo M1-like proinflammatory polarization with low oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and high glycolytic activities or M2-like anti-inflammatory polarization with the opposite metabolic activities. Here we show that M1-like macrophages induced by hepatitis B virus (HBV) display high OXPHOS and low glycolytic activities. This atypical metabolism induced by HBV attenuates the antiviral response of M1-like macrophages and is mediated by HBV e antigen (HBeAg), which induces death receptor 5 (DR5) via toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) to induce death-associated protein 3 (DAP3). DAP3 then induces the expression of mitochondrial genes to promote OXPHOS. HBeAg also enhances the expression of glutaminases and increases the level of glutamate, which is converted to α-ketoglutarate, an important metabolic intermediate of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, to promote OXPHOS. The induction of DR5 by HBeAg leads to apoptosis of M1-like and M2-like macrophages, although HBeAg also induces pyroptosis of the former. These findings reveal novel activities of HBeAg, which can reprogram mitochondrial metabolism and trigger different programmed cell death responses of macrophages depending on their phenotypes to promote HBV persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Li
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Christine Wu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jiyoung Lee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Qiqi Ning
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Juhyeon Lim
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Hyungjin Eoh
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sean Wang
- Michael Amini Transfusion Medicine Center, City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Benjamin P. Hurrell
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Omid Akbari
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jing-hsiung James Ou
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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Liu Z, Huang H, Yu Y, Jia Y, Li L, Shi X, Wang F. Exploring the Potential Molecular Mechanism of the Shugan Jieyu Capsule in the Treatment of Depression through Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking, and Molecular Dynamics Simulation. Curr Comput Aided Drug Des 2024; 20:501-517. [PMID: 37340752 DOI: 10.2174/1573409919666230619105254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shugan Jieyu Capsule (SJC) is a pure Chinese medicine compound prepared with Hypericum perforatum and Acanthopanacis senticosi. SJC has been approved for the clinical treatment of depression, but the mechanism of action is still unclear. OBJECTIVES Network pharmacology, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) were applied in the present study to explore the potential mechanism of SJC in the treatment of depression. METHODS TCMSP, BATMAN-TCM, and HERB databases were used, and related literature was reviewed to screen the effective active ingredients of Hypericum perforatum and Acanthopanacis senticosi. TCMSP, BATMAN-TCM, HERB, and STITCH databases were used to predict the potential targets of effective active ingredients. GeneCards database, DisGeNET database, and GEO data set were used to obtain depression targets and clarify the intersection targets of SJC and depression. STRING database and Cytoscape software were used to build a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of intersection targets and screen the core targets. The enrichment analysis on the intersection targets was conducted. Then the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed to verify the core targets. The pharmacokinetic characteristics of core active ingredients were predicted by SwissADME and pkCSM. Molecular docking was performed to verify the docking activity of the core active ingredients and core targets, and molecular dynamics simulations were performed to evaluate the accuracy of the docking complex. RESULTS We obtained 15 active ingredients and 308 potential drug targets with quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, and hyperforin as the core active ingredients. We obtained 3598 targets of depression and 193 intersection targets of SJC and depression. A total of 9 core targets (AKT1, TNF, IL6, IL1B, VEGFA, JUN, CASP3, MAPK3, PTGS2) were screened with Cytoscape 3.8.2 software. A total of 442 GO entries and 165 KEGG pathways (p <0.01) were obtained from the enrichment analysis of the intersection targets, mainly enriched in IL-17, TNF, and MAPK signaling pathways. The pharmacokinetic characteristics of the 4 core active ingredients indicated that they could play a role in SJC antidepressants with fewer side effects. Molecular docking showed that the 4 core active components could effectively bind to the 8 core targets (AKT1, TNF, IL6, IL1B, VEGFA, JUN, CASP3, MAPK3, PTGS2), which were related to depression by the ROC curve. MDS showed that the docking complex was stable. CONCLUSION SJC may treat depression by using active ingredients such as quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, and hyperforin to regulate targets such as PTGS2 and CASP3 and signaling pathways such as IL-17, TNF, and MAPK, and participate in immune inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, neurogenesis, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyao Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
- High Level Key Disciplines of Traditional Chinese Medicine Basic Theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Classical Theory, Ministry of Education, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hailiang Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
- High Level Key Disciplines of Traditional Chinese Medicine Basic Theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Classical Theory, Ministry of Education, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuqi Jia
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lingling Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xin Shi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Fangqi Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Zhang Q, Dong J, Wang J, Wang J, Wang C, Li Y, Chen XL, Wang X, Shan W, Fu G, Ren L. Integration of Protein Nanocage with CpG Motifs: A Virus-Mimicked Core-Shell Nanostructure to Ignite Antitumor Immunity. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2301281. [PMID: 37287345 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment typically possesses immunosuppressive properties that hinder the effectiveness of antitumor immune responses, even in the context of immunotherapies. However, it is observed that pathogenic microorganisms can trigger strong immune responses during infection, offering a potential means to counteract the immunosuppressive environment of tumors. In this study, a protein nanocage called CpG@HBc nanocages (NCs) is developed, which mimics the structure of the hepatitis B virus and combines with an immunostimulatory component known as cytosine phosphoguanosine oligonucleotide (CpG). By delivering these immunostimulatory agents, CpG@HBc NCs are able to effectively reverse the suppressive tumor microenvironment, resulting in the inhibition of poorly immunogenic tumors in mice. Through high-dimensional mass cytometry (CyTOF) analysis, remarkable alterations in immune responses is observed induced by CpG@HBc. Treatment with immunogenic CpG@HBc NCs, along with co-injection of an OX40 agonist, sensitized colorectal cancer tumors to T cell immune responses, resulting in significant impairment of tumor growth and robust immune activation. Furthermore, CpG@HBc NCs induced long-term antitumor immunological memory, protecting tumor-cured mice from tumor rechallenge. Overall, these findings highlight the potential of a virus-inspired protein nanocage to mimic anti-viral immunity and offer a unique therapeutic approach for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Department of Biomaterials, State Key Lab of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Fujian Province, Research Center of Biomedical Engineering of Xiamen, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Junchen Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Cancer Research Center of Xiamen University, Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, P. R. China
| | - Jiaping Wang
- Department of Biomaterials, State Key Lab of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Fujian Province, Research Center of Biomedical Engineering of Xiamen, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Jiayu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Cancer Research Center of Xiamen University, Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, P. R. China
| | - Chufan Wang
- Department of Biomaterials, State Key Lab of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Fujian Province, Research Center of Biomedical Engineering of Xiamen, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yao Li
- Department of Biomaterials, State Key Lab of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Fujian Province, Research Center of Biomedical Engineering of Xiamen, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Lei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Cancer Research Center of Xiamen University, Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, P. R. China
| | - Xiumin Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, P. R. China
| | - Wenjun Shan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, P. R. China
| | - Guo Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Cancer Research Center of Xiamen University, Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, P. R. China
| | - Lei Ren
- Department of Biomaterials, State Key Lab of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Fujian Province, Research Center of Biomedical Engineering of Xiamen, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
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8
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Liu T, Li Y, Wang L, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Gai X, Chen L, Liu L, Yang L, Wang B. Network pharmacology-based exploration identified the antiviral efficacy of Quercetin isolated from mulberry leaves against enterovirus 71 via the NF-κB signaling pathway. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1260288. [PMID: 37795035 PMCID: PMC10546324 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1260288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Mulberry leaf (ML) is known for its antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, historically documented in "Shen Nong's Materia Medica". This study aimed to investigate the effects of ML on enterovirus 71 (EV71) using network pharmacology, molecular docking, and in vitro experiments. Methods: We successfully pinpointed shared targets between mulberry leaves (ML) and the EV71 virus by leveraging online databases. Our investigation delved into the interaction among these identified targets, leading to the identification of pivotal components within ML that possess potent anti-EV71 properties. The ability of these components to bind to the targets was verified by molecular docking. Moreover, bioinformatics predictions were used to identify the signaling pathways involved. Finally, the mechanism behind its anti-EV71 action was confirmed through in vitro experiments. Results: Our investigation uncovered 25 active components in ML that targeted 231 specific genes. Of these genes, 29 correlated with the targets of EV71. Quercetin, a major ingredient in ML, was associated with 25 of these genes. According to the molecular docking results, Quercetin has a high binding affinity to the targets of ML and EV71. According to the KEGG pathway analysis, the antiviral effect of Quercetin against EV71 was found to be closely related to the NF-κB signaling pathway. The results of immunofluorescence and Western blotting showed that Quercetin significantly reduced the expression levels of VP1, TNF-α, and IL-1β in EV71-infected human rhabdomyosarcoma cells. The phosphorylation level of NF-κB p65 was reduced, and the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway was suppressed by Quercetin. Furthermore, our results showed that Quercetin downregulated the expression of JNK, ERK, and p38 and their phosphorylation levels due to EV71 infection. Conclusion: With these findings in mind, we can conclude that inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway is a critical mechanism through which Quercetin exerts its anti-EV71 effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianrun Liu
- School of Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | - Yingyu Li
- School of Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | - Lumeng Wang
- School of Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | | | - Yuxuan Zhang
- School of Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | - Xuejie Gai
- The Affiliated First Hospital, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | - Li Chen
- School of Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | - Lei Liu
- School of Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | - Limin Yang
- School of Medicine, Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Baixin Wang
- School of Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
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9
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Zhang MH, Yuan YF, Liu LJ, Wei YX, Yin WY, Zheng LZY, Tang YY, Lv Z, Zhu F. Dysregulated microRNAs as a biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis of hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:4706-4735. [PMID: 37664153 PMCID: PMC10473924 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i31.4706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignancy with a high incidence and fatality rate worldwide. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the most important risk factors for its occurrence and development. Early detection of HBV-associated HCC (HBV-HCC) can improve clinical decision-making and patient outcomes. Biomarkers are extremely helpful, not only for early diagnosis, but also for the development of therapeutics. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a subset of non-coding RNAs approximately 22 nucleotides in length, have increasingly attracted scientists' attention due to their potential utility as biomarkers for cancer detection and therapy. HBV profoundly impacts the expression of miRNAs potentially involved in the development of hepatocarcinogenesis. In this review, we summarize the current progress on the role of miRNAs in the diagnosis and treatment of HBV-HCC. From a molecular standpoint, we discuss the mechanism by which HBV regulates miRNAs and investigate the exact effect of miRNAs on the promotion of HCC. In the near future, miRNA-based diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic applications will make their way into the clinical routine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-He Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yu-Feng Yuan
- Department of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Li-Juan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yu-Xin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wan-Yue Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Lan-Zhuo-Yin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ying-Ying Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhao Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Fan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy & Immunology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
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10
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Kar A, Samanta A, Mukherjee S, Barik S, Biswas A. The HBV web: An insight into molecular interactomes between the hepatitis B virus and its host en route to hepatocellular carcinoma. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28436. [PMID: 36573429 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major aetiology associated with the development and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common primary liver malignancy. Over the past few decades, direct and indirect mechanisms have been identified in the pathogenesis of HBV-associated HCC which include altered signaling pathways, genome integration, mutation-induced genomic instability, chromosomal deletions and rearrangements. Intertwining of the HBV counterparts with the host cellular factors, though well established, needs to be systemized to understand the dynamics of host-HBV crosstalk and its consequences on HCC progression. Existence of a vast array of protein-protein and protein-nucleic acid interaction databases has led to the uncoiling of the compendia of genes/gene products associated with these interactions. This review covers the existing knowledge about the HBV-host interplay and brings it down under one canopy emphasizing on the HBV-host interactomics; and thereby highlights new strategies for therapeutic advancements against HBV-induced HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Kar
- Department of Signal Transduction and Biogenic Amines, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Abhisekh Samanta
- Department of Signal Transduction and Biogenic Amines, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Soumyadeep Mukherjee
- Department of In Vitro Carcinogenesis and Cellular Chemotherapy, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Subhasis Barik
- Department of In Vitro Carcinogenesis and Cellular Chemotherapy, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Avik Biswas
- Department of Signal Transduction and Biogenic Amines, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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11
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Hatton AA, Guerra FE. Scratching the Surface Takes a Toll: Immune Recognition of Viral Proteins by Surface Toll-like Receptors. Viruses 2022; 15:52. [PMID: 36680092 PMCID: PMC9863796 DOI: 10.3390/v15010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Early innate viral recognition by the host is critical for the rapid response and subsequent clearance of an infection. Innate immune cells patrol sites of infection to detect and respond to invading microorganisms including viruses. Surface Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a group of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that can be activated by viruses even before the host cell becomes infected. However, the early activation of surface TLRs by viruses can lead to viral clearance by the host or promote pathogenesis. Thus, a plethora of research has attempted to identify specific viral ligands that bind to surface TLRs and mediate progression of viral infection. Herein, we will discuss the past two decades of research that have identified specific viral proteins recognized by cell surface-associated TLRs, how these viral proteins and host surface TLR interactions affect the host inflammatory response and outcome of infection, and address why controversy remains regarding host surface TLR recognition of viral proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis A. Hatton
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA
| | - Fermin E. Guerra
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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12
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Yang G, Wan P, Zhang Y, Tan Q, Qudus MS, Yue Z, Luo W, Zhang W, Ouyang J, Li Y, Wu J. Innate Immunity, Inflammation, and Intervention in HBV Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:2275. [PMID: 36298831 PMCID: PMC9609328 DOI: 10.3390/v14102275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is still one of the most dangerous viral illnesses. HBV infects around 257 million individuals worldwide. Hepatitis B in many individuals ultimately develops hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which is the sixth most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The innate immunity acts as the first line of defense against HBV infection through activating antiviral genes. Along with the immune responses, pro-inflammatory cytokines are triggered to enhance the antiviral responses, but this may result in acute or chronic liver inflammation, especially when the clearance of virus is unsuccessful. To a degree, the host innate immune and inflammatory responses dominate the HBV infection and liver pathogenesis. Thus, it is crucial to figure out the signaling pathways involved in the activation of antiviral factors and inflammatory cytokines. Here, we review the interplay between HBV and the signal pathways that mediates innate immune responses and inflammation. In addition, we summarize current therapeutic strategies for HBV infection via modulating innate immunity or inflammation. Characterizing the mechanisms that underlie these HBV-host interplays might provide new approaches for the cure of chronic HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Yang
- Foshan Institute of Medical Microbiology, Foshan 528315, China
| | - Pin Wan
- Foshan Institute of Medical Microbiology, Foshan 528315, China
| | - Yaru Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qiaoru Tan
- Foshan Institute of Medical Microbiology, Foshan 528315, China
| | - Muhammad Suhaib Qudus
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhaoyang Yue
- Foshan Institute of Medical Microbiology, Foshan 528315, China
| | - Wei Luo
- Clinical Research Institute, The First People’s Hospital, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Guangdong Longfan Biological Science and Technology, Foshan 528315, China
| | - Jianhua Ouyang
- Guangdong Longfan Biological Science and Technology, Foshan 528315, China
| | - Yongkui Li
- Foshan Institute of Medical Microbiology, Foshan 528315, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Guangdong Longfan Biological Science and Technology, Foshan 528315, China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- Foshan Institute of Medical Microbiology, Foshan 528315, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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13
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Lin C, Xu C, Zhou Y, Chen A, Jin B. Identification of Biomarkers Related to M2 Macrophage Infiltration in Alzheimer’s Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152365. [PMID: 35954209 PMCID: PMC9367736 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Many studies have demonstrated that neuroinflammation contributes to the onset and development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The infiltration of immune cells in the brain was observed in AD. The purpose of the present study was to verify potential mechanisms and screen out biomarkers related to immune infiltration in AD. We collected the expression profiling datasets of AD patients and healthy donors from the NCBI’s Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. We confirmed that immune-related mechanisms were involved in AD using differentially expressed genes analysis and functional enrichment analysis. We then found that M2 macrophage infiltration was most positively correlated with AD according to the CIBERSORT algorithm and a weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). TLR2, FCGR2A, ITGB2, NCKAP1L and CYBA were identified as hub genes correlated with M2 macrophage infiltration in AD. Furthermore, the expression levels of these hub genes were positively correlated with Aβ42 and β-secretase activity. A diagnostic model of these hub genes was constructed, which showed a high area under the curve (AUC) value in both the derivation and validation cohorts. Overall, our work further expanded our understanding of the immunological mechanisms of AD and provided new insights into therapeutic strategies in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixiu Lin
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China; (C.L.); (C.X.)
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China;
| | - Congcong Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China; (C.L.); (C.X.)
| | - Yongji Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China;
| | - Anqi Chen
- The Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China;
| | - Baiye Jin
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China; (C.L.); (C.X.)
- Correspondence:
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14
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Feng T, Zhang M, Xu Q, Song F, Wang L, Gai S, Tang H, Wang S, Zhou L, Li H. Exploration of molecular targets and mechanisms of Chinese medicinal formula Acacia Catechu -Scutellariae Radix in the treatment of COVID-19 by a systems pharmacology strategy. Phytother Res 2022; 36:4210-4229. [PMID: 35859316 PMCID: PMC9349561 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). In China, the Acacia catechu (AC)‐Scutellariae Radix (SR) formula has been widely used for pulmonary infection in clinical practice for several centuries. However, the potential role and mechanisms of this formula against COVID‐19 remains unclear. The present study was designed to dissect the active ingredients, molecular targets, and the therapeutic mechanisms of AC‐SR formula in the treatment of COVID‐19 based on a systems pharmacology strategy integrated by ADME screening, target prediction, network analysis, GO and KEGG enrichment analysis, molecular docking, and molecular dynamic (MD) simulations. Finally, Quercetin, Fisetin(1‐), kaempferol, Wogonin, Beta‐sitosterol, Baicalein, Skullcapflavone II, Stigmasterol were primarily screened to be the potentially effective active ingredients against COVID‐19. The hub‐proteins were TP53, JUN, ESR1, MAPK1, Akt1, HSP90AA1, TNF, IL‐6, SRC, and RELA. The potential mechanisms of AC‐SR formula in the treatment of COVID‐19 were the TNF signaling pathway, PI3K‐Akt signaling pathway and IL‐17 signaling pathway, etc. Furthermore, virtual docking revealed that baicalein, (+)‐catechin and fisetin(1‐) exhibited high affinity to SARS‐CoV‐2 3CLpro, which has validated by the FRET‐based enzymatic inhibitory assays with the IC50 of 11.3, 23.8, and 44.1 μM, respectively. And also, a concentration‐dependent inhibition of baicalein, quercetin and (+)‐catechin against SARS‐CoV‐2 ACE2 was observed with the IC50 of 138.2, 141.3, and 348.4 μM, respectively. These findings suggested AC‐SR formula exerted therapeutic effects involving “multi‐compounds and multi‐targets.” It might be working through directly inhibiting the virus, improving immune function, and reducing the inflammatory in response to anti‐COVID‐19. Ultimately, this study would provide new perspective for discovering potential drugs and mechanisms against COVID‐19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Feng
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica and Natural Medicines, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica and Natural Medicines, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiong Xu
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica and Natural Medicines, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fan Song
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica and Natural Medicines, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Libin Wang
- School of Medicine, Shaanxi Energy Institute, Xianyang, China
| | - Shouchang Gai
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica and Natural Medicines, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Haifeng Tang
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica and Natural Medicines, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Siwang Wang
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica and Natural Medicines, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China.,College of Life Science and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Liying Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica and Natural Medicines, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
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15
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You H, Qin S, Zhang F, Hu W, Li X, Liu D, Kong F, Pan X, Zheng K, Tang R. Regulation of Pattern-Recognition Receptor Signaling by HBX During Hepatitis B Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:829923. [PMID: 35251017 PMCID: PMC8891514 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.829923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As a small DNA virus, hepatitis B virus (HBV) plays a pivotal role in the development of various liver diseases, including hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. Among the molecules encoded by this virus, the HBV X protein (HBX) is a viral transactivator that plays a vital role in HBV replication and virus-associated diseases. Accumulating evidence so far indicates that pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are at the front-line of the host defense responses to restrict the virus by inducing the expression of interferons and various inflammatory factors. However, depending on HBX, the virus can control PRR signaling by modulating the expression and activity of essential molecules involved in the toll-like receptor (TLR), retinoic acid inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptor (RLR), and NOD-like receptor (NLR) signaling pathways, to not only facilitate HBV replication, but also promote the development of viral diseases. In this review, we provide an overview of the mechanisms that are linked to the regulation of PRR signaling mediated by HBX to inhibit innate immunity, regulation of viral propagation, virus-induced inflammation, and hepatocarcinogenesis. Given the importance of PRRs in the control of HBV replication, we propose that a comprehensive understanding of the modulation of cellular factors involved in PRR signaling induced by the viral protein may open new avenues for the treatment of HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjuan You
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Suping Qin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Fulong Zhang
- Imaging Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Group Suqian Hospital, The Affiliate Suqian Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian, China
| | - Xiaocui Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Dongsheng Liu
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Group Suqian Hospital, The Affiliate Suqian Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian, China
| | - Fanyun Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiucheng Pan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Kuiyang Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Sciences Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Renxian Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Sciences Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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16
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Li J, Yu M, Zong R, Fan C, Ren F, Wu W, Li C. Deacetylation of Notch1 by SIRT1 contributes to HBsAg- and HBeAg-mediated M2 macrophage polarization. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2022; 322:G459-G471. [PMID: 35234049 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00338.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic macrophages are involved in both pathogen clearance and immunopathogenesis. Emerging evidence demonstrates that macrophage polarization plays a critical role in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-induced immune impairment and liver pathology. However, it remains largely unknown as to how HBV infection facilitates M2 macrophage polarization. Here, a mouse HBV infection model was established by hydrodynamic injection with a vector containing 1.3-fold overlength HBV genome via the tail vein. Coculture experiments with HBV-producing HepG2.2.15 cells and macrophages were established in vitro. We found that HBV-inhibited M1 while enhancing M2 markers, which was accompanied by decreased proinflammatory tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and augmented anti-inflammatory IL-10 expression. Furthermore, both hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) secretion contributed to HBV-triggered macrophage polarization from M1 toward M2 phenotype. Mechanistically, HBsAg and HBeAg could upregulate the sirtuins 1 (SIRT1) deacetylase expression, which in turn promote deacetylation of the Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD), leading to increased Akt phosphorylation and decreased NF-κB nuclear translocation in macrophages. Our findings suggest that NICD deacetylation by SIRT1 contributes to HBsAg- and HBeAg-mediated M2 macrophage polarization, raising the possibility of targeting SIRT1/Notch1 pathway in macrophages to treat HBV immune evasion and chronic HBV infection.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study identified a previously unrecognized molecular mechanism of HBV-mediated suppression of innate immune responses. We demonstrate that deacetylation of NICD by SIRT1 contributes to HBsAg- and HBeAg-mediated M2 macrophage polarization, which may aid in the development of new macrophage-based immunotherapy for chronic HBV infection and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Li
- Department of Anatomy and Histology Embryology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Department of Anatomy, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengxue Yu
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruobin Zong
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengpeng Fan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu Ren
- Department of Anatomy, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wu
- Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences, Shenyang University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Changyong Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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17
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Naghib M, Kariminik A, Kazemi Arababadi M. TLR2, as a Pathogen Recognition Receptor, Plays Critical Roles in Hepatitis B Outcome. Viral Immunol 2022; 35:15-23. [PMID: 35020525 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2021.0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system of active and inactive chronic hepatitis B, as prolonged forms of hepatitis B, is unable to eradicate hepatitis B virus (HBV) from the infected hepatocytes completely. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play key roles in the viral recognition and promotion of appropriate immune responses. The molecules also participate in the alteration of the target cell functions and transformation. TLR2 is the unique molecule that makes either homodimer or heterodimer with TLR1 and 6 and shows variable roles against viral infections. Therefore, it has been hypothesized that TLR2 may participate in both immune response against HBV and induction of the virus-related hepatic complications. The studies confirm the hypothesis and revealed that TLR2 is not only one of the main molecules altering the course of HBV infection, but also plays key roles in induction of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and liver cirrhosis. However, recent studies demonstrated that the molecule can fight against HCC and liver cirrhosis. Collectively, it appears that nutrition habits, TLR2 gene polymorphisms, gut microbiome, HBV antigens, and activation of other receptors may play key roles in the determination of TLR2 functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Naghib
- Department of Microbiology, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ashraf Kariminik
- Department of Microbiology, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Kazemi Arababadi
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.,Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
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18
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Macrophages activated by hepatitis B virus have distinct metabolic profiles and suppress the virus via IL-1β to downregulate PPARα and FOXO3. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110284. [PMID: 35081341 PMCID: PMC8830375 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages display phenotypic plasticity and can be induced by hepatitis B virus (HBV) to undergo either M1-like pro-inflammatory or M2-like anti-inflammatory polarization. Here, we report that M1-like macrophages stimulated by HBV exhibit a strong HBV-suppressive effect, which is diminished in M2-like macrophages. Transcriptomic analysis reveals that HBV induces the expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in M1-like macrophages, which display a high oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) activity distinct from that of conventional M1-like macrophages. Further analysis indicates that OXPHOS attenuates the expression of IL-1β, which suppresses the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and forkhead box O3 (FOXO3) in hepatocytes to suppress HBV gene expression and replication. Moreover, multiple HBV proteins can induce the expression of IL-1β in macrophages. Our results thus indicate that macrophages can respond to HBV by producing IL-1β to suppress HBV replication. However, HBV can also metabolically reprogram macrophages to enhance OXPHOS to minimize this host antiviral response.
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19
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Wang C, Ma C, Gong L, Guo Y, Fu K, Zhang Y, Zhou H, Li Y. Macrophage Polarization and Its Role in Liver Disease. Front Immunol 2022; 12:803037. [PMID: 34970275 PMCID: PMC8712501 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.803037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are important immune cells in innate immunity, and have remarkable heterogeneity and polarization. Under pathological conditions, in addition to the resident macrophages, other macrophages are also recruited to the diseased tissues, and polarize to various phenotypes (mainly M1 and M2) under the stimulation of various factors in the microenvironment, thus playing different roles and functions. Liver diseases are hepatic pathological changes caused by a variety of pathogenic factors (viruses, alcohol, drugs, etc.), including acute liver injury, viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, metabolic-associated fatty liver disease, liver fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Recent studies have shown that macrophage polarization plays an important role in the initiation and development of liver diseases. However, because both macrophage polarization and the pathogenesis of liver diseases are complex, the role and mechanism of macrophage polarization in liver diseases need to be further clarified. Therefore, the origin of hepatic macrophages, and the phenotypes and mechanisms of macrophage polarization are reviewed first in this paper. It is found that macrophage polarization involves several molecular mechanisms, mainly including TLR4/NF-κB, JAK/STATs, TGF-β/Smads, PPARγ, Notch, and miRNA signaling pathways. In addition, this paper also expounds the role and mechanism of macrophage polarization in various liver diseases, which aims to provide references for further research of macrophage polarization in liver diseases, contributing to the therapeutic strategy of ameliorating liver diseases by modulating macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lihong Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuqin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ke Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yafang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Honglin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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20
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Zhong S, Zhang T, Tang L, Li Y. Cytokines and Chemokines in HBV Infection. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:805625. [PMID: 34926586 PMCID: PMC8674621 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.805625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a leading cause of hepatic inflammation and damage. The pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection is predominantly mediated by persistent intrahepatic immunopathology. With the characterization of unique anatomical and immunological structure, the liver is also deemed an immunological organ, which gives rise to massive cytokines and chemokines under pathogenesis conditions, having significant implications for the progression of HBV infection. The intrahepatic innate immune system is responsible for the formidable source of cytokines and chemokines, with the latter also derived from hepatic parenchymal cells. In addition, systemic cytokines and chemokines are disturbed along with the disease course. Since HBV is a stealth virus, persistent exposure to HBV-related antigens confers to immune exhaustion, whereby regulatory cells are recruited by intrahepatic chemokines and cytokines, including interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor β, are involved in such series of causal events. Although the considerable value of two types of available approved treatment, interferons and nucleos(t)ide analogues, effectively suppress HBV replication, neither of them is sufficient for optimal restoration of the immunological attrition state to win the battle of the functional or virological cure of CHB infection. Notably, cytokines and chemokines play a crucial role in regulating the immune response. They exert effects by directly acting on HBV or indirectly manipulating target immune cells. As such, specific cytokines and chemokines, with a potential possibility to serve as novel immunological interventions, combined with those that target the virus itself, seem to be promising prospects in curative CHB infection. Here, we systematically review the recent literature that elucidates cytokine and chemokine-mediated pathogenesis and immune exhaustion of HBV infection and their dynamics triggered by current mainstream anti-HBV therapy. The predictive value of disease progression or control and the immunotherapies target of specific major cytokines and chemokines in CHB infection will also be delineated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihong Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Libo Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongyin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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21
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Wu LL, Huang TS, Shyu YC, Wang CL, Wang HY, Chen PJ. Gut microbiota in the innate immunity against hepatitis B virus - implication in age-dependent HBV clearance. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 49:194-202. [PMID: 34242953 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) chronically infects 257 million people and is one of the most important liver diseases worldwide. A unique feature of HBV infection in humans is that viral clearance heavily depends on the age at exposure. Recent studies demonstrated that the virus takes advantage of immature innate immunity, especially hepatic macrophages, and not-yet-stabilized gut microbiota in early life to establish a chronic infection. The liver contains resident and infiltrating myeloid cells involved in immune responses to pathogens. They influence both innate and adaptive sectors of the immune system and their interplay with HBV has only been noticed recently. Here, we discuss how interactions between gut microbiota and hepatic macrophages influence the outcomes of HBV infection. Understanding the underlying mechanism would pave the way for the treatment of chronic HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ling Wu
- Department and Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Shuo Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan; Community Medicine Research Center, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chiau Shyu
- Community Medicine Research Center, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan; Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan City, Taiwan; Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Lin Wang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hurng-Yi Wang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Jer Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Microbiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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22
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Exploring the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effect of Salvia miltiorrhiza in diabetic nephropathy using network pharmacology and molecular docking. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:227939. [PMID: 33634308 PMCID: PMC8209169 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20203520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effect of Salvia miltiorrhiza (SM) on diabetic nephropathy (DN) were examined using a systematic network pharmacology approach and molecular docking. The Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP) database was used to screen active ingredients of SM. Targets were obtained using the SwissTargetPrediction and TCMSP databases. Proteins related to DN were retrieved from the GeneCards and DisGeNET databases. A protein–protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using common SM/DN targets in the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins (STRING) database. The Metascape platform was used for Gene Ontology (GO) function analysis, and the Cytoscape plug-in ClueGO was used for Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis. Molecular docking was performed using iGEMDOCK and AutoDock Vina software. Pymol and LigPlos were used for network mapping. Sixty-six active ingredients and 189 targets of SM were found. Sixty-four targets overlapped with DN-related proteins. The PPI network revealed that AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 (AKT1), VEGFA, interleukin 6 (IL6), TNF, mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1), tumor protein p53 (TP53), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 (MAPK14), and JUN were the ten most relevant targets. GO and KEGG analyses revealed that the common targets of DN and SM were mainly involved in advanced glycation end-products, oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and immune regulation. Molecular docking revealed that potential DN-related targets, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF), NOS2, and AKT1, more stably bound with salvianolic acid B than with tanshinone IIA. In conclusion, the present study revealed the active components and potential molecular therapeutic mechanisms of SM in DN and provides a reference for the wide application of SM in clinically managing DN.
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23
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Maepa MB, Bloom K, Ely A, Arbuthnot P. Hepatitis B virus: promising drug targets and therapeutic implications. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:451-466. [PMID: 33843412 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.1915990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Current therapy for infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) rarely clears the virus, and viremia commonly resurges following treatment withdrawal. To prevent serious complications of the infection, research has been aimed at identifying new viral and host targets that can be exploited to inactivate HBV replication.Areas covered: This paper reviews the use of these new molecular targets to advance anti-HBV therapy. Emphasis is on appraising data from pre-clinical and early clinical studies described in journal articles published during the past 10 years and available from PubMed.Expert opinion: The wide range of viral and host factors that can be targeted to disable HBV is impressive and improved insight into HBV molecular biology continues to provide the basis for new drug design. In addition to candidate therapies that have direct or indirect actions on HBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), compounds that inhibit HBsAg secretion, viral entry, destabilize viral RNA and effect enhanced immune responses to HBV show promise. Preclinical and clinical evaluation of drug candidates, as well as investigating use of treatment combinations, are encouraging. The field is poised at an interesting stage and indications are that reliably achieving functional cure from HBV infection is a tangible goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohube Betty Maepa
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kristie Bloom
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Abdullah Ely
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Patrick Arbuthnot
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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24
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Han L, Wei XX, Zheng YJ, Zhang LL, Wang XM, Yang HY, Ma X, Zhao LH, Tong XL. Potential mechanism prediction of Cold-Damp Plague Formula against COVID-19 via network pharmacology analysis and molecular docking. Chin Med 2020; 15:78. [PMID: 32754224 PMCID: PMC7391051 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-020-00360-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a new global public health emergency. The therapeutic benefits of Cold‒Damp Plague Formula (CDPF) against COVID-19, which was used to treat "cold‒dampness stagnation in the lung" in Trial Versions 6 and 7 of the "Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for COVID-19", have been demonstrated, but the effective components and their mechanism of action remain unclear. METHODS In this study, a network pharmacology approach was employed, including drug-likeness evaluation, oral bioavailability prediction, protein‒protein interaction (PPI) network construction and analysis, Gene Ontology (GO) terms, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway annotation, and virtual docking, to predict the bioactive components, potential targets, and molecular mechanism of CDPF for COVID-19 treatment. RESULTS The active compound of herbs in CDPF and their candidate targets were obtained through database mining, and an herbs-ingredients-targets network was constructed. Subsequently, the candidate targets of the active compounds were compared to those relevant to COVID-19, to identify the potential targets of CDPF for COVID-19 treatment. Subsequently, the PPI network was constructed, which provided a basis for cluster analysis and hub gene screening. The seed targets in the most significant module were selected for further functional annotation. GO enrichment analysis identified four main areas: (1) cellular responses to external stimuli, (2) regulation of blood production and circulation, (3) free radical regulation, (4) immune regulation and anti-inflammatory effects. KEGG pathway analysis also revealed that CDPF could play pharmacological roles against COVID-19 through "multi components‒multi targets‒multi pathways" at the molecular level, mainly involving anti-viral, immune-regulatory, and anti-inflammatory pathways; consequently, a "CDPF-herbs-ingredients-targets-pathways-COVID-19" network was constructed. In hub target analysis, the top hub target IL6, and ACE2, the receptor via which SARS-CoV-2 typically enters host cells, were selected for molecular docking analyses, and revealed good binding activities. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed the active ingredients and potential molecular mechanism by which CDPF treatment is effective against COVID-19, and provides a reference basis for the wider application and further mechanistic investigations of CDPF in the fight against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Han
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053 China
| | - Xiu-Xiu Wei
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Yu-Jiao Zheng
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Li-Li Zhang
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053 China
| | - Xin-Miao Wang
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053 China
| | - Hao-Yu Yang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Xu Ma
- Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000 China
| | - Lin-Hua Zhao
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053 China
| | - Xiao-Lin Tong
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053 China
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25
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Min CK, Shakya AK, Lee BJ, Streblow DN, Caposio P, Yurochko AD. The Differentiation of Human Cytomegalovirus Infected-Monocytes Is Required for Viral Replication. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:368. [PMID: 32850474 PMCID: PMC7411144 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral dissemination is a key mechanism responsible for persistence and disease following human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. Monocytes play a pivotal role in viral dissemination to organ tissue during primary infection and following reactivation from latency. For example, during primary infection, infected monocytes migrate into tissues and differentiate into macrophages, which then become a source of viral replication. In addition, because differentiated macrophages can survive for months to years, they provide a potential persistent infection source in various organ systems. We broadly note that there are three phases to infection and differentiation of HCMV-infected monocytes: (1) Virus enters and traffics to the nucleus through a virus receptor ligand engagement event that activates a unique signalsome that initiates the monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation process. (2) Following initial infection, HCMV undergoes a "quiescence-like state" in monocytes lasting for several weeks and promotes monocyte differentiation into macrophages. While, the initial event is triggered by the receptor-ligand engagement, the long-term cellular activation is maintained by chronic viral-mediated signaling events. (3) Once HCMV infected monocytes differentiate into macrophages, the expression of immediate early viral (IE) genes is detectable, followed by viral replication and long term infectious viral particles release. Herein, we review the detailed mechanisms of each phase during infection and differentiation into macrophages and discuss the biological significance of the differentiation of monocytes in the pathogenesis of HCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Ki Min
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Akhalesh K Shakya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Byeong-Jae Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Daniel N Streblow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Patrizia Caposio
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Andrew D Yurochko
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
- Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
- Center of Excellence in Arthritis and Rheumatology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
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